:

7-8 1

2554

Healthy discontent is the prelude to progress (Institutional practices)

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(Geertz 1973) Turner (Identity)

Fauconnier

(Integration) (Imagination) .. . .. . 40-45 . . 2550 ( 2550) (Denotative meaning) . . 2542 2 (1) (Komatra Chuengsatiansup 2551) (Connotative meaning) 3 . . .... . . 2544

(2)

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governance)

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China)

(General Assembly of United Nations) (World Health Assembly) (Neighborhood Assembly) (National Congress of the Communist Party of (Vatican Council) (Deliberation) 2 (Collective decision-making and action) (Deliberation)

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4

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3

krtos (, (The

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(Raaflaub 2001) 250,000-300,000 ( (Resident foreigner (

4

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(Majoritarianism) 2-3 (Wikipedia 2011) David Graeber Politics

(Aristocrat) (Oligarchy)

(Graeber 2004,

2. ... ... ( ( 19) . . 604 ( 2553, ) ( 2532) 1215 ) 7 ...

2532: 27)

( 2532: 33) (Social contract theory)

2532: 45-46)

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2532: 57-58) (

7 (Aristocrat)

3. (Divine right)
9

Thomas Hobb

John Locke (Social

Contract Theory) 18 19 (Saligman 1992: 15-18)

(Habermas 1989)

Public sphere

(Civil society)

(Habermas 1989) Public use of reason

19

(Civic assembly)

10

(Habermas 1990) (Communicative action) (Ideal speech act) (Dryzek 2000; Habermas 1975) communicative action

(System)

(Lifeworld)

(Media) (System media) Lifeworld media

( ) Communicative action (Deliberation) (Ideal speech act) ) (

11

(Pragmatism)

(pragmatic) (Argumentation) (Procedure and protocol)

(Deliberation)

Ideal speech act

4. (Postmodernism)

Deliberative Democracy (Modernity) Francis Bacon Rene Decartes

(Politics on a human-scale) (Identity politics) (sensory experience) -

(body)

(historicity)

12

(Steven White) 4 Social Movement) vote-centric Expert-centric Deliberative democracy

8

(White 1991)

(New

(Post Cold War)

Deliberative democracy (Chambers 2003: 308) Deliberative democracy centric) (Deliberation) 2 Expert-centered policy
13

(Talk(Voting)

(Fischer and J 1993) (Dryzek 1987) Jackson, Legowski, Rosell, and Yankelovich 2002; Parkinson 2003)

(Deliberation) (Maxwell, (Winton 2010)

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forum

.. . . . 2551 . . 2550 . . 2531 7

. . 2544 . . 2543 12

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15

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16

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17

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76

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76 106

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18

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19

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(Constituency) (Edmund Burke) Parliament is not a congress of ambassadors from different and hostile interests; which interests each must maintain, as an agent and advocate, against other agents and advocates; but parliament is a deliberative assembly of one nation, with one interest, that of the whole; where, not local purposes, not local prejudices, ought to guide, but the general good, resulting from the general reason of the whole.

Deliberative democracy (Dryzek 2000; Elster 1998) Deliberative democracy (Bounded rationality)

(John Dryzek)

(Dryzek 1987)

(Dryzek 1987:
20

211)

40 (1) 6 (6) (Graham Deliberation 1. 2. Smith) (4) (1) (4) (2)

. . 2550 (3) (2) (5) ( Deliberation 2553) (3)

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21

Deliberative Dialogue (McCoy and (Dialogue

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10

4.

5.

6.

7.

8. 9.

10.

22

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Pocket Manual of Rules of Order for Deliberative Roberts Rules of Order Henry Martyn Robert . .1876 10 Roberts Rules of Order ( ) ( )

23

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A Short Guide to Consensus Building An Alternative to Roberts Rules of Order for Groups, Organizations and Ad Hoc Assemblies that Want to Operate by Consensus (Public Dispute Program ND)

( unanimity) (Everyone agrees they can live with the final proposal) ( interest Demand ) Mediation, Facilitation, conflict assessment single text procedure,
24

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18-24 4-5

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25

Advisory Committee

Witness )

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26

(Testimony)

(Narrative & Anecdote) (Perrin 2006b: 68-79) .. . . . 2551

10

(Resolution-driven) ( )

(Witness account) Deliberative Polling Deliberative Polling Deliberative Democracy (CDD) (Poll) (James Fishkin) Center for

1-2

(Fishkin nd)
27

Deliberative Polling (Face-to-Face) the People Deliberative Polling (By the People nd) (Online) . . 2005 (National PBS) 1,000 Deliberative Polling Deliberative Polling By

(Participation.net nd) 2010 Deliberative Polling

70 Citizen Dialogue & Deliberation Citizen dialogue

(Klein 2010)11

Citizen Dialogue

Citizen Dialogue Deliberation

Citizen Dialogue and

28

(Tom Attlee)

Citizen Dialogue and Deliberation

Citizen Dialogue and Deliberation 7 7 1. 2. Deliberative polling 3. 4. 3

29

5. 6. 7. 5

1-6

( ) 6 . . 2519

19

2549

30

? Medicine is a social science, and politics is nothing else but medicine on a large scale. Rudolf Virchow.

30

( ( ) ( ( .) .) ( .)

) ( .)

31

(CL-Compulsory Licensing)

(Systems leverages) ? (Bureaucratization) (Representative democracy) ( System media) ?

5 1. (Mutual trust)

(Interpersonal trust) (Institutional trust)(Gilson 2003)

32

(Convener)

(Mediator)

2.

(Citizens Jury) (Deliberative Polling) (Testimony) (Citizen Dialogue)

(political debate)

33

3. Building platform for collective actions

McCoy & Scully (McCoy and Scully 2002) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ( 7. 4. : Deliberation as non-violent tool Critical mass) 7

(Dispute resolution) communication)

(Mediation)

(Non violent

5. Beyond Health Assembly: ( 6

34

Citizen Dialogue and Deliberation)

6.

: Be pragmatic

35

(2548) (2548)

(2554) 4

2 3

Wikipedia 2011 Athenian Democracy: wikipedia. 4 (public) publos pubes ( puberty) man pubic
5

people public

Council Aristotle, in his Politics, remarks that the constitution of a Greek city-state will normally depend on the chief arm of its military: if this is cavalry, it will be an aristocracy, since horses are expensive. If hoplite infantry, it will have an oligarchy, as all could not afford the armor and training. If its power was based in the navy or light infantry, one could expect a democracy, as anyone can row, or use a sling. In other words if a man is armed, then one pretty much has to take his opinions into account. (Graeber 2004). 7 ( ) ( ) (Graeber 2004)
8 6

(2547) Deliberative democracy

Jurgen Habermas (McCoy & Scully (2002); Perrin, Andrew J. (2006a); Sanders, Lynn M. (1997).

36

http://www.ncl.ac.uk/peals/assets/publications/peoples_report_on_gm.pdf
10

. . 2551

The public is very smart if you give it a chance. If people think their voice actually matters, they'll do the hard work, really study their briefing books, ask the experts smart questions and then make tough decisions. When they hear the experts disagreeing, they're forced to think for themselves. About 70% change their minds in the process.

11

By the People. 2011. Deliberative Opinion Polling . National PBS nd [cited July 3, 2011]. Available from http://www.pbs.org/newshour/btp/articles/about_polls.html. Catt, H. 1999. Democracy in Practice . London: Routledge. Chambers, Simone. 2003. Deliberative Democratic Theory. Annu. Rev. Pollit. Sci. 6:307-26. Dryzek, John. 1987. Rational Ecology: Environment and Political Economy . Oxford: Blackwell. . 2000. Deliberative Democracy and Beyond . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Elster, J., ed. 1998. Deliberative Democracy . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Fauconnier, G, and M Turner. 2002. The Way We Think: Conceptual blending and the minds hidden complexities . New York: Basic Books. Fischer, F, and Forester J. 1993. The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning . Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Fishkin, James. 1997. The Voice of the People: Public Opinion and Democracy . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
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. 2011. Deliberative Polling: Toward a Better-Informed Democracy Center for Deliberative Democracy nd [cited July 3, 2011]. Available from http://cdd.stanford.edu/polls/docs/summary/. Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays . New York: Basic Book. Graeber, David. 2004. Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology . Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press. Habermas, Jurgen. 1975. Legitimation Crisis . Cambridge, MA: Beacon. . 1989. The Transformation of Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society . Translated by T. Burger. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. . 1990. Discourse Ethics: Notes on a Program of Justification. In Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Klein, Joe. 2010. Tough Issues. Time magazine (September 13, 2010):29. Komatra Chuengsatiansup. 2551. Deliberative Action: Civil Society and Health Systems Reform in Thailand . Nonthaburi: Office of National Health Commission. Machan, Tibor R. 2002. Introduction, The Democratic Ideal. In Liberty and Democracy : Hoover Institute, Standford University Press. Maxwell, Judith, Karen Jackson, Barbara Legowski, Steven Rosell, and Daniel Yankelovich. 2002. Report on Citizens Dialogue on the Futureof Health Care in Canada: Commission of the Future of Health Care in Canada. McCoy, Martha L., and Patrick L. Scully. 2002. Deliberative Dialogue to Expand Civic Engagement: What Kind of Talk Does Democracy Need? National Civic Review 91 (no. 2, Summer 2002 ):117-35. Parkinson, John. 2003. Legitimacy Problems in Deliberative Democracy. Political Studies 51:180-196. Participation.net, People and. 2011. Deliberative Polling nd [cited July 3, 2011]. Available from http://www.peopleandparticipation.net/display/Methods/Deliberative+Polling. PEALS. 2003. The People's Report on GM. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK: Policy Ethics And Life Sciences Research Institute.
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Perrin, Andrew J. 2006. Citizen Speak, The Democratic Imagination in American Life . Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. . 2006. Citizen Speak: The Democratic Imagination in American Life . Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. Public Dispute Program. ND. A Short Guide to Consensus Building. Place Published: The Public Dispute Program. http://web.mit.edu/publicdisputes/practice/cbh_ch1.html (accessed June 8, 2011). Raaflaub, Kurt A. 2001. Introduction. In Origin of Democracy in Ancient Greece . Berkeley: University of California Press. Saligman, Adam. 1992. The Idea of Civil Society . New York: The Free Press. Sanders, Lynn M. 1997. Against deliberation. Political Theory 25 (3):347-77. Smith, Graham. 2001. Taking Deliberation Seriously: Institutional Design and Green Politics. Environmental Politics 10 (3, Autumn 2001):72-93. Susskind, Lawrence, and Jeffrey L. Cruikshank. 2006. Breaking Robert's Rules: The New Way to Run Your Meeting, Build Consensus, and Get Results . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wakeford, Tom. 2011. Citizens Juries: a radical alternative for social research . Department of Sociology, University of Surrey 2002 [cited July 3, 2011 2011]. Available from http://sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk/SRU37.html. White, Steven. 1991. Political Theory and Postmodernism , Modern European Philosophy . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wikipedia. 2011. Athenian Democracy. Place Published: wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=431890452 (accessed June 12, 2011). Winton, Sue. 2010. Democracy in Education though Community-based Policy Dialogues. Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy (114, December 2, 2010): 69-91.

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2548 . 2547 2532 2548 ( 2550 2551 2553 . 2553 The Idea of Justice: From Idea to Action. 18 2553 2554 . : .). . . 2550. : 2551. : . . : Openbooks. .. . , ,

. . . :

. . 2553, , 2553. .

40