ITM Lecture 1

INFORMATICS
Information Technology
gy
Management
L
Lecture 1
12th December 2007
ITM Lecture 1
Advanced Diploma (Thames College) 1
Reference Book
Charles
Ch rl s P
Parker
rk r & Th
Thomas
m sCCase,
s
”Management Information Systems:
Strategy and Action”,
Second edition,
edition Mitchell McGraw-Hill,
McGraw Hill
ISBN0-07-048573-9
ITM Lecture 1
Why are we here?
z > 1/2
/ off allll new businesses
b today
d
involve computer products or services
z You must b
Y be IS liliterate to succeed
d iin
an organization today
ITM Lecture 1
Business Perspective
p of IT
z Organizations
g
z We must understand the nature, the purpose, and the
structure of the organizations that will use the IT.
z People
p
z We must understand how they use the IT, why they use
the IT, and how it affects their jobs and daily activities.
z Technology
z We must understand the capabilities, limitations, and
functionality if the technology that underlies the IT.
ITM Lecture 1
Unit 1: Computer System
ITM Lecture 1
What is Information
n or ation Technology?
IInformation
f i technology
h l iis the
h di
direct use off technology
h l
to process data.
A more formal definition of IT would be:
The acquisition,
q processing,
p g storage
g and
dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual, and
numeric information byy a micro-electronics based
combination of computing and telecommunications.
Thee technology
T ec o ogy itself
se can
ca be divided
d v ded intoo Computer
p
and Communications Hardware and Software.
ITM Lecture 1
What is Information Technology?
z Information Technology is the hardware and software that

are packaged as a device for capturing, storing, processing,
and outputting digital content.
content
z Information technology – any computer-based tool that

people use to work with information and support the
information and information-processing needs of an
g
organization
z Information technology is an important enabler of business

success and innovation
ITM Lecture 1
Whyy use Information Technology?

W gy
Computer
C t andd communication
i ti technology
t h l
available today offer an efficient way of
management information
Cheaper
p
Faster
More acc
accurate
rate
ITM Lecture 1
z Continues to advance at a rapid pace
z Has played a substantial role in most

organizations
i i
z Has altered the concept of time and distance
z May potentially impact society

ITM Lecture 1
Information Technology Defined

A more fformall ddefinition
fi i i off IT would
ld be
b
“the acquisition, processing, storage and

dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual, and
numeric information by a micro-electronic
micro electronic
based combination of computing and
telecommunications”
ITM Lecture 1
What is an Information System?
z Management information systems (MIS) – the

function that p
plans for,, develops,
p , implements,
p , and
maintains IT hardware, software, and the portfolio of
applications
pp that p
people
p use to support
pp the g goals of
an organization
z MIS is a business function, similar to Accounting,

Finance Operations,
Finance, Operations and Human
H man Resources
Reso rces
ITM Lecture 1
Components
p of an Information System
y
z Purpose
z People
z Information Technology
gy
z Procedures
z Data
ITM Lecture 1
z People use
z Information technology
to work with
z Information
I f ti
ITM Lecture 1
What is Data?
Organizations
Or niz ti ns come
m in with
ith llarge
r amount
m nt off D
Data
t
Data is process to provide useful information
Relevant
l information
i f i assisti managers to plan,
l controll
and make decision
D iis
Data
Collected
Process (treated to get useful information)
Store (
(Keep,
p File))
Disseminate (Information distribute)
ITM Lecture 1
Data Processing
Data P
D Processing
i is
i the
h use off automation
i (i.e.
(i computer))
to process raw data (input) to create meaning
information (output)
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Data vs
vs. Information
DATA INFO
Raw Facts Useful, valuable
Useful
•Hours Worked Facts:
•Pay Scale •Total

T t lPPaycheck
h k
Applying
•Overtime def Knowledge
•Overtime Scale Base
ITM Lecture 1
Data,, Information and Knowledge
g
A. Berger Shoes A. Berger is most

M. Jones Scarves likely to buy new
Database
T. Martin Jewelry ? product
Queries
J. Smith Groceries
50,000 MoU
T. Martin is profitable
46,800 Qty
customer and is likely
29,200 Income to switch carriers
75 500
75,500 Education
Data Information Knowledge &

Customer Insight
ITM Lecture 1
General Description
z The machines
Th hi themselves,
h l that
h iis the
h physical
h i l
components of a computer system (such as processor,
screen, keyboard
k b d andd printer)
i ) are referred
f d to as the
h
computer hardware
z A computer process data
z A computer
p operation
p are p
performed under the
control of a program
z Almost
os all
a business
b s ess computers
co p e s (and(a d most
os scientific
sc e c
computers) are digital computers
ITM Lecture 1
Components of a Computer
Software
S f iis the
h program that
h run on the
h
computer
e.g. Operating system, Word Processor
Hardware is the pphysical

y component
p of the
computer
e g Hard disk
e.g. disk, CPU
ITM Lecture 1
Components
p of a Computer
p - Software
w
Software
Soft are is the intangible part of the
system,
y which comprises
p the instructions
to perform given tasks, i.e. the programs.
Hardware is the physical part of the

system;
y the computer,
p peripheral
p p devices,
etc.
ITM Lecture 1
Components
p of a Computer
p - Hardware
The basic components of a computer

computer’ss
hardware consist of:
ITM Lecture 1
Different types of Computers

Computers are classified according to size,
size
although the difference between these categories
can be quite vague.
vague
Supercomputers
Mainframes
Minicomputers
Microcomputers
p
Workstations
Personal Computers
File Servers
Portables
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Supercomputers
Ultra fast computers designed to process huge amount of
Ultra-fast
scientific data and then display the underlying pattern that have
been discovered.
They are particularly useful for occasions when many
calculations need to be performed, for example in weather
forecasting.
forecasting
Manufacturers of supercomputers include Cray and Fujitsu.
ITM Lecture 1
Mainframes
Huge, multi
multi-user
user systems designed to handle gigantic processing job in
large corporations or government agencies, such as handling an
airline’s reservation.
Some mainframes support over 10,000 concurrent users.
People login mainframe using terminals
M i f
Mainframe are usually
ll stored
d iin special,
i l secure room that
h h have a
controlled climate.
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Minicomputers
Multi-user system that can handle the computing
needs of a small corporations or organization.
S
Supportt up to
t 1,000
1 000 concurrentt users.
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Microcomputers
Microcomputers
p also called Personal Computers
p ((PC)) are the most recent
type of computer to be developed.
They are the smallest type of computer.
They
Th come in i a variety
i off sizes,
i from
f the
h desktop
d k model,
d l to the
h now outdated
d d
laptop, the A4 sized notebook, and even the sub notebook size.
The pprocessor is contained on one silicon chip,
p, instead of a combination of
chips. This processor in a PC is called a microprocessor.
ITM Lecture 1
Workstations
A workstation was a computer
p used byy one person,
p , particularly
p y for graphics
g p
and design applications (such as computer aided design) and was used
primarily in engineering.
It has a fast and powerful central processor
processor, a high resolution monitor,
monitor a large
memory, and would, almost certainly, run on UNIX.
This enabled complex designs to be easily manipulated. Such characteristics,
however, are no longer unique to workstations as high performance personal
computers can offer very similar services.
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File Servers
A file server is a PC or minicomputer which provides
additional services for users of networked PCs.
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Portables
Portables are small enough
g to be carried from place
p to p
place and can be
powered from batteries or from the mains.
Increased efficiency of design means that they can support as much memory
as stand-alone PCs.
Portables are described as laptops, notebooks and handheld computers.
These pocket computers may or may not be compatible with PCs, and range
from machines that are little more than electronic organizers to relatively
powerful processors with compatibility and full communications features.
ITM Lecture 1
Computer System
z The P
Th Power off Computer
C
z Computer Software
z Communications
z System Components
z Input device
z Processor
z Output device
z Storage Device
ITM Lecture 1
The Power
w of Computer
p
The factors that determine the power of a computer (how much
it can do, and how fast) are as follows.
The speed of handling program instructions,
instructions which for a
mainframe is measured in millions of instructions per second
(MIPS)
The MHz (Megahertz) rates of the internal clock (the rate at
which timing pulses are emitted from the control unit).
The efficiency of the instruction set. Some computers combine
a fairly small set of instructions in clever ways to increase
efficiency.
ffi i
The size of the processor’s memory.
The number
b off tracksk on the computer’s buses.
b
ITM Lecture 1
Computer Software and Interfaces

z Operating Systems
z Applications
Software
ITM Lecture 1
Computer Software
Hardware only becomes useful when it is instructed to
perform activities. Software comprises the set of
instructions which tell the hardware what to do.
The purpose of software is to cause the computer to
provide the user with the data processing facilities
required. These instructions are usually combined in a
sequence.
q
A set of such instructions is called a program. Software
program
p g are divided into:
System Software
Application
pp icatio Software
So twa e
ITM Lecture 1
System and Application Software

SSystem
stem Software
S ft re
System Software includes all programs that help
computer function
f i properly l
Example: Operating System
Application Software
Application Software consists of all the programs
you can use to perform a task

Example: Internet Browser, Word Processor
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Communications
Today,
T d ttelecommunications
l i ti is
i intimately
i ti t l bound
b d
with information technology
Essentially, for maximum performance,
computers must be linked to each other to
exchange information.
This
Thi can b be ddone b
by cabling
bli (if theh computers
are located close to each other). Or more
commonly, by using the telephone network to
ttransmit
a s it data.
ITM Lecture 1
System Components
A computer system is made up of 4
components:
Input Device
Processor
Output Device
Storage Device
ITM Lecture 1
Information System
y Components
p
Input Output
Feedback
Boundary
Input: the Processing: Output: production Feedback: output
activity of converting or of useful that is used to
gathering and transforming information: make changes to
capturing raw data into useful ITMdocuments
Lecture 1
and input or
data outputs Advanced Diploma
reports
(Thames College) processing 37
Input Devices
ITM Lecture 1
System Components – Processor
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System
y Components
p – Output
p Device
v
ITM Lecture 1
System
y Components
p – Storage
g Device
v
ITM Lecture 1
Unit 2a: Computer Hardware
ITM Lecture 1
Input Devices - Summary
z Keyboard
K b d
z Mouse
z Touch Panel
z Scanners
z Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
z Optical Bar Recognition (OBR)
z Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
z MICR
ITM Lecture 1
Output Devices - Summary

z Terminals
z Printers
z Dot Matrix
z Ink-Jet
z Laser
z The Processor
z The Control Unit
z The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
z Memory
z Storage memory (or ROM – read only memory)
z Workingg memoryy (or
( RAM – random access memory)
y)
z Data representation in memory
z Buses
z Serial and Parallel Processing
ITM Lecture 1
Storage - Summary
z Magnetic Computer Tapes
z Magnetic Computer Disks
z Floppy
Fl disks
di k
z Hard disks
z Optical Disks
z CD-ROM
CD ROM
z Recordable CD (CD-R)
z USB RAM
ITM Lecture 1
Inside A Computer System
ITM Lecture 1
Inside a Computer System
ACComputer SSystem consists
i off 3 major
j
components.
Processor
Input Device
Output Device
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Exposed System Unit
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Ports
Connects external
devices to system
unit
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Whyy needd Input

W p and
d Output
p Device?
v
Computers are electronic devices operating

in machine code which is not easily be
understood by humans, it is necessary to
convert those machine codes used by
computers into a form that can be
recognized by humans and vice-versa.
ITM Lecture 1
Input Devices
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What is an Input Device?

Any hardware component used to enter data,
data
programs, commands, and user responses into
a computer
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Input Device – Keyboard
The most familiar of the input devices is the keyboard.
Generally this resembles the QWERTY type keyboard
common on most typewriters.
Unlike the typewriter keyboard, the computer is extended to
contain up to 102 keys, which include a number pad, a series
of special function keys and some keys to control the cursor on
the screen.
ITM Lecture 1
Portable Keyboard
Full-sized
Full sized keyboard you conveniently can
attach and remove from a handheld computer.
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Ergonomic Keyboard
Designed to minimize strain on hands and
wrists
Ergonomics incorporates comfort, efficiency,
and safetyy into design
g of items in workplace
p
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Input Device - Mouse

The mouse is a small,, plastic
p device which is connected to the computer
p byy
a small cable.
It can be moved across a table top and the cursor will move across the
screen in the same way.
way
The cursor is a light square or line which appears on the screen to identify
where the cursor is in the same position on the screen as the desired item,
the item can be selected by pressing a button on the mouse.
This saves the user having to type in the desired selection.
ITM Lecture 1
How
w does
d a Mechanical Mouse Work?
W
Rubber or metal
ball is on its
underside
Movement of
mouse translates
into signals
p
computer
understands
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How
w does
d an Optical
p Mouse Work?
W
Senses light
g to
detect mouse’s
movement
More precise than

mechanical mouse
Connect usingg a
cable or wireless
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Common mouse operations
Point
Click
Right-click
Double-click
Do ble click
Drag
Right-drag
Rotate
R wheel
h l
Press wheel
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Trackball
Stationary pointing device with a ball on its top
To move pointer, rotate ball with thumb, fingers, or
p l off h
palm handd
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Touchpad
Small, flat
Small flat, rectangular pointing device sensitive to
pressure and motion
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Pointing Stick
Pointing device shaped like pencil eraser positioned
between keys on keyboard
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Joystick and Wheel
Joystick is vertical lever mounted on a base
Wheel is steering-wheel type input device
P d l simulates
Pedal i l car brakes
b k andd accelerator
l
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Light Pen
Handheld input device that contains light
source or can detect light
Press
P light
li h pen against
i screen surface
f andd thenh
press button on pen
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Touch Screen
Touch areas of screen with finger
Often used with kiosks
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Stylus
Looks like a ballpoint pen
pen, but uses pressure to
write text and draw lines
Used
U d withi h graphics
hi tablets
bl and dhhandheld
dh ld
computers
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Input Device – Touch Panel
The device which assists selection of items on a screen is the
touch panel.
This is a touch sensitive plastic sheet which is placed on the
screen and again attached to the computer
computer.
User can select items by touching the part of the touch pad at the
location where the described item is on the screen.
This will cause the touch pad to send an electrical signal to the
computer and select the desired item.
ITM Lecture 1
Input Device – Scanner

A scanner can be used to capture
p an image
g of a document or a
picture and store this in the computer.
It is an electronic device used in making color separations.

separations
Originals are placed on drums, which

are rotated,
rotated reproduce the original
via digital and electronic signals
transferred to the finished film
size through fiber optics.
optics
Scanners utilize electronic circuits

to correct color,
l compress the h
tones and enhance the detail.
ITM Lecture 1
Recognition
Stored images can be used for a number of purposes.
Scanned documents can be retrieved easily and reprinted,
instead of having to search through the registry.
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
Optical Bar Recognition (OBR)
ITM Lecture 1
Optical
p Character Recognition
g (OCR)
( )
When the scanner is used in conjunction with an Optical
Character Recognition (OCR), we will be able to not only capture
an image of a text, but also to decipher and recognize the
i di id l characters,
individual h t numbers
b or symbols.
b l
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Optical Bar Recognition (OBR)
Another technique which is common today is bar coding.
Bar code is a series of vertical stripes about one inch high.
The stripes are of varying thickness and distances apart.
Th combination
The bi ti off stripes
ti (bar
(b code)d ) actually
t ll representst a
numerical code.
This numerical code is the keyy field to a record containingg data
fields about the item.
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Bar Code
Identification code that consists of a set of vertical
lines and spaces of different widths
Universal Product Code (UPC)
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Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
Optical Mark Recognition is a method of computerized input
from (usually) paper forms.
It is generally distinguished from OCR by the fact that a
recognition
iti engine
i isi nott required.
i d
The marks are constructed in such a way that there is little chance
of not readingg the marks correctly.
y
This requires the image to have high contrast and an easily-
recognizable or irrelevant shape.
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Magnetic
g Ink Character Recognition
g (MICR)
( )
Can read text printed with magnetized link

Banking industry almost exclusively uses MICR for
check processing
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Handwriting Recognition
Translates handwritten letters and symbols
into characters that the computer can
understand
d d
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Wireless Input
Handheld computer or device used to collect data
wirelessly at the location where transaction or event takes
p
place
Data transferred later to desktop computer though
dockingg station
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Input
p Devices for Physically
y y Challenged
g Users
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Output Devices - Display
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Output Device
Improvement in technology has resulted in the development
of a variety of output devices which serve a variety of
purposes.
The quality of the output has improved at a continually
reducing cost.
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Display Device
Television-like
Television like
Information on a display device sometimes is called Soft

Copy
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CRT Monitor
Large sealed,
sealed glass screen
Screen coated with tiny dots of phosphor material
Pixel, or picture element, is single point in electronic image
Three dots (red, blue, and green) combine to make up each
pixel
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Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

Type of flat
flat-panel
panel display
Uses liquid crystals between two sheets of material to
present information on screen
Electric current passes through crystals, which creates
images on the screen
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Some features of LCD screens
Lightweight and compact
Consumes less than one-third of the power than does a CRT
monitor
Ideal for notebook and handheld computers
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Two Technologies
g Used for LCD Monitors
Active-matrix
Active matrix display
Can display high-quality color viewable from all angles
Passive-matrix display
Color often not as bright
Images best viewed when working directly in front of display
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Gas Plasma Monitor
Flat panel display uses layer of gas plasma between two
Flat-panel
sheets of material
Larger screen sizes and higher display quality than LCD, but
much more expensive
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Display Resolution
Describes the sharpness and clarity of image
The higher the resolution, the sharper the image and the
more that can display on the monitor
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Output Devices - Printers
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Printers
There
Th are two
t main i categories
t i off printer:
i t
Impact Printer
Dot Matrix Printer
Non-impact Printer
Laser Printer
Ink jet Printer
Ink-jet
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Impact Printer
Forms characters by striking a mechanism against ink ribbon
that physically contacts paper
Ideal for printing multipart forms
Can withstand dusty environments, vibrations, and extreme
temperatures
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Dot-matrix
Dot matrix Printer
Impact printer that produces printed images when tiny wire
pins on print head mechanism strike inked ribbon
Most use continuous-form paper
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Inside Dot
Dot-matrix
matrix Printer
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How
w does
d Dot-matrix Printer W
Work?
When ribbon presses against paper,
paper it creates dots that form
characters and graphics
A higher number of pins (9 to 24) means printer prints more
dots per character, which results in higher print quality
ITM Lecture 1
Line Printer
High speed impact printer that prints entire line at a time
High-speed
Speed measured by number of lines per minute (1pm) it can
print
Band printer prints fully-formed characters using a hammer
mechanism.
Sh ttl
Shuttle-matrix
t i printer
i t is
i high-speed
hi h d printer
i t that
th t worksk more
like a dot-matrix printer
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Non-impact
Non impact Printer
Forms characters and graphics on piece of paper without actually
striking paper
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Ink-jet
Ink jet Printer
Non impact printer forms characters and graphics by
Non-impact
spraying tiny drops of liquid ink onto piece of paper
Most popular type of color printer for home use
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Resolution of a Printer
Sharpness and clarity of characters
Measured by number of dots per inch (dpi) printer can
output
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How does an Ink
Ink-jet
jet Printer Work?
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Laser Printer
High speed, high-quality
High-speed high quality non
non-impact
impact printer
Prints text and graphics in very high-quality resolution,
ranging from 600 to 1,200 dpi
Typically costs more than ink-jet printer, but is much faster
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Inside Laser Printer
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How does a Laser Printer Work?

1. Drum rotates as paper
is fed through
2. Mirror deflects laser
beam across surface
of drum
3. Laser beam creates
charge that causes
toner to stick to drum
4
4. As drum rotates,
rotates toner
transfers from drum to
paper
5. R ll use heat
Rollers h andd
pressure to fuse toner
to p
paper
p
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Thermal Printer
Generates images by pushing electrically heated pins against
heat-sensitive paper
Ideal for small devices, such as adding machines
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Photo Printer
Color printer that produces photo lab quality pictures and
prints everyday documents
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Label Printer
Small printer that prints on adhesive type material that can
be placed on a variety of items
Most also print bar codes and e-stamps
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Portable Printer
Small, lightweight ink-jet or thermal printer that
Small
allows mobile user to print from notebook or
handheld computer while traveling
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Plotter
Sophisticated printer used to produce high-quality
high quality drawings
Large-format printer similar to plotter and is used to print

quality color prints
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Other Output Devices
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Audio Output Device
Computer component that produces music,
music speech,
speech
and other sounds
Speakers and headsets are common devices
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Voice Output
Computer talks to you through speakers on
component
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Data Projector
Device that takes image from a computer screen
and projects it onto a larger screen
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Facsimile (FAX) Machine

Device that
transmits and
receives
i
documents over
telephone lines
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Fax Modem
Modem that allow you to send and receive electronic
documents as faxes
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Terminal
Device that performs both input and
output
Dumb Terminals
Intelligent Terminals
Special-purpose Terminals
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Dumb Terminal
Has a keyboard and monitor, but no processor or memory
Connects to host computer that performs processing and then
sends output back
Dumb
Terminal
e a
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Intelligent Terminal
Has monitor
monitor, keyboard
keyboard, memory and processor
Similar to a PC in that it can perform tasks
independent of host computer
comp ter
Programmable
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Point-of-Sale
Point of Sale (POS) Terminal
Records
purchases at
point where
p
purchase is made
Output from
POS terminals
serves
r as iinput
p t tto
host computer
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Automated Teller Machine (ATM)

Self-service banking
machine that
connects to host
computer through
telephone network
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Computer Processor
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Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Interprets and carries out basic instructions that
operate a computer
Also call the Processor
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Components of the CPU
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Control Unit
Directs and coordinates
operations in computer
Control unit repeats four
basic operations:
Fetch – obtain program
instruction or data item from
memory
D d – translate
Decode l
instruction into commands
Execute – carryy out
commands
Store – write result to
memory
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Machine Cycle
Four operations of the CPU comprise a machine
cycle
Al called
Also ll d in
instruction
tr ti n cycle
l
¾ Instruction time (i-time) – time taken to fetch and decode
¾ Execution time ((e-time)) – time taken to execute and store
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Example of a Machine Cycle

Student enters
math problem
(100 x 52) into
computer’s
memory
e oy
Result in
memory displays
on monitor’s
screen
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Available CPU Packages
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CPU’ss Speed Measuring

CPU
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Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)
CPU component that performs execution part of the machine
cycle
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Pipelining
CPU begins executing second instruction before completing
first instruction. Results in faster processing
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Register
Temporary storage area that holds data and instructions
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System Clock
Synchronizes all computer operations
Each tick is clock cycle
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Microprocessor
Single processor chip found in personal
computers
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Parallel Processing
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Computer Memory
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Memory:
Th CPU’s
The CPU’ Electronic
El i SScratchpad
h d
Memory is the temporary storage area for
operating system, application programs, and data
It consists of one or more chips on motherboard
Each byte stored in unique address
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How is Memory Measured?
Memory is measured by number of bytes available
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Random Access Memory (RAM)

Memory chips that can be read from and written to by processor
Most RAM is volatile
The more RAM a computer has, the faster it operates
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Cache
Helps speed computer processes
by storing frequently used
instructions and data
Also called Memory Cache,

Cache Store,, or RAM Cache
L1 cache built in processor
L2 and L3 cache not built in

processor
L2 advanced transfer cache most

common
ITM Lecture 1
Read-only
Read only Memory (ROM)
Memory chips that contain data
data, instructions
instructions, or information
that is recorded permanently
ITM Lecture 1
Types of ROM
Firmware
ROM chips manufactured with permanently written
data instructions,
data, instructions or information
PROM ((Programmable
g Read-Onlyy Memory)
y)
Blank ROM on which you can place items
permanently
y
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable

Read-Only Memory)
Type of PROM containing microcode programmer
can erase ITM Lecture 1
Flash Memory
Nonvolatile memory that can be erased electronically and
reprogrammed
Used with handheld computers and digital cameras, cellular

phones, and automobiles
ITM Lecture 1
CMOS
CMOS stand for Complementary
Metal-Oxide Semiconductor memory
Stores information about the computer

Type
T p off disk
di k drives
di
Keyboard
Monitor
Current time and date
Uses battery to retain information when

computer is turned off
ITM Lecture 1
Memory Access Time

Speed at which processor can access data from memory directly
Measured in nanoseconds (ns), which is one billionth of a second
It takes 1/10 of a second to blink your eye; a computer can

pperform upp to 10 million operations
p in same amount of time
ITM Lecture 1
Interface
ITM Lecture 1
Bits
its and Bytes
ytes and Number
Nu ber Systems
Syste s
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Bus
ITM Lecture 1
Expansion Bus
Allows processor to communicate with peripherals
ITM Lecture 1
Storage
ITM Lecture 1
What is Storage?
Media and devices used to store and retrieve data, instructions,
and information
ITM Lecture 1
How does storage
g differ from memory?
y
Stores items for future use,
use rather than temporarily
Storage is nonvolatile, rather than volatile
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How does Volatility Compare?
ITM Lecture 1
Storage
g Device and Storage
g Medium
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Reading and Writing
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Memory VS Storage (Summary)
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Floppy Disk
Portable inexpensive storage medium
Portable,
Today’s standard disk is 3.5” wide
ITM Lecture 1
What are the parts of a floppy disk?
Thin circular,
Thin, circular flexible file enclosed between two liners
ITM Lecture 1
How does a floppy disk work?
ITM Lecture 1
Tracks and Sectors
Track is narrow recording bank that forms full circle on disk
surface
Sector can store up to 512 bytes of data
ITM Lecture 1
How to Take Care a Floppy?

Proper care helps maximize disk
disk’ss life
Floppy disk can last at least seven years
ITM Lecture 1
What is a Write-protect
Write protect Notch?
Small opening with a cover that you slide
Protects floppy disks from being erased accidentally
ITM Lecture 1
High-capacity
High capacity Disk Drive
Uses disks with capacities of 100 MB and greater
Primarily used to backup files and transfer files
ITM Lecture 1
Hard Disk
High-capacity
High capacity storage
Consists of several inflexible, circular platters that store items

electronically
l t i ll
Components
p enclosed in airtight,
g , sealed case for pprotection
ITM Lecture 1
How does a Hard Disk Work

z Circuit
Ci it b
board
d controls
t l movementt
of head activator and small motor
z Small motor spins platters
z When software requests disk

access, read/write heads
determine location of data
z Head actuator positions

read/write head arms over correct
location on platters to read or
write data
ITM Lecture 1
What is a Cylinder?
z Location of a single track
through all platters
z Single movement of
read/write
d/ head
d arms can
read same track on all
platters
l
ITM Lecture 1
Disk Head
z High-capacity storage
z Consists of several inflexible,
inflexible circular platters
that store items electronically
z Components
C enclosed
l d iin airtight,
i i h sealed
l d case
for protection
ITM Lecture 1
Computer
p Storage
g
Sequential Access Direct Access
Storage Device Storage Device
Read/Write
Read/Write Head
Head
C
C B A E
E D
D
B
Disk Cache
Portion of memory processor uses to store
frequently accessed items
ITM Lecture 1
Disk Partition
z Formatted hard disk
divided into separate areas
called partitions
z Each partition functions

as if it were a separate
h d ddiskk drive
hard d
ITM Lecture 1
Removable Hard Disk

z Disk drive in which a plastic or metal case surrounds
the hard disk so you can remove it from the drive
z U d ffor b
Used backup
k or tto transfer
t f files
fil
ITM Lecture 1
ZIP Drive
z A high-capacity
high capacity floppy disk drive developed by Iomega
Corporation.
z Zipp disks are slightly
g y larger
g than conventional floppy
ppy disks,,
and about twice as thick.
z They can hold 100 or 250 MB of data.
z Because they're relatively inexpensive and durable, they have
become a popular media for backing up hard disks and for
transporting large files.
ITM Lecture 1
Compact Disc (CD)

z Storage medium
z Most PCs include some type of compact disc drive
z Available in variety of formats
ITM Lecture 1
Compact
p Disc Usage
g
z CD drives can read compact discs,
discs including
audio discs
ITM Lecture 1
How does a Laser Read Data

on a Compact
C Disc?
Di ?
z Laser diode shines light
g beam
toward compact disc
z If light strikes pit,

pit it scatters.
scatters If
light strikes land, it is reflected
back toward laser diode.
z Reflected light deflected to light-

sensing diode, which sends digital
signal of 1. Absence of reflected
light read as digital signal of 0
ITM Lecture 1
How Data Stored on a
C
Compact Di
Disc??
z Typically stores items in single track
z Track divided into evenly sized sectors that
store items
i
ITM Lecture 1
How should you Care for

a Compact Disc?
1
1. Do not expose to excessive
heat or sunlight
2. Do nott eat,
D t smoke,
k or drink
di k
near a disc
3. Do not stack
4. Do not touch underside
5. Store in jewel box when not in
use
6. Hold disc by its edges
ITM Lecture 1
What is a CD-ROM?
CD ROM?
z Compact disc that uses same laser technology as audio
z CDs for recording music
z Cannot erase or modify contents
z Typical CD-ROM holds about 650 MB
z Commonly used to distribute software and games
ITM Lecture 1
CD-R
CD R (Compact Disc
Disc-Recordable)
Recordable)
z Compact disc onto which you can record text,
text graphics,
graphics and
audio
z Write on CD-R using g CD burner (recorder)
( ) or CD-R drive and
special software
z CD-R drive can read and write both audio CDs and standard
CD-ROMs
z Cannot erase disc’s contents
ITM Lecture 1
CD-RW
CD RW (Compact Disc
Disc-Rewritable)
Rewritable)
z Erasable disc you can write on Multiple Times
z Must have a CD-RW disc,

disc CD-RW software
software, and CD-RW
drive
ITM Lecture 1
How to Create Audio CD?

z Step 1: Artist composes song and creates CD
z Step 2a: Song stored on audio CD and purchased
by user
OR
z Step 2b: Song compressed and stored on Internet
z Step 3a: User inserts audio CD into CDCD-ROM
ROM
drive, plays song, and copies it to hard disk
OR
z Step 3b: User downloads song as audio file to
hard disk
z Stepp 4: User copies
p file to CD-RW disc
z Step 5: User listens to song on personal computer
or removes CD and listens to song on portable
CD player
ITM Lecture 1
DVD-ROM
DVD ROM (Digital Video Disc
Disc-ROM)
ROM)
z High capacity compact disc capable of storing from 4.7
4 7 GB to
17 GB
z Must have DVD-ROM drive or DVD player to read DVD-

ROM
z Primarilyy used for movies
z Next-generation
g software will be delivered on
z DVD
ITM Lecture 1
How does a DVD

DVD-ROM
ROM store data?
z Two layers of pits are used,
used where lower layer is semitransparent
z Laser can read through it to upper layer
z DVD+RW is a rewritable DVD
ITM Lecture 1
Can I use a single drive to work with any
CD or DVD media? di ?
ITM Lecture 1
Tape
z Magnetically coated ribbon of plastic capable of
storing large amounts of data and information at
a low
l costt
z Primarilyy used for backup
p
ITM Lecture 1
Sequential Access vs.
vs Direct Access
Sequential Access
Reading and writing data consecutively
Major method used for tape
Direct Access
Can locate a particular data item or file immediately
Method used for floppy disks,
disks hard disks,
disks and compact
discs
Also called Random Access
ITM Lecture 1
Enterprise Storage System

Strategy that focuses on availability,
availability protection,
protection
organization, and backup of storage in a
p y
company
ITM Lecture 1
Miniature Mobile Storage Media
Handheld devices use to augment internal
storage
ITM Lecture 1
Microfilm and Microfiche

z Store microscopic images of documents on a roll or a sheet
of film
z Images
g recorded usingg a Computer
p Output
p Microfilm
(COM) Recorder
ITM Lecture 1
Life Expectancies of Various Media
ITM Lecture 1
Unit 2b: Technology Trends
ITM Lecture 1
Overall
z Cost pperformance advantageg of computers
p over manual
labor
z The dominance of the GUI concept p
z Dramatic increases to storage
z The use of intelligent agents to make computers appear
‘smarter’
z Computers will become to be increasingly smaller in size
and more portable
z Tiny computers: A consequence of nanotechnology
z An increasing importance in artificial intelligence and expert
systems
ITM Lecture 1
Hardware
z Lower Cost and Greater Capability – Advances in materials
science, manufacturing, and concepts of computing promise to
maintain the historic growth pattern in hardware power.
Hardware prices have dropped while their capacity has
increased. The improved capabilities of the computer include
higher speed and larger storage capacity.
z Better Reliability – As hardware becomes cheaper, it is easier
to justify hardware redundancy, which means having standby
or duplicate
d plicate hardware
hard are to act as a fallback in cases of hardware
hard are
failure.
z Portability – Computers are becoming smaller and more
portable. This can be seen in the notebook and palmtop
computers.
ITM Lecture 1
Networked Computing
z Mobile and wireless applications will play an
important role in the coming future
z Home computing will be integrated with various
pp
electronic services to create smart appliances
z E-commerce will grow at an exponential rate
z The Internet will continue to penetrate every
level of societies around the world
z Business to Business commerce will be
increasingly done electronically
ITM Lecture 1
Implications of Increased Computerization

z The trends in computer
p hardware will continue to result in greater
g usage
g of
computers and information processing. Many or all aspects of business
organizations will be impacted with increasing usage of computers.
z The increased importance of computers will brings in a number of issues

and risks that needs to be aware
z Security – There will be greater concern for security, especially in
view of the fact that all documents could be accessed by a hacker using
via Internet or telephone lines
lines.
z Connectivity – Various types of hardware and software purchased by
different sections of an organization could result in problems in
connecting
i theh computer hardware,
h d integrating
i i the
h applications
li i
software and sharing the data.
ITM Lecture 1
Convergence of Technologies
z Historically,
y, data processing,
p g, telecommunications and office services have
evolved separately.
z Office services or systems include many equipment found in the office
and which we take for granted today
today.
z Data processing involves computers and software.
z The telephone
p was not related to either technology.
gy
z In the last few decades, we have seen a gradual merger of these

technologies.
h l i
z It would not be possible to have the international computer networks
we know without usingg the telephone
p network for data transmission.
z Similarly, the telephone systems are now managed using computers.
ITM Lecture 1
Intelligent Building
z Many end-user computing tools help to automate the office
andd therefore
h f these
h concepts applied.
li d
z Types of Telecommunication Services

z The services to be considered include computer data,
telephones and faxes, videoconferencing and so on. The
media
di usedd is
i usually
ll the
th telephone
t l h network
t k but
b t there
th are
different options which must be considered to meet the
traffic requirements.
z Transportation
z The lifts,
lifts escalators and other transportation means must be
carefully integrated. An intelligent building will ensure that
lifts are sent to the floors which need them most.
ITM Lecture 1
Questions & Discussion
ITM Lecture 1

ITM Lecture 1

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INFORMATICS

z Information Technology is the hardware and software that

z Information technology – any computer-based tool that

z Information technology is an important enabler of business

Whyy use Information Technology?

z Has played a substantial role in most

z Has altered the concept of time and distance

z May potentially impact society

Information Technology Defined

“the acquisition, processing, storage and

z Management information systems (MIS) – the

z MIS is a business function, similar to Accounting,

 Process (treated to get useful information)

•Pay Scale •Total

A. Berger Shoes A. Berger is most

Data Information Knowledge &

 Hardware is the pphysical

 Hardware is the physical part of the

 The basic components of a computer

Different types of Computers

Computer Software and Interfaces

System and Application Software

you can use to perform a task

Unit 2a: Computer Hardware

Output Devices - Summary

Inside A Computer System

Exposed System Unit

Whyy needd Input

 Computers are electronic devices operating

What is an Input Device?

Input Device - Mouse

 More precise than

Input Device – Scanner

 It is an electronic device used in making color separations.

 Originals are placed on drums, which

 Scanners utilize electronic circuits

 Can read text printed with magnetized link

Output Devices - Display

 Information on a display device sometimes is called Soft

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

How does a Laser Printer Work?

 Large-format printer similar to plotter and is used to print

Other Output Devices

 Speakers and headsets are common devices

Facsimile (FAX) Machine

Automated Teller Machine (ATM)

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Example of a Machine Cycle

CPU’ss Speed Measuring

 Each tick is clock cycle

Random Access Memory (RAM)

 Most RAM is volatile

 The more RAM a computer has, the faster it operates

 Also called Memory Cache,

 L1 cache built in processor

 L2 and L3 cache not built in

 L2 advanced transfer cache most

 EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable

 Used with handheld computers and digital cameras, cellular

 Stores information about the computer

 Uses battery to retain information when

Memory Access Time

 Measured in nanoseconds (ns), which is one billionth of a second

Process (treated to get useful information)

Hardware is the pphysical

Hardware is the physical part of the

The basic components of a computer

Computers are electronic devices operating

More precise than

It is an electronic device used in making color separations.

Originals are placed on drums, which

Scanners utilize electronic circuits

Can read text printed with magnetized link

Information on a display device sometimes is called Soft

Large-format printer similar to plotter and is used to print

Speakers and headsets are common devices

Each tick is clock cycle

Most RAM is volatile

The more RAM a computer has, the faster it operates

Also called Memory Cache,

L1 cache built in processor

L2 and L3 cache not built in

L2 advanced transfer cache most

EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable

Used with handheld computers and digital cameras, cellular

Stores information about the computer

Uses battery to retain information when

Measured in nanoseconds (ns), which is one billionth of a second

It takes 1/10 of a second to blink your eye; a computer can

Storage is nonvolatile, rather than volatile

Today’s standard disk is 3.5” wide

Sector can store up to 512 bytes of data

Floppy disk can last at least seven years

Protects floppy disks from being erased accidentally

Primarily used to backup files and transfer files

Consists of several inflexible, circular platters that store items

Also called Random Access