6221601

Midterm 1 (a) Solutions

1. (5 marks) Determine a region of the xy-plane for which the initial value problem y xy = 0; y(1) = 2 would have a unique solution. Justify your answer. Solution. y xy = 0 Therefore we have y = xy xy. and 1 f = y 2 x y

f (x, y) =

f (x, y) and f are continuous when y = 0 and either both x and y are positive or y negative. The initial condition is y(1) = 2. Since x0 and y0 are both negative, the given IVP will have a unique solution in the region {(x, y)|x < 0, y < 0}. This is the largest region of uniqueness, one smaller region will be {(x, y)| 2 < x < 0, 3 < y < 1}. 2. (9 marks) Solve the dierential equation by using an appropriate substitution dy = y(xy 3 1) dx
dy dy Solution. dx = y(xy 3 1) dx + y = xy 4 . This is Bernoullis equation with n = 4 so we take u = y 1n = y 14 = y 3 , where y = 0. 1 dy 1 4 du y = u 3 = u 3 dx 3 dx Substituting these values in the Bernoullis equation, we obtain
1 4 1 4 du u 3 + u 3 = xu 3 3 dx du 4 Multiplying by 3u 3 , we obtain 3u = 3x dx This is a linear equation and the integrating factor is

(1)

I.F. = e

P (x) dx

= e

3 dx

= e3x

Multiplying equation (1) by e3x , we obtain du d 3x 3e3x u = 3xe3x (e u) = 3xe3x dx dx Integrating both sides with respect to x, we obtain e3x e
3x

e3x u = 3[x 3

e3x e3x e3x 3x dx] e u = 3[x ]+c 3 3 3(3) e3x 1 + c] u = x + + ce3x 3 3

u = e3x [xe3x + Replacing u by y 3 , we obtain

1 1 1 + ce3x or y = [x + + ce3x ] 3 3 3 y = 0 is also a solution of the dierential equation.

y 3 = x +

3. (12 marks) (a) Determine whether the given dierential equation is exact. If it is exact, then solve it, (x + sin y)dx + (x cos y + ln y)dy = 0. (b) Find an appropriate integrating factor to make the following equation exact. cos xdx + (1 + 2y) sin xdy = 0 Do not solve the resulting equation Solution. (a) M = x + sin y and N = x cos y + ln y. My = cos y and Nx = cos y Since My = Nx , the given equation is an exact equation. Now f =M x f = x + sin y x

Integrating partially with respect to x we obtain f (x, y) = Also f =N y x2 + x sin y + g(y) 2

x cos y + g (y) = x cos y + ln y g (y) = ln y

Integrating by parts, we obtain g(y) = y ln y y. 2 So f (x, y) = x + x sin y + y ln y y and the solution of the given equation is 2 f (x, y) = c x2 + x sin y + y ln y y = c 2

(b) The given equation is cos xdx + (1 + 2y) sin xdy = 0 M = cos x and N = (1 + 2y) sin x My = 0 and Nx = (1 + 2y) cos x Since My = Nx , the given equation is not an exact equation. Now My Nx 0 (1 + 2y) cos x cos x = = N (1 + 2y) sin x sin x This is function of x only, so the integrating factor is (x) = e Alternatively,
R
x cos x dx sin

= e ln | sin x| = eln | csc x| = | csc x|

Nx My (1 + 2y) cos x 0 = = 1 + 2y M cos x This is function of y only, so the integrating factor is (y) = e
R

(1+2y) dy

= ey+y

We can use any of the integrating factor to make the equation exact.

4. (7 marks) Solve the dierential equation: (y 2 1)dx + 2(x2 x)ydy = 0. Solution. Given equation can be written as 2ydy dx = y2 1 (x x2 ) 2ydy dx = y2 1 x(1 x)

provided x = 0, x = 1, and y = 1. This is a separable dierential equation and now we integrate both sides 2ydy dx = 21 y x(1 x) 2ydy dx dx = + (using partial fraction) 21 y x 1x ln |y 2 1| = ln |x| ln |1 x| + c ln |y 2 1| ln |x| + ln |1 x| = c (y 2 1)(1 x) ln =c x (y 2 1)(1 x) = ec x 2 (y 1)(1 x) = ec = c1 , where c1 = ec . x Note that we have excluded the case y = 1 and y = 1 in the process of solving the above solution. If we substitute y = 1 or y = 1 into the original equation (y 2 1)dx + 2(x2 x)ydy = 0, we see that y = 1 and y = 1 are also solutions of the given dierential equation. 5. (8 marks) A large tank is partially lled with 600 gallons of uid in which 12 pounds of salt is dissolved. Brine solution containing 3 pounds of salt per gallons is pumped into the tank at a rate of 6 gal/min. The well mixed solution is then pumped out at a rate of 8 gal/min. Find the number of pounds of salt present in the tank at any time t, (0 t 300). Solution. Let A(t) be the amount of salt in the tank at any time t. The dierential equation is dA = Rin Rout dt 8A 4A 8A = = Now Rin = (3)(6) = 18 and Rout = 600 + (6 8)t 600 2t 300 t Thus the dierential equation is 4A dA 4A dA = 18 + = 18 dt 300 t dt 300 t I.F. = e
R
4 300t

(1)

dt

= e4 ln |300t| = (300 t)4 3

Multiplying Equation (1) by I.F., we have (300 t)4 dA 4A + (300 t)4 = 18(300 t)4 dt 300 t d [(300 t)4 A] = 18(300 t)4 dt 18(300 t)3 (300 t)4 A = +c (3)(1) A = 6(300 t) + c(300 t)4

We are given that A(0) = 12, so we have 12 = 6(300) + c(300)4 c = 1788 = 0.00000022 (300)4

The amount of salt in the tank at time t is A = 6(300t)0.00000022(300t)4 6. (9 marks) (a) Given f1 (x) = cos 2x and f2 (x) = sin 2x. Determine whether f1 and f2 are linearly independent on the interval (, ). Justify your answer. (b) Given that y1 (x) = ln x is a solution of dierential equation xy + y = 0. Find a second solution y2 of the equation which is linearly independent of y1 . Solution. (a) The Wronskian of the functions f1 and f2 is W (cos 2x, sin 2x) = cos 2x sin 2x 2 sin 2x 2 cos 2x = 2 cos2 2x + 2 sin2 2x = 2 = 0

for every x. We conclude that the given functions are linearly independent. (b) We know that the second solution will be y2 = uy1 = u ln x. We can nd u by the formula or by substituting y2 into the given equation. In order to use the formula, we rewrite the given equation as 1 y + y =0 x So P (x) =
1 x

and the formula for u gives u= = e

R

P (x)dx 2 y1
1

dx =

e x dx dx = (ln x)2 1 1 dx = 2 x(ln x) ln x

e ln x dx (ln x)2

eln x dx = (ln x)2

The integral is found by substituting w = ln x, also we have not written ln |x| for 1 the integral of x because we are given that y = ln x is a solution which means that 1 x > 0. Now the second solution is y2 = ln x ln x = 1 or we can say that y2 = 1.
u 1 Alternatively, let y = u ln x, then y = u + u ln x and y = x2 + 2u x + u ln x. x Substituting these values in the given equation xy + y = 0, we obtain

u u ln x + 2 + 2u + u x ln x + + u ln x = 0 u + u =0 x x x ln x 4

Let u = w, then u = w , and the above equation becomes a linear equation in w, w + The integrating factor is I.F. = e
R
ln x+2 dx x ln x

ln x + 2 w=0 x ln x
R

=e

2 [ xln xx + x ln x dx] ln

=e

1 2 [ x + x ln x dx]

= eln x+2 ln | ln x| = eln[x(ln x) ] = x(ln x)2

Multiplying by the integrating factor, we obtain x(ln x)2 w + ln x(ln x + 2)w = 0 d (x(ln x)2 w) = 0 dx
c . x(ln x)2

Integrating with respect to x, we obtain x(ln x)2 w = c w = c Since w = u , we have u = x(ln x)2 . Integrating, we obtain u= c + c1 ln x
1 ln x

Choosing c = 1 and c1 = 0, we have u = 1 y2 = u ln x = ln x ln x = 1.

and therefore the second solution is