Introduction: The problem of impact on water can be traced back to the study of sea plane landing and work

by von Karman (1929) & Wagner (1932). Their work has been extended by Cointe and Armand(1987) and Cointe (1989): surveys include Lesser & Field (1983)and Korobkin & Puknachov (1988). More recently, pressure impulse theory has been developed for studying waves breaking against coastal structures Cooker & Peregrine (1995) and Wood, Peregrine & Bruce (2000). Here we investigate the value of the pressure-impulse approach for the impact of a rigid plate falling flat onto a level water surface. As the plate strikes on the water surface, high pressures act for a brief time and decay shortly thereafter. As has been discussed by Cooker (1996) the pressure after impact can also be determined from pressure-impulse theory since the post impact velocities can be determined. We have noted that the pressure after impact is greater than the initial pressure in all cases for which we have seen experimental data, which is in agreement with Cookers results, except for the case of impact of a horizontal plate on flat water where the post impact pressure is less than the initial pressure. There are similarities between this problem and the slamming of ships, Lewison (1970) gives a good discussion motivated by that application, and notes the pressure reduction, but we are not convinced by his theoretical analysis. Theory of impact of jet: Mechanical work can be produced by using pressure of moving fluid at high velocity. As an example jet of water from nozzle can produce force when it strikes a plane of the surface of plate. This type of force can produce power to generate a system such as hydropower turbine. The force exerted onto the plate will depend on the density of fluid, discharge and jet velocity. The force is also depends on whether the plate is moving or static condition.Newtons Second Law can be stated as: The force acting on a body in a fixed direction is equal to rate of increase of momentum of the body in that direction. Force and momentum are vector quantities so the direction is important. A fluid is essentially a collection of particles and the net force, in a fixed direction, on a defined quantity of fluid equals the total rate of momentum of that fluid quantity in that direction. Consider a mass m which has an initial velocity u and is brought to rest. Its loss of momentum is m.u and if it stopped in a time interval t then the rate of change of momentum is m.u /t. The force F required to stop the moving mass is therefore F = m.u / t . Now if this is applied to a jet of fluid with a mass flow rate ( m / t ) which is equivalent to the volumetric flow rate times the density ( Q ) the equivalent force on a flowing fluid is F = Q u. Also in accordance with Newtons third law the resulting force of the fluid by a flowing fluid on its surroundings is (-F). Newtons third law states that for every force there is an equal and opposite force.

Fy = Q (v-vCos), v=Q/A i Flat plate (90) Fy = Q ( Q/A-) = Q2 A

ii

Plate 120 Fy = Q ( Q/A)-(-0.5Q/A) = 3Q2 2A

iii

Plate 180 Fy = Q ( Q/A)-(-Q/A) = 2Q2 2A

iv

Fy = Mg Where, Fy= velocity force M =weight G =9.81m/s2

Q =discharge P = fluid density A =cross section area of water jet

Application of the impact of jet: