Varaksin 1

GROUND IMPROVEMENT WORKSHOP 11-12 JUNE 2010 PERTH, AUSTRALIA
INTRODUCTION TO SOIL , , IMPROVEMENT, PARAMETERS, CLASSIFICATION, CASE HISTORY OF KAUST

Presented by
Serge VARAKSIN
CHAIRMAN OF T.C. Ground Improvement
State of the Art Report
17TH International Conference on Soil Mechanics & Geotechnical Engineering
State of the Art Report

Construction Processes Procds de Construction
Jian Chu
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Serge Varaksin
Menard, France
Ulrich Klotz
Zublin International GmbH, Germany
Patrick Meng
Dredging International n.v., DEME, Belgium
Alexandria, Egypt 5-9 October 2009
NOTA : TC 17 meeting ground improvement 07/10/2009 Website : www.bbri.be/go/tc17
PERTH - AUSTRALIA June 2010
Category A. A Ground improvement without admixtures in non-cohesive soils or fill materials
Method A1. Dynamic compaction A2. Vibrocompaction A3. Explosive compaction A4. Electric pulse compaction A5. Surface compaction (including rapid impact compaction). B1. Replacement/displacement (including load reduction using light weight materials) B2. Preloading using fill (including the use of vertical drains) B3. Preloading using vacuum (including combined fill and vacuum) B4. Dynamic co so da o with e a ced y a c consolidation enhanced drainage (including the use of vacuum) B5. Electro-osmosis or electro-kinetic consolidation B6. Thermal stabilisation using heating or freezing B7. Hydro-blasting compaction
B. Ground improvement without admixtures in cohesive soils
Principle Densification of granular soil by dropping a heavy weight from air onto ground. Densification of granular soil using a vibratory probe inserted into ground. Shock waves and vibrations are generated by blasting to cause granular soil ground to settle through liquefaction or compaction. Densification of granular soil using the shock waves and energy generated by electric pulse under ultra-high voltage. Compaction of fill or ground at the surface or shallow depth using a variety of compaction machines. Remove bad soil by excavation or displacement and replace it by good soil or rocks. Some light weight materials may be used as backfill to reduce the load or earth p pressure. Fill is applied and removed to pre-consolidate compressible soil so that its compressibility will be much reduced when future loads are applied. Vacuum pressure of up to 90 kPa is used to pre-consolidate compressible soil so that its compressibility will be much reduced when future loads are applied. S a o dy a c compaction except e ca or o o a drains (or oge e Similar to dynamic co pac o e cep vertical o horizontal d a s (o together with vacuum) are used to dissipate pore pressures generated in soil during compaction. DC current causes water in soil or solutions to flow from anodes to cathodes which are installed in soil. Change the physical or mechanical properties of soil permanently or temporarily by heating or freezing the soil. Collapsible soil (loess) is compacted by a combined wetting and deep explosion action along a borehole.
C1. Vibro replacement or stone columns C. Ground improvement with admixtures or inclusions C2. Dynamic replacement C3. Sand compaction piles C4. Geotextile confined columns C5. Rigid inclusions (or composite foundation, also see Table 5) C6. Geosynthetic reinforced column or pile supported embankment C7. Microbial methods C8 Other methods
Hole jetted into soft, fine-grained soil and back filled with densely compacted gravel or sand to form columns. Aggregates are driven into soil by high energy dynamic impact to form columns. The backfill can be either sand, gravel, stones or demolition debris. Sand is fed into ground through a casing pipe and compacted by either vibration, dynamic impact, or static excitation to form columns. y p , Sand is fed into a closed bottom geotextile lined cylindrical hole to form a column. Use of piles, rigid or semi-rigid bodies or columns which are either premade or formed in-situ to strengthen soft ground. Use of piles, rigid or semi-rigid columns/inclusions and geosynthetic girds to enhance the stability and reduce the settlement of embankments. Use of microbial materials to modify soil to increase its strength or reduce its permeability. Unconventional methods, such as formation of sand piles using blasting and the use of bamboo, timber and other natural products.
D. Ground improvement with grouting type admixtures
D2. Chemical grouting D3. Mixing methods (including premixing or deep mixing) D4. Jet grouting D5. Compaction grouting D6. Compensation grouting E1. Geosynthetics or mechanically stabilised earth (MSE) E2. Ground anchors or soil nails E3. Biological methods using vegetation
E. Earth reinforcement
g Solutions of two or more chemicals react in soil pores to form a gel or a solid precipitate to either increase the strength or reduce the permeability of soil or ground. Treat the weak soil by mixing it with cement, lime, or other binders in-situ using a mixing machine or before placement High speed jets at depth erode the soil and inject grout to form columns or panels Very stiff, mortar-like grout is injected into discrete soil zones and remains in a homogenous mass so as to densify loose soil or lift settled ground. Medium to high viscosity particulate suspensions is injected into the ground between a subsurface excavation and a structure in order to negate or reduce settlement of the structure due to ongoing excavation excavation. Use of the tensile strength of various steel or geosynthetic materials to enhance the shear strength of soil and stability of roads, foundations, embankments, slopes, or retaining walls. Use of the tensile strength of embedded nails or anchors to enhance the stability of slopes or retaining walls walls. Use of the roots of vegetation for stability of slopes.
Unified Soil Classification System
Unified Soil Classification
Sampling methods
2.1 UD: 2 or 3 Shelby Tube Suitable for cohesive soils 2.2 Piston sampler Osterberg Suitable for cohesive and fine granular soils 2.3 SPT: suitable for cohesive and granular Soil 2.4 Core barrel Suitable for rock type of soils 2.5 Block sample UNDISTURBED UNDISTURBED UNDISTURBED
REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE
REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE
Soil Identification
Define terms important for Unified Soil Classification System

Percent Fines e ce es Mechanical Analysis Liquid Limit Plastic Limit, Plasticity Index Water Content Organic
Laboratory Engineering Properties
10
Laboratory Engineering Properties Direct shear test (imposed failure plane) ,
11
Laboratory Engineering Properties Triaxial on cohesionless soil , Mohr Coulomb curve
12
Laboratory Engineering Properties W, W Co, Ce, Cv, Pc, k Av, C k,
Consolidation test
Frame with consolidation units

13
Laboratory Engineering Properties Proctor Test w, wcpt, max, Proctor curve
14
Different types of In Situ tests
Vane test (VT)
Static Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
Pressuremeter (PMT)
15
Laboratory Engineering Properties Why Soil Improvement ? g p y y (avoid failure) ) To increase bearing capacity and stability ( To reduce post construction settlements To reduce liquefaction risk (seismic areas) Advantages over classical solutions Avoid deep foundation (price reduction also on structure work like slab on pile) Avoid soil replacement p Save time Avoid Avoid to change site Save money !
16
Soil Improvement Techniques

Without added materials Cohesive soil
Peat , clay
1D i Drainage 2 Vacuum
With added materials 4 Dynamic replacement 5 Stone columns 6 CMC 7 Jet Grouting 8 Cement Mixing
Soil with ith friction

Sand , fill
3 Dynamic consolidation 4 Vibroflottation
17
Parameters For Concept
Soil characteristics -Cohesive or non cohesive - Blocks? Water content water table position content, Organic materials Soil thickness Structure to support -Isolated or uniform load -Deformability y
Site environment -Close to existing structures -Height constraints Available construction time
18
Paramaters for Concept
CONCEPT
FILL SBCz GWT 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 FILL Depth (m) 30% SB z 80 % 50 % z FILL Depth (m) t (about 10 years) 1 2 3 4 S (%) 50% (SBC) 30% (SBC) 90% (SBC) 80% (SBC) 60% (SBC) FILL Depth (m) FILL+UNIFORM LOAD FILL+ LOAD SBCz GWT SBCz GWT
PARAMETERS
- Age if fill saturated or not -PL -Selfbearing level -, EP or EM -QC, FR -N N -R.D. (???) -Shear wave velocity -Seismic parameters -Grain size G i i
DC : h(m) = C
C(menard) = 0.9-1 C(hydraulic) 0.55 C(h d li ) = 0 55
SBC LOAD
= 0.9-1 (SILICA SAND) = 0.4-0.6 (SILICA SAND)
S.B.C. = Self Bearing Coefficient S.B.C. S B C = S(t) S( )
19
Case History
Nice International Airport Runway consolidation p y Granular soil
Very high energy (170 t 23 m) t,

20
KAUST PROJECT
Concept and Application of 2,600,000 m of ground improvement for King Abdulla University of Science & Technology (KAUST)
21
localisation
22
Master Plan
23
Original site Conditions
24
Jeddah, a modern city
25
Discovering the Habitants
26
Areas to be treated
Areas to be treated Al Khodari (1,800,000 m2 ( , , Saudi Bin Ladin 720,000 m2
Schedule 8 months
27
Dates for soil improvement
KAUST Dates for soil improvement
28
Dynamic Consolidation
Wave Type Rayleigh Shear Compression
Percent of Total Energy 67 26 7
After R.D. Woods (1968)
29
Specifications
Isolated f I l d footings up to 150 tons i 1 0 Bearing Bearing capacity 200 kPa Maximum footing settlement 25 mm Maximum differential settlement 1/500 Footing location unknown at works stage
30
Concept 150 TONS Depth of footing = 0.8m Below G L G.L. Engineered fill + 4.0 z = 200 kN/m / 2 meters arching layer + 2.5 Working platform (gravelly sand) + 1.2 Compressible layer from loose sand t very soft sabkah d to ft bk h 0 to 9 meters
31
Decision process of selection of technique
Presence of Silt (Sabkha) layer
No
Yes
No Deep silt (Sabkha) layer, ie bottom elevation higher than 5 m below Working Platform Level
Deep silt (Sabkha) layer, ie bottom elevation lower than 5 m below Working Platform Level
Transition layer > 2 m
Transition layer < 2 m
Case A
Case B1
Case B2 Sabkha Substitution over 1 m + DR
Case B3 HDR + temporary surcharge
DC
DR
32
Selection of technique
0,80
Preloading
FPL
DR (Dynamic Replacement) HDR (High Energy Dynamic y Replacement) + Surcharge
De esign
> 2,80
WPL Working Platform NGL GWT
Soil Conditio ons
> 4,50
BSL (variable)
33
PMT compared with loading of column

PMT loading test applies the cavity expansion theory which is similar to granular column bulging under applied vertical load.
PM MT
sc q ult,sc = tan 2 + PL 2 4 direct measurement of PL
Pressure induced to fail the surrounding soil = g p y pp y ultimate bearing capacity of column supported by lateral pressure of the surrounding soil.
34
Typical Site Cross Section of Upper Deposit
35
Variation in soil profile over 30 meters
36
Typical soil profile

Lim Pressure it
0 3.0 5 1 0 1 5 20 25 30
Pressurem eter Modulus
Cone Resistance
0 3.0
40
80 120 160 200 240

3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5
8 10 12 14
2.0
2.0
7.5
64.9 1.0
1.0 0.5 0.0 00 -0.5 -1.0
1 .0
2.8
0.0
36.0 0.0
Elevation (m E m
Elevation (m E m
Elevation (m E
1.0
-1 .0
9.8 -1 0 1.0 3.8 -2.0 61.5
-1.5 -2.0 -2 0 -2.5 -3.0 -3.5 -4.0 -4.5 -5.0 -5.5 -6.0 -6.5
0.9
-2.0
2.2
-3.0
-3.0 22.9
3.2
-4.0
-4.0
-5.0
-7.0 -7.5 -8.0

Ep (bar)
qc (Mpa)
-5.0
-6.0
Pl (b ) (bar)
37
Human Resources
1. Project 1 P j t management (4) t 2. Production team (32) 3. Mechanical team (18) 4. 4 Survey team (16) 5. Administrative team (6) 6. G 6 Geotechnical team (8) h i l 7. Safety and Quality (2) 8. Logistic team (4)
38
Typical surface conditions
39
Typical test pits (120) and grain size
40
41
Equipment Resources
13 DC/DR Rigs of 95 to 120 tons g 15 pounders from 12-23 tons 30 vehicles (bus, 4x4, pick-up, berlines) 1 truck with crane 1 forklift 3 CPT rigs 1 drill + pressuremeter 15 containers 1 set of site offices
42
Equipment Resources
43
Equipment Resources
44
PMT results before DC

Before DC
Limit Pressure
0 3
10
15
20
25
30
Elevation (m EL)
-1
-2
-3
4 -4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Minimum
Pl (bar)
Average
45
PMT results before and after DR

Before DR
Limit Pressure
0 3.0 5 10 15 20 25 30 3.0 0 5
After DR Between columns

Limit Pressure
10 15 20 25 30
2.0
2.0
7.5
1.0 10 1.0 10
23.4
2.8
0.0 0.0
4.3
15,2
1.0
1.9
18,0
Elevation (m EL) E
-1.0
0.9 09
-2.0
Elevation (m EL) E
-1.0
3.3 33
-2.0
16,7 16 7
2.2
-3.0
5.8
-3.0
14,1
3.2
40 -4.0
3.4
-4.0
8,2
9.2
-5.0 -5.0
12,2
-6.0
-6.0
-7.0
-7.0
-8.0
-8.0
Pl (bar) Between columns
Pl (bar) Inside columns
46
Analysis of improvement
ANALYSIS OF (PL-Po) IMPROVEMENT AS FUNCTION OF ENERGY AND FINES P
KAUST Saudi Arabia
1.6 1.4 14 1.2
PL-Po (MPa) 10% I=8 SI = 4,7
BASIS 60 grainsize tests 180 PMT tests PARAMETERS
20%
1 0.8
I = 6,25 SI = 2,3 KAUST KAUST 30% I = 5,5 SI = 1,5 I = 3,1 SI = 0,72 I=3 SI = 0,56
500
PL Po = pressuremeter limit pressure kJ/m3 = Energy per m3 (E) % = % passing n200 sieve I = improvement factor
0.6 0.4 0.2
DC DOMAIN DR DOMAIN
S.I : energy specific improvement factor
PLF PLi
I 100 E
40%
LEGEND Average pre-treatment values Average values between phases Average post-treatment values
50%
0 0 100 200 300 400
Energy ( (kJ/m3)
47
Stress distribution
Analysis of Worst Case Scenario for Various Grids
. 5.5 5.5 3.80
3.80
48
Site procedure
A Identify depth trend of SABKAH by CPT Tests B Closely eye witness the penetration of pounder to confirm DC or DR treatment C Verify by PMT that factor of safety is at least 3 for bearing capacity D Verify by stress analysis that limit pressure at any depth exceeds factors of safety of at least 3 in order to safely utilize the settlement analysis (no creep) E F Vary the grid to obtain at any location the condition D Test the gravelly sand columns and check if specified settlement is achieved hi d
G Monitor surcharge if HDR is required

49
Provisionnal master plan
51
It can be assumed that those impacts do generate a pore pressure at least equal to the pore pressure generated by the embankment load. This new consolidation process with the final at a time tf, where
For the considered case, du = U and thus tf = U1t1 + (1-U1)tf
TV = 0 848 = 0,848
With
C'v (t'1 t1 ) Cv T1 + H H
The Table allows to compare the gain in consolidation time, at different degrees of consolidation. consolidation
U 1 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
t1/tf 0.009 0.037 0.083 0.148 0.231 0.337 0.474 0.669 1.00
du C' V = C V 1 + (1 U1)
The following equation allows to compare the respective times of consolidation being: tf with impact tf without i ith t impact t
t1/tf 0.901 0.807 0.725 0.659 0.615 0.602 0.632 0.735 1.00
Suppos g p a y co so dat o co p eted Supposing primary consolidation completed U = 0.9 or T = 0.848 if du=U1, then tf = U1t1 + (1-U1)tf The optimal effectiveness occurs around U1 = 60%. One can thus conclude that, theoretically the y , consolidation time is reduced by 20% to 50%, what is for practical purpose insufficient.
52
t' f =
(1 U1 ) du t1 + tf du + (1 U1 ) du + (1 U1 )
Dynamic surcharge
53
Settlement curves from dynamic surcharge
8,000
10,0
7,000
5,0 19/1 21/1 23/1 25/1 27/1 29/1 31/1 2/2 4/2 6/2
11 - 1 10 11 - 2 10 11 - 3 10
6,000
5,000
11 - 1 10 11 - 2 10
0,0
4,000
11 - 3 10 11 - 4 10
5,0
11 - 4 10 1 1 - AVG 10
3,000
1 1 - AVG 10
2,000
10,0
1,000 1 000
15,0
0,000 19/1
21/1
23/1
25/1
27/1
29/1
31/1
2/2
4/2
6/2
20,0
54
55
GROUND IMPROVEMENT WORKSHOP 11-12 JUNE 2010 PERTH, AUSTRALIA
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Varaksin 1

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GROUND IMPROVEMENT WORKSHOP 11-12 JUNE 2010 PERTH, AUSTRALIA

INTRODUCTION TO SOIL , , IMPROVEMENT, PARAMETERS, CLASSIFICATION, CASE HISTORY OF KAUST

State of the Art Report

17TH International Conference on Soil Mechanics & Geotechnical Engineering

State of the Art Report

Alexandria, Egypt 5-9 October 2009

NOTA : TC 17 meeting ground improvement 07/10/2009 Website : www.bbri.be/go/tc17

PERTH - AUSTRALIA June 2010

Category A. A Ground improvement without admixtures in non-cohesive soils or fill materials

B. Ground improvement without admixtures in cohesive soils

PERTH - AUSTRALIA June 2010

PERTH - AUSTRALIA June 2010

D. Ground improvement with grouting type admixtures

PERTH - AUSTRALIA June 2010

Unified Soil Classification System

PERTH - AUSTRALIA June 2010

Unified Soil Classification

PERTH - AUSTRALIA June 2010

PERTH - AUSTRALIA June 2010

Define terms important for Unified Soil Classification System

PERTH - AUSTRALIA June 2010

Laboratory Engineering Properties

PERTH - AUSTRALIA June 2010

Laboratory Engineering Properties Direct shear test (imposed failure plane) ,

PERTH - AUSTRALIA June 2010

Laboratory Engineering Properties Triaxial on cohesionless soil , Mohr Coulomb curve

PERTH - AUSTRALIA June 2010

Laboratory Engineering Properties W, W Co, Ce, Cv, Pc, k Av, C k,

Frame with consolidation units

PERTH - AUSTRALIA June 2010

Laboratory Engineering Properties Proctor Test w, wcpt, max, Proctor curve

PERTH - AUSTRALIA June 2010

Different types of In Situ tests

Vane test (VT)

Static Cone Penetration Test (CPT)

Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

PERTH - AUSTRALIA June 2010

PERTH - AUSTRALIA June 2010

Soil Improvement Techniques

Soil with ith friction

3 Dynamic consolidation 4 Vibroflottation

PERTH - AUSTRALIA June 2010

Parameters For Concept

PERTH - AUSTRALIA June 2010

Paramaters for Concept

C(menard) = 0.9-1 C(hydraulic) 0.55 C(h d li ) = 0 55

= 0.9-1 (SILICA SAND) = 0.4-0.6 (SILICA SAND)

S.B.C. = Self Bearing Coefficient S.B.C. S B C = S(t) S( )

PERTH - AUSTRALIA June 2010

Very high energy (170 t 23 m) t,

PERTH - AUSTRALIA June 2010

PERTH - AUSTRALIA June 2010

PERTH - AUSTRALIA June 2010

Original site Conditions

PERTH - AUSTRALIA June 2010

Jeddah, a modern city

PERTH - AUSTRALIA June 2010

Discovering the Habitants

PERTH - AUSTRALIA June 2010

Areas to be treated Al Khodari (1,800,000 m2 ( , , Saudi Bin Ladin 720,000 m2

PERTH - AUSTRALIA June 2010

Dates for soil improvement