Module Chemistry Mekar 2010

CHAPTER 4: PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENT 4.1 Contribution of Scientists to the Development of the Periodic Table 1. Study following statement and state the name of scientist that contribute in developing of Periodic Table
Classify the elements into four groups which gases, metals, non-metals and metal oxides Antoine Lavoisier Arranged the elements in order of increasing nucleon number (mass number) and introduced Law of octaves

Classify the elements with the same chemical properties into groups of three called triads

He plotted a graph of volume of atoms of elements against their relative atomic masses

He arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass and he left gaps for elements yet to be discovered

He plotted the square-root of the frequency of the X-ray against the proton number and arranges the element in order of increasing proton number

2. In the modern Periodic Table, the elements are arranged in order of increasing.

A. B. C. D.

Atomic mass Nucleon number Proton number Chemical properties

3. Diagram below shows the arrangement in Periodic Table. State the labeled A, and B and with following words Periodic/Kala Group/Kumpulan

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Module Chemistry Mekar 2010

4. The same group has the same

A. physical properties B. chemical properties C. number of electron D. number of shell 5. Diagram below shows the arrangement in Periodic Table. State the name of group of element with following words

Alkali metals Noble gases

Alkaline earth metals Transition elements

Halogens

Group Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 -12 Group 17 Group 18

Name of group

6. All members of the same group have the same __________________________________

7. The period number is indicated by the number of filled ___________________________ 8. State the number of group and period when. a) Each elements has one electron valence ___________________________________ b) Each elements has two electron valence ___________________________________ c) Each elements has three electron valence _________________________________ d) Each elements has seven electron valence _________________________________ e) Elements has only one electron shell filled with electron ______________________ f) Elements has only two electron shell filled with electron ______________________ g) Helium which has two electron valence but located in Group __________

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9. In the Periodic Table, Y is below X in the same group. If the proton number of atom X is 11, what is the electron arrangement of atom Y?

A. B. C. D.

1 2.1 2.8.1 2.8.8.1

10. Complete the following table for the first twenty elements: Symbol Name of element Proton number H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca For element with more than two electron valence electrons, Electron arrangement Group Period

Group number

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Module Chemistry Mekar 2010

4.2 Group 18 Elements 1. Complete the following table: Symbol He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn Name of element Proton number 2 10 18 36 54 86 2.8.18.18.8 2.8.18.32.18.8 Electron arrangement

He-Hebatnya Ne-Negara Ar- Argentina Kr- Kerana Xe- Exercise Rn-Rutinnya 2. Group 18 also called. A. Alkali metals B. Alkaline earth metals C. Inert gases D. Halogens

3. Why the atomic radius of the noble gases increases down the group? Key word Shells Valence electrons Atomic radius 4. Why all noble gases have low melting points and low boiling points? Key word Monoatoms Van der waals Low Explanation Explanation

5. Why elements in Group 18 are chemically inert (does not react with any other element)? Key word Stable Octet/Duplet Do not accept or donate
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Explanation

Module Chemistry Mekar 2010

4.3 Group 1 Elements 1. Complete the following table: Symbol H Li Na K Rb Cs Fs H-Hanya Li Na K-Kekasihku Name of element Proton number 1 3 11 19 37 55 87 Rb-Ruby anak 2.8.18.8.1 2.8.18.18.8.1 2.8.18.32.18.8.1 Cs-Che Soh Fs-Frust A. Alkali metals B. Alkaline earth metals C. Halogens D. Noble gases Electron arrangement

2. Metal X is grey in colour and are silvery when the surface is freshly cut, before being exposed to air. This metal X is referring to element in .

3. Why elements in Group 1 has low melting point when going down in group? Key word Shells Atomic radius Metallic bond Melting point Explanation

4. Why electropositivity for elements in Group 1 increases when going down in group? Key word Electropositivity Atomic radius Force of attraction Easily lose Explanation

M M+ + e- (M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr)

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5. Why reactivity for elements in Group 1 increases when going down in group? Key word Easily donate Atomic radius Forces of attraction Easier Reactivity Explanation

6. State either decrease or increase for following properties of Group 1 element when going down in group Element Electropositivity H Li Na increase K Rb Cs Fs Atomic radius Melting point Reactivity

7. Alkali metals burn in oxygen to form a white metal oxides Write the chemical equation for following reaction: a) Example : Lithium reacts with oxygen produces lithium oxides 4Li + O2 2Li2O b) Sodium reacts with oxygen produces sodium oxides __________________________________________________________________ c) Potassium reacts with oxygen produces potassium oxides __________________________________________________________________ Formula : metal + oxygen = metal oxides Li+ reacts with O2Step 1 : Write metal reacts with oxygen first Li + O2 Step 2 : Write the product formed Lithium oxides, Li2O (Refer how to write the formula beside) Step 3 : Balance equation 4Li + O2 2Li2O

Li2O

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Module Chemistry Mekar 2010

8. Metals oxides dissolve in water to form alkaline solutions which turns phenolphthalein indicator red a) Ex : Lithium oxides reacts with water produces lithium hydroxide Li2O + 2H2O 2LiOH (presence of OH- causes the solution become alkaline) b) Sodium oxides reacts with water produces sodium hydroxide _________________________________________________________________ c) Potassium oxides reacts with water produces potassium hydroxide _________________________________________________________________ 9. Alkali metals reacts with water to produce hydrogen gas and aqueous solutions of metal hydroxides a) Lithium reacts with water produce lithium hydroxides and hydrogen gas 2Li + 2H2O 2LiOH + H2 b) Sodium reacts with water produce sodium hydroxides and hydrogen gas _________________________________________________________________ c) Potassium reacts with water produce potassium hydroxides and hydrogen gas _________________________________________________________________ Formula : Lithium hydroxide Li+ and OHStep 1 : Write metal reacts with water first Li + H2O Step 2 : Write the product formed LiOH (Refer how to write the formula beside) and H2 (hydrogen gas) Step 3 : Balance equation 2Li + 2H2O 2LiOH + H2

LiOH

10. Alkali metals reacts with chlorine gas or bromine gas to form white metal chlorides Formula : Lithium chloride Li+ and ClStep 1 : Write metal reacts with chlorine gas or bromine gas f Li + Cl2 Step 2 : Write the product formed LiCl (Refer how to write the formula beside) Step 3 : Balance equation 2Li + Cl2 2LiCl

LiCl

a) Sodium reacts with bromine gas produce sodium bromide _____________________________________________________________________

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Module Chemistry Mekar 2010

Experiment : Reaction alkali metals with water Diagram Observation

Lithium

Sodium

Potassium

11. State the precaution to be taken when handling with alkali metals ________________________________________________________________________ 12. An atom of element X has four electron filled shells. When element X reacts with chlorine, it forms a compound with the formula XCl. Which of the following is element X? [Proton number : Li, 3; Na,11; Mg, 12; K,19] A. B. C. D. Lithium Sodium Magnesium Potassium

Experiment : Reaction alkali metals with halogens Diagram Lithium Observation

Sodium

Potassium

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Module Chemistry Mekar 2010

4.4 Group 17 Elements 1. Complete the following table: Symbol Name of element F Cl Br I Proton number 9 17 35 53 2.8.18.18.7 Electron arrangement Physical state at r.t Colour

All halogen molecules exist as diatomic molecules : F2, ____________________________ Halogens are non-metals, hence, they are non-conductors of heat and electricity 2. Why elements in Group 17 has high melting point when going down in group? Key word Molecular size Van der Waals More heat Melting point Explanation

3. Why elements in Group 17 have low electronegativity when going down in group? Key word Electronegativity Atomic radius Forces attraction Decreases Explanation

4. Why reactivity for elements in Group 17 decreases when going down in group? Key word Atomic radius Forces attraction Low tendency Reactivity
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Explanation

Module Chemistry Mekar 2010

Experiment : Reactions of halogens with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution Result: Halogen Observation Chlorine

Bromine

Iodine

5. State the reactivity of elements Group 17 in order of increasing of reactivity

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6. Write the equation below about reaction halogen with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution a) Chlorine gas reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to produce sodium chloride salt, sodium chlorate (I) salt and water Cl2 + 2NaOH NaOCl + NaCl + H2O b) Bromine reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to produce sodium bromide salt, sodium bromate (I) salt and water ____________________________________________________________________

c) Solid Iodine reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to produce sodium iodide salt, sodium iodate (I) salt and water ____________________________________________________________________ 7. State either decrease or increase for following properties of Group 17 element when going down in group Element Electronegativity F Cl decrease Br I At Solubility Melting point Reactivity

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Experiment the reactions of halogens with iron Result : Diagram Reaction of chlorine gas with iron wool

Halogen

Observation

Chlorine

Equation : Reaction of bromine gas with iron wool

Bromine

Equation : Reaction of iodine with iron wool

Iodine

Equation : 8. Name the chemical that used to absorb the excess halogen gas ________________________________________________________________________

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Module Chemistry Mekar 2010

4.5 Elements in a Period Elements in Period 3 Group Element Proton number Electron arrangement Number of valence electron Atomic radius Electronegativity Nature of elements Formula of oxide Character of oxide 1 Na 11 2 Mg 12 13 Al 13 14 Si 14 15 P 15 16 S 16 17 Cl 17 18 Ar 18

None _

1. Why atomic radius of the elements in Period 3 decrease across the period? Key word Three shells Proton number Electrostatic force Are Pulled closer Explanation

2. Why electronegativity of element in Period 3 increase across the period? Key word Atomic radius Proton number Force of attraction Explanation

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Module Chemistry Mekar 2010

Melting and boiling point element in Period 3 a) Sodium, Magnesium and Aluminium

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Name the bond between the metal bond : ______________________________________

b) Silicon have high melting and boiling point. Name the bond between atoms. _________________________________________________________________

c) Phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine and argon are non-metals. Name the bond between molecules. _________________________________________________________________ Experiment the properties of the oxides of elements in Period 3 Experiment A Observation Oxide Solubility in water Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P4O10 SO2 Cl2O7 Experiment B Oxide Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P4O10 SO2 Cl2O7
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Character of oxide (acid/alkali)

Observation Reaction with 2 mol dm-3 NaOH

Reaction with 2 mol dm-3 HNO3

Module Chemistry Mekar 2010

4.6 Transition Elements Special properties of Transition Elements a) ____________________________________________________________________ b) ____________________________________________________________________ c) ____________________________________________________________________ d) ____________________________________________________________________ Have variable oxidation numbers (have more than one oxidation number) a) What is meant by oxidation number? ________________________________________________________________________ b) State the oxidation number of following compounds Chemical formula Name of compounds CrCl3 MnCl2 MnO2 KMnO4 FeSO4 FeCl3 NiSO4 NiCl3 CuO Cu2O Form coloured compounds (have different colours) a) State the colour of following aqueous solutions of ions of transition elements Colour of aqueous Formula ion Name of ion of transition element solution 2CrO4 Cr2O72MnO4Fe2+ Fe3+ Cu2+ Co2+ Ni2+
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Oxidation number

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Have catalytic properties a) Give a meant by catalyst. _______________________________________________________________________ b) State the transition element that acts as catalyst Industrial process Haber process (manufacture of ammonia) Contact process ( manufacture of sulphuric acid) Manufacture of margarine Ostwald process (manufacture of nitric acid) Can form complex ions a) Name the following complex ions Complex ions

Transition element

Formula Cu(NH3)42+ Cr(NH3)63+ Co(H2O)62+ Fe(CN)64Fe(CN)63-

Reaction of Aqueous Solution Of Transition Element Compounds with Sodium Hydroxide and Ammonia solution State the ions based on following observations Ions Aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH Green precipitate formed. Precipitate insoluble in excess NaOH solution Blue precipitate formed. Precipitate insoluble in excess NaOH solution Brown precipitate formed. Precipitate insoluble in excess NaOH solution Aqueous ammonia solution, NH3 Green precipitate formed. Precipitate insoluble in excess aqueous NH3 solution Blue precipitate formed. Precipitate insoluble in excess aqueous NH3 solution Brown precipitate formed. Precipitate insoluble in excess aqueous NH3 solution

How to test presence of ions of transition element in a solution? ___________________________________________________________________________

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