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TRUNKING CONCEPTS
Introduction This training program covering Trunking Concepts is intended to provide customer technicians the prerequisite knowledge required for the SmartZone and SmartZone OmniLink training programs. Although the main audience intended for this training is Motorola, customer, and dealer/MSS technicians, the first five modules may be appropriate for other audiences such as Motorola/Dealer sales personnel, customer management and administrative personnel, and others with a need to learn Motorola trunking concepts. The remaining modules (6 - 8) are more detailed and technically oriented and may not be appropriate for all audiences. Module Titles Module 1. Introduction to Trunking Module 2. How Trunking Works Module 3. Trunked Call Types Module 4. Trunked System Features Module 5. Private Trunked Systems Module 6. Trunking Signaling Module 7. Type I vs. Type II Trunking Module 8. System ID Structure Objectives Upon completion of this segment of the training, the learner should be able to: Define trunking. Describe the advantages of trunking. Identify the FCC loading requirements for trunked systems. Explain how users are organized in a trunked system. Identify the components that comprise a basic trunked system. Explain the basic functionality of a trunked system and how a call is processed. 1-3 2-1 3-1 4-1 5-1 6-1 7-1 8-1
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Differentiate between message trunking and transmission trunking. Describe trunked system access features. Describe the timeout parameters used in a trunked system. Describe the trunked system reliability features. Describe each of the trunked systems types provided by Motorola. Describe the Voice on Control (VOC) operation available in Motorola trunked systems. Describe the ID structure used in a trunked system.
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Non-Trunked Communication System Compare a non-trunked communication system to a group of toll booths on a toll highway. Red cars must use the red both, green cars must use the green booth, and blue cars must use the blue booth. As long as there are about the same number of cars of each color, the toll booths are used efficiently.
A number of red cars may stack up waiting for the red booth to become available. Even though there are no green or blue cars, the red cars must wait because they can use only the red booth.
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Trunked Communication System Compare a trunked communication system to the system many airlines use to handle queuing for ticket agents. Any agent can handle a transaction for any user. There is a single queue, and each user is handled by the next available ticket agent. If there are fewer users than ticket agents, there is no waiting.
If there are more users than ticket agents, a single queue builds up. The single queue gives all users equal access to the available ticket agents. The effectiveness of trunking is predicated on two fundamental characteristics of user communication: It is improbable that a large percentage of users will want to make a call at the same time. Most conversations are relatively short.
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Faster System Access Users have faster system access since all repeaters in the system are typically made available to all users. In addition, voice channels are assigned automatically, eliminating the need for the user to monitor and wait for a clear channel Better Channel Efficiency All channels are typically shared by all users, resulting in an overall decrease in channel congestion. User Privacy Groups of users can be assigned exclusive use of a voice channel for the duration of a conversation. Users in other groups cannot listen to that channel. Types of Communication Users can initiate a wide variety of calls including one-to-one, one-to-many, and one-to-all.
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Queuing The queuing capabilities of a trunked system provide a more orderly approach to system access. A feature called new user queueing makes it possible for the radio user to set down the microphone and wait for a call back once a busy signal has been received. This relieves the user from having to continually rekey the PTT button in order to gain system access. Automatic Retry Automatic retry eliminates the need for a user who is experiencing bad signalling conditions or interference to continually key and dekey the radio in order to gain system access. Priority Levels Provision for different levels of priority ensures that critical users have more immediate access to the system. A feature called recent user priority ensures that ongoing communications can be completed on a priority basis over conversations that are just being initiated. Flexible Expansion Additional users can be added without necessarily adding additional channels or modifying existing radios. Continuous Assignment Updating The continuous assignment updating feature ensures that a radio just coming into service in the middle of a conversation will immediately be assigned to the appropriate voice channel so that the user can be included in that conversation. User Call Organization The user call organization feature allows a user to organize the radio system around functional, or operating groups, rather than according to frequencies or channels. Fail Soft The Failsoft feature ensures continued communications capability in the case of a malfunction of the central controller. System operation reverts to operation in a non-trunked system in which talkgroups are assigned to fixed voice frequencies.
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Activity
Match each of the following features and advantages of trunking with the statement that best describes it. Features and Advantages: A. B. C. D. E. F. User Privacy Queuing Automatic Retry Priority Levels Continuous Assignment Updating Fail Soft
Descriptions: B Allows a user to wait for a call back after a busy signal has been received. C Avoids the need to continually key the radio in order to gain system access when experiencing signal problems. F Ensures continued communications capability in the case of a malfunction of the central controller. A Allows different groups of users to be assigned exclusive use of a voice channel for the duration of a conversation. D Provides critical users with more immediate access to the system than noncritical users. E Ensures that a radio just coming into service in the middle of a conversation will immediately be assigned to the appropriate voice channel.
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Module Exercises
Multiple Choice
Each user is assigned to a particular repeater. Each talkgroup is assigned to a particular repeater. All users share a common pool of repeaters. Only one repeater is used.
Which of the following trunking features allows a user to be assigned to the correct voice channel no matter when he or she enters a conversation: a. b. c. d.
Multiple Choice
With a 20-channel license, the FCC requires the system owner to accomplish: a. b. c. d. 70% 90% 70% 50% loading loading loading loading within within within within 5 2 2 3 years. years. years. years.
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Activity In this activity, you will place busy call processing steps into the sequence in which they are performed. Topic 7: Message and Transmission Trunking This topic explains the difference between message trunking and transmission trunking. Module Exercises This module ends with exercises that test your mastery of module objectives. Introduction
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The purpose of this module is to provide a high-level overview of how trunked system users are organized, the components that comprise a basic trunked system, and how a trunked system processes basic talkgroup calls. This module will also describe the difference between transmission and message trunking. Objectives Explain how users are organized in a trunked system. Identify the components that comprise a basic trunked system. Explain the basic functionality of a trunked system and how a call is processed. Differentiate between message trunking and transmission trunking.
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Unit ID Each radio in a trunked communication system has a unique identifier assigned to it called a Unit ID.
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To simplify the diagrams, each radio will be identified with a simpler one-digit Unit ID.
Talkgroups Individual users can be combined into collections called talkgroups. The first collection of two users forms one talkgroup. The second collection of three users forms a second talkgroup.
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Each talkgroup in a trunked communication system has a unique identifier assigned to it called a Talkgroup ID. Most calls that take place in a trunked communication system are ordinary talkgroup calls. When a user makes a talkgroup call in a trunked communication system, all radios in that talkgroup hear that call. Other users not in that talkgroup do not hear the call. A talkgroup is made up of a collection of users who typically need to communicate in order to accomplish their job. The users in a particular talkgroup usually have a common functional responsibility. Typically, the majority of an individual's communications requirements will be to communication with other users in his or her own talkgroup.
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Announcement Groups Motorola trunking allows multiple talkgroups to be dynamically merged into larger groups called announcement groups. Announcement groups are sometimes called multigroups. When a radio user places an announcement group call in a trunked communication system, that call is received by all the radios in all the talkgroups associated with that announcement group. Announcement groups ensures that critical information is received at once, by as many talkgroups as desired, throughout an entire system. In defining the user organization for the system, not every talkgroup needs to be included in an announcement group.
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Highway and Maintenance Talkgroups Since it is likely that all the radio users in the Highway Department need to be in communication with one another, they might be grouped into a talkgroup. Call this one Talkgroup A. It is also likely that all the radio users in the Maintenance Department also need to communicate frequently, they may form another talkgroup. Call this one Talkgroup B.
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Overlapping Supervisor Talkgroup It is also likely that the supervisors in both the Highway Department and the Maintenance Department will need to communicate frequently. One radio in each talkgroup is used by a supervisor The supervisors can form a third, overlapping talkgroup. Call this one Talkgroup C. As this example shows, each individual radio user can be assigned to multiple talkgroups. The user selects the particular talkgroup to use for communication by selecting appropriate settings on the radio.
Highway/Maintenance Announcement Group Should the need arise, talkgroups A and B could be merged into a single announcement group, along with any other desired talkgroups. With such an announcement group, a radio user in the Highway Department can originate a call that is heard by users in both the Highway Department and the Maintenance Department.
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Central Controller A Motorola trunked radio system also uses a central controller that functions like a traffic cop and controls the operation of the trunked repeaters. The central controller is a computer that processes inbound and outbound data traffic, assigns repeaters for voice channel access, and generally monitors and maintains order in the system. All of the repeaters are linked to the central controller via dedicated data cables.
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System Users Assume that the users who will be making use of this trunked radio system are organized into two talkgroups: Talkgroup A and Talkgroup B. The talkgroup may contain a mixture of mobile and portable radios. All of the radios are trunked radios that are frequency synthesized and capable of switching to the frequencies of any of the repeaters in the system. Each radio is capable of transmitting a unique code word that identifies the radio to the central controller and indicates to which talkgroup the radio belongs.
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Idle Mode When the system is in Idle Mode, no radio users are talking and all radios are monitoring the control channel. The radio speakers are muted since only data transmissions being received. In Idle Mode, the central controller uses the control channel to periodically send out a data signal called a System Status Word (SSW). The SSW contains system identification information and is transmitted at least every three seconds. The SSW is received by all radios and tells them which channel to monitor as the control channel.
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Central Controller Database The radios used in a Motorola trunked system are microcomputer controlled. Each radio has information programmed into it that determines its personality and specifies the radios Unit ID. The central controller maintains a database that keeps track of each radios Unit ID and the talkgroups with which each radio is currently affiliated.
System Access Assume this radio is first turned on in this trunked communication system. The radio reads from its memory a list of possible control channels. The radio then scans these channels looking for a System Status Word. When a radio receives an SSW, it compares the System ID value in the SSW with the System ID information in the radios memory. If the system ID values match, the radio is in the correct trunking system and continues to monitor the channel transmitting the SSW. If the system ID values do not match, the radio continues to scan all the control channels listed in its memory until it receives an SSW that has the proper System ID value.
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If the radio does not receive an SSW with a matching System ID, the radio continues scanning. This may occur because the radio may be out of range of its trunking system. As the radio continues to scan the control channel frequencies, it may eventually come into range of its own system. When that happens, it receives an SSW with a System ID match and then proceeds to operate normally.
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Inbound Signal Word When the radio user presses the PTT button, the radio sends a data signal in the form of an Inbound Signal Word (ISW) to the control channel. The ISW contains the radios Unit ID and an indication of the type of call being made. In this example, the call is a talkgroup call. The ISW constitutes a request for allocation of a voice channel for the call. There is a possibility that the ISW may not get through because of weak signalling conditions or interference. To prevent this, the radio uses a feature called Automatic Retry and continues sending ISWs until the receipt of the ISW is acknowledged by the central controller, up to 16 times randomly within 4 seconds.
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Call Processing Event Sequence Once the control channel receives an ISW from a radio in the system, the following sequence of events takes place. The entire sequence of events occurs in less than half a second. Step 1 -- Central Controller Receives Call Request ISW The control channel forwards the received ISW to the central controller.
The central controller then searches its data base for a Unit ID match.
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The ISW contains the selected talkgroup information. The central controller updates the database to reflect the current talkgroup affiliation.
Step 2 -- Central Controller Transmits OSW The central controller processes the ISW and assigns one of the idle repeaters to the users talkgroup. In this case, Repeater 5 is assigned.
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The central controller the sends an Outbound Signal Word (OSW) over the control channel. The OSW contains the Talkgroup ID and Unit ID of the requesting radio, as well as voice channel assignment information.
Step 3 -- Radios Receive OSW All radios monitoring the control channel receive the transmitted OSW and examine the Talkgroup ID contained in the OSW.
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Step 4 -- Radios Switch to Voice Channel Frequency All of those radios assigned to the talkgroup associated with the Talkgroup ID in the OSW switch to the assigned voice channel frequency.
Step 5 -- Central Controller Transmits LSHS Signal The central controller now sends a Low-Speed Handshake Signal (LSHS), sometimes called a Connect Word, over the voice channel. All radios that have switched to that voice channel receive the LSHS. The LSHS unmutes the receiving radios to allow them to receive the incoming transmission.
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Step 6 -- Initiating Radio Transmits Voice and Connect Tone The initiating radio transmits voice audio and a subaudible Connect tone. The Connect tone is used to inform the central controller of voice channel activity.
Step 7 -- Central Controller Continues Transmitting LSHS Signal The central controller continues to send the LSHS on the assigned voice channel for the duration of the transmission. This is used to keep the receiving radios unsquelched.
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Step 8 -- Disconnect Tone When the radio user releases the PTT button, the radio transmits a Disconnect tone to the central controller, indicating that the transmission has ended
Step 9 -- Radios Switch Back to Control Channel Frequency When the call is completed, the radios in the talkgroup switch back to the control channel frequency.
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All the radios continue to receive the SSW from the central controller. The previously assigned voice channel now becomes available for other calls.
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Other Call Processing While the talkgroup B conversation is in progress, any radio in another talkgroup can also initiate a call and will be assigned an available voice channel in the same manner. In addition, the central controller continues to transmit OSWs over the control channel. The OSWs contain the voice channel assignments for all active calls. This information is used by any radio that may be turned on, or come into range, after a call is in progress. When a new radio is first turned on while a call for its talkgroup is in progress, a process called Continuous Assignment Updating is used to find the proper control channel, receive the OSWs being transmitted, and switch to the appropriate voice channel to join its talkgroup.
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Activity
Enter numbers to the left of each of the following steps involved in call processing to place the steps into the sequence in which they are performed. 6 All radios in the talkgroup are unsquelched. The initiating radio is unmuted and transmits voice information and a Connect tone. 3 All radios monitor the OSW and examine the Talkgroup ID. 1 A radio transmits a Call Request ISW, the control channel forwards the ISW to the central controller, and the control channel retrieves an entry for the initiating radio from the talkgroup database. 4 All radios in the requesting radio's talkgroup switch to the assigned voice channel. 2 The central controller processes the ISW, assigns an idle repeater to the requesting radio user's talkgroup, and sends an OSW to the requesting radio indicating the voice channel to use. 5 The central controller sends an LSHS signal over the assigned voice channel, which all the radios in the talkgroup receive.
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Step 1 -- Central Controller Receives Call Request ISW The radio requesting a call sends an ISW in the normal manner.
Step 2 -- Central Controller Finds No Available Voice Channel The control channel receives the ISW and forwards it to the central controller. The central controller processes the call request and determines that there are no available voice channels.
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Step 3 -- Central Controller Transmits Busy OSW The central controller transmits an OSW to the requesting radio, indicating that the system is busy. This causes the requesting radio to generate a busy tone.
Step 4 -- Central Controller Queues Call Request The central controller places a call request entry in a Busy Queue. where it remains until a voice channel becomes available. Additional radio users can also make call requests, and entries for all call requests are placed in the Busy Queue on a first-in-first-out basis.
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Step 5 -- Repeater Becomes Available and Call Completes Now repeater 3 becomes available.
The central controller next retrieves the call request entry from the queue. The central controller then transmits another OSW containing Voice Channel assignment information. All the radios in the talkgroup receive the OSW and switch to the assigned voice channel. The requesting radio generates another tone notifying the user that a voice channel has become available. The originating radio user then begins the call. The call is then processed as described in Topic 5.
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Activity
Enter numbers to the left of each of the following steps involved in busy call processing to place the steps into the sequence in which they are performed. 2 The control channel receives the ISW and forwards it to the central controller. The central controller processes the call request and determines that there are no available voice channels. 3 The central controller transmits an OSW to the requesting radio, indicating that the system is busy, which causes the requesting radio to generate a busy tone. 1 A radio transmits a Call Request ISW, the control channel forwards the ISW to the central controller. 4 The central controller places a call request entry in a Busy Queue. where it remains until a voice channel becomes available. 5 A repeater becomes available. The central controller retrieves the call request entry from the queue and transmits an OSW containing Voice Channel assignment information. Radios in the talkgroup receive the OSW and switch to the assigned voice channel. The initiating radio user begins the call.
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Motorola trunked systems can be set up for message trunking or transmission trunking depending on the users requirements. In this sequence, assume the central controller is using repeater 3 to handle voice transmission involving radio 1 in talkgroup A.
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Call Termination During the time that a radio is transmitting, the radio transmits voice information and also transmits a Connect tone to the central controller. The assigned repeater handles the voice information and transmits a Low-Speed Handshake Signal (LSHS) to the radio.
When the radio user releases the PTT button, the radio transmits a Disconnect tone to the central controller indicating that the transmission has ended. The most apparent difference between message trunking and transmission trunking is what happens after the user releases the PTT button and the radio transmits the Disconnect tone.
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Message Trunking With Message Trunked calls the central controller gives other users a chance to respond to each transmission that takes place. When a radio user releases the PTT button, the Central Control receives the Disconnect tone and starts a message trunked timer. The central controller continues handling the voice and transmitting the LSHS signal.
While the drop-out timer is running, the central controller continues to send the LSHS tone. During the drop-out time, if a member of the talkgroup presses the PTT button, the radio will unmute and immediately begins transmit a voice signal along with a Connect tone. Communication then continues on the previously established voice channel.
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The radio user releases the PTT button, and the radio again sends the Disconnect tone. The central controller now starts the message trunked timer again.
If no calls are made, the drop-out timer eventually expires. When that happens, the central controller stops sending the LSHS tone and transmits a Disconnect signal. The radios in the talkgroup then squelch and revert back to monitoring the control channel OSW. Message trunking is the preferred mode of communication in most Motorola trunked systems. Message trunking maintains a smooth flow of conversation with few interruptions by other system activity.
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Transmission Trunking The following sequence shows an example of transmission trunking. Again, the radio user starts a transmission by pressing the PTT button. In a transmission trunked call, when the user releases the PTT button, the central controller again receives the Disconnect tone from the radio.
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The central controller immediately stops sending the LSHS and transmits a Disconnect word. When each radio receives the Disconnect word, it automatically squelches and reverts back to monitoring the control channel. If the user wants to continue the message, or if some other user wants to respond, the channel will be lost, and the channel request and assignment process must be repeated. Therefore, Transmission Trunking is best used for calls where most calls are one-way calls. Transmission trunking can make the most use of channel air time. However, during system busy periods, conversation continuity may be disrupted because of the immediate disconnect that occurs after each transmission.
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Module Exercises
Multiple Choice
Voice channel ID. Unit ID. Talkgroup ID. Announcement group ID.
When all of the highway crews of a Public Works department need to communicate with one another, they are assigned to a(n): a. b. c. d.
True or False
Message Trunking uses a message trunked timer to give users a chance to respond after a radio is done transmitting. __X__ True
True or False
_____ False
In an announcement group call, radio users cannot talk back to the dispatcher for clarification or questions. _____ True
Multiple Choice
__X__ False
Which of the following is the brains of a Motorola trunking system, which manages and controls the entire system: a. Central Controller. b. Base Station Repeater.
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This module ends with exercises that test your mastery of module objectives.
Introduction The purpose of this module is to describe the types of calls that can be made in a trunked system. Objective Identify the various types of calls available in a trunked system.
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Initiating an Announcement Group Call Assume that the radios in talkgroup A are in the middle of a conversation The dispatcher initiates an announcement group call for this announcement group, which consists of talkgroup A and talkgroup B.
Receiving an Announcement Group Call Assume all the radios in talkgroups B are idle. All the radios in talkgroups B are immediately switched to the announcement group call channel and will hear the announcement group call.
In addition, those units in talkgroup A that are receiving the talkgroup A transmission are immediately switched to
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the announcement group call channel. Only the radio in talkgroup A that is transmitting at the time of the announcement group call will not be immediately switched to the announcement group call channel. When that radio dekeys, it will join the announcement group call if it is still in progress.
Announcement Group Call Options An announcement group call can be set to wait while talkgroups finish any calls in progress, which allows all the radios in the announcement group to hear the call. Alternatively an announcement group call can be set to interrupt existing talkgroup communications, not waiting for other transmitting radio users to stop keying their radios. Those users join the call in progress as soon as they stop pressing their PTT buttons.
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Initiating a Private Conversation Call To initiate a Private Conversation call, the user presses the Private Conversation button and then selects the radio to receive the private call. The user can do this by selecting from a pre-programmed list of radios or by keying in the Unit ID of the radio using the numeric keypad.
After the user selects the recipient of the private call, the user presses the PTT button. The initiating radio then sends two ISWs over the control channel. The first ISW contains the radios own Unit ID. The second ISW contains the Unit ID of the radio being called.
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The central controller receives the ISWs, recognizes a request for Private Conversation II call, and assigns the two radios to an available voice channel. The receiving radio generates a special alert tone to notify the user of the receipt of a Private Conversation call.
Answering a Private Conversation Call To answer the Private Conversation call, the user of the receiving radio presses the Private Conversation button.
The two radios can then converse, and no other radio in the trunked system is allowed to monitor the assigned voice channel.
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If the receiving radio has a visual display, the user can view the Unit ID of the calling party before responding to the call.
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Initiating an Emergency Call The user sends an Emergency Alarm by pressing the Emergency button on the radio. The user can then initiate an emergency call by pressing the PTT button.
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When the user presses the Emergency button, the radio immediately transmits an Emergency Call Alarm signal over the control channel. After the user presses the PTT button after pressing the Emergency button, the radio automatically goes into an Emergency Call mode. If all voice channels are occupied, the emergency call may be placed at the top of the Busy Queue. Alternatively the system may be set up to use a feature called Ruthless Preemption to terminate an active call and to immediately assign the emergency call to that voice channel.
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Receiving an Emergency Alarm The dispatcher is immediately notified of the receipt of an Emergency Alarm by an audible alert tone and a visual display of the Unit ID of the emergency caller's radio. Since the Emergency Alarm signal is sent over the control channel, the dispatcher is notified of the emergency immediately without the emergency caller having to wait for an available voice channel.
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Types of Telephone Interconnect Calls Three types of telephone interconnect calls can be made:
Radio to Landline Phone To call a landline phone from a radio, a radio user presses the Telephone Interconnect button.
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The radio sends an ISW to the central controller, indicating a request for a Telephone Interconnect call. In this example, assume that only repeaters 2 and 3 have been configured to support Telephone Interconnect calls.
When the central controller receives the request, it searches for an available interconnect channel. If one is available, it is assigned to the requesting radio. The radio user then hears a dial-tone.
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If all of the interconnect channels are active, the radio use hears a busy-tone. The central controller then queues the Telephone Interconnect call request until an interconnect channel becomes available.
When a channel becomes available, the requesting radio is assigned that voice channel, and the user hears a dialtone.
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The user then enters the desired phone number on the keypad. The telephone call then goes through normally. If the user is using a simplex radio, both parties must be aware that while the radio is keyed, the radio user cannot hear the land line user. To remind users of this, the telephone user hears a soft beep tone each time the radio user releases the PTT button. This indicates that the radio user can now hear the land line user.
Terminating a Telephone Interconnect Call A telephone interconnect call can be terminated in one of three ways:
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The central controller maintains a variable timeout timer to control the duration of Telephone Interconnect calls. Fifteen seconds before the timeout expires, both parties hear a Timeout Alert tone. The central controller terminates the Telephone Interconnect call 15 seconds after generating the Timeout Alert tone. If a radio is transmitting 15 seconds before the timer expires, the timer temporarily stops, the system issues the Timeout Alert after the radio is de-keyed, and the timer restarts to allow 15 seconds before the central controller disconnects the call.
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Landline Phone to Radio To call a radio from a landline phone, a telephone user dials a phone number to connect to the radio system. If all Telephone Interconnect channels are occupied, the caller hears a busy tone. The caller must then hang up and try again later.
If a Telephone Interconnect channel is available, the Telephone Interconnect terminal accepts the call, and the telephone caller hears a Talk tone. The caller now dials an access code to indicate the radio to be connected to.
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If the receiving radio is involved in another call or radio conversation, the central controller sends a fast-ringing signal to the telephone caller.
The central controller then begins signaling the radio on the control channel. The central controller continues signaling for 20 seconds or until the central controller receives an Acknowledge tone from the radio, indicating that the radio is now free to receive the phone call. When the radio becomes available, both the caller and the radio user hear a telephone-type ringing tone.
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The radio user answers the call by pressing the Telephone Interconnect button. The radio then sends an ISW to the central controller. The central controller assigns a Telephone Interconnect channel to the radio, and the telephone conversation can take place.
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Landline Phone to Talkgroup To call all the radios in a talkgroup from a landline phone, a telephone user dials a telephone number to connect to the radio system. As with a call to a single radio, if an interconnect channel is available, a tone signals the caller to enter the appropriate code for the talkgroup. The central controller then dispatches the call like any other talkgroup call by assigning a voice channel to the target talkgroup. The telephone callers transmission is then heard by all active radios in the talkgroup.
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Activity
Match radio tones with their meanings. Private Conversation Alert. Generated by the radio to alert the user of a Private Conversation Call. Call Alert. Generated by the radio when the radio receives a Call Alert message from the dispatcher. Dial Tone. Generated by the radio when the radio user initiates a telephone interconnect call, and a telephone interconnect channel is available to handle the call. Busy. Generated by the radio when the radio user initiates a telephone interconnect call, and no telephone interconnect channel is available to handle the call. Timeout Alert. Generated by the radio when a telephone interconnect call is in progress and there ate 15 seconds remaining before the central controller times out and automatically terminates the call. Phone Ring. Generated on a telephone interconnect call when a telephone use calls a radio user. Both the telephone user and the radio user hears this tone.
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Module Exercises
Matching
Match each of the following call types with the call description that best describes it. Call Types E A C D B F Talkgroup Announcement Group Private Conversation II Call Alerts Emergency Telephone Interconnect
Call Descriptions A The transmission from a users radio is heard by all the radios in two or more talkgroups. B Takes precedence over any other signalling activity in process in the system. C Permits one radio user to talk to and be heard by only one other radio user. D Used to send a paging message to an unattended radio. E The transmission from a users radio is received by all other active radios in the same talkgroup. F Allows radio user to make or receive telephone calls using the radio.
True or False
A radio equipped with the Private Conversation II feature can engage in a private conversation with any other radio. _____ True __X__ False
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True or False
A telephone interconnect device is required at the central site in order to handle phone calls. __X__ True
Multiple Choice
_____ False
Which of the following ensures that critical information is received at once by as many talk groups as desired, throughout the entire system: a. b. c. d. Call Alert. Telephone Interconnect. Announcement Group. Private Conversation II.
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Introduction The purpose of this module is to provide an overview of the access features available in a trunked system, how those features work, and their associated benefits. Where appropriate, the tones generated by the radio to indicate specific access conditions will be demonstrated (for example, busy tone or out of range tone). This modules covers the various system time-out parameters and how they impact system operation. It also provides an overview of the reliability features available in a trunked system, how those features work, and their associated benefits. Objectives Describe trunked system access features. Describe the trunked system reliability features.
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Busy Tone The Busy tone is generated when the PTT button is pressed at a time when all voice channels are occupied. Busy Queue/Call Back When all voice channels are in use, call requests are put in a waiting queue and are served on a first-in-first-out (FIFO) basis. When a compatible channel becomes free, the central controller selects the oldest entry in the waiting queue and sends the associated radio a Call Back signal, consisting of a short series of beeps. Out of Range/Out of Service If a System Status Word (SSW) cannot be detected by the radio, this is an indication that either the radio is out of range or the trunking central controller is out of service. When the radio detects this condition, the radio generates an Out of Range tone (a continuous Busy tone) whenever the radio user presses the PTT button.
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Talk Permit (optional) The optional Talk Permit feature causes the radio to generate a brief series of tones, identical to the Call Back tones. This provides the user with an explicit indication that the user may successfully transmit on the voice channel. Automatic Retry When a radio user presses the PTT button, the radio automatically sends channel requests ISWs until the request is acknowledged by the central controller or until 4 seconds (16 tries) have elapsed. This feature makes it unnecessary for the user to continually press the PTT button while trying to gain access to the trunked system. Radios transmit channel request ISWs using random timing to reduce contention on the control channel. Recent User Priority The term recent user refers to a talkgroup that was previously using a voice channel and then stopped transmitting on it. For 10 seconds after a talkgroup transmission ends, the recent user talkgroup has priority over other system users. Priority Levels In a trunked communication system, busy periods may occur in which all repeaters in the system are occupied with voice traffic. In order to provide immediate access to the most critical services during busy periods, radios support eight levels of user priority in controlling access to system services. Priority level 1 is reserved for Emergency Calls. The usage of priority levels 2 through 8 are determined by the System Manager. In the event the system is busy, calls are processed on a priority basis, beginning with level 1 (emergency calls) and proceeding down through priority levels 2 through 8 as voice channels become available.
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Activity
Match each of the following trunking system access features with the statement that best describes it. Trunking System Access Features: A. B. C. D. E. Busy Queue/Call Back Out of Range/Out of Service Talk Permit (optional) Automatic Retry Recent User Priority
Feature Descriptions: E Provides a user who was using the voice channel with priority over new users. B Generates a busy tone when the user presses the PTT button and the radio is out of its service area or when the central controller is out of service. C Generates a series of tones when the radio user presses the PTT button and there is a voice channel available. A Permits call requests to be served on a first-in-firstout (FIFO) basis when no voice channels are available. D When the radio user presses the PTT button, the radio automatically sends channel requests ISWs until the request is acknowledged by the central controller or until a time interval has elapsed.
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Multiple Channels Channels are assigned as needed so users are not dependent on any given channel for communications. The failure of individual repeaters, thus making one or more channels unavailable, would not be apparent to radio users in most trunked systems. Control Channel Switching If the control channel fails, the trunking central controller is programmed to assign another repeater to perform the duties of the control channel. Up to four stations in a Motorola trunked system are eligible for assignment as the control channel. Transmitter Shutdown The trunking central controller is programmed to detect any loss or reduction in output of individual transmitters. When the transmitter output power falls below a predetermined level, the channel is automatically made unavailable for assignment.
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Misdirected Radio Protection This feature ensures user privacy from other users in the system. All radios in the system receive a voice channel grant and channel assignment. It is up to the radio to decide if it should be involved in the call. In the event a radio decodes a grant incorrectly and moves to the assigned voice channel, its receiver would not unmute unless it decoded another data packet which contained information particular to its own assigned talkgroup. Continuous Assignment Updating Once an announcement group call or talkgroup call is assigned to a voice channel, the control channel continues to transmit channel assignment information for as long as the call is using the voice channel. A radio just coming into service will receive this signal and will be sent to the appropriate voice channel to join the rest of its talkgroup. The central controller transmits channel assignment information serially on the control channel. Failsoft To ensure continued communications in the event of a major failure, the trunked system is designed to go into Failsoft mode. Major failures that will place the system into Failsoft mode are: Failure of the central controller. Failure of all four control channels. Failure of all voice channels.
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A system will be in Failsoft mode within .3 seconds after a failure is detected. When in Failsoft mode, radios operate as they would on a conventional repeater system. A sub-audible data word is continuously sent out by the system repeaters to let the radios know that the system is operating in Failsoft mode. Radio users are made aware that the system is in Failsoft by the automatic sounding of a low-level Alert tone every 10 seconds. The voice channel that the radios in a particular talkgroup use for communication while the system is in Failsoft mode is programmed into the radios. Depending on how many talkgroups there are on the system and how Failsoft is set up, some talkgroup privacy may be lost. In most cases, Failsoft channels are assigned by system. Radios with multiple system capability will have a Failsoft channel programmed for each system. The system administrator can optionally set up Failsoft by talkgroup. Each radio would then have an appropriate Failsoft channel programmed for every talkgroup with which it is associated. When the radio user changes talkgroups while in the Failsoft mode, the radio automatically switches voice channels.
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Activity
Match each of the following trunking system reliability features with the statement that best describes it. System Reliability Features: A. B. C. D. Control Channel Switching Transmitter Shutdown Misdirected Radio Protection Continuous Assignment Updating
Feature Descriptions: D The control channel continues to transmit channel assignment information for as long as the call is using the voice channel. A Assign another repeater to perform the duties of the control channel. B When a transmitter output power falls below a predetermined level, the channel is automatically made unavailable for assignment. C Allows a radio to decide if it should be involved in the call.
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Module Exercises
Which of the following conditions indicates that the radio is out of range of the central controller site: a. The radio generates a Call Alert tone. b. The radio cannot detect the System Status Word (SSW) transmitted by the central controller. c. The radio does not get a response to the Call Request ISW that it transmits. d. None of the above. The central controller function in a Motorola trunked system is performed by: a. A special repeater that performs control channel functions only. b. Any repeater at the site of the central controller. c. One of up to four repeaters designated as eligible for assignment as the control channel. d. The dispatcher.
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This topic introduces the features and capabilities of Motorola SmartZone trunking systems. Topic 8: SmartZone OmniLink Systems This topic introduces the features and capabilities of Motorola SmartZone OmniLink trunking systems. Topic 9: Dimetra Systems This topic introduces the features and capabilities of Motorola Dimetra trunking systems. Activity In this activity, you will match Motorola trunking systems with descriptions of their characteristics. 5-15
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Module Exercises 5-20 This module ends with exercises that test your mastery of module objectives. Introduction The purpose of this module is to provide an overview of the types of trunked systems available from Motorola. Users will be able to click on a specific feature from a feature list to see a more detailed description/definition of that feature. Objectives Describe each of the trunked systems types provided by Motorola. Describe the Voice on Control (VOC) operation available in SmartZone systems.
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Wide Area Trunking Systems Motorola offers the following types of trunked wide area system configurations. These are: Simulcast Receiver Voting SmartZone SmartZone OmniLink Dimetra (Europe only)
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The first topics in this module describe the Motorola trunking systems that support a single site. After that, additional topics describe Motorola wide area trunking systems.
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All StartSite systems include the following standard trunking features: Fast Failsoft Base Station Identification Both Major and Minor Local Alarm Functions Channel Activity Reporting System Manager Terminal Access
The system manager can enter a command to switch the central controller between dynamic control channel mode and active control channel mode. The following control channel features are available only when the central controller is operating in the active control channel mode of operation. Radio Inhibit Dynamic Regrouping Continuous Assignment Updating Busy Queuing and Callback Recent User Priority
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Talkgroup, Announcement Group, and System Calls Priority Level Control Private Call and Call Alert Unit Registration and Talkgroup Affiliation
StartSite Control Channel Features Two StartSite central controller configurations are available: Continuous Control Channel Selectable Control Channel
With the continuous control channel configuration of the StartSite central controller, the central controller operates in the same mode as the central controller in other Motorola trunked systems. With a continuous control channel, one of the repeaters always functions as the control channel. While a repeater is performing the duties of the control channel, it cannot be used for voice communications.
Selectable Control Channel
The selectable control channel configuration of StartSite central controller offers two switchable modes of operation: Active control channel mode Dynamic control channel mode
When the selectable control channel is operating in active control channel mode, the central controller operates in the same manner as a central controller operating with a continuous control channel. In this mode, one of the repeaters is chosen to perform the duties of the control channel, and that repeater is not available for use as a voice channel.
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When the central controller is operating in dynamic control channel mode, the system can use all the repeaters to support voice channels without dedicating one of the repeaters for full-time use as the control channel. This results in more subscriber air time and full use of all channels for voice communications, an important benefit in a smaller system supporting one three or five channels. When the dynamic control channel is assigned to support voice communication, the following occurs: All existing calls remain active. Any new call requests are considered out of range. No control channel processing can occur.
When any existing call on an dynamic control channel ends, the dynamic control channel becomes available for use as a control channel in less than one second.
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Overlapping Coverage In simulcast systems there are overlap areas between the sites where the same audio information from two or more transmitters on the same frequency may be received by a radio. For good audio performance it is imperative that the transmitters be exactly in-phase with each other. Otherwise, noise or distortion may be experienced. Simulcast is very effective in expanding the transmission of a trunked radio system, and provides fill-in where buildings or mountains may cause shadow coverage.
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SmartZone channels can be configured for digital (ASTRO) and/or analog operation. Each channel is programmable for digital only, mixed analog and digital, or analog only operation. A SmartZone system configuration is comprised of a Master Site and Remote Sites. Remote sites can be considered as building blocks to the SmartZone system's functionality. They are very similar to standard SMARTNET II systems, however they are modified to behave and be an integral part of the SmartZone network. SmartZone Voice On Control Voice on Control is used at a low density SmartZone site which contains four or less repeaters. Sites with a 6809
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central controller cannot support this feature. A repeater site with Voice On Control (VOC) software allows the control channel to be temporarily used for voice communication. This helps increase capacity when all voice channels at the site are in use. When a radio requests a channel and all voice channels are in use, a channel grant is sent out on the control channel along with a code telling other radios that a control channel is unavailable. If another radio requests a channel, it receives a busy tone. When the repeater designated as the control channel is no longer needed for voice traffic, it returns to service as the control channel. For proper operation, radios and other equipment must be equipped with Voice on Control software. Voice on Control operation is best applied for low traffic, fill-in coverage for remote locations which only require the basic trunking features and wide area coverage with other sites. The following are capabilities available with Voice on Control operation: Talkgroup calls Emergency calls Interconnect calls subject to limitations noted below Secure calls subject to limitations noted below Enhanced Private calls (not available at 800 MHz) Internal queuing of requests by VOC equipped radios Subscriber access control with 10 priority levels Dynamic Regrouping when the control channel is available Selective Radio Inhibit when the control channel is available Call alerts when the control channel is available
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Site IDs need to be unique within a zone, but not between zones. The SmartZone OmniLink Zone (system) IDs must be unique. SmartZone OmniLink is Project 25 Common Air Interface (CAI) compliant and supports the following modulation modes: Clear Analog ASTRO digital (IMBE vocoding only, does not support VSELP) Mixed mode Analog/ASTRO Encrypted ASTRO digital or 12 Kb SECURENET (12 KB SECURENET and ASTRO digital are not supported on the same system)
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SmartZone OmniLink is Frequency Band independent and allows intermixing the following frequency bands at the Zone level: 900 MHz 800 MHz UHF band VHF band
SmartZone OmniLink supports the following types of call across all zones: Talkgroup Calls Announcement Group Calls Telephone Interconnect Calls Landline to radio Find unit anywhere Radio to landline Emergency Call and Alarm Call Alert
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The figure illustrates a Dimetra system with one Master Site and a number of Remote Sites, i.e. one Zone, also known as Switching and Management Infrastructure (SwMI). The Master site implements the following main functions: System Management. HP Unix work station based network containing System Databases and providing intuitive Graphical User Inter-face (GUI) for configuring the system and the radio subscribers. Group Switch Controller. Provides very fast call control for group communication in a wide-area network. The Group Switch Controller also controls private calls, interconnect calls and circuit data calls as well as providing mobility information for other communication types such as Short Data Service. Group Switch. High speed digital switch, which is specifically designed for wide-area systems with console dispatchers. Among the functions of the Group Switch are the capability to route any bit pattern to one or multiple destinations, which is a unique requirement in wide area group communication systems. Dispatch Consoles. Highly advanced dispatch system which provides fixed dispatch capabilities to both the Dimetra trunked system as well as conventional PMR radio systems including the ability to connect calls between these systems. The dispatcher may also connect calls to a telephone system. Telephone Gateway. Computer Telephony based Telephone Gateway providing easy adaptation of current and new analogue and digital line interfaces. Transcoder. Converts audio streams between TETRA ACELP compressed voice and 64 Kbps PCM voice. Pulse Code Modulation voice is used for the Dispatch Consoles and the Telephone Gateway. Site Link Multiplexer. Provides efficient usage of site link capacity, i.e. routing all relevant data such as ACELP voice, TETRA data, Call Control and Site Management via one link.
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The Remote Sites, also known as Enhanced Base Transceiver System (EBTS) contain the following main functions: Base Radio (BR). Each BR provides one TETRA carrier, i.e. four TETRA time slots. The BR is optionally equipped with three receivers for diversity reception which increases the coverage area and reception quality. Site Controller: Controls up to 7 BRs and provides the interface to the Master Site. In case of site link failure the site controller provides local trunking capabilities for continued communication within the site coverage area.
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Activity
Match Motorola trunking systems with descriptions of their characteristics. Motorola Trunking Systems: A. B. C. D. E. SMARTNET SmartWorks Simulcast SmartZone SmartZone OmniLink
Trunking System Descriptions: D Multiple-site trunking system that uses a variable number of repeaters at each site, can contain up to 48 subsystems, and comprises a Master Site and one or more Remote Sites. B Single-site trunking system, available in both 800 and 900 MHz versions. that supports up to seven channels. C Multiple-site trunking system that supports the simultaneous transmission of identical carrier signals from multiple, geographically separated transmitter sites. A Single site trunking system that provides flexible talkgroup partitioning, unrestricted roaming capability, and supports up to 28 channels. E Multiple-site trunking system that uses software techniques to provide radio coverage over a very large geographical area that may be divided into multiple zones.
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Module Exercises
Multiple Choice
Which of the following single-site trunking systems is Motorola's most powerful, supporting up to 28 voice channels: a. b. c. d.
Multiple Choice
Which of the following wide-area trunking systems supports a single zone that can have up to 48 subsystems: a. b. c. d. SmartZone OmniLink Receiver Voting SmartZone Simulcast
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Introduction The purpose of this module is to provide technicians with a detailed explanation of signaling words and tones and how they are used in a Motorola trunking system. This knowledge is important when troubleshooting system access problems in a trunked system. Objective Describe the various types of signaling used in a trunked system and how signaling words and tones are used in processing a call. Describe the timeout parameters used in a trunked system.
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The System Status Word (SSW) is transmitted by the central controller through the control channel. The SSW is received by all the radios listening to the control channel and is transmitted in a format called a Word Frame. The Word Frame carrying the SSW occupies a 23.3 ms time frame and is sent continuously at 3600 baud. It is transmitted only when the system is idle and is used to synchronize the subscribers to the control channel. The Word Frame tells the radio that this is a Motorola system. The Word Frame is used for bit synchronization only and provides no useful information to the user.
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System ID OSW
The System ID OSW is inserted serially after an SSW at least once every three seconds and contains system identification and control channel information.
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Step 2 Inbound Signal Word (ISW) When a radio user presses the PTT button is pressed, the radio sends an Inbound Signal Word (ISW), sometimes called a Channel Request, to the central controller via the control channel. The radio sends the ISW to the central controller at 3600 baud in 23.3 ms word frames and is transmitted in synchronization with the central controller's SSW. ISW transmission is synchronized to the central controller's SSW.
Single-Word ISW
The information bits in the ISW contains the Unit ID, call type, and other parameters. If the radio is already affiliated with the central controller, the radio transmits a Single Word ISW containing 78 bits sent at 3600 bps (21.67 ms) with 21 information bits and 57 error correction bits.
Dual-Word ISW
If the radio is not yet affiliated with the central controller, it transmits a Dual Word ISW. The format of the dual word ISW is as follows: 1. First words
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2. First word. Unit ID Type of call, group or individual. Code word indicating the presence of the second word. 3. Second word Talkgroup ID. Call type description: Private Call, Call Alert, etc.
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Step 3 Channel Grant/Busy OSW In step 3, the central controller transmits the Channel Grant or Busy OSW. The Channel Grant OSW contains announcement group, talkgroup, Unit ID, and voice channel assignment or status information. The channel grant signal contains 84 bits sent at 3600 baud (23.3 milliseconds) with 27 information bits, 8 sync bits, and 49 error correction bits. The 27 information bits consist of 16 address bits, one call-type bit, and 10 status or channel bits. If the channel is in the 0 - 759 block, then the status bits contain the channel number, but if the channel is in the 760 - 1024 block, then the status word is sent in hexadecimal code. This OSW is used to send the voice channel assignments. It consists of two consecutive words sent four times in succession. Each word contains 84 bits and is sent at 3600 bps (23.3 ms). The information bits are split into 27 information bits, 8 synchronization bits, and 49 error correction bits. If a channel is not available (the entire system is busy) the initiating radio displays a busy light and/or produces a Busy tone. The Channel Busy OSW has the same format as the Channel Grant except that the information causes the radios to generate a busy tone to indicate to the radio user that all repeaters are busy.
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Step 4 Low Speed Hand Shake (LSHS) The central controller transmits a Low Speed Handshake (LSHS) signal, also called a Connect Word. The LSHS unmutes received audio and holds receiving radios on the assigned voice channel. The LSHS is sent through the voice channel at 150 Baud. The signal consists of the first 11 bits of the talkgroup identification. If a radios does not receive or decode the LSHS, it returns to the control channel.
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Connect Tone
When the microphone is unmuted and voice transmission begins, the radio transmits a Connect tone, which causes the central controller to keep the channel connected. The Connect tone is a sub audible tone sent by the radio on the voice channel along with voice information. The central controller checks its presence to verify that the radio is still using the voice channel. If the tone is not there, the central controller takes control of the repeater and makes it available for reassignment as a voice channel. The default frequency for the Connect Tone is 105.88 Hz. Other Connect tone frequencies are sometimes used.
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Step 5 Disconnect Tone In Step 5, the initiating user stops talking and releases the PTT button. When the PTT button is released the radio does not dekey. Instead, it sends 200 milliseconds of Disconnect tone. The Disconnect tone is used to notify the central controller that the user has finished a transmission. The Disconnect tone is a 163.64 Hz. signal that is transmitted over the voice channel for 200 milliseconds. In message trunking, the central controller detects the Disconnect tone and begins a message timeout timer (max. 6 seconds, factory default set for 1 second). If the talkgroup is programmed for Message Trunking, the central controller starts a timer at that point. If it detects no PTT from any of the radios in that talkgroup, within the allotted time, it takes control of the voice channel and makes it available to other users.
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Once a radio transmits the Disconnect Tone, the radio switches to receive mode and unmutes after detecting the LSHS. If any talkgroup member decides to respond to the message prior to the expiration of the message timer, the conversation will continue with the new radio providing the Connect Tone.
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Step 6 Call Continuation In step 6, the receiving radio transmits. Assuming that message trunking is in operation, once a radio has sent an end of transmission signal, any radio in the same talkgroup can respond to the original transmitting radio by pressing PTT and talking. When the radio user presses the PTT button, the radio sends a Connect tone, together with voice information.
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Step 6 Call Continuation The central controller detects the Connect tone, resets the message timeout timer, and transmits an LSHS signal so the conversation can continue.
Step 7 Disconnect Tone Step 7 begins when the radio user releases the PTT button When the PTT button is released, the radio does not dekey. Instead, it sends 200 milliseconds of Disconnect tone.
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In message trunking, the central controller detects the Disconnect tone, transmits the LSHS signal via the voice channel, and begins a new message timeout timer, as before.
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Step 8 Disconnect Word In Step 8, the final step in this sequence, the central controller transmits. If the central controller does not receive a Connect word before the message timeout timer expires, the central controller transmits a 125 ms. Disconnect word at 300 baud via the voice channel. When a radio receives the Disconnect word, the radio mutes and returns to control channel. The central controller then makes the voice channel available for reassignment.
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Activity
Enter numbers to the left of each of the following signaling steps to place the signals into the sequence in which they flow during normal call processing. 2 When a radio user presses the PTT button, the radio sends an Inbound Signal Word (ISW), or Channel Request, to the central controller via the control channel. 3 The central controller transmits a Channel Grant OSW over the control channel. 1 The central controller uses the control channel to transmit the System Status Word signal with System ID OSW signals inserted at least once every three seconds. 5 When the PTT button is released the radio a Disconnect tone to notify the central controller that the user has finished a transmission. The radio then switches to receive mode and unmutes after detecting the LSHS. 4 The central controller transmits a Low Speed Handshake (LSHS) signal to unmute received audio and to hold receiving radios on the assigned voice channel. The radio then transmits a Connect tone, which causes the central controller to keep the channel connected.
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Carrier Timeout Period This determines the time period for which an assigned voice channel remains unmuted and active, receiving only carrier and no handshake Connect Tone. The time can be activated after a Disconnect tone is detected by the central controller. Fade Timeout Period This determines the time period for which an assigned voice channel remains active after the disappearance of the Connect tone and carrier. After the timer expires, the channel is unassigned. The timer is activated after the central controller fails to detect the Disconnect tone after loss of the low speed Connect Tone. Message Trunk Timeout Period This determines the time period for which a voice channel remains active after receiving a Disconnect tone from a radio. After the timeout the channel is unassigned.
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Carrier Malfunction Timeout Period This determines how long an interfering signal must be present on an unassigned channel before it is removed from system use. An entry of 254 seconds disables the time out.
Module Exercises
Multiple Choice
initiating radio. receiving radio. repeater for the active voice channel. central controller.
The Disconnect tone is transmitted by: a. b. c. d. The The The The initiating radio. receiving radio. repeater for the active voice channel. central controller.
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Module Exercises
Multiple Choice
Which of the following identifies fleet and subfleet directly in Unit ID values: a. b. c. d.
Multiple Choice
Only Type I trunking. Only Type II trunking. Type I and Type IIi trunking. Type II and Type IIi trunking.
Which of the following allows for a maximum of 48,000 Unit IDs and 4,000 talkgroups: a. b. c. d. Only Type I trunking. Only Type II trunking. Type I and Type IIi trunking. Type II and Type IIi trunking.
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In most trunking systems, only 16,000 individual Unit IDs and 1,000 talkgroup IDs are available unless the extended (128 Mb) memory board option has been added to the central controller. Assuming the boards are purchased, the maximum number of Unit IDs increase to 48,000, and the maximum number of talkgroups increases to 4,094.
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A unique 3 digit (hex) number represents a group of users on a system. The ID which is normally used is the equivalent decimal value of the hex number with the number 80 added as a prefix. The following example shows how to find the decimal Talkgroup ID for hex Talkgroup ID 8A7: The decimal equivalent of 8A7 hex is 8*16 +7=2215 2 +10*16
Adding the prefix number (80), the decimal Talkgroup ID is 802215 Any number of units can be assigned to a talkgroup. The number of talkgroups the radio may be programmed to operate in depends on the number of trunked modes available.
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Module Exercises
Multiple Choice
A A A A
three-digit decimal value. three-digit hexadecimal value. six-digit decimal value. six-digit hexadecimal value.
Which of the following uniquely identifies an individual radio in a Motorola trunking system: a. Unit ID value. b. Unit ID value and talkgroup ID value. c. Unit ID value, talkgroup ID value, and announcement group ID value. d. None of the above.
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