Operational Amplifiers 3.

1. Av =
vo
=? 4. In circuit shown in fig. P3.5.4, the input voltage vi is
vi 0.2 V. The output voltage vo is
400 kW
50 kW
40 kW
vi 150 kW
10 kW
vo vi
25 kW

vo
R

Fig. P3.5.1 Fig. P3.5.4

(A) -10 (B) 10 (A) 6 V (B) -6 V

(C) -11 (D) 11 (C) 8 V (D) -8 V

vo 5. For the circuit shown in fig. P3.5.5 gain is

2. Av = =?
vi Av = vo vi = -10. The value of R is
400 kW
R 100 kW
40 kW
vi
vo 100 kW
60 kW 100 kW
vi
vo
Fig. P3.5.2

(A) -10 (B) 10

Fig. P3.5.5
(C) 13.46 (D) -13.46
(A) 600 kW (B) 450 kW
3. The input to the circuit in fig. P3.5.3 is (C) 4.5 MW (D) 6 MW
vi = 2 sin wt mV. The current io is
10 kW 6. For the op-amp circuit shown in fig. P3.5.6 the
1 kW voltage gain Av = vo vi is
vi io R R R
vo

4 kW R R
R
vi
vo
Fig. P3.5.3

(A) -2 sin wt m A (B) -7 sin wt m A

(C) -5 sin wt m A (D) 0 Fig. P3.5.6

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183 Operational Amplifiers 3.5

(A) -8 (B) 8 20 kW 20 kW
+0.5 V
(C) -10 (D) 10
40 kW
-1 V
vo
7. For the op-amp shown in fig. P3.5.7 open loop 60 kW
+2 V
differential gain is Aod = 10 3. The output voltage vo for
vi = 2 V is
Fig. P3.5.10
100 kW
(A) 2.67 V (B) -2.67 V
100 kW
vi (C) -6.67 V (D) 6.67 V
vo

11. In the circuit of fig. P3.5.11 the voltage vi1 is

(1 + 2 sin wt) mV and vi2 = -10 mV. The output voltage
Fig. P3.5.7 vo is
20 kW
(A) -1.996 (B) -1.998 20 kW
2 kW
vi1
(C) -2.004 (D) -2.006 1 kW

vo
vi2
8. The op-amp of fig. P3.5.8 has a very poor open-loop 1 kW
voltage gain of 45 but is otherwise ideal. The
closed-loop gain of amplifier is Fig. P3.5.11

100 kW (A) -0.4(1 + sin wt) mV (B) 0.4(1 + sin wt) mV

2 kW (C) 0.4(1 + 2 sin wt) mV (D) -0.4(1 + 2 sin wt) mV
vo
vi 12. For the circuit in fig. P3.5.12 the output voltage is
vo = 2.5 V in response to input voltage vi = 5 V. The
Fig. P3.5.8
finite open-loop differential gain of the op-amp is
500 kW
(A) 20 (B) 4.5 vi
vo
(C) 4 (D) 5 1 kW

9. For the circuit shown in fig. P3.5.9 the input voltage

Fig. P3.5.12
vi is 1.5 V. The current io is
(A) 5 ´ 10 4 (B) 250.5
10 kW
(C) 2 ´ 10 4
(D) 501
6 kW
vi
8 kW io
vo 13. vo = ?
100 kW
5 kW
100 kW

20 kW vo
Fig. P3.5.9 +18 V
40 kW
+15 V
(A) -1.5 mA (B) 1.5 mA
Fig. P3.5.13
(C) -0.75 mA (D) 0.75 mA
(A) 34 V (B) -17 V
10. In the circuit of fig. P3.5.10 the output voltage vo is (C) 32 V (D) -32 V

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3.5 Operational Amplifiers 184

14. vo = ? 18. For the circuit shown in fig. P3.5.18 the true
100 kW relation is
20 kW

60 kW vo
+10 V 10 kW vo1

20 kW
1 kW
+15 V

30 kW R

R
vi
Fig. P3.5.14 vo2

(A) -5.5 V (B) 4.58 V

(C) 5.5 V (D) -4.58 V Fig. P3.5.18

vo
15. Av = =?
vi (A) vo1 = vo2 (B) vo1 = -vo2
R R
(C) vo = 2 vo2 (D) 2 vo1 = vo2
R
R 19. vo = ?

R vo 10 kW

10 kW
vi
vo
+6 V
48 kW
Fig. P3.5.15 5 kW
6 kW

(A) 5 (B) -5
(C) 6 (D) -6 Fig. P3.5.19

Statement for Q.16–17: 4 2

(A) V (B) - V
The circuit is as shown in fig. P3.5.16–17. 3 3
2 4
(C) V (D) - V
3 3
50 kW vo
20. vo = ?
vi 1 kW
3 kW 4 kW

Fig. P3.5.16–17
12 V vo

16. The ideal closed-loop voltage gain is 2 kW

(A) 1 (B) -1 R

1 kW
(C) ¥ (D) 50

17. If open-loop gain is Aod = 999, then closed-loop gain Fig. P3.5.20

is
(A) -0.999 (B) 0.999 (A) -12 V (B) 12 V

(C) 1.001 (D) -1.001 (C) -18 V (D) 18 V

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185 Operational Amplifiers 3.5

21. vo = ? 25. Avd =

vo
=?
8 kW
( v1 - v2 )

4 kW

vo v1 +

0.1 mA
2 kW
2V 6 kW
2 kW vo
4 kW
Fig. P3.5.21
-
(A) -30V (B) 18V
(C) -18V (D) 28V
v2
22. vo = ?
10 kW Fig. 3.5.25

(A) 8 (B) -6
vo
(C) 6 (D) -8
0.1 mA
20 kW
5V 26. vo = ?

Fig. P3.5.22 vo 1

(A) 4 V (B) -4 V 3 kW

(C) 5 V (D) -5 V

23. io = ? 2 kW
3 kW

4 kW
3 kW 2
io
6V
12 V 2m A
6 kW
Fig. 3.5.26

Fig. P3.5.23 (A) 6 V (B) -6 V

(A) 12 mA (B) 8.5 mA (C) -10 V (D) 10 V

(C) 6 mA (D) 7.5 mA vo

27. Av = =?
vi
24. vo = ? 2 kW

1 kW
6 kW vi
vo
vo
2.5 V 3 kW
8 kW

6 kW
1 kW
4 kW

Fig. P3.5.24 Fig. P3.5.27

(A) -7.5 V (B) 7.5 V (A) 15.8 (B) -10

(C) 8 V (D) -8 V (C) -17.4 (D) -8

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3.5 Operational Amplifiers 186

28. For the circuit shown in fig. P3.5.28 the input 31. io = ?
resistance is 6 kW

io 2 kW
6A vo

2 kW
4 kW
is
Fig. S3.5.31

2 kW
(A) -18 A (B) 18 A
10 kW
(C) -36 A (D) 36 A

Fig. P3.5.28 Statement for Q.32–33:

(A) 38 kW (B) 17 kW Consider the circuit shown below

(C) 25 kW (D) 47 kW 3 kW D1

6 kW D2
29. In the circuit of fig. P3.5.29 the op-amp slew rate is
2 kW
SR = 0.5 V ms. If the amplitude of input signal is 0.02 vi
V, then the maximum frequency that may be used is vo

240 kW

10 kW Fig. P3.5.32–33
vi
vo
32. If vi = 2 V, then output vo is
(A) 4 V (B) -4 V
Fig. P3.5.29 (C) 3 V (D) -3 V

33. If vi = -2 V, then output vo is

(A) -6 V (B) 6 V
(A) 0.55 ´ 106 rad/s (B) 0.55 rad/s
(C) -3 V (D) 3 V
(C) 1.1 ´ 106 rad/s (D) 1.1 rad/s
34. vo( t) = ?
30. In the circuit of fig. P3.5.30 the input offset voltage
and input offset current are Vio = 4 mV and I io = 150
8 mF vo
nA. The total output offset voltage is

500 kW 5u(t) mA 250 W 1 kW 50 W

5 kW
vi
vo
Fig. P3.5.34

t t
- -
5 kW (A) e 10
u( t) V (B) -e 10
u( t) V
t t
- -
(C) e 1 .6
u( t) V (D) -e 1 .6
u( t) V
Fig. P3.5.30

35. The circuit shown in fig. P3.5.35 is at steady state

(A) 479 mV (B) 234 mV
before the switch opens at t = 0. The voltage vC ( t) for
(C) 168 mV (D) 116 mV t > 0 is

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187 Operational Amplifiers 3.5

t=0 vss
10 kW
X
20 kW R
vs
20 kW vo
20 kW

+
4 mF vC Fig. P3.5.38
5V
-

(A) vs vss (B) -vs vss

Fig. P3.5.35
vs vs
(C) - (D)
vss vss
(A) 10 - 5 e -12 .5t V (B) 5 + 5 e -12 .5t V
t t
- - 39. If the input to the ideal comparator shown in fig.
(C) 5 + 5 e 12 .5
V (D) 10 - 5 e 12 .5
V
P3.5.39 is a sinusoidal signal of 8 V (peak to peak)
without any DC component, then the output of the
36. The LED in the circuit of fig. P3.5.36 will be on if vi
comparator has a duty cycle of
is
Input
10 kW
+10 V Output
470W
Vref = 2 V
10 kW vi
Fig. P3.5.39

Fig. P3.5.36
1 1
(A) (B)
2 3
(A) > 10 V (B) < 10 V
1 1
(C) (D)
(C) > 5 V (D) < 5 V 6 12

40. In the op-amp circuit given in fig. P3.5.40 the load

37. In the circuit of fig. P3.5.37 the CMRR of the current iL is
op-amp is 60 dB. The magnitude of the vo is
R1
2V
R1
vs
100 kW
R R
1 kW
R2

1 kW vo IL R2
R
R RL

100 kW
Fig. P3.5.40

Fig. P3.5.37 vs vs
(A) - (B)
R2 R2
(A) 1 mV (B) 100 mV
vs vs
(C) - (D)
(C) 200 mV (D) 2 mV RL RL

38. The analog multiplier X of fig. P.3.5.38 has the 41. In the circuit of fig. P3.5.41 output voltage is |vo| = 1
characteristics vp = v1 v2 . The output of this circuit is V for a certain set of w, R, an C. The |vo| will be 2 V if

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3.5 Operational Amplifiers 188

1
R1 (A) mF (B) 2p mF
2p
R1
1
vi = sin wt V vo (C) mF (D) 2 p 6 mF
2p 6
R
C
45. In the circuit shown in fig. P3.5.45 the op-amp is
ideal. If bF = 60, then the total current supplied by the
Fig. P3.5.41
15 V source is
(A) w is doubled (B) w is halved
+15 V
(C) R is doubled (D) None of the above

47 kW
42. In the filter circuit of fig. P3.5.42. the 3 dB cutoff
frequency is
50 nF 6 kW

vo

3 kW vo Vz = 5 V 100 W
vi

Fig. P3.5.42
Fig. P3.5.45
(A) 10 kHz (B) 1.59 kHz
(C) 354 Hz (D) 689 Hz (A) 123.1 mA (B) 98.3 mA
(C) 49.4 mA (D) 168 mA
43. The phase shift oscillator of fig. P3.5.43 operate at
f = 80 kHz. The value of resistance RF is 46. In the circuit in fig. P3.5.46 both transistor Q1 and
Q2 are identical. The output voltage at T = 300 K is
RF
100 pF 100 pF 100 pF
R
R1 R2
vo v1 v2
R R

333 kW
Fig. P3.5.43
(A) 148 kW (B) 236 kW 20 kW

(C) 438 kW (D) 814 kW 20 kW vo

44. The value of C required for sinusoidal oscillation of 333 kW

frequency 1 kHz in the circuit of fig. P3.5.44 is
1 kW 2.1 kW Fig. P3.5.46

æv R ö æv R ö
(A) 2 log10 çç 2 1 ÷÷ (B) log10 çç 2 1 ÷÷
è v1 R2 ø è v1 R2 ø
C

æv R ö æv R ö
1 kW (C) 2.303 log10 çç 2 1 ÷÷ (D) 4.605 log10 çç 2 1 ÷÷
è v1 R2 ø è v1 R2 ø

1 kW C
47. In the op-amp series regulator circuit of fig.
P8.3.47 Vz = 6.2 V, VBE = 0.7 V and b = 60. The output
Fig. P3.5.44
voltage vo is

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189 Operational Amplifiers 3.5

vo 150
+36 V Gain of second stage Av2 = - = -6
25
1 kW
Total gain Av = Av1 Av2 = 30, vo = 30 ´ 0.2 = 6 V
30 kW

5. (B) Let vx be the node voltage

vx v v - vo æ 2 + 100 ö
+ x + x =0 Þ vo = vx ç ÷
R 100 100 è R ø
10 kW
0 - vi 0 - vx R
Þ + = 0 Þ vx = - vi ,
100 R 100
Fig. P3.5.47 vo R æ 100 ö
=- ç2 + ÷ = -10
vi 100 è R ø
(A) 35.8 V (B) 24.8 V
2 R + 100 = -1000 , R = 450 kW
(C) 29.8 V (D) None of the above
0 - vi 0 - v1
6. (A) + = 0, v1 = -vi
R R
*******
R v1 R v2 R

R R

Solutions vi
R

vo

1. (A) This is inverting amplifier

R 400
Av = - F = - = - 10
R1 40 Fig. S3.5.6

v1 - 0 v1 - v2 v1
2. (A) The noninverting terminal is at ground level. + + = 0, 3v1 = v2 , v2 = -3vi
R R R
Thus inverting terminal is also at virtual ground.
v2 - v1 v2 v2 - vo
There will not be any current in 60 kW. + + =0
R R R
400
Av = - = - 10 -3vi + vi - 3vi - 3vi = vo Þ
vo
= -8
40 vi

10
3. (B) vo = - (2 sin wt) mV = - 20 sin wt mV vi - v1
1 7. (A) i1 =
100 k
10 kW
i2 100 kW
1 kW i1
vi io 100 kW
ii vo vi
iL v1
i1 vo

4 kW

Fig. S3.5.7
Fig. S3.5.3
v1 - vo
v i2 = , i1 = i2 , v1 - vo = vi - v1
iL = o = -5 sin wt m A 100 k
4k
Þ 2 v1 - vo = vi , vo = - Aod v1
2 sin wt
i1 = ii = = 2 sin wt m A v 2v
1k v1 = - o = o - vo = vi
Aod Aod
io = iL - i1 = -5 sin wt - 2 sin wt = - 7 sin wt m A
vo 1 2
= Þ vo = - = -1996
.
50 vi æ 2 ö (1 + 2 ´ 10 -3)
4. (A) Gain of first stage Av1 = - = -5 çç 1 + ÷
10 è Aod ÷ø

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3.5 Operational Amplifiers 190

vo Aod 15. (A) v+ = vi = v-

8. (B) A closed loop gain ACL = =
vi 1 + Aod b
let v1 be the node voltage of T network
2k v- v- - v1
b= = 0.2 + =0 Þ v1 = 2 v- = 2 vi
8k + 2k R R
ACL =
45
= 4.5 v1 - v- v1 v - vo
+ + 1 = 0 Þ 3v1 = v- + vo ,
1 + ( 45)(0.2) R R R
vo
6vi = vi + vo Þ =5
15
. vi
9. (C) i1 = = 0.25 mA, i1 = i2
6k
10 kW i2 vo
16. (A) v+ = vi , v- = vi = vo , =1
vi
6 kW
vi
8 kW io
i1 vo
iL 17. (B) v+ = vi , v- = vo

5 kW Aod ( vi - vo) = vo
Aod = 999
vo Aod 999
Fig. S3.5.9 = = = 0.999
vi 1 + Aod 1 + 999

vo = -10 ki2 = -2.5 V, i2 + io = iL

18. (B) At second stage input to both op-amp circuit is
2.5
0.25m + io = - , io = -0.75 mA same. The upper op-amp circuit is buffer having gain
5k
Av = 1. Lower op-amp circuit is inverting amplifier
10. (B) This is summing amplifier R
having gain Av = - = -1. Therefore vo1 = -vo2 .
æ 0.5 1 2 ö R
vo = -80ç - + ÷ = -2.67 V
è 20 40 60 ø
6´ 6 2 æ 10 ö 4
19. (A) v+ = = V, vo = ç 1 + ÷ v+ = V
20 48 + 6 3 è 10 ø 3
11. (B) Output of first op-amp vo1 = - vi1
2
= -10(1 + 2 sin wt) mV 20. (A) Applying KVL to loop,
The second stage is summing amplifier
io
æ -10 (1 + 2 sin wt) 10 ö 3 kW va 4 kW
vo = -20 ç - ÷ mV
è 1 1 ø
= 0.4(1 + sin wt) mV 12 V i1 vo

vi A v 2 kW
12. (B) v+ = , vo = od i R
500 + 1 501
1 kW
(2.5)(501) = Aod (5), Aod = 250.5 i2

18 ´ 40 15 ´ 20 Fig. S3.5.20
13. (A) v+ = + = 17 V
20 + 40 20 + 40
12 = 3ki1 + 2 ki1 Þ i1 = 2.4 mA , io = i1 = 2.4 mA
æ 100 k ö
vo = ç 1 + ÷v+ = 34 V i2 = -i1 = -2.4 mA
è 100 k ø
vo = i2 (1k) = -2.4 V
v+ v - 10 v+ - 15 vo = va - io( 4k) = -2.4 - (2.4)( 4) = -12 V
14. (C) + + + =0
30 60 20
1 3 11 vo( 4) 12( 8)
v+ = + = 21. (A) v1 = + , v+ = -2 V, v+ = v-
6 4 12 4+8 4+8
æ 100 ö 11 vo
vo = v+ ç 1 + ÷= (1 + 5) = 5.5 V + 8 = -2, vo = -30 V
è 20 ø 12 3

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191 Operational Amplifiers 3.5

v+ - vo v- = v+ , 2 kis = 4 ki1 Þ is = 2 i1
22. (A) v+ = 5 V = v- , = 0.1 mA
10 k vs = 2 kis + 10 ki2
v+ - vo = 1 , 5 - vo = 1 , vo = 4 V is
i2 = is + i1 , vs = 2 kis + 10 k( is + i1 ), i1 =
2
12
23. (D) v+ = v- = 0, i1 = = 3 mA æ i ö vs
4k vs = 2 kis + 10 kç is + s ÷ Þ = 17k = Rin
è 2ø is
3 kW
i2
4 kW i1 ½R ½ 240 k
io 29. (C) Closed loop gain A =½ F½ = = 24
vo ½ R1½ 10 k
12 V 2 mA iL
The maximum output voltage vom = 24 ´ 0.02 = 0.48 V
6 kW
SR 0.5 / m
w £ = = 11
. ´ 106 rad/s
vom 0.48
Fig. S3.5.23

æ R ö
i2 = 3 + 2 = 5 mA, vo = -(5)( 3) = -15 V 30. (A) The offset due to Vio is vo = çç 1 + 1 ÷÷Vio
è R1 ø
-15
i2 = io + iL , 5 = io + , io = 7.5 mA
6 æ 500 ö
= ç1 + ÷ 4m = 404 mV
è 5 ø
vo ( 4)
24. (B)v+ = 2.5 V = v- , = 2.5 Þ vo = 7.5 V Due to I io, vo = RF I io = (500 k)(150n) = 75 mV
8+4
Total offset voltage vo = 404 + 75 = 479 mV

25. (C) v1 + = v1 = v1 - , v2 + = v2 = v2 - -vo v

31. (A) 6 = , io = - 6 + o
Current through 2 kW resistor 6k 3k
v - v2 - v - v2 -6( 6 k)
i = 1 = 1 io = - 6 + = -18 A.
2k 2k 3k
( v - v2 )
vo = i( 6 k + 2 k + 4 k) = 1 (12 k)
2k 32. (B) If vi > 0, then vo < 0, D1 blocks and D2 conducts
vo 6k
= 6 = Avd Av = - = -2 Þ vo = ( -2)(2) = -4 V
v1 - v2 3k

26. (C) v2 + = v2 - = 0 V, current through 6 V source 33. (D) If vi < 0, then vo > 0, D2 blocks and D1 conduct
6 3k
i= = 2 mA, vo = -2m( 3k + 2 k) = -10 V Av = - . , vo = ( -2)( -15
= -15 . )=3 V
3k 2k

27. (D) v+ =
vo(1) vo v (2) vo(1)
= , v- = i + 34. (A) Voltage follower vo = v- = v+
1+ 3 4 2+1 2+1
v+ (0 + ) = 5m(250 ||1000) = 1 V, v+ ( ¥) = 0
v v 2v v
v+ = v- , o = o + i , o = -8 t = 8m(1000 + 250) = 10 s
4 3 3 vi

35. (A) vc (0 - ) = 5 V = vc (0 + ) = 5 V
28. (B) Since op-amp is ideal
For t > 0 the equivalent circuit is shown in fig. S3.5.35
20 kW

i1 +
10 V 4 mF vC
4 kW –
is is
i2
2 kW Fig. S3.5.35
10 kW
t = 20 k ´ 4m = 0.08 s
t
-
Fig. S3.5.28 vc = 10 + (5 - 10) e 0 .08
= 10 - 5 e -12 .5t V for t > 0

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3.5 Operational Amplifiers 192

36. (C) v- =
(10)(10 k)
=5 V Thus when w and R is changed, the transfer function
10 k + 10 k is unchanged.
When v+ > 5 V, output will be positive and LED will be
on. Hence (C) is correct. 42. (B) Let R1 = 3 kW , R2 = 6 kW , C = 50 nF
vi v - vo vi v v
R R + i =0 Þ + i = o
37. (B) v+ = (2) = 1 V, v- = (2) = 1 V, vd = 0 æ 1 ö R2 æ R1 ö R2 R2
2R 2R R1 ||ç ÷ çç ÷÷
è sC ø è 1 + sR1 C ø
v + v- R VCM
VCM = + = 1, vo = F éR ù
2 1 CMRR vi ê 2 (1 + sR1 C) + 1ú = vo
100 1 ë R1 û
CMRR = 60 dB = 10 3 , vo = = 100 mV
1 10 3 vi
[R2 + R1 + sR1 R2 C ] = vo
R1
38. (C) v+ = 0 = v- , é
vo R + R1 sR1 R2 C ù
= 2 ê1 + R + R ú
Let output of analog multiplier be vp . vi R1 ë 1 2 û

vs vp
=- Þ vs = -vp , vp = vss vo vo æ R ö
R R Þ = çç 1 + 2 ÷÷(1 + s( R1 || R2 ) C)
vi è R1 ø
v
vs = -vss vo , vo = - s 1
vss f3dB =
2 p( R1 || R2 ) C
1 1
39. (B) When vi > 2 V, output is positive. When vi < 2 V, = = = 159
. kHz
2 p( 3k ||6 k)50n 2 p(2 k)50n
output is negative.
V
43. (B) The oscillation frequency is
4V 1 1
f = Þ 80 k =
2V 2 p 6 RC 2 p 6 R(100 p)
2p
p t 1
5p Þ R= = 8.12 kW
6 6 ( 80 k)(2 p 6 )(100 p)
RF
= 29 Þ RF = ( 8.12 k)(29) = 236 kW
Fig. S3.5.39 R

5p p
- 44. (A) This is Wien-bridge oscillator. The ratio
TON 1
Duty cycle = = 6 6 = R2 2.1k
T 2p 3 = = 2.1 is greater than 2. So there will be
R1 1k
vs - v- v- - vo oscillation
40.(A) = Þ 2 v1 = vs + vo
R1 R1 R2

v+ v v - vo æ R ö
+ + + + =0 Þ vo = çç 2 + 2 ÷÷ v+ R1
R2 RL R2 è RL ø
æ R ö
2 v- = vs + çç 2 + 2 ÷÷ v+ , v- = v+
è RL ø
R2 R C
Þ 0 = vs + v+ R C
RL
RL v+ vs
v+ = - vs , iL = , iL = -
R2 RL R2 Fig. S3.5.44

41. (D) This is a all pass circuit 1 1

Frequency = Þ 1 ´ 10 3 =
2pRC 2 p(1k) C
vo 1 - jwRC 1 + ( wR 2 C) 2
= H ( jw) = , | H( jw)| = =1 1
vi 1 + jwRC 1 + ( wRC) 2 C= mF
2p

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193 Operational Amplifiers 3.5

45. (C) v+ = 5 V = v- = vE ,
The input current to the op-amp is zero.
i+15V = iZ + iC = iZ + a F iE
15 - 5 60 æ 5 ö
= + ç ÷ = 49.4 mA
47 k 61 è 100 ø

333
46. (B) vo = ( vo1 - vo2 )
20
æi ö æi ö
vo1 = -vBE1 - Vt ln çç c1 ÷÷, vo2 = -vBE 2 - Vt ln çç c 2 ÷÷
è is ø è is ø
æi ö æi ö
vo1 - vo2 = -Vt ln çç c1 ÷÷ = Vt ln çç c 2 ÷÷
è ic 2 ø è ic1 ø
v1 v2
ic1 = , ic 2 =
R1 R2
æv R ö
vo1 - vo2 = Vt ln çç 2 1 ÷÷, Vt = 0.0259 V
è R2 v1 ø
333 333 æv R ö
vo = ( vo1 - vo2 ) = (0.0259) ln çç 2 1 ÷÷
20 20 è v1 R2 ø
æv R ö æv R ö
= 0.4329 lnçç 2 1 ÷÷ = 0.4329(2.3026) log10 çç 2 1 ÷÷
v R
è 1 2ø è v1 R2 ø
æv R ö
= log10 çç 2 1 ÷÷
è v1 R2 ø

10 vo v
47. (B) v+ = v- , vZ = = o
10 + 30 4
vo = 4 vz = 6.2 ´ 4 = 24.8 V

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