Steel Wire Ropes

Handling | Classification | Security Factors | Uses and Recomendations

Steel Wire Ropes

Rope are made up of steel wires, generally braided in a helix (spiral) forming the units known as strands. The strands in the wire rope can vary in accordance with desired properties.

Wires
Wires are produced by reducing the diameter of the base wire, after passing through dies or matrices all the while having an axial force applied to it. The wires properties depend on chemical composition, microstructures, inclusion level, grain size, segregations and process conditions. Wires must comply with the required ASTM A 1007, JIS G 3525, API 9 A, RRW 410 F and ISO 2232 standards.

Dimensions and Tolerances

The cable diameter complies with the tolerances established in the following table:
TABLE 1
Wire rope Diameter in mm or in. 10 (3/8) >10 (3/8) % Tolerance No Load +6 +2 +5 +2 5% MBL +5 +1 +4 +1 10% MBL +4 0 +3 0

Strands
Strands are formed by wires of the same or different diameters, twisted over a central core.

Core
The core or nucleus is the central axis of the wire rope, around which strands are wrapped. We use various cores, including steel, natural fiber or synthetic.

Diameter Measurement

Wire Rope
Group of strands twisted helicoidally around a core or nucleus.
CORRECT METHOD INCORRECT METHOD

The wire rope and its Components: Wire Strand Core

Correct Method: Place the measurement device on the widest part of the wire rope. Incorrect Method: This is not the wire ropes widest diameter.

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Steel Wire Ropes

Lay length
The lay of a steel wire rope is determined by the form in which the strands are rolled in the wire rope and the way the wires are rolled in the strands. The length of lay of a steel wire rope is the linear measured distance, from one point of the strand to another point on the same strand after completing a pass around the core of the wire rope (360). According to the direction of the strands over the core, ray can be to the right or the left. According to the direction of the wires in the strands and the rolling of these over the core, the wire rope can be of two types: regular lay or lang lay. These can also be rolled to the left or right. Regular Lay: The position of the wires in the strands is opposite to the direction of the wire rope, see following figures. This type of configuration allows the wire rope to be compact, well balanced and with excellent stability. Lang Lay: The position of the wires in the strands is provides the same as the direction of their strands in the wire rope. These have excellent fatigue resistance as well as resistance to abrasion damage.
PASO REGULAR IZQUIERDO PASO REGULAR DERECHO

RIGHT REGULAR LAY

Wires parallel to the wire ropes axis

Strands in diagonal towards the right

LEFT REGULAR LAY

Wires parallel to the wire ropes axis

Strands in diagonal towards the left

RIGHT LANG LAY

Wires diagonal to the wire rope axis

PASO LANG DERECHO

Strands in diagonal towards the right

LEFT LANG LAY.

Wires diagonal to the wire ropes axis

PASO LANG IZQUIERDO

Strands in diagonal towards the left

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Steel Wire Rope Handling

1

INSTALLATION

To install the wire rope in the winch or drum, its advisable to follow the following instructions: Before installing a new wire rope, the pulleys and drums should be check to make sure they have no degradation or defects. When degradation is found in the pulley and/or drums, this should be rectified with new ones matching the profile and diameter of the new wire rope. Turning or rotating the free end of the wire rope can cause the de-braiding of the wire rope. The terminals and/or accessories cannot be removed or installed without making sure that the twist is maintained. The wire ropes should not be stored in places that emit corrosive vapors and should not be in contact with the floor.

STORAGE

TRANSpORT

MAINTENANCE

This transportation operation should be performed in such a way as to completely avoid any possible of contact of between the wire rope and loading equipment.

Maintenance should be composed of inspections, lubrication, cleaning with regular frequency, registering of adjustments, noted defects and incidents related to the degradation of the wire rope. The inspection should always include the settling up of the terminals, with emphasis on the point of entry.

LUBRICATION

An adequate lubrication prolongs the useful life of a wire rope because it reduces corrosion and the abrasion caused by the friction of the strands, wires and of the wire rope against the pulleys. The frequency of lubrication depends on the following factors: Retained lubrication from the manufacturing process Elevator use Security factor and working temperature

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Steel Wire Rope Handling

6

MANIpULATION

INCORRECT FORM

CORRECT FORM

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Steel Wire Ropes Classification

Steel Wire Ropes are classified by diameter, number of strands, type of core and construction.

4. WARRINGTON STRAND

The types of strands in wire ropes are:

1. SIMpLE CAp COMMON STRAND
TORON 1X25

This strand is characterized by having an exterior cap formed by wires of two different diameters, alternating their position in the crown. The type of strand most commonly used is 1+6+6/6=19
TORON 1X7

The most common example of simple lay strand construction is comprised of seven wires. It has a central wire and six wires of the same diameter that revolves around it. The most common composition is 1+6=7.

5. WARRINGTON SEALE STRAND

2. SEALE STRAND
TORON 1X36

This is a combination of the previous two strands and combines their best qualities: The conjunction of fine interior wires allows for flexibility, while the exterior cap of wider diameter wires, gives resistance to abrasion. The most common construction is 1+7+7/7+14=36
TORON 1X19

Construction in which the last cap contains the larger diameter wires than the interior lay, giving the strand more resistance to abrasion. The most common composition is 1+9+9=19.

3. FILLER STRAND

TORON 1X26

6x26 steel cable combines resistance to flexion and abrasion, given good behavior during usage 1+5+(5+5)+10=26

TORON 1X26

This strand is distinguished by having fine threads that fill the existing spaces between two wire layers. This type of strand is used when a large metallic section wire ropes is required with a good overwhelm resistance. The most common composition is 1+6/6+12=25.

Most Common Wire Rope Constructions

The physical and mechanical properties of the different constructions that EMCOCABLES manufactures are detailed in the following tables. These are taken using the ASTM 1023 standard.

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Classification

6x7 FibeR CoRe (FC)

Wire Rope Construction Item Strands External Strands Strand Cap
CABLE 6X7 ALMA DE FIBRA (AF)

Strand Construction Item Wires External Wires Layer Wires Quanitity 5 to 9 4 to 8 1 6 6 1

Quantity

Wires

30 to 54

TABLE 2
Diameter
in 1/4 7 5/16 8 9 3/8 10 11 7/16 12 1/2 13 14 9/16 5/8 16 18 19 3/4 20 22 7/8 24 1 26 28 1 1/8 1 1/4 32 1 3/8 36 1 1/2 IPS = Improved Plow Steel mm 6

Approx Weight lb/ft kg/m IPS Tons 0.08 0.124 0.09 0.139 2.64 0.11 0.169 0.15 0.217 4.10 0.15 0.221 0.19 0.279 0.21 0.313 5.86 0.23 0.345 0.28 0.417 0.29 0.426 7.93 0.33 0.497 0.37 0.556 10.3 0.39 0.583 0.45 0.676 0.47 0.704 13.0 0.58 0.869 15.9 0.59 0.883 0.75 1.118 0.84 1.245 0.84 1.252 22.7 0.93 1.380 1.12 1.670 1.15 1.704 30.7 1.34 1.987 1.50 2.226 39.7 1.57 2.332 1.82 2.705 1.89 2.817 49.8 2.34 3.478 61.0 2.37 3.533 2.83 4.208 73.1 3.00 4.471 3.37 5.008 86.2 EIPS = Extra Improved Plow Steel

Minimun Break Load 1770 kN EIP Tons 21.2 2.90 28.8 4.51 37.6 47.6 6.45 58.8 71.1 8.72 84.6 11.3 99.3 115 14.3
150 190 212 25.0 235 284 33.8 338 43.7 397 461 54.8 67.1 602 80.4 762 94.8 For Ton/Met. Multiply by 0.9072

Diameter Range 1960 kN Min (in) Max (in) 23.4 0.236 0.248 0.250 0.263 31.9 0.276 0.289 0.313 0.328 41.6 0.315 0.331 52.7 0.354 0.372 0.375 0.394 65.1 0.394 0.413 78.7 0.433 0.455 0.438 0.459 93.7 0.472 0.496 0.500 0.525 110 0.512 0.537 128 0.551 0.579 0.563 0.591 0.625 0.656 167 0.630 0.661 211 0.709 0.744 235 0.748 0.785 0.750 0.788 260 0.787 0.827 315 0.866 0.909 0.875 0.919 375 0.945 0.992 1.000 1.050 440 1.024 1.075 510 1.102 1.157 1.125 1.181 1.250 1.313 666 1.260 1.323 1.375 1.444 843 1.417 1.488 1.500 1.575 For Kg./Mt. Multiply by 1.488

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Classification

6x7 Steel CoRe (SC)

Cable Construction Item Strands External Strands Strand Cap Wires
Approx Weight
mm

CABLE 6X7 ALMA DE ACERO (AA)

Quantity 6 6 1 30 to 54
Minimun Break Load
IPS Tons 1770 kN EIP Tons

Strand Construction Quanitity 5 to 9 Wires 4 to 8 External Wires 1 Layers Wire Item

TABLE 3 Diameter Range
1960 kN Min (in) Max (in)

Diameter
in

6 1/4 7 5/16 8 9 3/8 10 11 7/16 12 1/2 13 14 9/16 5/8 16 18 19 3/4 20 22 7/8 24 1 26 28 1 1/8 1 1/4 32 1 3/8 36 1 1/2 IPS = Improved Plow Steel

lb/ft 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.17 0.17 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.33 0.33 0.39 0.43 0.45 0.53 0.55 0.68 0.69 0.87 0.97 0.98 1.08 1.30 1.33 1.55 1.73 1.82 2.11 2.19 2.71

kg/m 0.144 0.161 0.196 0.252 0.256 0.324 0.363 0.400 0.484 0.494 0.576 0.645 0.676 0.784 0.817 1.008 1.024 1.296 1.444 1.452 1.600 1.936 1.976 2.304 2.581 2.704 3.136 3.266 4.032

22.9 2.84 31.1 4.41 40.7 51.5 6.30 63.5 76.9 8.52 91.5 11.1 107 125 14.0 17.1 163 206 229 24.4 254 308 33.0 366 42.7 430 498 53.5 65.6 651 78.6 824 92.7 102 For Ton/Met. Multiply by 0.9072 86.5 58.9 72.2 47.0 36.3 26.8 15.4 18.8 12.2 9.37 6.93 4.85 3.12

25.3 34.5 45.0 57.0 70.4 85.1 101 119 138

180 228 254 281 341 405 476 552

0.236 0.250 0.276 0.313 0.315 0.354 0.375 0.394 0.433 0.438 0.472 0.500 0.512 0.551 0.563 0.625 0.630 0.709 0.748 0.750 0.787 0.866 0.875 0.945 1.000 1.024 1.102 1.125 1.250 1.260 1.375 1.417 1.500

0.250 0.265 0.292 0.331 0.331 0.372 0.394 0.413 0.455 0.459 0.496 0.525 0.537 0.579 0.591 0.656 0.661 0.744 0.785 0.788 0.827 0.909 0.919 0.992 1.050 1.075 1.157 1.181 1.313 1.323 1.444 1.488 1.575

2.75 3.28 3.48 3.90

4.096 4.879 5.184 5.806

721 912

EIPS = Extra Improved Plow Steel

For Kg./Mt. Multiply by 1.488

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Classification

6x19 AND 6x26 (FC SC)

Cable Construction Strands External Strands Strand Cap Wires Item Quantity 6 6 1 90 to 154

CABLE 6X7 ALMA DE ACERO (AA)

CABLE 6X7 ALMA DE FIBRA (AF)

Strand Construction Item Quanitity Wires 15 to 26 External Wires 7 to 12 Layers Wire 2 to 3

TYpICAL ExAMpLES Wire Ropes 6 X 19 S 6 X 21 F 6 X 26 WS 6 X 19 W 6 X 25 F Strands 1-9-9 1-5-5F-10 1-5-(5+5)-10 1-6-(6+6) 1-6-6F-12 Total 54 60 60 72 72

NUMBER OF ExTERNAL WIRES Per Strand 9 10 10 12 12

TABLE 4
Fiber Core Diametro (in) 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 9/16 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 1 1/8 1 1/4 1 3/8 1 1/2 1 5/8 1 3/4 1 7/8 2 2 1/8 2 1/4 Approx. Weight (kg/m) 0.149 0.238 0.357 0.476 0.625 0.789 0.982 1.399 1.92 2.5 3.17 3.913 4.732 5.625 6.571 7.663 8.794 10.074 11.294 12.663 6x19 Seale (1+9+9) Break Load in Kgf IpS 2.485 3.865 5.535 7.504 9.709 12.250 15.154 21.043 28.480 37.006 46.530 57.142 68.752 81.360 94.331 109.750 124.263 141.466 158.730 176.870 EIpS 2.730 4.254 6.086 8.254 10.703 13.515 16.689 23.764 32.109 41.723 52.517 64.490 77.551 91.609 107.029 123.356 140.589 159.637 178.684 199.546 Approx. Weight (kg/m) 0.172 0.267 0.386 0.520 0.684 0.877 1.070 1.546 2.111 2.75 3.479 4.29 5.20 6.18 7.256 8.431 9.667 10.988 12.416 13.918 Steel Core Break Load in Kgf IpS 2.603 4.054 5.805 7.864 10.159 12.789 15.873 22.676 30.567 39.728 49.977 61.405 73.832 87.437 101.587 117.913 134.240 152.380 169.614 190.476 EIpS 3.011 4.662 6.676 9.025 11.791 14.875 18.231 26.032 35.193 45.714 57.506 70.658 84.898 100.680 117.007 135.147 154.195 175.057 195.465 218.594

6x26 Warrington Seale (1+5+5/5+10)

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Classification

6x36 (FC SC) Typical Examples

Wire Ropes 6 X 31 WS 6 X 36 WS 6 X 41 WS 6 X 41 SF
CABLE 6X36 ALMA DE ACERO (AA)

Number of External Wires

Strands Total 72 84 96 96 96 108 Per Strand 12 14 16 16 16 18

1-6-(6+6)-12 1-7-(7+7)-14 1-8-(8+8)-16 1-8-8-8F-16 1-8-8-(8+8)-16 1-9-(9+9)-18

CABLE 6X36 ALMA DE FIBRA (AF)

6 X 49 SWS 6 X 46 WS

TABLE 5
Fiber Core Diameter (in) 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 9/16 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 1 1/8 1 1/4 1 3/8 1 1/2 1 5/8 1 3/4 1 7/8 2 2 1/8 2 1/4 Approx. Weight (kg/m) 0.156 0.243 0.350 0.475 0.624 0.788 0.98 1.41 1.918 2.498 3.167 3.91 4.728 5.62 6.60 7.658 8.788 9.99 11.28 12.6 Break Load in kgf 2.186 3.383 4.852 6.575 8.571 10.793 13.242 18.957 25.668 33.288 41.814 51.338 61.859 73.197 85.170 98.866 112.471 126.984 142.403 159.183 Steel Core Approx. Weight (kg/m) 0.172 0.267 0.386 0.520 0.684 0.877 1.070 1.546 2.111 2.75 3.479 4.29 5.20 6.18 7.256 8.431 9.667 10.988 12.416 13.918 Break Load in kgf 2.340 3.646 5.215 7.095 9.161 11.519 14.240 20.317 27.482 35.736 44.988 55.238 66.485 78.730 91.609 106.122 121.541 136.961 153.287 171.428

Wire Ropes produced in accordance with RR-W-410E Standards The break loads for galvanized wire ropes, is 10% less than the values listed in this table

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Classification

8x19 AND 8x25

Cable Construction Item Quantity Strands External Strands Strand Cap Wires in Cable
CABLE 8X19 ALMA DE ACERO (AA)

Strand Construction Item Quanitity Wires External Wires Layers Wire 15 to 26 7 to 12 2 to 3

CABLE 8X25 ALMA DE ACERO (AA)

8 8 1 120 to 232

TYpICAL ExAMpLES
Wire Ropes 8 X 19 S 8 X 21 F 8 X 26 WS 8 X 19 W 8 X 25 F Strands 1-9-9 1-5-5F-10 1-5-(5+5)-10 1-6-(6+6) 1-6-6F-12 72 80 80 96 96

NUMBER OF ExTERNAL WIRES

Total Per Strand 9 10 10 12 12

pHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL pROpERTIES OF 8x19 pARALLEL LAYERS

Approx. Mass Nominal Diameter Fiber Core Natural Fiber mm (in) kg/100m 5/16 10 11 13 16 19 22 22,2 34,7 42 58,6 88,8 125 168 kg/100m 21,7 33,9 41 57,3 86,8 122 164 Synthetic Fiber 1570 N/mm2 simple tension; 1370/1770 N/mm2. Double Tension. Both are calculated using a simple tension of 1500 N/mm2

TABLE 6

Min. Break Load corresponding to the nominal tension grade Ro of the wires:

kN 1770 N/mm2 Simple Tension

28,1 44 53,2 74,3 113 159 213

33,2 51,9 62,8 87,6 133 187 251

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Classification

TABLE 7
Diameter in 1/4 5/16 mm 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Approx Weight 1770 kN lb/ft kg/m IPS Tons 0.11 0.161 22.7 0.12 0.180 2.94 0.15 0.219 30.9 0.19 0.281 4.58 0.19 0.285 40.3 0.24 0.361 51.0 0.27 0.405 6.56 0.30 0.446 63.0 0.36 0.540 76.2 0.37 0.551 8.89 0.43 0.642 90.7 0.48 0.719 11.5 0.51 0.754 106 0.59 0.874 124 0.61 0.910 14.5 0.76 1.124 17.7 0.77 1.142 161 0.97 1.445 204 1.08 1.610 227 1.09 1.619 25.6 1.20 1.784 252 1.45 2.159 305 1.48 2.203 34.6 1.73 2.569 363 1.93 2.877 44.9 2.03 3.015 426 2.35 3.497 494 2.45 3.642 56.5 3.02 4.496 69.4 3.07 4.567 645 3.66 5.440 83.5 3.88 5.780 817 4.35 6.474 98.9 4.80 7.136 1008 5.11 7.598 115 5.80 8.635 1220 5.92 8.812 133 6.80 10.116 152 6.91 10.276 1452 7.73 11.510 172 8.10 12.060 1704 8.73 12.993 192 9.40 13.087 1976 9.79 14.567 215 10.79 16.056 2268 10.91 16.230 239 EIPS = Extra Improved Plow Steel Minumun Break Load EIP Tons EIP Tons 1960 kN 25.1 3.40 34.2 5.27 44.7 56.5 7.55 8.30 69.8 84.4 10.2 11.2 100 13.3 14.6 118 137 16.8 18.5 20.6 22.7 179 226 252 29.4 32.4 279 338 39.8 43.8 402 51.7 56.9 472 547 65.0 71.5 79.9 87.9 715 96.0 106 904 114 125 1116 132 146 1351 153 169 174 192 1608 198 217 1887 221 243 2188 247 272 2512 274 301 For Ton/Met. Multiply by 0.9072 Diameter Range 2160 kN Min (in) Max (in) 27.7 0.236 0.250 0.250 0.265 37.7 0.276 0.292 0.313 0.331 49.2 0.315 0.331 62.3 0.354 0.372 0.375 0.394 76.9 0.394 0.413 93.0 0.433 0.455 0.438 0.459 111 0.472 0.496 0.500 0.525 130 0.512 0.537 151 0.551 0.579 0.563 0.591 0.625 0.656 197 0.630 0.661 249 0.709 0.744 278 0.748 0.785 0.750 0.788 308 0.787 0.827 372 0.866 0.909 0.875 0.919 443 0.945 0.992 1.000 1.050 520 1.024 1.075 603 1.102 1.157 1.125 1.181 1.250 1.313 787 1.260 1.323 1.375 1.444 997 1.417 1.488 1.500 1.575 1230 1.575 1.654 1.625 1.706 1489 1.732 1.819 1.750 1.838 1.875 1.969 1772 1.890 1.984 2.000 2.100 2079 2.047 2.150 2.125 2.231 2411 2.205 2.315 2.250 2.363 2768 2.362 2.480 2.375 2.494 For Kg./Mt. Multiply by 1.488

3/8

7/16 1/2

9/16 5/8

3/4

16 18 19 20 22 24 26 28

7/8 1

11/8 11/4 13/8 11/2 1 5/8 1 3/4 1 7/8 2 2 1/8 2 1/4

32 36 40 44

48 52 56

60 2 1/2 IPS = Improved Plow Steel

Wire Ropes produced in accordance with RR-W-410E Standards The break loads for galvanized finish wire ropes, is 10% less than the values listed in this table

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Classification

18x7 AND 19x7 FibeR CoRe (FC)

Cable Construction Item Strands External Strands Strand Cap Wires Quantity 17 to 18 10 to 13 2 85 to 126 Item Wires External Wires Layers Wire Strand Construction Quantity 5 to 7 4 to 6 1

CABLE 18 x7 ALMA DE FIBRA (AF)

TYpICAL ExAMpLES
Wire Ropes 8 X 19 S 8 X 21 F 8 X 26 WS 8 X 19 W 8 X 25 F Strands 1-9-9 1-5-5F-10 1-5-(5+5)-10 1-6-(6+6) 1-6-6F-12 Total 72 80 80 96 96

NUMBER OF ExTERNAL WIRES

Per Strand 9 10 10 12 12

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Classification

18x7 AND 19x7 Steel CoRe (SC) Diameter

in 1/4 7 5/16 8 9 3/8 10 11 7/16 12 1/2 13 14 9/16 5/8 16 18 19 3/4 20 22 7/8 24 1 26 28 1 1/8 1 1/4 32 1 3/8 36 1 1/2 IPS = Improved Plow Steel mm 6

TABLE 8 Minumun Break Load Diameter Range

EIP Tons 2.77 28.4 3.90 37.2 47.0 5.59 58.1 70.2 7.58 83.6 9.85 98.1 114 12.4 15.3 149 188 210 21.8 232 281 29.5 334 38.3 392 455 48.2 59.2 594 71.3 752 84.4 For Ton/Met. Multiply by 0.9072 92.8 78.4 833 53.1 65.1 658 42.2 435 504 32.5 370 24.0 257 311 13.6 16.8 165 208 232 10.8 109 126 8.33 92.6 6.15 64.3 77.8 4.30 41.1 52.1 31.5 2160 kN 23.1 Min (in) 0.236 0.250 0.276 0.313 0.315 0.354 0.375 0.394 0.433 0.438 0.472 0.500 0.512 0.551 0.563 0.625 0.630 0.709 0.748 0.750 0.787 0.866 0.875 0.945 1.000 1.024 1.102 1.125 1.250 1.260 1.375 1.417 1.500 Max (in) 0.248 0.263 0.289 0.328 0.331 0.372 0.394 0.413 0.455 0.459 0.496 0.525 0.537 0.579 0.591 0.656 0.661 0.744 0.785 0.788 0.827 0.909 0.919 0.992 1.050 1.075 1.157 1.181 1.313 1.323 1.444 1.488 1.575 EIP Tons 2.51 1960 kN 20.9

Approx Weight
lb/ft 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.17 0.17 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.32 0.33 0.39 0.43 0.45 0.53 0.55 0.68 0.69 0.87 0.97 0.97 1.07 1.30 1.32 1.54 1.73 1.81 2.10 2.19 2.70 2.75 3.27 3.47 3.89 kg/m 0.144 0.161 0.196 0.251 0.255 0.323 0.362 0.399 0.483 0.493 0.575 0.644 0.674 0.782 0.814 1.006 1.021 1.293 1.440 1.448 1.596 1.931 1.971 2.298 2.574 2.697 3.128 3.258 4.022 4.086 4.867 5.171 5.792 IPS Tons 0.10 0.11 0.14 0.18 0.18 0.23 0.26 0.28 0.34 0.35 0.41 0.45 0.48 0.55 0.57 0.71 0.72 0.91 1.02 1.02 1.13 1.36 1.39 1.62 1.82 1.90 2.21 2.30 2.84 2.88 3.43 3.65 4.09 1770 kN 0.151 0.169 0.205 0.264 0.268 0.339 0.380 0.419 0.507 0.517 0.603 0.676 0.708 0.821 0.855 1.056 1.073 1.358 1.513 1.521 1.676 2.028 2.070 2.413 2.703 2.832 3.285 3.421 4.224 4.291 5.111 5.430 6.082

EIPS = Extra Improved Plow Steel

For Kg./Mt. Multiply by 1.488

Wire Ropes produced in accordance with RR-W-410E Standards The break loads for galvanized finish wire ropes, is 10% less than the values listed in this table.

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Classification

8x36 Steel CoRe (SC)

Typical Constructions Wire Ropes 8 X 31 WS-IWRC 8 X 36 WS-IWRC
CABLE 8X36 ALMA DE ACERO (AA)

Strands 1-6-6+6+12 1-7-7+7-14 1-8-8+8-16

8 X 41 WS-IWRC

TABLE 9 Diameter in/mm

1.0 3/64 1/16 1/16 5/64 5/64 1/8 1/8 1.2 1.6 1.58 2.0 2.0 3.17 3.17

Construction
1X7 GIP 1X12 GIP 1X12 GIP 1X19 GIP 1X12 GIP 1X19 GIP 1X32 GIP 1X19 GIP 210 230 400 400 525 525 1200 1653

Min. Break Load Kgf

95 105 180 180 239 239 538 750

Approx. Weight g/m

4.6 6.0 13.0 12.0 19.0 19.4 41 47.5

COMMON AppLICATIONS
Sector Construction 6X7 MINNING 6 X 19 8X7 6 X 26 6 X 19 pETROLEUM 6 X 21 6 X 36 6 X 26 FISHING CRANES LIFTING Sector Construction 8 X 19 8 X 25 8 X 36 8 X 19 8 X 25 8 X 36 6X7 6 X 19 6 X 26

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Security Factors

This is the relation that results by dividing the maximum load (assumed as break load) of a wire rope to the established workload.
RECOMMENDED SECURITY FACTORS
Suspension Bridges Wire Rope for Cableway Tractor Wire Rope Hoisting Wire Rope Wire Rope for Passenger Transport Inclines Wire Rope Wire Ropes for oil-field service Lift Wire Ropes Winches Wire Ropes 3-4 3.5 - 5 5-7 5-9 8 - 12 5-8 8 - 12 8 - 17 4-8

The most common use of these wire ropes is in cranes in order to lift guided loads.

Recommendations for Installation and Use

Non-turning wire ropes are very delicate and thus require special care during mounting, use and in the selection of maintenance equipment. The following is a list of conditions and precautions that should be observed in order to use the non-turning wire rope: The diameters of the drum and pulleys used for 18x7 or 19x7 wire ropes should not be less that 40 times the diameter of the wire rope. A diameter equal to 54 times the diameter of the wire rope or greater is recommended. The 18x9 non-turning wire rope should be used with pulleys and drums whose diameter should not be less that 25 times the diameter of the wire rope. A diameter 36 or more times greater is recommended. Non-turning wire ropes should always be submitted to tension, thus it is necessary to install a hook or counterweight in order to maintain the wire rope taught even when there is no load. Turning or spinning the load should be avoided because that torsion, distortion will condition will reduce the useful life of the wire rope. The entry angle of the wire rope into a pulley should not be greater than 130. If the non-turning wire ropes are to be mounted on a hoisting tackle, it is prudent to limit the branches to only two, due to the fact that more branches cannot be used. It is recommended that the ties on the end of the non-turning wire rope be made of cast Zinc or any other joining of low fusion point. The use of staples, in this case, is not a good practice because they allow, with the crashes and straps, the slipping of the exterior laces (strands) over the core, originating hernias in the wire rope and in its interior.

Selection of Non-Turning Wire Ropes

There are no exist precise rules for determinning when to utilize non-turning wire ropes. In the first instance, it is important to consider the experience obtained with wire rope previously used for the same installation and gear. The variables that help determine this are: Lift height. Wire Rope diameter. Pulley diameter. Number of Lines. Pulley disposition. Specific torque of the wire rope. It is not recommended to use non-turning wire rope when the load is guided. (rotational impedance) Specific Precautions and Installation: Due to its particular design, non-turning wire rope presents differences in comparison to 6 lace wire rope. The form in which they behave, degrade and break, differs in respect to all other conventional constructions.

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Wire Ropes for the petroleum Industry

1

REEL HANDLING

1. Use of Sling or Chains

When it is necessary to manipulate the wire rope reel with slings or chains, wood blocks should be used between the wire rope and the element used (to lift the roll) in order to prevent damage to the wires or distortion to the strands in the wire rope.

rubbing over the guards or spacers, also to diminish the formation of coils. This practice is also very effective in the cutting procedure.

3. Tension
Tension should be maintained from the moment the wire rope is removed from the roll in order to restrict its movement. There should be enough tension in the wire rope in order to assure a good pull and accommodation.

2. Use of Bars
When bars are used to move the roll, these should be leveraged against the edge of the roll, not the wire rope itself

3. Sharp objects
The Roll should not roll on fall on hard or sharp objects in such a way that can cause damage to the wire rope.

4. Threading with a rotating type clamp

Is recommended when a worn wire rope is going to be replaced by a new one, the use of a clamp to attach the new wire rope to the old one. It should not be welded onto the used wire rope in order to pull it through the system.

4. Falling
The roll should be allowed to fall from the truck or platform, this can damage the wire rope or break the roll.

5. Twisting
There should be the utmost attention paid in order to avoid the twisting of the wire rope, this is because the formation of a bend, can be cause for the change of the entire wire rope, or a section.

5. Mud, Dirt, Ashes

The roll should not be rolled over anything foreign to steel, such as dirt, mud or ash. Putting staves on the roll in order to ease mobility, as well as protect against wire rope damage.

6. Cleaning
The use of solvents can cause damage to the wire rope. If the wire rope is to get covered in dirt, sand or any other contaminating material, it should be cleaned with a brush.

HANDLING DURING INSTALLATION

1. Thread Block
The blocks should threaded without wearing against the slot in the pulley

7. Excess of wire rope or dead caps

The number of dead caps or excess wire rope should be maintained in accordance with the equipment manufacturers standards.

2. Line changes and cut

Its good practice during a line change to suspend the flying block, from the crown, in a single line. This tends to limit the amount of

8. New Wire Rope

When possible, the new wire rope should be carefully controlled and monitored, under loads and speeds, for a short period after installation. This allows the wire rope to settle into the work environment.

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Wire Ropes for Fishing

The EMCOCABLES manufactured SUPER B SHRIMP and SUPER B FISH galvanized steel wire ropes for fishing have been designed according to the heavy work loads fishing ships carry out, as well as the great power developed by these ships today. Our high quality thoroughly meets the demands of the modern fishermans most important work tool, high resistance, long life wire ropes. The production of our fishing wire ropes is meticulously monitored during the drawing, galvanization, stranding and closing processes. The most rigid international standards are set for the production of fishing wire ropes. Our quality control is not just limited to approving final wires ropes, but to strict oversight during each one of the manufacturing processes. It is thanks to this attetion to detail that we produce fishing cables of unbeatable quality.

All of the wires in our fishing wire ropes are strong, resistant to tension and heavily galvanized. Together, these factors make our wire ropes resistant to corrosion, abrasion, squashing and yet still maintain a great flexibility, an important requirement in this type of wire ropes. The individual diameter of the wires and the geometric design of the strands have been technically and carefully calculated, thus giving the SUPER B fishing wire ropes magnificent physical properties. The polypropylene center is specifically designed for our fishing wire ropes. It is dense, uniform and resistant to seawater. It has the best characteristics of natural fiber core strands but none of the disadvantages.

DIAGNOSTIC CHART FOR FAULTS IN WIRE ROpES AND ITS CAUSES

Fault By Shipping Symptom
Squashing of the Wire Rope Bending and Coils Mold Bending and Coils Excessive amount of wire rope on one roll to dispatch Roll drum open Rolling the wire rope over the roll in a loose manner Deficient Storage Improper braking or elevation of the roll Improper transfer of wire rope from roll to spool Throwing or dragging the cable around a post or sharp point

Possible Cause
Another transported roll hitting the cable Falling of roll off of truck

By Installation

Excessive Abrasion High or Mounted Strands Squashing of Wire Rope Bends or Coils Corrosion or Wet Exploded Core

Improper functioning of friction caused by the equipment itself or other equipment nearby or in front Improper weave, connection or grip Improper transfer between roll and drum Blows to equipment Utilization of nails or other objects between the strands Overly compressed wire rope Poor rolling on the spool

Jumping pulleys Operation over small diameter pulleys Pulling out on the wire rope when its loose and in line caused by being too open or too stretched Lifting the wire rope with a pointed object without protection Poor rolling on the roll lack of lubrication

Poor rolling on the roll Broken rolls

Poor rolling on the roll fluids or corrosive atmosphere Squashing on the roll

By Use

Momentary compression force in the wire rope which pushes the strands Colliding with fluid in a well at high velocity Rolling on small diameter drums Improper work. Tight or adjusted pulley mouth.

Excessive Abrasion

Poorly aligned pulleys. Presence of abrasive material Sliding over a worn surface Vibrations caused by defected rollings Corrugated pulleys

Broken Wires

Fatigue by excessive turns over small diameter pulleys or contrary inclination Formation of martensite caused by heating (friction with an object that causes sparks) Damaged core caused by overloading Little wire rope mobility cause by stretch-throat pulleys Excessive wire rope velocity Broken pulleys or rolls Load suddenly dropped Cut sharp elements, accessories, or unions located in the area

Spaces in the Weave Mounted Strands

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Wire Ropes for Fishing

pROBLEMS THAT CAN ARISE WITH pULLEYS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS

Pulley Too Small Throat Wire Rope Normal Incidents, Causes The wire rope fatigues rapidly becouse of brunt folds, which caused the outer strands to deteriorate quickly. The strands of the wire rope attack the pulley and draw a spiral print. The wire rope wears out due to the slidings and the inertia of the pulley, of a false throat, and fatigues prematurely due to abrasion. If the previous wire rope had left an impression on the bottom of the throat, this can have a filing effect on the exterior wires of the wire rope. Due to continuous excessive rubbing at a great deflection angle or a defective pulley drum alignment. A flat spot on a point on the pulley creates a bump in the wire rope each pulley revolution. The cumulative effects of this cause a constant fatigue on the exterior strands and engenders a vibration. New The wire rope eliminates old impressions and wears quickly. Provokes an oscillation and the cable whips around thus reducing its useful life. The wearing of the axis tends to cause a false rotation in the pulley and the wire rope fatigue, generally around the connection. The wire rope also whips around and the damaged face can remove itself from use or at least rub together against the live edge, causing rapid wear. The wire rope is worn by filing and produces grooves in the pulley. A Notch can destroy thewire rope. Re-grease the axes of the pulleys and make sure they spin freely Change Wire Rope Rectify the pulley or replace it well. Test alignment Replace or rectify Observations Replace the pulley. A convenient pulley should have a relation of 120 to 140 and the borders should have an inclination of 40 to 50

Overly Wide Throat Throats Signaled by a Print Throats Signaled by a Side Poorly Rectified Throats Used Pulley Bearing or Axis of Broken Pulley

Normal

Normal

Normal

Replace the bearing or remount the axis

Poorly Rounded or Coated Pulleys Stiff Pulley Notched Pulley Undulated Pulley Overly Heavy Pulleys

Normal

Normal Normal

Has a moment of inertia such that its movement doesnt adjust to the wire rope, and acts as a grinder against the exterior wires. The diameter of the throat section results small, if a new wire rope is mounted, it will be too loose in the pulley and brush the sides of the pulley, deforming it and eventually destroying. The wire rope, when isnt tensioned, generally tends to flatten, then it deforms and eventually destroys.

Change Wire Rope

Normal Pulley

Used

Too Small

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