PLAN and VOLUME ELEMENTS of THE VISIBLE STRUCTURE THE INVISIBLE & VISIBLE STRUCTURE Men begin to create

ate shelter by surrounding space with materials. Space itself is indefinable and intangible and has no limits. Yet when it is enclosed with stone and steel according to accepted rules of composition, the result is called architecture.

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS FORMS SOLID SURFACE SKELETAL MEMBRANE

HYBRID

In providing shelter it is to be observed that buildings have walls and roofs, doors and windows, and that these elements are assembled in simple or complex manner. Whatever the type or character of the building, parts of it are more evident to the observer than others - the exterior or more readily seen and understood than in the arrangement of the rooms, which is called the plan . Thus, there exist the invisible and the visible structure, or the plan pattern and the apparent volume. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS WALLS COLUMNS BEAMS TRUSSES FRAMEWORK Structural Elements Walls

Shells

Beams

Columns

Trusses Prismatic (space framing) Evolution of lightweight structural elements

Frameworks

Planar

Bracing

Membrane

Hybrid

II.

PROTECTIVE ELEMENTS

ROOF- pyramidal, gambrel, conical, gable, hipped, combinations DOMES- high, low, pointed, hemispherical, flat/saucer- like, onionshaped, melon shaped VAULTING- barrel, rib and panel, groined vault, stellar, fan or conoidal BALLUSTRADES Roof

CIRCULATORY ELEMENTS (movement of light and air) OPENINGS to permit passage from the exterior to the interior or from one room to another CORRIDORS to allow travel from one part of the building to another STAIRS, RAMPS, ELEVATORS, ESCALATORS make possible the communication between the various floors DECORATIVE ELEMENTS

downward direction to their contours. (ex. Base of column and wall) DECORATIVE ELEMENTS TWO FORMS OF DECORATIONS TWODIMENSI ONAL:

PAINTING Painted Decoration Mosaic Frescoes MOSAIC- tiles, marbles INLAYS metals, woods, etc. THREEDIMENSI ONAL:

MOULDINGS classified according to their purpose Terminate the ones which crown a group of moldings or a cornice (direction is usually horizontal) Support moldings more sturdy in character (direction is vertical) Separate these concave, convex and flat surfaces which give interest to a composition by reasons of introducing a change in direction between 2 or more important elements. Translate usually have an outward and

ORNAMENT (carved or hammered) low or high relief SCULPTURE low-relief, in the round, free standing BASIC ELEMENT IN ORGANIZING DECORATIVE FORMS ORIGIN: Straight Line- fret, zig-zag, diaper, square, triangle, etc. COMPOSITION: Arrangement within a border, within an area, all over pattern TREATMENT: Variation of Size, Shape, Tone

Informal Formalrepetition, alternation, gradiation Radiation , balance, emphasis, etc.

Ar. Willa Solomon

CHARACTERISTICS OF LINES:

STRAIGHT LINE sturdy, masculine, it belongs to architecture, it has its moods: VERTICAL expresses the spirit of the Gothic, it is proud and exalted, it is inspiration HORIZONTAL represents the horizon of the seascape, it is calm and peaceful, it is repose DIAGONAL symbolizes the flight of geese; it is vigorous or even angry, it is action CURVED LINE more subtle than the straight line. It is more graceful and sensitive. It is feminine and represents architecture which caters to the emotional rather than the physical.

Concept Sourcebook Microsoft Encarta Premium Suite 2003 Pickering, Edward, Architectural Design Tony Hunts Structure Notebook

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