4G Research Problem Seminar DUT

1.
Introduction
2.Physical layer
3.Literature Review of Channel Estimation in Wireless Communications
4.Basedband System Model of MIMO-OFDM
5.Channel Estimation techniques
6.Channel Estimation in LTE systems with high-speed mobile users
7.Channel Estimation in Multi-hop Communications
8.Possible research problems and outcomes
Research Problems in 4G (LTE) Mobile Communications
Nguyen Le Hung
April 2010
Nguyen Le Hung Research Problems in 4G (LTE) Mobile Communications
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
1.1.Needs and trends
1.2.Development of mobile communications
1.3.Multiuser transmission techniques in 4G (LTE) systems
multimedia services: Voice, Video distribution, Real-
time videoconferencing, Data, for both business
and residential customers:
Explosive traffic growth
Internet growth, VoIP, VideoIP, IPTV
Cell phone popularity worldwide
Ubiquitous communication for people and devices
Emerging systems opening new applications
Unified network: Single distributed network,
multiple services, packet architecture
Extracted from Digital Communication lecture notes, McGill Uni.
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
time
code
frequency
code
space
FDMA (1G)
e.g., AMPS ~ 1980s
TDMA (2G)
e.g., GSM ~ 1990s
SDMA (4G)
e.g., LTE ~ 2010s
CDMA (3G)
e.g., W-CDMA ~ 2000s
frequency
time
time
~ 1 Gbps (stationary),
~ 100 Mbps (mobile)
frequency
frequency
~ 14 Mbps (downlink),
~ 5.8 Mbps (uplink)
~ 50 Kbps
A new signal dimension will be exploited in 5G ?
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
Broadband communications
LTE (4G) system
Broadband communications
(high data rate and reliability)
Diversity
Time Freq.
Signal
Space
Multi-
user
Space
Multipath channel
Modeling
CSI feedback
Analog Digital
Vector
quantization
g
Quasi-static Time-variant
BEMs AR
LBG
Grassmannian
Random
Scheduling Precoding
Exhaustive
search
Greed or iterative
search
Linear
methods
Non-linear
methods
Codebook-
based ones
MMSE BD DPC THP PU
2
RC
Random
user selection
VP
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
2.1.OSI layers
2.2.Basis elements of a digital communication system
2.1.OSI layers
7. Application
6. Presentation
5. Session
4. Transport
3. Network
2. Data link
1. Physical
7. Application
6. Presentation
5. Session
4. Transport
3. Network
2. Data link
1. Physical
CDMA, OFDM, SC-FDMA
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
2.1.OSI layers
An example: MIMO-OFDM transmitter/receiver
Burst structure
Clk RF
Pilot OFDM
symbols
Data OFDM
symbols
S/P IFFT Insert CP DAC RF
Clk
Osc
RF
LO
P/S
c
i
MQAM
mapping
Information
bits,u
i
Pilotinsertion
Conv.
Encoder
i
S/P
MQAM
mapping
S/P IFFT Insert CP DAC RF P/S
Burst-mode OFDM transmitter.
RF
RF
LO
ADC S/P
CFO
compensation
Clk
Osc
FFT
CP
Burst-mode OFDM receiver
MIMO
demapper
RF ADC S/P
FFT
P/S
SISO
decoder S/P
-1
RF ADC S/P
FFT
Hard
decision
CP
EstimationofCIR/CFO
Soft
FFT
decision
CFR
CIR
CFO
mapper
0 2 4 6 8
10
5
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
SignaltoNoise Ratio (dB)
B
i
t

E
r
r
o
r

R
a
t
e

(
B
E
R
)

"Quasistatic" assumption
Timevariant channel modeling
user speed of 100km/h
2x2 MIMOOFDM
(LTE downlink)
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
2.1.OSI layers
Source
encoder
Channel
encoder
Digital
modulation
Channel
Source
decoder
Channel
decoder
Digital
demodulation
S
h
r = Sh + n
Pilot
S
Data
S
Data
S
Pilot
S
Data
S
Data
S
Pilot
S
h h h h h h
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
Detection/decoding
in communications
3 dB f
Rx signal
vector
Tx signal
matrix
CIR
vector
Rx noise
vector
Noncoherent Coherent without using CSI
3-dB performance
loss
use CSI
require Channel Estimation (CE)
vector matrix vector
(CSI)
vector
r = Sh + n
require Channel Estimation (CE)
with channel parameters as:
Deterministic unknowns Random variables
Fisher approaches:
LS ML
Bayesian approaches:
MMSE MAP LS, ML, MMSE, MAP,
Multipath fading channel (freq. selective) in multi-carrier transmissions (e.g.,OFDM)
Time-invariant (quasi-static) Time-variant (Time-selective)
Perfect
Synch.
Imperfect
Synch.
Channel Estimation (CE)
Blind Pilot Semi-blind
Joint CE and Synch.
Semi-blind
Perfect
Synch.
Imperfect
Synch.
Channel Estimation (CE)
Pilot
Joint CE and Synch.
Semi-blind Pilot
Pilot design to minimize:
MSE CRLB
MSE CRLB
MSE BCRLB
Turbo-based
Decision-direct.
MSE CRLB MSE CRLB MSE BCRLB
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
Time-varying multipath propagation
reflection and diffraction
Extracted from Digital Communication lecture notes, McGill Uni.
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
Doubly selective channels
The last decade has witnessed numerous intensive studies in employing

orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) for broadband
communication systems to exploit its high spectral eciency and
robustness against multipath (frequency-selective) fading channels. In the
current literature, most of these studies have assumed frequency-selective
channels to be time-invariant (i.e., quasi-static or block-fading) within a
transmission burst. This channel assumption can be used in a wireless
system with stationary and/or low-speed users.
In a wireless network with rapidly moving nodes (e.g., users in cars and
trains in 4G-LTE systems), the resulting time-variation (time-selectivity) of
the channel impulse response (CIR) introduces a large number of channel
parameters (much greater than that of quasi-static/block-fading
channels). In addition, the time-variation of the channel leads to a loss of
subcarrier orthogonality, resulting in inter-carrier interference (ICI) in
OFDM receivers. Under such a scenario, the assumption of quasi-static
fading channels becomes inappropriate. As a result, time- and
frequency-selective (doubly selective) channels should be considered in the
wireless system investigation and analysis.
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
4.1.Transmitted signal
4.2.Doubly selective channel modeling using basis expansion model (BEM)
4.3.Received signal
4.4.Numerical results of time-variant channels under LTE system settings
Consider an uncoded MIMO-OFDM system using .
I
transmit antennas and
.-point fast Fourier transform (FFT). After inverse FFT (IFFT) and cyclic
prex (CP) insertion, the transmitted baseband signal of the ith OFDM
symbol at the &th transmit antenna can be written as
a
(u)
u,r
=
1
.
11
I=0
A
(u)
I,r
exp
(
)2In
.
)
, (1)
where n {.
g
, ..., 0, ..., . 1}, .
g
denotes the CP length, A
(u)
I,r
is the Ith
data-modulated (or pilot) subcarrier in the ith OFDM symbol from the &th
transmit antenna.
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
4.3.Received signal
For the pair of the &th transmit antenna and the vth receive antenna, the |th
(time-varying) channel tap gain that includes the eect of transmit-receive
lters and doubly selective propagation is denoted by
(r,u)
|,u,r
where n and i
stand for the indices of the time-domain sample and OFDM symbol,
respectively. With the aid of the BEMs, the |th time-variant channel tap gain
at the nth time instance in the ith OFDM symbol (after CP removal) can be
represented as
(r,u)
|,u,r
=
q=1
/
u+1
+r1
s
,q
c
(r,u)
q,|
, | {0, ..., 1 1}, (2)
where .
s
= . + .
g
denotes the OFDM symbol length after CP insertion,
n = 0, ..., . 1, i = 0, ..., A 1 and A is the number of both data and
pilot OFDM symbols in a burst. The mobile user speed is assumed to be
unchanged within a burst of A OFDM symbols. 1 denotes the channel length.
/
u+1
+r1
s
,q
stand for the qth basis function values of the used BEM. c
(r,u)
q,|
are the BEM coecients of the channel modeling. Q is the number of basis
functions used in the basis expansion modeling.
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
4.3.Received signal
4.2.Doubly selective channel modeling using BEM (cont.)
To exploit the benets of BEMs in reducing the number of channel parameters
to be estimated, one can consider pilot-aided estimation of BEM coecients
(instead of time-variant CIR). In particular, for the pair of the &th transmit
antenna and the vth receive antenna, the |th time-variant channel tap gains
corresponding to the pilot OFDM symbol at the position i
in a burst can be
expressed in a vector form as follows
h
(r,u)
|,r
= B
r
c
(r,u)
|
, (3)
where h
(r,u)
|,r
=
[
(r,u)
|,0,r
, ...,
(r,u)
|,11,r
]
T
, B
r
=
[
b
r
,1
, ..., b
r
,
]
,
b
r
,q
=
[
/
1
+r
1
s
,q
, ..., /
1
s
1+r
1
s
,q
]
T
and c
(r,u)
|
=
[
c
(r,u)
1,|
, ..., c
(r,u)
,|
]
T
.
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
4.3.Received signal
4.2.Doubly selective channel modeling using BEM (cont.)
For a group of 1 pilot OFDM symbols in a transmission burst, a vector
representation of all related time-variant channel tap gains can be expressed by
h
(r,u)
= B
1
c
(r,u)
, (4)
where h
(r,u)
=
[
[
h
(r,u)
0
]
T
, ...,
[
h
(r,u)
11
]
T
]
T
,
h
(r,u)
|
=
[
[
h
(r,u)
|,r
1
]
T
, ...,
[
h
(r,u)
|,r
]
T
, ...,
[
h
(r,u)
|,r
T
]
T
]
T
, B
1
= I
1
B,
B =
[
B
T
r
1
, ..., B
T
r
, ..., B
T
r
T
]
T
and c
(r,u)
=
[
[
c
(r,u)
0
]
T
, ...,
[
c
(r,u)
11
]
T
]
T
.
Given h
(r,u)
and (4), one can obtain actual values of c
(r,u)
(for later evaluation
of the considered BEM coecient estimation) by
c
(r,u)
=
(
B
1
1
B
1
)
1
B
1
1
h
(r,u)
.
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
4.3.Received signal
4.3.Received signal
Over the aforementioned doubly-selective channels, after CP removal, the nth
received sample in the ith OFDM symbol at the vth receive antenna can be
represented by
j
(r)
u,r
=
1
t
u=1
11
|=0
(r,u)
|,u,r
a
(u)
u|,r
+ .
(r)
u,r
, (5)
where n = 0, ..., . 1 and .
u,r
is the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN)
with variance .
o
. T is the sampling period of the system.
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
4.3.Received signal
Time-variant path gain under mobile user speed of 5 km/h in a LTE system
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
Time (in OFDM symbol duration)
A
b
s
o
l
u
t
e

v
a
l
u
e

o
f

a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

o
f

o
n
e

p
a
t
h

g
a
i
n

h
l
Mobile user speed = 5 km/h,
f
c
= 2 GHz,
128FFT, CP length = 10,
f
s
= 1.92 MHz,
2 time slots in LTE are considered,
Jakes model is considered.
pilot OFDM symbol
for channel estimation
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
4.3.Received signal
Time-variant path gain under mobile user speed of 50 km/h in a LTE
system
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
0.95
1
1.05
1.1
1.15
A
b
s
o
l
u
t
e

v
a
l
u
e

o
f

a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

o
f

o
n
e

p
a
t
h

g
a
i
n

h
l
f
c
= 2 GHz,
128FFT, CP length = 10,
f
s
= 1.92 MHz,
Jakes model is considered
Data OFDM symbol
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
4.3.Received signal
Time-variant path gain under mobile user speed of 300 km/h in a LTE
system
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
A
b
s
o
l
u
t
e

v
a
l
u
e

o
f

a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

o
f

o
n
e

f
a
d
i
n
g

g
a
i
n

h
l
f
c
= 2 Ghz, 128FFT, CP length = 10, f
s
= 1.92 Mhz,
Jakes model is considered.
Data OFDM symbol
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
4.3.Received signal
BEM-based tting of time-variant path gain using 8 DPS basis functions
0 1 ms
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Time (one LTE frame of 140 OFDM symbols)
A
b
s
o
l
u
t
e

v
a
l
u
e

o
f

a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

o
f

o
n
e

p
a
t
h

g
a
i
n

h
l
Mobile user speed of 200 km/h,
f
c
= 2GHz, f
s
= 1.92 MHz, Jakes model is considered,
one LTE frame of 140 OFDM symbols is considered.
Timevarying path gain
BEM using 8 DPS basis functions
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
4.3.Received signal
BEM-based tting of time-variant path gain using 10 DPS basis functions
0 1 ms
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Time (one LTE frame of 140 OFDM symbols)
A
b
s
o
l
u
t
e

v
a
l
u
e

o
f

a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

o
f

o
n
e

p
a
t
h

g
a
i
n
Mobile user speed of 200 km/h,
f
c
= 2GHz, f
s
= 1.92 MHz, Jakes model,
Timevarying path gain
BEM using 10 DPS
basis functions
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
4.3.Received signal
A possible use of BEM in stock market analysis
0 50 100 150 200 250
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Time
V
C
G

S
t
o
c
k

P
r
i
c
e

Actual prices
BEMbased approximation using 30 DPS basis functions
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
4.3.Received signal
Normalized MSE of DPS-BEM-based tting of time-variant channels
generated by Jakes model under dierent mobile speeds in a LTE system.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10
30
10
25
10
20
10
15
10
10
10
5
10
0
Number of used basis functions
M
S
E

o
f

D
P
S
b
a
s
e
d

c
h
a
n
n
e
l

f
i
t
t
i
n
g

1 km/h
5 km/h
10 km/h
20 km/h
30 km/h
40 km/h
50 km/h
60 km/h
70 km/h
80 km/h
90 km/h
100 km/h
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
5.1.Bayesian approach
5.2.Fisher approach
5.1.Bayesian approach: vector representation of received signals
In Bayesian estimation, channel parameters are treated as random variables
(with known statistics) to be estimated. The received samples corresponding to
1 pilot OFDM symbols can be represented in a vector form as follows:
y = Sc +z, (6)
where y =
[
y
T
r
1
, ..., y
T
r
T
]
T
, y
r
=
[
[
y
(1)
r
]
T
, ...,
[
y
(1
r
)
r
]
T
]
T
and
y
(r)
r
=
[
j
(r)
0,r
, ..., j
(r)
11,r
]
T
. z =
[
z
T
r
1
, ..., z
T
r
T
]
T
,
z
r
=
[
[
z
(1)
r
]
T
, ...,
[
z
(1
r
)
r
]
T
]
T
and z
(r)
r
=
[
.
(r)
0,r
, ..., .
(r)
11,r
]
T
.
S =
[
S
T
r
1
, ..., S
T
r
T
]
T
, S
r
=
[
S
(1)
r
, ..., S
(1
t
)
r
]
T
,
S
(u)
r
=
[
s
(u)
0,r
B
r
, ..., s
(u)
11,r
B
r
]
,
s
(u)
|,r
= diag
([
a
(u)
0|,r
, ...a
(u)
11|,r
])
, c =
[
[
c
(1)
]
T
, ...,
[
c
(1
r
)
]
T
]
T
,
c
(r)
=
[
[
c
(r,1)
]
T
, ...,
[
c
(r,1
t
)
]
T
]
T
.
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
5.2.Fisher approach
5.1.Bayesian approach: MAP technique
Based on the Bayesian approach and the received samples (6) in the time
domain, one can estimate BEM coecients by using the MAP estimation
principle. In particular, the MAP-based estimates of BEM coecients can be
determined as follows
c = arg max
c
ln j(cy), (7)
where j(cy) =
(yc)(c)
(y)
.
Hence, the MAP estimates of BEM coecients are given by
c = arg max
c
ln[j(yc)j(c)] , (8)
where j(yc) =
1
z
.T
R
z
exp
(
[y Sc]
1
R
1
z
[y Sc]
)
, R
z
=
(
zz
1
)
,
j(c) =
1
z
1
R
c
exp
(
c
1
R
1
c
c
)
and R
c
=
(
cc
1
)
.
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
5.2.Fisher approach
5.1.Bayesian approach: MAP technique (cont.)
After some straightforward manipulations, the MAP estimates of BEM
coecients can be obtained by
c = arg min
c
)
1/T
(c), (9)
where )
1/T
(c) =
1
1
o
y Sc
2
+c
1
R
1
c
c.
Setting the gradient vector of )
1/T
(c) with respect to c
1
to zero yields the
following MAP estimates of BEM coecients
c =
(
S
1
S +R
1
c
.
o
)
1
S
1
y. (10)
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
5.2.Fisher approach
An example: MSE performance of MAP-based BEM coecient estimation
under LTE system settings.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10
5
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
SNR(dB)
M
S
E

o
f

B
E
M

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

e
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
s

a: CEbased MAP
b: GCEbased MAP
c: DPSbased MAP
d: KLbased MAP
e: DPSbased BCRB
Figure: Normalized MSE results of BEM coecient estimates under mobile speed of
40 km/h and the use of various BEMs.
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
5.2.Fisher approach
5.2.Fisher approach: ML technique
Unlike Bayesian approach, Fisher estimation (e.g., ML) treats channel
parameters as deterministic unknowns to be estimated. In particular, the ML
estimates of BEM coecients can be obtained by
c = arg max
c
ln j(yc), (11)
where j(yc) =
1
z
.T
R
z
exp
(
[y Sc]
1
R
1
z
[y Sc]
)
,
R
z
=
(
zz
1
)
= .
o
I.
After some manipulations (similar to the aforementioned MAP formulations),
the ML estimates of BEM coecients can be determined by
c =
(
S
1
S
)
1
S
1
y. (12)
It is noted that the MAP estimates of c is c =
(
S
1
S +R
1
c
.
o
)
1
S
1
y
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
6.1 Over SDMA/OFDMA downlink
6.2 Over SC-FDMA uplink
6.1 Channel estimation over SDMA/OFDMA downlink in a LTE system
Subcarrier in OFDMA
Space Division Multiple Access
(SDMA)
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
(OFDMA)
A low-complexity channel estimation algorithm operating under low SNR
conditions is desirable !
Low-overhead placement of pilot OFDM symbols is of practical importance !
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
6.1 Over SDMA/OFDMA downlink
6.2 Over SC-FDMA uplink
6.2 Channel estimation over SC-FDMA uplink in a LTE system
N-point
DFT
Subcarrier
Mapping
M-point
IDFT
Add CP/
PS
DAC/RF
MQAM
mapping
Binary
bits
User K
N-point
DFT
Subcarrier
Mapping
M-point
IDFT
Add CP/
PS
DAC/RF
MQAM
mapping
Binary
bits
User 1
K=M/N
N-point
IDFT
Subcarrier
De-mapping
M-point
DFT
Remove
CP
RF/ADC
MQAM
De-mapping
Binary
bits
Base Station
A low-complexity channel estimation algorithm operating under low SNR
conditions is desirable !
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
7.1. Single-hop communications
7.2. Relay/User-cooperation (multi-hop) communications
Source
Destination
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
Relay (AF/DF)
Destination
Source 1
Source 2
User
cooperation
The 1
st
hop
The 2nd hop
The 2nd hop
The 1
st
hop
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
8.1.Over SC-FDMA channels (LTE uplink)
8.2.Over relay/user-cooperation channels (multi-hop communications)
8.1.Possible research problems and expected outcomes in DSCE over
SC-FDMA channels
In the current literature, the problem of doubly selective channel

estimation (DSCE) over OFDM channels (e.g., LTE downlink) has been
addressed in many existing papers while DSCE over SC-FDMA channels
(e.g., LTE uplink) has received a little attention. As a result, DSCE over
SC-FDMA channels would need more studies. In particular, one could
consider pilot-aided DSCE using Fisher/Bayesian approach over SC-FDMA
channels.
The target is to develop a low-complexity DSCE algorithm using a

low-overhead pilot placement that can provide highly accurate channel
estimates in low SNR regimes (e.g., practical coded transmission
conditions).
The research results could be submitted to an IEEE conference.

1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
8.2.Possible research problems and expected outcomes in DSCE for
multi-hop systems
Most of studies in relay/user-cooperation (multi-hop) systems have

assumed that perfect channel estimation has been established at receivers.
Recently, a few papers have considered channel estimation in multi-hop
systems but the considered channels are usually assumed to be
time-invariant (i.e., quasi-static or block-fading).
As a result, time- and frequency-selective (doubly selective) channel

estimation in multi-hop systems could be an interesting research problem.
For instance, in relay systems, one can consider DSCE for
amplify-and-forward (AF) and/or decode-and-forward (DF) modes.
The research results could be submitted to an IEEE conference.
Low-overhead (optimal) pilot design for DSCE in multi-hop

communications would be of practical importance. The corresponding
research results could be considered for a journal submission.
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
References
Zijian Tang, Rocco Claudio Cannizzaro, Geert Leus and Paolo Banelli,
Pilot-assisted time-varying channel estimation for OFDM systems, IEEE
Trans. Signal Processing, pp. 2226-2238, vol. 55, no. 5, May 2007.
Yahong Rosa Zheng and Chengshan Xiao, Simulation models with
correct statistical properties for Rayleigh fading channels, IEEE Trans.
Communi, vol. 51, no. 6, June 2003.
Robert Love, Ravi Kuchibhotla, Amitava Ghosh, Rapeepat Ratasuk,
Weimin Xiao, Brian Classon, Yufei Blankenship, Downlink control
channel design for 3GPP LTE, in Proc. Wireless Commu. Network Conf.,
pp. 813-818, 2008.
Thomas Zemen, and Christoph F. Mecklenbrauker,Time-variant channel
estimation using discrete prolate spheroidal sequences, IEEE Trans. on
Signal Processing, vol. 53, no. 9, pp. 3597-3607, Sept. 2005.
1.Introduction
2.Physical layer
Q&A
Detailed questions can be sent to nlhung@dut.udn.vn
Thank you for attending this seminar.


4G Research Problem Seminar DUT

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1.

The last decade has witnessed numerous intensive studies in employing

In the current literature, the problem of doubly selective channel

The target is to develop a low-complexity DSCE algorithm using a

The research results could be submitted to an IEEE conference.

Most of studies in relay/user-cooperation (multi-hop) systems have

As a result, time- and frequency-selective (doubly selective) channel

The research results could be submitted to an IEEE conference.

Low-overhead (optimal) pilot design for DSCE in multi-hop

Detailed questions can be sent to nlhung@dut.udn.vn

Thank you for attending this seminar.

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