Refrigeration System

Engineering Encyclopedia
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards
Refrigeration Systems
Note: The source of the technical material in this volume is the Professional Engineering Development Program (PEDP) of Engineering Services. Warning: The material contained in this document was developed for Saudi Aramco and is intended for the exclusive use of Saudi Aramcos employees. Any material contained in this document which is not already in the public domain may not be copied, reproduced, sold, given, or disclosed to third parties, or otherwise used in whole, or in part, without the written permission of the Vice President, Engineering Services, Saudi Aramco.
Chapter : Process File Reference: CHE21001
For additional information on this subject, contact R.A. Al-Husseini on 874-2792
Process Refrigeration Systems
CONTENTS TYPES OF REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS USED BY SAUDI ARAMCO .......................................1 SELECTING APPROPRIATE REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS .........................................................2
PAGES
Vapor Compression-Expansion Refrigeration Systems .....................................................................2 Operation .............................................................................................................................2 Size and Achievable Temperatures ......................................................................................2 Refrigerants..........................................................................................................................3 Absorption Refrigeration Systems.....................................................................................................4 Operation .............................................................................................................................4 Applications.........................................................................................................................6 Advantages ..........................................................................................................................9 Steam Jet Refrigeration Systems .......................................................................................................9 Operation .............................................................................................................................10 Advantages ..........................................................................................................................10 Disadvantages ......................................................................................................................10 Applications.........................................................................................................................10 SELECTING THE MOST APPROPRIATE REFRIGERANTS .........................................................11 Commonly Used Refrigerants ...........................................................................................................11 Physical Properties ............................................................................................................................15 Flammability........................................................................................................................16 Compromises Between Conflicting Desirable Thermodynamic Properties .........................16 Latent Heat...........................................................................................................................17 Performance .........................................................................................................................19 Effect on Construction Metals .............................................................................................22 Ammonia (R-717)................................................................................................................23 Ammonia Piping Requirements ...........................................................................................24 WORK AID 1: WORK AID 2 RESOURCES FOR SELECTING APPROPRIATE REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS..................................................................30
PROCEDURES AND RESOURCES FOR SELECTING THE MOST APPROPRIATE REFRIGERANTS ...............................................32 GLOSSARY .............................................................................................................................45
ADDENDUM ...........................................................................................................................46
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Saudi Aramco Refrigeration Units ..................................................................................................1 Figure 2. Vapor Compression-Expansion Refrigeration System .....................................................................3 Figure 3. Ammonia Absorption Refrigeration Systems .................................................................................4 Figure 4. Lithium Bromide-Water Single-Stage Absorption Systems............................................................5 Figure 5. Vertical Shell, Small Capacity, Lithium Bromide Cycle Water Chiller for Solar Cooling ............................................................................................................8 Figure 6. Steam Jet Refrigeration System ......................................................................................................9 Figure 7. (Page 1 of 3). ASHRAE Standard Designation of Refrigerants (ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-78) ..............................................................................................12 Figure 7. (Page 2 of 3). ASHRAE Standard Designation of Refrigerants (ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-78) ..............................................................................................13 Figure 7. (Page 3 of 3). ASHRAE Standard Designation of Refrigerants (ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-78) ..............................................................................................14 Figure 8. Frequently Used Refrigerants .........................................................................................................14 Figure 9. Latent Heat of Vaporization Versus Boiling Point..........................................................................18 Figure 10. Effects of Temperature on Capacity [Constant Compressor Displacement = 2 L/s (4 cfm)] ....................................................................................................20 Figure 11. Effects of Temperature on Theoretical kW (HP) per kW (Ton) of Refrigeration...........................................................................................................................21 Figure 12. Purge Unit and Piping for Noncondensable Gas ...........................................................................27 Figure 13. Summary of Refrigerant Applications ..........................................................................................29 Figure 14. Refrigeration Systems Schematic..................................................................................................30 Figure 15. Refrigeration System and Equipment Limits ................................................................................31 Figure 16. Temperature Limits for Refrigerants .............................................................................................32 Figure 17. Physical Properties of Refrigerants ...............................................................................................33 Figure 18. Specific Gravity of Aqueous Solutions of Lithium Bromide ........................................................34 Figure 19. Specific Heat of Aqueous Solutions of Lithium Bromide.............................................................35 Figure 20. Viscosities of Aqueous Solutions of Lithium Bromide.................................................................36 Figure 21. Velocity of Sound in Refrigerant Vapors, m/s (ft/s) .....................................................................37
Figure 22. Comparative Refrigerant Performance Per kW (Ton) [Based on 258K Evaporation (5F) and 303K Condensation (86F)]......................................38 Figure 23. (Page 1 of 4). Comparative Refrigerant Performance Per kW (Ton) at Various Evaporating and Condensing Temperatures ....................................................39 Figure 23. (Page 2 of 4). Comparative Refrigerant Performance Per kW (Ton) at Various Evaporating and Condensing Temperatures ....................................................40 Figure 23. (Page 3 of 4). Comparative Refrigerant Performance Per kW (Ton) at Various Evaporating and Condensing Temperatures ....................................................41 Figure 23. (Page 4 of 4). Comparative Refrigerant Performance Per kW (Ton) at Various Evaporating and Condensing Temperatures ....................................................42 Figure 24. Relative Safety of Refrigerants .....................................................................................................43 Figure 25. Underwriters Laboratories Classification of Comparative Hazard to Life of Gases and Vapors............................................................................................................44 Figure 26. ASHRAE SI for HVAC and R Conversions .................................................................................47 Figure 27. Conversion Factors .......................................................................................................................48
Types of Refrigeration Systems Used by Saudi ARAMCO

Figure 1 lists some of the refrigeration systems currently used by Saudi Aramco. All of these systems use vapor compression-expansion refrigeration systems. All of these systems, except one, use hydrocarbons (ethane, propane, butane, etc.) for their refrigerants. Most of the systems use only propane, but a few of them are cascade systems that use propane/ethane. In addition to the refrigeration systems listed in Figure 1, Saudi Aramco uses many air-conditioning systems for buildings. These air-conditioning systems may use absorption, steam jet, or vapor compression-expansion (with freon) refrigeration systems.
PLANT 25 59 332 333 334 340 462 470 69 R-13 R-33 R-42 R-84 R-92 R-93 V-85 V-92
TYPE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM Deethanizer Overhead Condenser (Propane Refrigeration System) Propane/Butane Refrigeration Systems Propane Refrigeration System Propane Refrigeration System Propane Refrigeration System Propane Refrigeration System Propane Refrigeration System Propane Refrigeration System Ethane Storage Liquefaction R-22 Refrigeration Feed Chill down and Ethane/Propane Refrigeration Feed Chill down and Ethane/Propane Refrigeration Propane Refrigeration Propane/Butane Sub Cooling & Chilling Propane/Butane Refrigeration Ethane/Propane Refrigeration Propane/Butane Refrigeration
LOCATION Ras Tanura Ras Tanura Terminal Abqaiq Abqaiq Abqaiq Abqaiq Abqaiq Jubail Jubail Zuluf Uthmaniyah Shedgum Ju'aymah Ju'aymah Ju'aymah Terminal Yanbu Yanbu
Figure 1. Saudi Aramco Refrigeration Units
SelectING appropriate refrigeration SYSTEMS

This section introduces and briefly describes the following types of refrigeration systems that are covered in ChE 210. Vapor compression-expansion Absorption Steam jet
The information contained in the following sections is used to narrow the choice of refrigeration systems. The final selection of the most appropriate system will be made by comparing the capital and operating costs of the systems and determining schedule availability.
Vapor Compression-Expansion Refrigeration Systems Operation

Figure 2 shows a simplified schematic of a vapor compression-expansion system. The compressor compresses the vaporized refrigerant and then the condenser condenses the vapor to a liquid. The liquid from the accumulator then expands across an expansion valve which causes it to flash and its temperature to drop substantially. The liquid portion of this flash is the refrigerant which then goes to a heat exchanger (the chiller). In the chiller, the liquid refrigerant absorbs heat from the process stream, which lowers the process streams temperature. The heat vaporizes the liquid refrigerant. The system then returns this vapor and the vapor from the flash to the compressor to repeat the cycle.
Size and Achievable Temperatures

Vapor compression-expansion systems can be built in very large sizes. These systems can also reach very low temperatures. A cascaded system consists of two or more vapor compression-expansion systems that are connected in a series with each system having a different refrigerant. These systems can achieve temperatures low enough to liquefy natural gas.
Figure 2. Vapor Compression-Expansion Refrigeration System
Refrigerants
Vapor compression-expansion systems typically use hydrocarbons, freons, ammonia, and sulfur dioxide for refrigerants.
Absorption Refrigeration Systems

Absorption refrigeration systems are similar to vapor compression-expansion systems, except that they absorb the refrigerant with a carrier liquid. Carrier liquids can use a pump instead of a compressor to increase the pressure of the system. This section covers ammonia-water and lithium bromide-water absorption systems.
Operation
Ammonia Absorption Systems Figure 3 shows a schematic of a simplified absorption refrigeration system that uses water to absorb the ammonia refrigerant.
Figure 3. Ammonia Absorption Refrigeration Systems
The system in Figure 3 uses ammonia for its refrigerant and water for its liquid carrier. In the absorber, water (the carrier liquid) absorbs ammonia vapor (the refrigerant). Next, the ammonia-water solution enters the pump where the pressure of the solution is increased to a high level. After the solution leaves the pump, the generator column vaporizes the refrigerant (ammonia) from the water (the carrier liquid). The system returns the water to the absorber and sends the ammonia vapor to the condenser. At this point in the cycle, absorption systems are very similar to vapor compression-expansion systems. The ammonia vapor is condensed to form the liquid refrigerant stream, which is stored in the accumulator drum. The expansion valve flashes the liquid refrigerant, which reduces its temperature. In the chiller, the refrigerant absorbs heat from the process stream and the absorbed heat boils the refrigerant. As in a vapor compressionexpansion system, the boiled refrigerant and the flash vapor are sent to the absorber column to begin the cycle again.
Lithium Bromide-Water Single-Stage Absorption Systems Figure 4 shows a lithium bromide-water absorption system.
Source:
1989 Fundamentals
Figure 4. Lithium Bromide-Water Single-Stage Absorption Systems
The system shown in Figure 4 uses a lithium bromide-water solution as its absorbent (carrier liquid) and water as its refrigerant. In this system, hot concentrated lithium bromide-water solution (in equilibrium at condenser pressure) leaves the generator and enters the heat exchanger. In the heat exchanger, the incoming solution cools the concentrated lithium bromide-water solution. The cooled solution is then throttled through the restrictor to the absorber. In the absorber, the cold concentrated lithium bromide-water solution absorbs low-pressure refrigerant (8 and 9) that is in equilibrium at evaporator pressure. This diluted solution is then pumped to the heat exchanger. In the exchanger, the diluted solution absorbs heat from the hot solution that leaves the generator. The heated solution then flows to the generator (5). The generator then heats the hot, diluted solution and strips the refrigerant from the carrier liquid. The distilled refrigerant (diluted solution) flows to the condenser (6) and the hot, concentrated solution flows to the heat exchanger (1). The condenser condenses the hot, high-pressure refrigerant into hot, high-pressure liquid (7). The restrictor expands the hot, high-pressure liquid to low-pressure, low-temperature liquid and vapor. In the evaporator, the low- temperature, low-pressure refrigerant absorbs heat from the space being refrigerated. The low-pressure refrigerant then flows to the absorber (3) where it is absorbed by the cold, concentrated lithium bromide solution (the carrier liquid).
Applications
Absorption refrigeration systems were once popular for a variety of cooling tasks in industry and for food storage. Recently, the absorption refrigeration cycle has found renewed use in medium- and large-size airconditioning systems. Currently, these systems generally use lithium bromide for their absorbent and potable water for their refrigerant. Absorption refrigeration systems are popular where one or more of the following conditions exists: Electric rates are high. Fuel costs are low. Low-pressure heating boilers are not used during summers (the cooling season). Steam or gas utility companies promote summer loads. Waste steam is available.
Absorption refrigeration systems can be installed in almost any building with adequately strong and level floors. In absorption refrigeration systems, the absence of heavy moving parts minimizes noise levels and practically eliminates vibration.
Small lithium bromide-water units of 10.5 kW to 105 kW (3 tons to 30 tons) capacity are designed for residential or small commercial use. Indirect- and direct-fired liquid chiller, chiller-heater, and air-conditioning equipment (both single-stage and dual-effect configurations) have been produced. Currently, lithium bromiderefrigeration systems have one or more of the following unique features: Flat-plate solar collector heat sources with good efficiency, but with lower capacity, can be used to fire the refrigeration cycle. Heat can be derived from the cooling cycle by stopping the flow of the cooling water. In some designs, when the cooling water stops, a solution trap between the high and low sides opens and allows refrigerant vapor to flow to the evaporator coil. In the evaporator coil, the water that flows inside the evaporator tubes is condensed and heated. Solution can be circulated either thermally by vapor-lift action in a pump tube, or by a mechanical pump.
Lithium bromide absorption systems are available as package units. Figure 5 shows an example of a packaged lithium bromide-absorption system.
Source:
1988 Equipment
Figure 5. Vertical Shell, Small Capacity, Lithium Bromide Cycle Water Chiller for Solar Cooling
Advantages
Absorption refrigeration systems have the following advantages: They do not require compressors. Uninsulated, small-diameter, low-pressure lines can circulate the liquid refrigerant and absorbent. Lithium bromide systems are not flammable. Low-level waste heat can frequently be used as the heat source for the generator. Many remotely-located refrigeration systems can be connected to one, central generator that is located near a source of waste heat. Small diameter liquid refrigerant and adsorbent lines connect the remotely-located refrigeration systems.
Steam Jet Refrigeration Systems

Steam jet refrigeration systems use a steam jet ejector to produce vacuum pressures. At these lower pressures the water flashes and its temperature is reduced. Steam jet refrigeration systems then use this chilled water for their refrigerant. Figure 6 shows a schematic of a simplified steam jet refrigeration system.
Figure 6. Steam Jet Refrigeration System
Operation
In Figure 6, chilled water is pumped from the evaporator to the chiller. In the chiller, the chilled water absorbs heat from the process stream that is being refrigerated and then flows to the evaporator. The evaporator flashes the water and lowers its temperature. The flashed vapor leaves the evaporator through the steam jet ejector. Steam flowing through the steam jet ejector maintains the low-pressure (vacuum) in the evaporator. The steam from the steam jet ejector and the flashed water from the evaporator flow to the condenser and are condensed. The system diverts enough water to the evaporator to replace the flash vapor. The excess water can be used for boiler feed water or other uses.
Advantages
Steam jet refrigeration systems have the following advantages: The refrigerant (water) is not flammable. The refrigerant is not toxic. The refrigerant is a low-pressure liquid that can be transported in small lines. Waste steam can be used in the steam jet ejector.
Disadvantages
Steam jet refrigeration systems have the following disadvantages: The freezing point of water limits the temperatures these systems can achieve. The low operating pressures of the evaporator and the condenser require large equipment.
Applications
Steam jet refrigeration units are used for some cooling loads of 175 kW (50 tons) or more. These systems are used in many applications in which steam is available. Typical applications include comfort air conditioning, industrial process cooling, and other similar types of service. Recently, some large office buildings have steam jet refrigeration systems installed on the roof. These units provide the cooling needed for the buildings air conditioning systems.
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SELECTING the most appropriate refrigerants

Once a designer has selected a refrigeration system, he must choose a refrigerant. The following points must be considered when selecting the most appropriate refrigerants. The minimum temperature the refrigerant must achieve (refrigerant level). The suitability of the refrigerant. Environmental regulations and concerns.
The minimum temperature that the refrigerant must achieve (refrigerant level) narrows the list of possible appropriate refrigerants and sets the system pressure. The suitability of the refrigerant derives from the availability, cost, flammability, and toxicity of the refrigerant. Freon, for example, is becoming difficult to obtain because of environmental regulations and concerns which restrict its manufacture and use. Hydrocarbons should be used in refinery applications because the material is readily available, can be vented into the refinery system during turnaround, and have a low cost. Flammability is not a large factor in the normal refinery environment. Water is a good choice as long as freezing is not a constraint. Ammonia absorption could be considered if waste heat is available for solution regeneration. Refrigerants often affect the materials they contact in refrigeration systems. Therefore, the consideration of a refrigerants thermal stability and its compatibility with other materials is important. Elastomers and the electrical insulation of refrigeration systems must also be chosen carefully. It is important to choose a refrigerant that will not operate under vacuum at the lowest pressure point in the system. Operation at sub-atmospheric conditions with a flammable refrigerant could cause an explosive mixture to form if there is any leakage. In the case of non-flammable material (freon), the in-leakage of air will cause problems when the refrigerant is condensed.
Commonly Used Refrigerants

Typically, a refrigerant is referred to by the refrigerant number ("R " Number) assigned to it by ASHRAE. The table in Figure 7 lists this refrigerant number, the chemical name, and the chemical formula of each refrigerant.
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REFRIGERANT NUMBER Halocarbon Compounds 10 11 12 13 13B1 14 20 21 22 23 30 31 32 40 41 50a 110 111 112 112a 113 113a 114 114a 114B2 115 116 120 123 124 124a 125 133a 134a 140a 142b 143a 150a 160 170a 218 290a a b
CHEMICAL NAME Carbontetrachloride Trichlorofluoromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Bromotrifluoromethane Carbontetrafluoride Chloroform Dichlorofluoromethane Chlorodifluoromethane Trifluoromethane Methylene Chloride Chlorofluoromethane Methylene Fluoride Methyl Chloride Methyl Fluoride Methane Hexachloroethane Pentachlorofluorethane Tetrachlorodifluoroethane Tetrachlorodifluoroethane Trichlorotrifluoroethane Terrachlorodifluoroethane Dichlorotetrafluoroethane Dichlorotetrafluoroethane Dibromotetrafluoroethane Chloropentafluoroethane Hexafluoroethane Pentachloroethane Dichlorotrifluoroethane Chlorotetrafluoroethane Chlorotetrafluoroethane Pentafluoroethane Chlorotrifluoroethane Tetrafluoroethane Trichloroethane Chlorodifluoroethane Trifluoroethane Dichloroethane Ethyl Chloride Ethane Octafluoropropane Propane
CHEMICAL FORMULA CCl4 CCl3F CCl2F2 CClF3 CBrF3 CF4 CHCl3 CHCl2F CHClF2 CHF3 CH2Cl2 CH2ClF CH2F2 CH3Cl CH3F CH4 CCl3CCl3 CCl3CCl2F CCl2FCCl2F CCl3CClF2 CCl2FCCIF2 CCl3CF3 CClF2CClF2 CCl2FCF3 CBrF2CBrF2 CClF2CF3 CF3CF3 CHCl2CCl3 CHCl2CF3 CHClFCF3 CHF2CClF2 CHF2CF3 CH2ClCF3 CF3CH2F CH3CCl3 CH3CClF2 CH3CF3 CH3CHCl2 CH3CH2Cl CH3CH3 CF3CF2CF3 CH3CH2CH3
Methane, ethane, and propane appear in the Halocarbon section in their proper numerical order, but these compounds are not halocarbons . Ethylene and propylene appear in the Hydrocarbon section to indicate that these compounds are hydrocarbons, but they are properly identified in the section Unsaturated Organic Compounds. Source:1989 Fundamentals
Figure 7 (Page 1 of 3). ASHRAE Standard Designation of Refrigerants (ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-78)
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REFRIGERANT NUMBER
CHEMICAL NAME
CHEMICAL FORMULA C4Cl2F6 C4ClF7 C4F8 CCl2F3/CH3CHF2 CHClF2/CCl2F2 CHClF2/CClF2CF3 CHF3/CClF3 CH2F2/CClF2CF3 CCl2F2/CH2ClF CH2ClF/CClF2CClF2
Cyclic Organic Compounds C316 Dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane C317 Chloroheptafluorocyclobutane C318 Octafluorocyclobutane Azeotropes Refrigerants 12/152a (73.8/26.2) 501 Refrigerants 22/12 (75/25) 502 Refrigerants 22/115 (48.8/51.2) 503 Refrigerants 23/13 (40.1/59.9) 504 Refrigerants 32/115 (48.2/51.8) 505 Refrigerants 12/31 (78.0/22.0) 506 Refrigerants 31/114 (55.1/44.9) Miscellaneous Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons 50 Methane 170 Ethane 290 Propane 600 Butane 600a Isobutane (2 methyl propane) b 1150 Ethylene 1270b Propylene Oxygen Compounds 610 Ethyl Ether 611 Methyl Formate Nitrogen Compounds 630 Methyl Amine 631 Ethyl Amine Inorganic Compounds 702 Hydrogen (Normal and Para) 704 Helium 717 Ammonia 718 Water 720 Neon 728 Nitrogen 729 Air 732 Oxygen 740 Argon 744 Carbon Dioxide 744a Nitrous Oxide 764 Sulfur Dioxide
a b
CH4 CH3CH3 CH3CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH(CH3)3 CH2=CH2 CH3CH=CH2 C2H5OC2H5 HCOOCH3 CH3NH2 C2H5NH2 H2 He NH3 H2O Ne N2 .21O2, .78N2, .01A O2 A CO2 N2O SO2
Methane, ethane, and propane appear in the Halocarbon section in their proper numerical order, but these compounds are not halocarbons. Ethylene and propylene appear in the Hydrocarbon section to indicate that these compounds are hydrocarbons, but they are properly identified in the section Unsaturated Organic Compounds.
Source: 1989 Fundamentals
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REFRIGERANT NUMBER
CHEMICAL NAME
CHEMICAL FORMULA
Unsaturated Organic Compounds 1112a Dichlorodifluoroethylene 1113 Chlorotrifluoroethylene 1114 Tetrafluoroethylene 1120 Trichloroethylene 1130 Dichloroethylene 1132a Vinylidene Fluoride 1140 Vinyl Chloride 1141 Vinyl Fluoride 1150 Ethylene 1270 Propylene 52a Difluoroethane
a b
CCl2=CF2 CClF=CF2 CF2=CF2 CHCl=CCl2 CHCl=CHCl CH2=CF2 CH2=CHCl CH2=CHF CH2=CH2 CH3CH=CH2 CH3CHF2
Methane, ethane, and propane appear in the Halocarbon section in their proper numerical order, but these compounds are not halocarbons. Ethylene and propylene appear in the Hydrocarbon section to indicate that these compounds are hydrocarbons, but they are properly identified in the section Unsaturated Organic Compounds.
When not presented in a table, the prefix "R" is normally used to indicate that the number is an ASHRAE number. The following are the refrigerants most frequently used:
Freons R-12 R-13 R-13 B1 R-22 R-502 R-503
Hydrocarbons R-170 R-290 R-1150 R-1270
Other R-717 R-718 R-728 R-744 R-764
Absorption Li Br Ammonia (R-717)
Figure 8. Frequently Used Refrigerants
Figure 16 in Work Aid 2 shows the approximate ranges of temperatures in which the more common refrigerants are used. Industrial systems with temperatures down to about -50C (-45F) frequently use R-717 or R-22 in single- or two-staged systems. Two-stage systems with temperatures in the -73C to -101C (-100F to -150F) range frequently use R-503 in the low range and R-22, R-12, or R-502 in the high range.
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The ozone depletion potential of freons will probably cause their use to decline. At any given temperature, R-503 has a higher suction pressure and density than R-13. Therefore, a given compressor with a suction temperature of - 84C (-120F) and a condensing temperature of -29C (-20F) that uses R-503 instead of R-13 has 57% more capacity. R-503 also maintains a positive suction pressure at temperatures lower than R-13. At about -87C (125F), R-503 has a suction pressure of 0 kPa (gauge). In comparison, R-13 has a suction pressure of 0 kPa at 79C (-110F). R-503, however, has a higher operating pressure at ambient temperature. At 16C (60F), R-503 has an operating pressure of 3.9 MPa (560 psig) but R-13 has an operating pressure of only 2.77 MPa (402 psig). The use of R-503 or R-13 requires special designs and special handling. Systems that use these refrigerants require an expansion tank to hold the refrigerant during periods of shutdown or power failure.
Physical Properties
The critical properties of a refrigerant represent the conditions under which the distinction between liquid and gas is lost. At temperatures above the critical point, a separate liquid phase is not possible. For refrigeration cycles that use condensation, a refrigerant must be chosen that will change between liquid and gas phases below the critical point of the refrigerant. Figure 17 in Work Aid 2 lists physical properties of refrigerants that are used in vapor compression systems. Figure 17 lists the refrigerants in order of increasing boiling points. The boiling point of a refrigerant directly indicates the temperature level at which a refrigerant can be used. The freezing point of a refrigerant must be lower than any temperature in its intended application. Figures 18, 19, and 20 show density, specific heat, and viscosity of lithium bromide solutions.
15
Flammability
To prevent the drawing of air into the refrigerant system, the use of extremely flammable refrigerants (propane, for example) should be limited to applications where pressures will remain above atmospheric pressure. The Safety Code for Mechanical Refrigeration ANSI/ASHRAE 15-1598 and the IIAR Bulletin 109 Minimum Safety Criteria for a Safe Ammonia Refrigeration System (1988) should be referred to for safety and minimum design criteria of common refrigerants.
Compromises Between Conflicting Desirable Thermodynamic Properties

Operating-Pressure Desirable refrigeration systems have the highest evaporator pressures and the lowest condenser pressures. Systems with high evaporator pressures have high vapor densities. Therefore, for a given compressor, the higher the evaporator pressure, the higher the system capacity. However, increasing the evaporator pressure also decreases the efficiency of the system, especially as the condenser pressure approaches the critical temperature. Latent Heat of Vaporization On a molar basis, fluids with similar boiling points have almost the same latent heat of vaporization. Since compressors operate on volumes of gas, refrigerants with similar boiling points produce similar capacities in the same compressor. On a mass basis, the latent heat of fluids varies widely. In a theoretical vapor compression cycle, fluids with low vapor heat capacities produce the maximum efficiencies. Fluids with simple molecular structures and low molecular weights are associated with low vapor heat capacities. Transport Properties The thermal conductivity and the viscosity of a refrigerant affect the performance of heat exchangers and piping. Refrigerants with high thermal conductivity and low viscosity are desirable.
16
Velocity of Sound - Figure 21 in Work Aid 2 lists the velocities of sound in several refrigerants. The velocity of sound through a gas limits the practical velocity of a gas through piping and openings. The velocity of sound increases as the temperature of the gas increases, and decreases as the pressure of the gas increases. Equation A (shown below) can be used to calculate the velocity of sound in gases.
v a = Gck = Gc kRT /M
d d
For a perfect gas: v a where: Va Gc k R T = = = = = =
(EQN A)
Velocity of sound, m/s (ft/s) Constant, 32.17 m/s2 (32.17 ft/s2) cp/cv ratio of specific heats Gas Constant, 8.314 gr-m/mole K (1,546 lb-ft/mole R) Temperature, K (R) Molecular Weight, gr/mole (lb/mole)
d d T
Rate of change of pressured/rate of change of density, at constant temperature
Latent Heat
According to an empirical rule of chemistry (Troutons Rule), the latent heat of vaporization of a material at its boiling point (on a molar basis) divided by the boiling temperature (in absolute units) is a constant for most materials. Figure 9 tabulates this constant for several refrigerants. Note that while this rule applies fairly well to these refrigerants, the constant varies from 96.64 /K to 73.36 /K (23.086 /R to 17.52 /R). This rule can be used to compare different refrigerants and to understand the operation of refrigeration systems.
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NO.
REFRIGERANT NAME
NORMAL BOILING PT C
kJ/kgmol
25 914 23 343 24 900 27 086 28 131 19 264 17 039 24 556 26 511 23 298 20 207 21 644 22 431 27 513 21 039 19 258 23 273 25 943 24 768 20 319 19 975 18 669 11 969 22 425 17 695 19 982 21 624 19 178 15 080 18 448 21 174 15 515 13 475 14 645 8 191
LATENT HEAT AT BOILING PT
TROUTON CONSTAN T /Kb
NORMAL BOILING PT F
LATENT HEAT AT BOILING PT
Btu/ib
mol
TROUTON CONSTANT /Rb
RE F
630 717 764 631 611 504 23 21 30 C318 22 40 506 113 152a 502 114 216 11 505 500 290 14 600 13B1 12 142b 115 503 1270 600a 13 1150 170 50
Methyl Aminea Ammonia Sulfur Dioxide Ethyl Amine Methyl Formatea Trifluoromethane Dichlorofluoromethane Methylene Chloridea Octafluorocyclobutane Chlorodifluoromethane Methyl Chloride Trichlorotrifluoroethane Difluoroethane Dichlorotetrafluoroethane Dichlorohexafluoropropane Trichlorofluoromethane Propane Tetrafluoromethane Butane Bromotrifluoromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Chlorodifluoroethane Chloropentafluoroethane Propylene Isobutane Chlorotrifluoromethane Ethylene Ethane Methane
- 5.0 -33.3 -10.2 20.0 37.8 - 57.2 - 82.1 8.8 48.9 - 5.8 - 40.8 - 23.8 - 12.3 47.6 - 25.0 - 45.5 3.8 35.7 23.8 - 29.9 - 33.5 - 42.1 -127.9 - 0.5 - 57.8 - 29.8 - 9.8 - 39.1 - 87.8 - 47.7 - 11.7 - 81.4 -103.7 - 88.8 -161.5
96.64 97.32 94.69 92.40 90.47 89.21 89.19 87.09 82.32 87.14 86.97 86.80 85.99 85.78 84.78 84.59 84.03 84.00 83.41 83.53 83.35 80.80 82.40 82.25 82.17 82.11 82.11 81.94 81.36 81.83 80.99 80.91 79.52 79.44 73.36
23.0 -28.0 13.6 68.0 100.0 -71.0 -115.7 47.8 120.0 21.5 -41.4 -10.8 9.9 117.6 -13.0 -49.9 38.8 96.2 74.9 -21.8 -28.3 -43.7 -198.3 31.1 -72.0 -21.6 14.4 -38.4 -126.1 -53.9 10.9 -114.6 -154.7 -127.9 -258.7
11141 10036 10705 11645 12094 8282 7325 10557 11398 10017 8687 9305 9644 11828 9045 8280 10005 11154 10648 8735 8588 8026 5146 9641 7607 8591 9297 8245 6483 7931 9103 6670 5793 6296 3521
23.086 23.256 22.626 22.076 21.616 21.316 21.29 20.8 19.66 20.81 20.76 20.73 21.44 20.49 20.25 20.21 20.07 20.07 19.92 19.95 19.91 19.29 19.69 19.64 19.62 19.61 19.61 19.57 19.43 19.55 19.34 19.33 19.00 18.98 17.52
4 1 2 4 4 1 1 3 4 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
a Not at normal atmospheric pressure. b Normal boiling temperatures. 1 Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerants (Stewart et al. 1986) 2 Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (CRC 1987) 3 ASHRAE (1977) 4 Chemical Engineer's Handbook (1973)
Source:
1989 Fundamentals (SI)
Figure 9. Latent Heat of Vaporization Versus Boiling Point
18
Performance
Figure 22 in Work Aid 2 tabulates the theoretical calculated performance of several refrigerants. The theoretical performance of these refrigerants is based on a US standard cycle of 258 K (5F) evaporation and 303 K (86F) condensation. Figure 23 in Work Aid 2 tabulates calculated data for other operating conditions. Both Figure 22 and Figure 23 can be used to compare the properties of different refrigerants. Actual operating conditions, however, usually differ from those that are tabulated. Most of the tabulated data was generated with the assumption that the suction vapor is saturated and that the compression is adiabatic (constant entropy). In Section F of Figure 22, the temperature of the suction gas is 291 K (65F). A comparison of Section F with Section E illustrates the effect of suction gas superheating on the properties of refrigerants. Figure 10 tabulates the effect of different evaporating and condensing temperatures on the theoretical capacity of refrigeration systems using R-12 and R-22. Figure 11 tabulates the effect of different evaporating and condensing temperatures on the horsepower of compression of refrigeration systems when R-12 and R-22 is used. Figure 10 and Figure 11 below assume constant compressor displacement.
19
EVAP. TEMP. C
15C
CONDENSING TEMPERATURE 25C 35C R-12 CAPACITY, kW
45C
-30 -20 -10 5
1.56 2.36 3.47 5.87
1.43 2.18 3.22 5.46 R-22 CAPACITY, kW
1.31 2.00 2.95 5.04
1.18 1.81 2.69 4.61
-30 -20 -10 5
2.58 3.87 5.62 9.37
2.40 3.61 5.24 8.76
2.21 3.33 4.85 8.13
2.02 3.04 4.44 7.47
EVAP. TEMP. F
60F
CONDENSING TEMPERATURE 80F 100F R-12 CAPACITY, Btu/h
120F
-20 0 20 40
5241 8280 12585 18511
4780 7582 11563 17062 R-22 CAPACITY, Btu/h
4307 6864 10513 15571
3820 6124 9431 14035
-20 0 20 40
Source:
8694 13539 20320 29563
8010 12503 18801 27401
7297 11422 17218 25148
6550 10288 15557 22783
Figure 10. Effects of Temperature on Capacity [Constant Compressor Displacement = 2 L/s (4 cfm)]
20
EVAP. TEMP. C 15C
CONDENSING TEMPERATURE 25C 35C 45C
R-12 THEORETICAL kW/kW OF REFRIGERATION -30 -20 -10 5 0.22 0.15 0.11 0.04 0.28 0.21 0.16 0.08 0.36 0.27 0.22 0.13 0.45 0.34 0.28 0.18
R-22 THEORETICAL kW/kW OF REFRIGERATION -30 -20 -10 5 0.22 0.16 0.11 0.04 0.28 0.22 0.16 0.08 0.36 0.28 0.21 0.13 0.44 0.36 0.28 0.18
EVAP. TEMP. F 60F
CONDENSING TEMPERATURE 80F 100F 120F
R-12 THEORETICAL hp/ton OF REFRIGERATION -20 0 20 40 1.03 0.71 0.44 0.20 1.38 1.01 0.70 0.43 1.80 1.37 1.00 0.68 2.32 1.80 1.36 0.99
R-22 THEORETICAL hp/ton OF REFRIGERATION -20 0 20 40

Source:
1.02 0.71 0.44 0.20
1.35 1.00 0.69 0.43
1.75 1.34 0.99 0.68
2.22 1.75 1.34 0.98
Figure 11. Effects of Temperature on Theoretical kW (HP) per kW (Ton) of Refrigeration
21
Figure 24 in Work Aid 2 summarizes the toxicity and flammability of many refrigerants. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-78 classifies refrigerants according to the hazard involved in their use. Figure 24 tabulates refrigerants by their ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-78 safety code group and by their Underwriters Laboratories (UL) classification of comparative hazard to life. Group 1 refrigerants are the least hazardous and Group 3 refrigerants are the most hazardous. Figure 25 in Work Aid 2 tabulates the UL group classifications.
Effect on Construction Metals

Under normal conditions, halogenated refrigerants can be used with most metals such as steel, cast iron, brass, copper, tin, lead, and aluminum. Under more severe conditions, various metals affect the properties of refrigerants such as hydrolysis and thermal decomposition. Metals affect refrigerant properties in varying degrees. For instance, the metals listed below promote thermal decomposition of halogenated refrigerants. The metals are listed in the approximate order of their promotion of thermal decomposition: Inconel (least decomposition) 18-8 stainless steel Nickel Copper 1340 steel Aluminum Bronze Brass Zinc Silver (most decomposition)
These metals can have a similar effect on the hydrolysis of halogenated refrigerants. In systems when a trace of water may be present, magnesium, zinc, and aluminum alloys containing more than 2% magnesium are not recommended for use with halogenated refrigerants. When water is present in sulfur dioxide systems, sulfurous acid is formed and attacks iron and steel rapidly and other metals more slowly.
Warning: Never use methyl chloride with aluminum in any form. This combination produces a highly flammable gas and is a great explosion hazard.
22
Ammonia (R-717)
Ammonia is generally used in large, open-type compressors for industrial and commercial applications. The usage of ammonia may increase, as it continues to become a substitute for freons. Ammonia has the following advantages as a refrigerant: High refrigerating capacity per unit of compressor displacement Low-pressure losses in connecting piping Low reactivity with refrigeration oils
In contrast with freon, ammonia is toxic and flammable. Ammonia is a strong irritant. Humans can detect it at concentrations below 5 ppm. Within a narrow range of concentrations (16% to 25% by volume), ammonia air mixtures are flammable. These mixtures can explode if heated above 650C (1200F), but the maximum explosive pressure is relatively low 350 kPa (50 psi). Therefore, ammonia is not considered a serious fire or explosion hazard. The thermal stability of ammonia often confuses people. At atmospheric pressure, at 300C (570F), and in the presence of active catalysts such as nickel or iron, ammonia starts to dissociate into nitrogen and hydrogen. However, because such high temperatures are unlikely to occur in open type compressors, thermal stability is not a problem in ammonia systems. When moisture is present, ammonia attacks copper. Therefore, except for some specialty bronzes, copperbearing metals must be excluded from ammonia systems. Ammonia is a powerful solvent that strips any remaining dirt and scale from piping. To protect against the debris that results from stripping. Most compressors are equipped with suction strainers, disposable strainer liners, or both. Liquid ammonia that returns with the suction gas causes serious cylinder and ring wear. Ammonia slugs break valves or cause more serious damage. Low steady flow rates of ammonia liquid reduce cylinder lubrication. This loss of lubrication causes extremely rapid cylinder wall and ring abrasion. A carefully and properly installed system, in which no foreign matter or liquid enters the compressor, will operate for many years. When new piping is installed, it should be wire brushed and blown out with compressed air.
23
Ammonia Piping Requirements

Recommended Material Ammonia piping should conform to ANSI/ASME Code for Pressure Piping. This codes specifies the following: Liquid lines 40 mm (1.5 in) and smaller shall not be less than schedule 80 carbon steel pipe. Liquid lines 50 mm (2 in) through 150 mm (6 in) shall not be less than schedule 40 carbon steel pipe. Vapor lines 150 mm (6 in.) and smaller shall not be less than schedule 40 carbon steel pipe.
Fittings Coupling, elbows, and tees for threaded pipe should be built for a minimum design pressure of 14 MPa (2000 psi) and constructed of forged steel. Tongue and groove or ANSI flanges should be used in ammonia piping. Pipe Joints Joints installed between lengths of pipe or between pipe and fittings can be threaded if the size of pipe is 32 mm (1.25 in) or smaller. Joints in piping that is sized 40 mm (1.5 in), or larger, should be welded. To prevent contamination of the ammonia refrigeration system, excessive amounts of sealant should not be applied to any joint, nor should any sealant be applied to female threads. When flanges are used, 1.6 mm (0.063 in) fiber gasket should also be used. The pipe and bolt holes should be properly aligned before tightening flange bolts to valves, controls, or flange unions. The use of flanges to straighten pipe may put stress on adjacent valves, compressors, and controls. This stress can cause the operating mechanism to break. Steel (14 MPa = 2000 psi) ground joint unions should be used for gauge and pressure control lines with screwed valves and for joints up to 20 mm (0.75 in). Pipe Location Where possible, piping for ammonia systems should be located at least 2.3 m (7.5 ft) above the floor. Piping for ammonia systems, especially if they are to be insulated, should be located carefully in relation to other piping and structural members. Pipe hangers should be placed no more than 2.5 m to 3 m (8 ft to 10 ft) apart.
24
Oil in Ammonia Systems Oil is miscible in liquid ammonia only in very small proportions. As temperatures decrease, oil separates from the liquid ammonia. The evaporation of ammonia increases the concentration of oil and causes the oil to form a separate layer below the ammonia liquid. The periodic or continuous removal of oil prevents it from covering the evaporators heat transfer surface and reducing performance. Because the density of oil is greater than that of ammonia, oil will settle in low areas of ammonia systems. Unless temperatures are too low to allow the oil to flow, draining oil from these systems is not difficult. In low-temperature situations, maintaining oil receivers at higher temperatures may be beneficial. Oil Separators should be located in the discharge line of a compressor. A high-pressure float valve drains oil back into the compressor crankcase or oil receiver. To cool the discharge gas (ammonia vapor), oil separators should be placed as far from the compressor as possible. The cooling of the ammonia vapor increases the effectiveness of the separator. Compressor Piping The objective of suction mains is to return clean, dry gas to the compressor. A good suction line system has a total friction drop 1 K (2F) to 3 K (5F) pressure drop equivalent. Practical friction losses should not exceed 0.01 K per meter equivalent length (0.5F equivalent per 100 ft equivalent length). The main suction line should slope toward a suction trap (1% vertical drop per horizontal length minimum). A well designed discharge main has a total friction loss of 20 kPa to 35 kPa (3 psi to 5 psi). To hold down discharge pressure and discharge temperature, a slightly oversized discharge line is generally used. To protect the compressor, high- and low-pressure cutouts and gauges are installed on the compressor side of stop valves. Discharge Check Valves located on the downstream side of each oil separator will prevent high-pressure gas from flowing into an inactive compressor and condensing. To prevent reverse rotation, screw compressors must be equipped with a check valve. If the temperature of the engine room is below the condensing temperature of the refrigeration system, gas may leak past the check valve and condense in the discharge line and oil separator. Liquid ammonia then drains into the compressor from the float under the oil separator.
25
When the temperature of the engine room is below the condensing temperature of the refrigeration system, ASHRAE recommends the use of a positive method of equalizing the fluid level of the discharge and suction lines. ASHRAE recommends that equalization always be used when compressors are located outside or in unheated spaces. Equalization can be done automatically or manually. Accessories Any ammonia vessel that can be valved off must have an automatic relief valve. The sizing of the valve should conform to Safety Code for Mechanical Refrigeration ANSI/ASHRAE 15-1989. The use of dual relief valves allows the testing of each valve. The use of three-way stop valves allows one to be removed for repair or testing. A noncondensable gas separator (purge unit) is useful in most plants, especially when an ammonia systems suction pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure.
26
Source: 1990 Refrigeration
Figure 12. Purge Unit and Piping for Noncondensable Gas
In Figure 12, the high-pressure liquid expands through the coil in the purge unit. This expansion cools the liquid and the coil. The line from the coil then goes to a high-temperature suction main. Ammonia vapor and noncondensable gas are drawn up into the purge drum. The ammonia then condenses on the cold surface of the coil. The air and other noncondensable gases fill the purge drum. When the drum is full, a float valve opens and releases the noncondensable gases to the open water bottle.
27
The receiver should be equipped with an armored gauge glass to allow the measurement of the ammonia in the receiver. The valves on each side of the gauge glass should be equipped with excess flow check valves to prevent the loss of refrigerant if the gauge glass breaks. Enough liquid ammonia needs to be charged into the system to seal the outlet pipe of the receiver and to prevent hot gas from blowing from the high side to the low side. The lowest liquid level a receiver should operate is the equivalent of two diameters of the outlet pipe for both the top and bottom outlet receivers.
28
REFRIGERANT R-717 (ammonia) R-11 R-13B1 R-500 R-12 R-22 Water (ammonia absorption)
FLAMMABLE Yes
TOXIC Yes
USES LOWLEVEL HEAT No
MINIMUM ACHIEVABLE TEMPERATURE 241 K (-26F)
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS Used extensively in large, open compressors for industrial and commercial applications. Used widely for specialized applications. Most widely used refrigerants. Most widely used refrigerants. Used where absorption systems are practical, except where ammonias flammability is not acceptable (occupied buildings, for example). Used where absorption systems are practical. No toxicity or flammability limitations. Large number of applications in which steam is available. Applications include comfort air conditioning, industrial process cooling, and other similar types of service. Used for refinery operations. Used for refinery operations. Used for refinery operations. Used for refinery operations. Used for refinery operations.
No
Low
No
297K +76F 216K -70F 241K -26F 240 K (-20F) 233 K (-40F) 275 K (35F)
No No Yes
Low Low Yes
No No Yes
Water (Li Br absorption) Water (steam jet)
No
No
Yes
275 K (35F)
No
No
Yes
275 K (35F)
Ethane Propane Butane Ethylene Propylene
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
No No No No No
186 K (-126F) 232 K (-42F) 274 K (33F) 171 K (-153F) 227 K (-51F)
Figure 13. Summary of Refrigerant Applications

Work Aid 2 describes the procedures and provides the resources required to select appropriate refrigerants.
29
Work Aid 1: Resources For Selecting appropriate refrigeration SYSTEMS

Directions: Use Figure 14 and Figure 15 to help select an appropriate refrigeration system.
Figure 14. Refrigeration Systems Schematic
30
ABSORPTION CONSIDERATION Minimum refrigerant temperature Refrigerant toxic? Flammable? VAPOR COMPRESSION No limit Yes/No Yes/No Ammonia 2C (35F) Yes Yes None None Lithium Bromide 2C (35F) No No STEAM JET 2C (35F) No No None None
Reciprocating compressor Up to 1 400 kW (400 tons*) Centrifugal compressor *tons of refrigeration >1 400 kW (400 tons*)
Figure 15. Refrigeration System and Equipment Limits
31
Work Aid 2: PROCEDURES AND RESOURCES FOR Selecting the most appropriate refrigerants
To select the most appropriate refrigerant, analyze the refrigeration system (already selected) and the following operating considerations and refrigerant properties. Availability of low-level (waste) heat Availability of steam Availability (both generally and for the specific application) Capital cost Compatibility with system building materials Environmental regulations (both existing and anticipated) Flammability Minimum achievable temperature Operating cost Thermal stability Toxicity
Determine the relevance of each consideration and property for the application. For each relevant property, refer to the following appropriate Figures for more information. Based on the information in the relevant Figure and the information covered in the Information Sheet, select the most appropriate refrigerant.
Minimum Refrigerant Temperature C Ammonia Absorption/Water +2 Lithium Bromide/Water +2 Ammonia -32 Freon 12 -29 Freon 22 -40 Ethane -88 Propane -41 Butane 0 Ethylene -103 Propylene -46
F +35 +35 -26 -20 -40 -126 -42 +33 -153 -51
Figure 16. Temperature Limits for Refrigerants
32
REFRIGERANT NO.
704 702n 702p 720 728 729 740 732 50 14 1150 503 170 2 744A 23 13 744 13B1 504 1270 5 502 290 22 115 717 500 12 134a 152a 402 600a 6 764 142b 6 630 C318 600 114 217 2 160 6 631 11 6 611 6 610 216 306 113 8 1130 6 1120 6 718
NAME
Helium Hydrogen (normal) Hydrogen (para) Neon Nitrogen Air
CHEMICAL FORMULA
He H2 H2 Ne N2 ...
MOLEC ULAR MASS

4.0026 2.0159 2.0159 20.183 28.013 28.97 39.948 31.9988 16.04 88.01 28.05 87.5 30.07 44.02 70.02 104.47 44.01 148.93 79.2 42.09 111.64 44.10 86.48 154.48 17.03 99.31 120.93 102.03 66.05 50.49 58.13 64.07 100.5 31.06 200.04 58.13 170.94 102.93 64.52 45.08 137.38 60.05 74.12 220.93 84.93 187.39 96.95 131.39 18.02
BOIL ING PT. (NBP) AT 101.325 KPA,C

- 268.9 - 252.8 - 252.9 - 246.1 - 198.8 - 194.3 - 185.9 - 182.9 - 161.5 - 127.9 - 103.7 - 88.7 - 88.8 - 89.5 - 82.1 - 81.4 - 78.4 - 57.75 - 57.2 - 47.7 - 45.4 - 42.07 - 40.76 - 39.1 - 33.3 - 33.5 - 29.79 - 26.16 - 25.0 - 12.4 - 11.73 - 10.0 - 9.8 - 6.7 - 5.8 - 0.5 3.8 8.9 12.4 16.6 23.82 31.8 34.6 35.69 40.2 47.57 47.8 87.2 100
FREE ZING POINT C

None - 259.2 - 259.3 - 248.6 - 210 ... - 189.3 - 218.8 - 182.2 - 184.9 - 169 ... - 183 - 102 - 155 - 181 e - 56.6 - 168 ... - 185 ... - 187.7 - 160 - 106 - 77.7 - 159 - 158 - 96.6 - 117 - 97.8 - 160 - 75.5 - 131 - 92.5 - 41.4 - 138.5 - 94 - 135 - 138.3 - 80.6 - 111 - 99 - 116.3 - 125.4 - 97 - 35 - 50 - 73 0
CRITI CAL TEMP ERA TURE, C

- 267.9 - 239.9 - 240.2 - 228.7 - 146.9 - 140.7 - 140.6 - 122.3 - 118.4 - 82.5 - 45.7 9.3 19.5 32.2 36.5 25.6 28.8 31.1 67.0 66.4 91.8 82.2 96.8 96.0 79.9 113.0 105.5 112.0 101.1 113.5 143.1 135.0 157.5 137.1 156.9 115.3 152.0 145.7 178.5 187.2 183.0 198.0 214.0 194.0 180.0 237.0 214.1 243.3 271.1 374.2
CRITI CAL PRES SURE kPa

228.8 1315 1292 3397 3396 3772 3764 4895 5077 4638 3741 5114 4182 4891 7221 4833 3865 7372 3962 4758 4618 4075 4254 4974 3153 11417 4423 4113 4067 4492 6674 3645 7875 4120 7455 2781 3794 3259 5168 5267 5619 4406 5994 3603 2753 6077 3437 5478 5016 22103
CRITI CAL VOLU ME, L/kg
SURFACE TENSION, mN/m b
REFRACTIVE INDEX OF LIQUID b,c

1.021 (NBP) 546.1 nm 1.097 (NBP) 579.1 nm J 1.09 (NBP) ... 1.205 (83K) 589.3 nm 1.233 (TP) 589.3 nm 1.221 (92K) 589.3 nm 1 1.363 (- 100)
Argon A Oxygen O2 Methane CH4 Tetrafluoromethane CF4 Ethylene C2H4 f ... Ethane C2H6 Nitrous Oxide N2O Trifluoromethane CHF3 Chlorotrifluoromethane CCIF3 Carbon Dioxide CO2 Bromotrifluoromethane CBrF3 g ... Propylene C3H6 h ... Propane C3H8 Chlorodifluoromethane CHClF 2 Chloropentafluoroethane CClF 2CF3 Ammonia NH3 j ... Diclorodifluoromethane CCl2F2 Tetrafluoroethane CF3CH2F Difluoroethane CH3CHF2 Methyl Chloride CH3Cl Isobutane C4H10 Sulfur Dioxide SO2 Chlorodifluoroethane CH3ClF2 Methyl Amine CH3NH2 Octafluorocyclobutane C4F8 Butane C4H10 Diclorotetraluoroethane CClF 2CClF2 Dichlorofluoromethane CHCl2F Ethyl Chloride C2H5Cl Ethyl Amine C2H5NH2 Trichlorofluoromethane CCl3F Methyl Formate C2H4O2 Ethyl Ether C4H10O Dichlorohexafluoroprop C3Cl 2F6 ane Methylene Chloride CH2Cl 2 Trichlorotrifluoroethane CCl2FCClF2 Dichloroethylene CHCl=CHCl Trichloroethylene CHCl=CCl2 Water H2O
14.43 0.12 (- 269) 33.21 2.31 (- 255) 31.82 2.172 2.070 5.50 (- 248) 3.179 8.27 (- 193) 3.048 Plait Point 3.126 Point of Contact 1.867 13.2 (- 188) 2.341 13.2 (- 183) 6.181 1.598 1 4.37 16.5 (- 104) 2.035 5.182 2.216 1.75 (20) 3 1.942 9.5 (- 40) 3 1.729 8.5 (- 40 ) 2.135 1.16 (20) 3 1.342 3.8 (26.7) 2.023 2 4.495 16.7 (20) 1.785 4.545 3 1.904 8.0 (26.7) 3 1.629 5.1 (26.7) 4.245 23.4 (11.1) 2.016 3 1.792 8.9 (26.7) 1.81 ... 2.741 2.834 16.2 (20) 4.526 1.910 2.297 23 (- 20) 3 1.611 7.3 (26.7) 4.383 3 1.717 12 (26.7) 3 1.917 18 (26.7) 2 3.028 21.2 (5) 20.4 (9.6) 3 1.804 18 (26.7) 2.866 25.08 (20) 3.790 17.01 (20) 1.742 1.736 26.5 (20) 3 19 (26.7) i 29 (30) 71.97 (25)
4 1.146 (25) 1.195 (15) 4 1.239 (25) 1 1.3640 (- 50) 1.3397 (- 42) 4 1.234 (25) 4 1.221 (25) 1.325 (16.5) 4 1.288 (25) ... 1 1.3514 (- 25) 1.432 (17.5) 1 1.3562 (- 15) 9 1.294 (25) 4 1.332 (25) 4 1.362 (25) 1.3526 (20) J 1.4244 (20) 4 1.357 (25) J 1.4782 (20)
3.128
Notes aData are from Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerants (Stewart et al. 1987) bThe temperature of measurement (Celcius) is shown in parentheses. The data are from Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (CRC 1987) unless otherwise noted. cFor the sodium D line. dSublimes. eAt 527 kPa. fRefrigerants 23 and 13 (40.1/59.9% by mass). gRefrigerants 32 and 115 (48.2/51.82% by mass). hRefrigerants 22 and 115 (48.8/51.2% by mass). iData from Electrochemicals Department, E.I. duPont de Nemours & Co. jRefrigerants 12 and 152a (73.8/26.2% by weight). kDielectric constant data.
References 1Kirk and Othmer (1956) 2Matheson Gas Data Book (1966) 3Bulletin D-27 (duPont 1967) 4Bulletin B-32A (duPont) 5Bulletin T-502 (duPont 1980) 6Handbook of Chemistry (1967) 7Bulletin G-1(duPont) 8CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (CRC 1987)
Source: 1989 Fundamentals (SI)
Figure 17. Physical Properties of Refrigerants
33
% LiBr By Mass
Figure 18. Specific Gravity of Aqueous Solutions of Lithium Bromide
34
Figure 19. Specific Heat of Aqueous Solutions of Lithium Bromide
35
Figure 20. Viscosities of Aqueous Solutions of Lithium Bromide
36
REFRIGERANT 11 12 22 113 114 502 12 22 502 12 22 502
PRESSURE, kPa 100 100 100 100 100 100 1000 1000 1000 1500 1500 1500
10 a 144 176 a 118 151 a a 129 a a a
TEMPERATURE, C 50 145 155 188 120 127 162 138 173 148 a 164 138 TEMPERATURE, F 100 469 503 610 390 411 525 457 574 488 a 523 435
100 156 167 201 130 137 173 156 193 166 148 187 159
REFRIGERANT 11 12 22 113 114 502 12 22 502 12 22 502
PRESSURE, psia 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 100 200 200 200
50 a 480 583 a 391 501 a a 450 a a a
150 490 525 635 409 430 547 490 607 519 442 572 483
a Below saturation temperature
Figure 21. Velocity of Sound in Refrigerant Vapors, m/s (ft/s)
37
NO.
REFRIGERANT NAME
EVAPORATOR PRESSURE, MPa
NET REFRIGCONREFRIGERANT DENSING COMERATING CIRCU PRESSURE, PRESSION, EFFECT, LATED, Mpa RATIO kJ/kg kg/sec
LIQUID CIRCU LATED, L/sec
SPECIFIC VOLUME OF SUCTION GAS, m3/kg
COMPRESSOR DISPLACE MENT, L/sec
POWER, kW
COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE
COMP. DISCHARGE TEMP. K
170 Ethane 744 Carbon Dioxide 13B1 Bromotrifluoromethane 1270 290 502 22 717 500 12 600a 600 114 11 113 Propylene Propane 22/115 Azeotrope Chlorodifluoromethane Ammonia 12/152a Azetrope Dichlorodifluoromethane Isobutane
1.623 2.291 0.536 0.362 0.291 0.349 0.296 0.236 0.214 0.183 0.089
4.637 7.208 1.821 1.304 1.077 1.319 1.192 1.164 0.879 0.745 0.407
2.86 3.15 3.39 3.60 3.71 3.78 4.03 4.94 4.11 4.07 4.60
162.44 134.24 66.14 286.48 279.88 104.39 162.46 1102.23 140.95 116.58 262.84
0.00616 0.00745 0.01512 0.00349 0.00357 0.00958 0.00616 0.00091 0.00709 0.00858 0.00380
0.0232 0.0123 0.0101 0.0070 0.0074 0.0080 0.0053 0.0015 0.0062 0.0066 0.0070 0.0060 0.0070 0.0044 0.0051
0.0335 0.0087 0.0237 0.1285 0.1542 0.0500 0.0774 0.5106 0.0938 0.0914 0.4029 0.6641 0.2700 0.7641 1.6793
0.206 0.065 0.358 0.449 0.551 0.479 0.476 0.463 0.665 0.784 1.533 2.274 2.722 4.891 13.187
0.364 0.338 0.274 0.197 0.211 0.226 0.210 0.207 0.213 0.213 0.220 0.214 0.225 0.196 0.173
2.74 2.96 3.65 5.07 4.74 4.43 4.75 4.84 4.69 4.69 4.55 4.68 4.44 5.09 5.77
324 343 313 354 320 310 326 371 314 311 318 318 303 313 303
Butant 0.056 0.283 5.05 292.01 0.00342 0.047 0.252 5.41 99.19 0.01008 Dichlorotetrafluoroethanea Trichlorofluoromethane 0.020 0.126 6.24 156.22 0.00640 0.007 0.054 7.84 127.34 0.00785 Trichlorotrifluoroethanea a Saturated suction except R-113, 114. Enough superheat was added to give saturated discharge.
NO.
REFRIGERANT NAME
EVAPORATOR PRESSURE, psia
REFRIGNET ERANT REFRIGCONERATING CIRCU DENSING COMPRESSURE, PRESSION, EFFECT, LATED, psia RATIO Btu/lb lb/min
LIQUID CIRCU LATED, in3/min
SPECIFIC VOLUME OF SUCTION GAS, ft3/lb
COMPRESSOR DISPLACE MENT, cfm
HORSEPOWER, hp
COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE
COMP. DISCHARGE TEMP. F
170 Ethane 744 Carbon Dioxide 13B1 Bromotrifluoromethane 1270 290 502 22 717 500 12 600a 600 114 11 113 Propylene Propane 22/115 Azeotrope Chlorodifluoromethane Ammonia 12/152a Azetrope Dichlorodifluoromethane Isobutane
235.440 332.339 77.810 52.547 42.142 50.553 42.956 34.162 31.058 26.501 12.843
672.595 1045.360 264.128 189.086 156.249 191.290 172.899 168.795 127.504 107.991 59.036
2.86 3.15 3.39 3.60 3.71 3.78 4.03 4.94 4.11 4.07 4.60
69.84 57.71 28.44 123.17 120.33 44.88 69.85 473.87 60.60 50.12 113.00
2.86382 3.46543 7.03356 1.62384 1.66214 4.45636 2.86347 0.42205 3.30046 3.99039 1.76990
299.1584 158.6275 129.8609 90.6458 94.9694 103.4279 67.6965 19.6217 80.2447 85.4557 89.9712 77.7557 90.3560 56.2924 65.2540
0.5366 0.1398 0.3797 2.0582 2.4705 0.8013 1.2391 8.1790 1.5018 1.4645 6.4537 10.6375 4.3248 12.2400 26.8991
1.537 0.485 2.671 3.342 4.106 3.571 3.548 3.452 4.957 5.844 11.422 16.947 20.283 36.449 98.268
1.719 1.594 1.291 0.930 0.995 1.064 0.992 0.975 1.005 1.005 1.037 1.008 1.061 0.926 0.817
2.74 2.96 3.65 5.07 4.74 4.43 4.75 4.84 4.69 4.69 4.55 4.68 4.44 5.09 5.77
124 159 103 177 116 98 127 207 105 100 113 112 86 104 86
Butant 8.116 41.007 5.05 125.54 1.59309 6.745 36.493 5.41 42.64 4.68998 Dichlorotetrafluoroethanea Trichlorofluoromethane 2.937 18.318 6.24 67.16 2.97785 1.006 7.884 7.84 54.75 3.65321 Trichlorotrifluoroethanea a Saturated suction except R-113, 114. Enough superheat was added to give saturated discharge.
Sourc
e: 1989 Fundamentals (SI)
Figure 22. Comparative Refrigerant Performance Per kW (Ton) [Based on 258K Evaporation (5F) and 303K Condensation (86F)]
38
Refrigerant No. Name
Suction Temp. K
Evaporator pressure MPa
Condensing pressure MPa
Compression Ratio
Net refrigerating effect, kJ/kg
Refrigerant circulated kg/sec
Specific volume of suction gas, m3 /kg
Compressor displacement, L/sec
Power kW
1150 170 170 22 1150 170 290 22 717 12 744 290 22 717 500 12 12 717 22 502
Ethylene Ethane Ethane Chlorodifluoromethane Ethylene Ethane Propane Chlorodifluoromethane Ammonia Dichlorodifluoromethane Carbon Dioxide Propane Chlorodifluoromethane Ammonia 12/152a Azeotrope Dichlorodifluoromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Ammonia Chlorodifluoromethane 22/115 Azeotrope
183 183 200 200 213 213 213 213 213 213 233 233 233 233 233 233 250 250 250 250
A. 183 K Evaporating, 233 K Condensing
0.211 0.093
1.446 0.774 0.909 0.132 2.859 1.623 0.291 0.296 0.236 0.183 5.726 0.835 0.910 0.855 0.668 0.567 0.891 1.426 1.390 1.563
6.84 8.31 4.29 7.87 3.79 4.31
330.40 364.21 503.14 211.70 272.31 322.65 342.79 195.80 1511.93 138.57 179.50 277.61 164.21 1114.52 140.03 114.91 105.80 1057.36 150.09 91.91
0.00303 0.00275 0.00199 0.00472 0.00367 0.00310 0.00292 0.00511 0.00066 0.00722 0.00557 0.00360 0.00609 0.00090 0.00714 0.00870 0.00945 0.00095 0.00666 0.01088
0.2422 0.5257 0.2396 1.1347 0.0729 0.1430 0.9343 0.5364 4.7169 0.6396 0.0383 0.3821 0.2048 1.5567 0.2491 0.2426 0.1221 0.7097 0.1033 0.0662
0.733 1.443 0.476 5.360 0.268 0.443 2.726 2.740 3.120 4.615 0.213 1.376 1.247 1.397 1.779 2.112 1.154 0.671 0.688 0.720
0.373 0.347 0.168 0.221 0.314 0.279 0.254 0.253 0.216 0.248 0.469 0.354 0.341 0.335 0.336 0.339 0.330 0.310 0.326 0.391
B. 200 K Evaporating, 238 K Condensing
0.212 0.017 0.755 0.377
C. 213 K Evaporating, 258 K Condensing
0.042 0.037 0.022 0.023 1.005 0.110 0.105 0.072 0.076 0.064 0.134 0.166 0.218 0.260
6.91 7.90 10.78 8.09 5.70 7.57 8.65 11.95 8.85 8.84 6.64 8.61 6.37 6.01
D. 233 K Evaporating, 293 K Condensing
E. 250 K Evaporating, 310 K Condensing
Figure 23 (Page 1 of 4). Comparative Refrigerant Performance Per kW (Ton) at Various Evaporating and Condensing Temperatures
39
Suction Temp. K
Evaporator pressure MPa
Condensing pressure MPa
Compression Ratio
Net refrigerating effect, kJ/kg
Refrigerant circulated kg/sec
Specific volume of suction gas, m3 /kg
Compressor displacement, L/sec
Power kW
12 717 22 502 12 717 22 502 290 22 717 500 12 600 290 22 717 500 12 600a 600
Dichlorodifluoromethane Ammonia Chlorodifluoromethane 22/155 Azeotrope Dichlorodifluoromethane Ammonia Chlorodifluoromethane 22/155 Azeotrope Propane Chlorodifluoromethane Ammonia 12/152a Azeotrope Dichlorodifluoromethane Butane Propane Chlorodifluoromethane Ammonia 12/152a Azeotrope Dichlorodifluoromethane Isobutane Butane
F. 250 K Evaporating, 310 K Condensing (291 K Suction)
291 291 291 291 291 291 291 291 266 266 266 266 266 266 277 277 277 277 277 277 277
0.134 0.166 0.218 0.260 0.134 0.166 0.218 0.260 0.380 0.394 0.327 0.286 0.244 0.075 0.534 0.566 0.496 0.413 0.352 0.181 0.119
0.891 1.426 1.390 1.563 0.891 1.426 1.390 1.563
6.64 8.61 6.37 6.01 6.64 8.61 6.37 6.01
105.80 1057.36 150.09 91.91 130.33 1150.61 117.29 119.81
0.00945 0.00095 0.00666 0.01088 0.00767 0.00087 0.00564 0.00835 0.00336 0.00590 0.00089 0.00673 0.00812 0.00322 0.00355 0.00623 0.00092 0.00707 0.00848 0.00369 0.00331
0.1451 0.8415 0.1237 0.0796 0.1451 0.8415 0.1237 0.0796 0.1196 0.0589 0.3745 0.0713 0.0697 0.4701 0.0461 0.0415 0.2523 0.0501 0.0493 0.2072 0.3170
1.371 0.796 0.824 0.866 1.113 0.731 0.698 0.665 0.402 0.348 0.332 0.480 0.566 1.513 0.164 0.258 0.232 0.354 0.417 0.765 1.050
0.392 0.368 0.390 0.471 0.318 0.338 0.330 0.361 0.157 0.154 0.147 0.153 0.153 0.148 0.080 0.142 0.137 0.145 0.145 0.145 0.141
G. 250 K Evaporating + Refrig. Effect to 291 K, 310 K Condensing
H. 266 K Evaporating, 300 K Condensing
1.000 1.102 1.064 0.811 0.688 0.258 1.275 1.390 1.426 1.053 0.891 0.493 0.347
2.63 2.80 3.25 2.84 2.82 3.44 2.39 2.46 2.87 2.55 2.53 2.73 2.91
297.39 169.42 1126.56 148.54 123.22 310.75 281.59 160.57 1089.82 141.50 117.99 270.81 301.82
I. 277 K Evaporating, 310 K Condensing
40
Suction Temp. F
Evaporator pressure psia
Condensing pressure psia
Compression Ratio
Net refrigerating effect, Btu/lb
Refrigerant circulated lb/min
Specific volume of suction gas, ft3/lb
Compressor displacement, cfm
Power hp
1150 170 170 22 1150 170 290 22 717 12 744 290 22 717 500 12 12 717 22 502
Ethylene Ethane Ethane Chlorodifluoromethane Ethylene Ethane Propane Chlorodifluoromethane Ammonia Dichlorodifluoromethane Carbon Dioxide Propane Chlorodifluoromethane Ammonia 12/152a Azeotrope Dichlorodiflouromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Ammonia Chlorodifluoromethane 22/115 Azeotrope
-130 -130 -100 -100
A. -130F Evaporating, -40F Condensing
30.657 13.509
209.725 112.236 131.783 19.154
6.84 8.31 4.29 7.87
142.05 156.58 216.31 91.01 117.07 138.71 147.37 84.18 650.01 59.57 77.17 119.35 70.60 479.16 60.20 49.40 45.49 454.58 64.53 39.51
1.40799 1.27728 0.92459 2.19745 1.70835 1.44181 1.35710 2.37589 0.30769 3.35714 2.59164 1.67573 2.83296 0.41740 3.32214 4.04838 4.39697 0.43996 3.09947 5.06147
3.8797 8.4214 3.8372 18.1761 1.1678 2.2906 14.9667 8.5925 75.5575 10.2448 0.6128 6.1199 3.2806 24.9359 3.9894 3.8867 1.9557 11.3681 1.6549 1.0599
5.463 1.758 444.126 1.635 0.476 0.792 5.360 1.044 0.268 1.480 0.443 1.316 2.726 2.740 3.120 4.615 0.213 1.376 1.247 1.397 1.779 2.112 1.154 0.671 0.688 0.720 1.198 1.195 1.018 1.172 2.210 1.671 1.607 1.578 1.584 1.597 1.556 1.462 1.536 1.846
B. -100F Evaporating, -30F Condensing
30.710 2.434
-76 -76 -76 -76 -76 -76 -40 -40 -40 -40 -40 -40 -10 -10 -10 -10
C. -76F Evaporating, 5F Condensing
109.504 54.634 6.101 5.438 3.169 3.277 145.763 15.995 15.268 10.376 10.959 9.304 19.455 24.027 31.646 37.730
414.648 235.440 42.142 42.956 34.162 26.501 830.530 121.078 131.997 124.009 96.949 82.294 129.192 206.809 201.544 226.694
3.79 4.31
6.91 7.90 10.78 8.09 5.70 7.57 8.65 11.95 8.85 8.84 6.64 8.61 6.37 6.01
D. -40F Evaporating, 68F Condensing
E. -10F Evaporating, 100F Condensing
41
Suction Temp. F
Evaporator pressure psia
Condensing pressure psia
Compression Ratio
Net refrigerating effect, Btu/lb
Refrigerant circulated lb/min
Specific volume of suction gas, ft3 /lb
Compressor displacement, cfm
Power hp
F. -10F Evaporating, 100F Condensing (65F Suction)
12 717 22 502 12 717 22 502 290 22 717 500 12 600 290 22 717 500 12 600
Dichlorodifluoromethane Ammonia Chlorodifluoromethane 22/155 Azeotrope Dichlorodifluoromethane Ammonia Chlorodifluoromethane 22/155 Azeotrope Propane Chlorodifluoromethane Ammonia 12/152a Azeotrope Dichlorodifluoromethane Butane Propane Chlorodifluoromethane Ammonia 12/152a Azeotrope Dichlorodifluoromethane Butane
65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 20 20 20 20 20 20 40 40 40 40 40 40
19.455 24.027 31.646 37.730 19.455 24.027 31.646 37.730 55.065 57.127 47.432 41.452 35.353 10.886 77.410 82.090 71.949 59.867 50.981 17.299
129.192 206.809 201.544 226.694 129.192 206.809 201.544 226.694 144.999 159.774 154.248 117.679 99.737 37.436 184.967 201.544 206.809 152.768 129.192 50.337
6.64 8.61 6.37 6.01 6.64 8.61 6.37 6.01 2.63 2.80 3.25 2.84 2.82 3.44 2.39 2.46 2.87 2.55 2.53 2.91
45.49 454.58 64.53 39.51 56.03 494.67 76.22 51.51 127.85 72.84 484.33 63.86 52.98 133.60 121.06 69.03 468.54 60.83 50.73 129.76
4.39697 0.43996 3.09947 5.06147 3.56934 0.40431 2.62395 3.88281 1.56427 2.74584 0.41294 3.13181 3.77536 1.49702 1.65205 2.89718 0.42660 3.28763 3.94270 1.54131
2.3243 13.4795 1.9816 1.2754 2.3243 13.4795 1.9816 1.2754 1.9156 0.9438 5.9981 1.1420 1.1166 7.5295 0.7381 0.6647 4.0419 0.8029 0.7889 5.0777
1.371 0.796 0.824 0.866 1.113 0.731 0.698 0.665 0.402 0.348 0.332 0.480 0.566 1.513 0.164 0.258 0.232 0.354 0.417 1.050
1.849 1.734 1.840 2.221 1.501 1.593 1.557 1.704 0.740 0.725 0.695 0.720 0.719 0.700 0.379 0.668 0.648 0.685 0.682 0.663
G. -10F Evaporating + Refrig. Effect to 65F, 100F Condensing
H. 20F Evaporating, 80F Condensing
I. 40F Evaporating, 100F Condensing
Source:
42
REFRIGERANT NO. 50 14 1150 744A 13 170 744 13B1 290 502 22 717 500 152a 12 505 40 506 600a 764 600 114 21 160 11 611 30 113 1130 NAME Methane Tetrafluoromethane Ethylene Nitrous Oxide Chlorotrifluoromethane Ethane Carbon Dioxide Bromotrifluoromethane Propane -Clorodifluoromethane Ammonia -Difluoroethane Dichlorodifluoromethane -Methyl Chloride -Isobutane Sulfur Dioxide Butane Dichlorotetrafluoroethane Dichlorofluoromethane Ethyl Chloride Trichlorofluoromethane Methyl Formate Methylene Chloride Trichlorotrifluoroethane Dichloroethylene
ANSI/ASHRAE 34-78 SAFETY CODE GROUP 3 1 3a 1 3a 1 1a 3 1 1 2 1 -1 -2 -3a 2 3a 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2
UL GROUP CLASSIFICATION 5b 6a 5b 6 5ba 5a 6 5ba 5a 5ab 2a 5a -6a 5c 4a 5c 5b 1a 5a 6a 4-5c 4aa 5a 3a 4aa 4-5d 4a
a Underwriters Laboratories Report MH-3134 b Underwriters Laboratories Report MH-2360
c Underwriters Laboratories Report MH-3072 d Underwriters Laboratories Report MH-6138
EXPLOSIVE LIMITS IN AIR, % BY VOLUME 4.9 to 15.0 Nonflammable 3.0 to 25.0 Nonflammable Nonflammable 3.3 to 10.6 Nonflammable Nonflammable 2.3 to 7.3 Nonflammable Nonflammable 16.0 to 25.0 Nonflammable 5.1 to 17.1 Nonflammable Nonflammable 8.1 to 17.2 Nonflammable 1.8 to 8.4 Nonflammable 1.6 to 6.5 Nonflammable Nonflammable 3.7 to 12.0 Nonflammable 4.5 to 20.0 Nonflammable Nonflammable 5.6 to 11.4
Figure 24. Relative Safety of Refrigerants
43
GROUP 1
DEFINITION Gases or vapors which in concentrations of about 1/2 to 1 percent for durations of exposure of about 5 minutes are lethal or produce serious injury. Gases or vapors which in concentrations of about 1/2 to 1 percent for durations of exposure of about 1/2 hour are lethal or produce serious injury.
EXAMPLES Sulfur Dioxide
Ammonia Methyl Bromide
Gases or vapors which in concentrations of about 2 to Carbon Tetrachloride 2 1/2 percent for durations of exposure of about 1 hour Chloroform are lethal or produce serious injury. Methyl Formate Gases or vapors which in concentrations of about 2 to 2 1/2 percent for durations of exposure of about 2 hours are lethal or produce serious injury. Appear to classify as somewhat less toxic than Group 4. Much less toxic than Group 4 but somewhat more toxic than Group 5. Dichloroethylene Methyl Chloride Ethyl Bromide Methylene Chloride Ethyl Chloride Refrigerant 113 Refrigerant 11 Refrigerant 22 Carbon Dioxide Ethane Propane Butane Refrigerant 12 Refrigerant 114 Refrigerant 13B1
Between 4 and 5
5a
Gases or vapors much less toxic than Group 4 but more toxic than Group 6. Gases or vapors which available data indicate would classify as either Group 5a or group 6. Gases or vapors which in concentrations up to at least about 20 percent by volume for durations of exposure of about 2 hours do not appear to produce injury.
5b
Figure 25. Underwriters Laboratories Classification of Comparative Hazard to Life of Gases and Vapors
44
GLOSSARY ANSI ASHRAE ASME cascade American National Standards Institute American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditions Engineers American Society of Mechanical Engineers Two refrigerating systems connected in series to produce a lower temperature refrigerant. A fully halogenated compound. Heat exchanger that provides the refrigeration to the process stream being refrigerated. In a refrigeration cycle, the ratio of the heat energy extracted by the heat engine at the low temperature to the work supplied to operate the cycle. The temperature of the liquid-vapor critical point. The temperature above which a substance has no liquid-vapor transition. The stripper tower in an absorption refrigeration system. It separates the refrigerant from the carrier fluid. A compound of carbon and a halogen, sometimes with a hydrogen. Vessel, container, or tank, used to receive and collect liquid material from a process unit. A fluid acceleration vacuum pump or compressor using the high velocity of a steam jet for entrainment. A pipe or tube feeding into the inlet side of a compressor. 12 000 Btu/hr = 2.5 kW Underwriters Laboratories
CFC chiller
coefficient of performance (COP) critical temperature
generator
halocarbon receiver
steam-jet ejector
suction line ton of refrigeration UL
45
ADDENDUM
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Addendum A: Addendum B: Addendum C: Addendum D:
ASHRAE SI for HVAC and R Conversions Conversion Factors Symbols Used in ChE 210.01 Equation Used in ChE 201.01
47 48 49 50
46
ADDENDUM A: ASHRAE SI FOR HVAC AND R CONVERSIONS MULTIPLY bar Btu, IT Btu/ft3 Btu ft/hr ft2 F Btu in/(hr ft2 F) (thermal conductivity, k) Btu/hr Btu/ft2 Btu/(h ft2) Btu/(hr ft2 F) (overall heat transfer coefficient, U) (thermal conductance, C) Btu/lb Btu/(lb F) (specific heat, c) centipoise, viscosity, m (absolute, dynamic) centistokes, kinematic viscosity, u dyne/cm2 in of mercury (60F) in of water (60F) kW hr mm of mercury (60F) mm of water ppm (by mass) ton of refrigeration (12,000 Btu/hr)
Rounded to three or four significant figures.
BY 100 1.055 37.3 1.731 0.144 0.293 11.4 3.15 5.68
TO OBTAIN kPa kJ Kj/m3 = J/L W/(m K) W/(m K) W/(m C) W kJ/m2 W/m2 W/(m2 K) W/(m2 C) kJ/kg kJ/(kg K) kJ/(kg C) mPa s mm2/s Pa kPa Pa MJ kPa Pa mg/kg kW
2.33 4.19 1.00 1.00 0.100 3.38 249 3.60 0.133 9.80 1.00 3.52
Figure 26. ASHRAE SI for HVAC and R Conversions
47
ADDENDUM B: CONVERSION FACTORS
Pressure psi 1 Volume Energy
In. Hg 2.0360
atm 0.068046 in3 1 Btu 1
mm Hg 51.715
bar 0.068948
kg/cm2 0.07030696
dyne/cm 2 68,948
pascal 6894.8
ft3 5.787 x 10 -4 ft lb 777.65 lb/ft3 1 Btu/lb F 1 Btu/lb 1 cal/ (s cm C) 4.1338x10 -3
gal 4.329 x 10 -3 calorie 251.9957
litre 0.0163871 joule 1054.35 g/cm3 0.016018
metre3 1.63871 x 10 -5 watt sec 1054.35 kg/m3(g/L) 16.018463 J/(g K) 4.184 J/g 2.3244 W/(m K) 1.7296
Density
lb/gal 0.133680
Specific Heat Enthalpy Thermal Conductivity
cal/(g K) 1 cal/g 0.55556 J/(s cm C) 0.17296 W/(cm C) 0.017296
Btu/h ft F 1 poise g/(cms) 1
lbf s/ft2 lbf hr/ft 2 kg/(m s) 2.0885 x 5.8014 x 10 -7 0.1 -3 10 Viscosity (1 poise = dynesec/cm 2 = 0.1 newtonsec/m 2 Viscosity Coefficient of Heat Transfer Unit of Refrigeration Btu/h ft2 F cal/ (s cm 2 C) W/ 2 (cm C)
N s/m 2 ibm/(ft s) 0.1 6.71955 x 10 -2
kcal/ 2 (h m C)
W/(m2 K) 5.6783 kW 3.517
1.3562 10 -4 5.6783 10 -4 1 4.8823 Refrigeration Ton Btu/hr kJ/hr 12,000 12,660 1
Figure 27. Conversion Factors
48
ADDENDUM C: SYMBOLS USED IN ChE 210.01
Va k T Gc R M
= = = = = =
Velocity of sound, m/s (ft/s) The ratio of specific heats, cp/cv Temperature, K (R) Gravity constant, m/s2 (ft/s) Gas constant, gr-m/mole K (lb ft/mole R) Molecular weight, gr/mole (lb/mole)
dp d T
Rate of change of pressured/rate of change of density, at constant temperature
49
ADDENDUM D: EQUATION USED IN ChE 210.01
Va =
where:
G kRT/M c
(EQN A)
Va = Velocity of sound, m/s (ft/s) k T = The ratio of specific heats, cp/cv = Temperature, K (R)
Gc = Gravity constant, m/s2 (ft/s) R = Gas constant, gr-m/mole K (lb ft/mole R)
dp d T
M = Molecular weight, gr/mole (lb/mole)
= Rate of change of pressured/rate of change of density, at constant temperature
50

Refrigeration System

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Engineering Encyclopedia

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Chapter : Process File Reference: CHE21001

For additional information on this subject, contact R.A. Al-Husseini on 874-2792

Process Refrigeration Systems

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Process Refrigeration Systems

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Process Refrigeration Systems

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Process Refrigeration Systems

Types of Refrigeration Systems Used by Saudi ARAMCO

Figure 1. Saudi Aramco Refrigeration Units

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Process Refrigeration Systems

SelectING appropriate refrigeration SYSTEMS

Vapor Compression-Expansion Refrigeration Systems Operation

Size and Achievable Temperatures

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Process Refrigeration Systems

Figure 2. Vapor Compression-Expansion Refrigeration System

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Process Refrigeration Systems

Absorption Refrigeration Systems

Figure 3. Ammonia Absorption Refrigeration Systems

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Process Refrigeration Systems

Figure 4. Lithium Bromide-Water Single-Stage Absorption Systems

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Process Refrigeration Systems

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Process Refrigeration Systems

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Process Refrigeration Systems

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Process Refrigeration Systems

Steam Jet Refrigeration Systems

Figure 6. Steam Jet Refrigeration System

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Process Refrigeration Systems

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Process Refrigeration Systems

SELECTING the most appropriate refrigerants

Commonly Used Refrigerants

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Process Refrigeration Systems

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Process Refrigeration Systems

Source: 1989 Fundamentals

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Process Refrigeration Systems

Source: 1989 Fundamentals

Freons R-12 R-13 R-13 B1 R-22 R-502 R-503

Hydrocarbons R-170 R-290 R-1150 R-1270

Other R-717 R-718 R-728 R-744 R-764

Absorption Li Br Ammonia (R-717)

Figure 8. Frequently Used Refrigerants

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Process Refrigeration Systems

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Process Refrigeration Systems

Compromises Between Conflicting Desirable Thermodynamic Properties

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards