Lab 2 Assignment-(Chapter 6-1st -Cardiovascular)

Chapter 6 The Cardiovascular System Animation: Cardiovascular System 1. The cardiovascular consists of what three structures? Heart, blood vessels and blood. 2. The heart distributes and receives blood through which structures? The heart distributes and receives blood through vessels known as arteries and veins. 3. Define an artery. Arteries carry blood away from the heart. 4. Gases and nutrients are exchanged with the tissues through which blood vessels? Arterioles. 5. Define a vein. Carries blood toward the heart. Animation: Blood flow through Heart 1. Name the four chambers of the heart. What are the differences between them? Two-thinwalled atria and two thick-walled ventricles. The atria collect blood returning to the heart, whereas the ventricles pump blood from the heart. 2. Name the two major vessels that deliver oxygen-poor blood to the heart. Oxygen-poor blood enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior venae cavae. 3. What areas of the body do these two vessels drain? The superior vena cava collects venous blood from the head, neck, upper limbs, and thorax. The inferior vena cava collects venous blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs. 4. What is the route of venous blood from the heart? Venous blood from the heart itself enters the right atrium from the coronary sinus. 5. Trace the route of blood as it flows through the heart. Be sure to list all structures involved. The superior vena cava collects venous blood from the head, neck, upper limbs, and thorax. The inferior vena cava collects venous blood from the abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs. Venous blood from the heart itself enters the right atrium from the coronary sinus. Contraction of the right atrium forces blood through the right atrioventricular valve (aka tricuspid valve) and into the right ventricle. Right ventricular contraction then propels the oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary (or semilunar) valve and into the pulmonary trunk. The pulmonary trunk divides into a right and left pulmonary artery, which carry oxygen-poor blood to their respective lung for gas exchange. Oxygen-rich blood returns from the lungs through four pulmonary veins to the left atrium. Contraction of the left atrium forces blood through the left atrioventricular valve (aka bicuspid or mitral valve) and into the left ventricle. Left ventricular contraction propels the oxygen-rich blood through the aortic (or semilunar) valve and into the aorta for distribution to the body. 6. Name the only arteries to carry oxygen-poor blood. Right and left pulmonary artery. 7. Name the only veins to carry oxygen-rich blood. Pulmonary veins.

Lab 2 Assignment-(Chapter 6-1st -Cardiovascular)

Exercise 6.1 heart, internal features, anterior view Checkpoint: 4. What are the two terms for the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle? Right atrioventricular valve (aka tricuspid valve) 5. Name the structure that prevents reflux of blood into the right ventricle. Pulmonary valve 6. Name the two branches of the pulmonary trunk. Right pulmonary artery and left pulmonary artery. 7. Name the structure that prevents reflux of blood into the left ventricle. Aortic valve. 8. Name the muscle layer of the heart wall. myocardium 10. What heart chamber is responsible for pumping oxygen-rich blood to the body (except for the lungs)? Left ventricle. 11. What heart chamber is responsible for pumping oxygen-poor blood to the lungs? Right ventricle. 13. Name the fibrous strands that attach the free edges of the atrioventricular valve cusps to the papillary muscles. Chordae tendineae. 14. Name the heart chamber that receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs. Left atrium 15. Name the blood vessels that bring this blood from the lungs to the heart. How many are there? Four pulmonary veins. 16. Name the structure that separates the right and left atria. Interatrial septum. 17. Name the structure that separates the right and left ventricles. Muscular interventricular septum.

Exercise 6.2 Heart, vasculature, anterior view Checkpoint: 2. Name the vein that ascends across the anterior surface of the left ventricle. Left anterior ventricular vein 7. Name the major vein that drains everything inferior to the diaphragm. Inferior vena cava. 9. Name the inferolateral point of the heart. Apex of the heart. Exercise 6.3 heart, vasculature, and posterior view Check point: 1. Name the structure that receives venous blood from the heart. Coronary sinus 4. What is the term that refers to the end-to-end union of blood vessels? Anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery.

Lab 2 Assignment-(Chapter 6-1st -Cardiovascular)

Animation: Conducting system of heart 1. Where do action potentials associated with heartbeat regulation originate? Action potentials in the sinu-atrial (SA) node and travel across the wall of the atrium from the sinus-atrial node to the atrioventricular (AV) node. 6. What causes the ventricular muscle cells to contract in unison, providing a strong contraction? The rapid conduction from the atrioventricular bundle to the ends of the Purkinje fibers allows the ventricular muscle cells to contract in unison, providing a strong contraction. Animation: Cardiac Cycle 1. A single cardiac cycle is made up of the events associated with one heartbeat. Each cardiac cycle takes about 8/10s of 1 sec. 2. What is the term that refers to the relaxation of a heart chamber? Diastole. 3. What physically occurs in a heart chamber during relaxation? They fill with blood. 4. The term that refers to the contraction of a heart chamber is systole. 5. Atrial depolarization is represented by which wave on an electrocardiogram? P wave. 6. What is initiated by atrial depolarization? Atrial depolarization initiates contraction, or systole. 7. This phenomenon is represented by what portion of the ECG? Atrial systole is represented by the P-Q segment on the ECG. 8. Which section of the ECG represents ventricular depolarization? QRS complex. 9. This same section of the ECG in question 8 masks what portion of the cardiac cycle? QRS complex 10. What is S1? How is it often described? The heart sound associated with closure of the AV valves is often described as lub. 11. What is represented by the S-T segment of the ECG? Ventricular systole. 12. The T-wave on the ECG represents ventricular repolarization. 13. What happens in the ventricles at this time? ventricles repolarize. 14. What is S2? How is it often described? The heart sound associated with closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves is often described as dub. 15. What causes the beginning of the next cardiac cycle? When intraventricular pressure falls below the pressure in the atria, the AV valves open and the cardiac cycle begins again. In Review: 5. What external structure of the heart marks the position of the junction between the atria and the ventricles? Coronary sulcus 9. Name the remnant of the fetal blood shunt from the right atrium to the left atrium. Fossa ovalis 10. Name the muscle layer of the heart wall. Myocardium

Lab 2 Assignment-(Chapter 6-1st -Cardiovascular)

Exercise 6.4 Thorax, arteries, anterior view Layer 6: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. Right subclavian artery Right common carotid artery Internal thoracic artery Axillary artery Left subclavian artery Left common carotid artery Brachiocephalic trunk Arch of aorta Arch of azygos vein Posterior intercostal artery Azygos vein

Check point: 1. Where do heart valve sounds resonate? Valve sounds resonate along flow of blood through valve 2. What structure forms the right border of the heart? formed by right atrium 3. What structure forms the apex of the heart? Blunt tip of left ventricle 4. What artery is also called the internal mammary artery? Internal thoracic artery 5. What vein is also called the internal mammary vein? Internal thoracic vein 6. Name the artery that descends adjacent to the sternum within the thoracic cavity. Internal thoracic artery 7. Name the large artery that originates at the aortic valve and ascends 5mm within the pericardium. Ascending aorta. 8. Name the arched continuation of the artery in question 7. Arch of aorta. 9. Name the three branches of the artery in question 8. Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian 11. Name the second artery to branch off of the aortic arch. What are its terminal branches? Left common carotid; internal and external carotid arteries (at level C4 vertebra). 12. Name the third artery to branch off of the aortic arch. Name the vessel that is the continuation of this artery beginning at the lateral border of rib 1. Left subclavian artery; axillary artery. 13. Name the major artery that passes through the axilla. Axillary artery 14. Name the artery that ascends into the neck from the brachiocephalic trunk. Left common carotid artery Animation: Pulmonary and systemic circulation 1. Name the two divisions of the cardiovascular system. Systemic and pulmonary.

Lab 2 Assignment-(Chapter 6-1st -Cardiovascular)

2. What are the destinations of these two circuits? The systemic circulation carries blood from the heart to tissues of the body and then returns it to the heart. the pulmonary circulation carries blood from the heart to the lungs for gas exchange and then returns it to the heart. 3. In the systemic circulation, where does gas exchange occur? Systemic capillaries 4. In the pulmonary circulation, where does gas exchange occur? Pulmonary capillaries 5. Name the blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart. how many are there? Where do they terminate? The oxygen-rich blood flows through the four pulmonary veins and enters the left atrium. Exercise 6.6 Imaging-thorax a. Aortic knob b. Superior vena cava c. Apex of the heart In Review: 1. What is the name for the fibrous sac that encloses the heart? fibrous pericardium 2. Name the lymphatic organ that is large in children but atrophies during adolescence. thymus 8. What is the carotid sheath? What structures are found within it? fascial sleeve which contains common and internal carotid arteries, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve (CN X), and lymphatic channels 9. What is the serous pericardium? Serous membrane that consists of connective tissue covered by epithelium, and it includes capillaries and nerve fibers. It protects the heart by reducing friction. 10. Name the structure that served to shunt blood in the fetus from the pulmonary artery to the aorta, bypassing the lungs. What is it called in the adult? Ductus arteriosus; ligamentum arteriosum Exercise 6.7 head, neck, vasculature, lateral view Layer 5: a. Superficial temporal artery b. Internal carotid artery c. External carotid artery Non-cardiovascular system structure d. Carotid canal Check point: 1. What blood vessel is responsible for the superficial temporal pulse? Superficial Temporal artery 3. Between which two structures of the neck would you find the carotid pulse? Thyroid cartilage and sternocleidomastoid muscle 5

Lab 2 Assignment-(Chapter 6-1st -Cardiovascular)

7. Name the large vein that drains the cranial cavity, including the brain, as well as the face and neck. Internal jugular vein 10. Name the major arteries of the neck where the left one originates from the aortic arch and the right one originates from the brachiocephalic trunk. Common carotid artery Animation: baroreceptor reflex 1. Where are baroreceptors located? in the carotid sinus and the arch of the aorta 2. What is their function? They respond to increases in blood pressure 3. How do the arteries with baroreceptors, and all arteries for that matter, respond to increased blood pressure? Increased blood pressure stretches the carotid arteries and aorta 4. What response do the baroreceptors have to this increased blood pressure? They increase their basal rate of action potential generation 7. What is the parasympathetic response to and result of this stimulation? As a result of increased stimulation from the baroreceptors, the cardioregulatory center increases parasympathetic stimulation to the heart, which decreases the heart rate. 8. What is the sympathetic response and result? As a result of the increased stimulation from the baroreceptors, the cardiovascular center decreases sympathetic stimulation to the heart, which decreases heart rate and stroke volume. 10. What physical events combine to bring elevated blood pressure back toward normal? The vasomotor center decreases sympathetic stimulation to blood vessels, causing vasodilation. The vasodilation, along with th decreased heart rate and decreased stroke volume bring the elevated blood pressure back toward normal. Animation: Chemoreceptor reflex 1. Where are chemoreceptors located? Carotid and aortic bodies 2. What is their function? Monitor blood oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH 3. Where are the impulses from the chemoreceptors conducted? Impulses from these chemoreceptors are conducted to the control centers for heart and blood vessels 4. What nerves conduct these impulses? glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. 5. What three events decrease parasympathetic stimulation of the heart? decreased blood oxygen, increased blood carbon dioxide or decreased blood pH 6. What effect does this decreased stimulation have on the physiology of the heart? increase heart rate 7. What sympathetic response occurs during the 3 events listed in question 5?increases heart rate and stroke volume 8. What sympathetic response occurs in the blood vessels? Increase vasoconstriction 9. If the chemoreceptors are stimulated by decreased blood oxygen, what physical changes occur as a result of the changes in autonomic stimulation? If chemoreceptors of the carotid and aortic bodies are stimulated by decreased blood oxygen, changes in autonomic impulses to the heart and blood vessels result in increased heart rate and stroke volume, and vasoconstriction.

Lab 2 Assignment-(Chapter 6-1st -Cardiovascular)

10. What would you deduce is the effect on blood pressure as a result of the answer to question 9? Increase blood pressure In review: 4. Name two veins of the head and neck that lack valves. Pterygoid plexus of vein; facial vein 7. What is an anastomosis? Give an example of one in the neck and head region. Anastomosis: Refers to the end-to-end union of vessels. An example is the facial artery: anastomosis with ophthalmic artery via dorsal nasal artery. Exercise 6.10: Cardiovascular system-brain, veins, lateral view Checkpoint: 1. Name the most exterior of the meninges. Where is it located? What is its function? Dura mater. Surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Protection of brain and spinal cord. 2. Name the artery whose distribution includes the dura mater, skull, trigeminal, and facial ganglia. Middle meningeal artery 3. Name the vein that drains the dura mater and bones of the anterior and middle cranial fossae. Middle meningeal vein Animation: blood flow through the brain 1. Name the three arteries through which blood flows to the brain. Internal carotid, vertebral and basilar arteries. 2. Which two arteries supply blood to 80% of the cerebrum? These are the terminal branches of which arteries? The terminal branches of the internal carotid arteries are the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. 3. Which arteries enter the cranial cavity through the foramen magnum? They unite to form which artery? The vertebral arteries enter the cranial cavity through the foramen magnum. They unite to form a single basilar artery on the ventral aspect of the brainstem. 4. Which arteries supply the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebrum? The terminal branches of the basilar artery, the posterior cerebral arteries, supply the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebrum. 5. Which arteries form an anastomosis at the base of the brain? What is the name of this anastomosis? At the base of the brain, branches of the internal carotid and basilar arteries form an anastomosis, or an end-to-end communication between vessels. This is called the cerebral arterial circle, aka circle of Willis. 6. What is the function of the anastomosis? The circle of Willis provides alternate routes for blood to reach the brain. 7. Blood is drained from the brain through small veins that empty into vessel channels called dural venous sinuses 8. From where does blood flow to enter the confluence of sinuses? Blood in the superior sagittal sinus passes to the confluence of sinuses. 7

Lab 2 Assignment-(Chapter 6-1st -Cardiovascular)

9. From the confluence of sinuses, where does blood flow before leaving the skull? Blood in the inferior sagittal sinus and the great cerebral vein, which unite to form the straight sinus, also pass to the confluence of sinuses. 10. The blood leaves the skull via the jugular foramina at the base of the skull where they are continuous with the internal jugular veins.

Exercise 6.11 the shoulder, arteries, anterior view Checkpoint: 1. Name the large vein of the neck that drains the face and scalp. External jugular vein 5. Which two veins unite to form the brachiocephalic vein? Internal jugular vein and subclavian vein 6. Where does the axillary vein become the subclavian vein? Lateral border of rib 1 7. What is the definition of a trunk? a vessel that has branches 8. Name a trunk that ascends in the lower neck. Thyrocervical trunk 9. Where does the subclavian artery become the axial artery? Lateral border of rib 1 Where does the axillary artery become the brachial artery? Inferior border of teres major muscle In Review: 1. What is the deltopectoral triangle? What is another name for it? Its a narrow, triangular groove bordered by clavicle, deltoid, and pectoralis major muscles. Located at the anterior shoulder. Contains the cephalic vein. Aka clavipectoral triangle. 2. Name three arteries that distribute to the muscles of the scapula? Axillary artery, lateral thoracic artery, subscapular artery 3. Name the paired arteries that ascend through the neck via the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae. Vertebral artery 4. Where do these paired arteries enter the cranial cavity? Foramen magnum Exercise 6.13 shoulder, arm, arteries, anterior view Layer 2 A. clavicle Layer 3 a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Transverse cervical artery Vertebral artery Suprascapular artery Thyrocervical trunk Thoraco-acromial artery Left subclavian artery Left common carotid artery 8 h. i. j. k. l. m. n. Anterior circumflex humeral artery Axillary artery Posterior circumflex humeral artery Subscapular artery Lateral thoracic artery Circumflex scapular artery Deep artery of arm

Lab 2 Assignment-(Chapter 6-1st -Cardiovascular)

o. p. q. r. Thoracodorsal artery Brachial artery Radial collateral artery Ulnar collateral arteries s. t. u. v. Radial recurrent artery Ulnar recurrent arteries Ulnar artery Radial artery

Checkpoint: 1. What is the cubital fossa? Shallow, triangular depression on anterior surface of elbow. 2. What structures are found in the cubital fossa? median nerve, brachial artery and veins, median cubital vein, tendon of biceps brachii muscle, and bicipital aponeurosis. 3. Where is the location for the stethoscope when taking blood pressure with a pressure cuff? Auscultation point for brachial pulse 4. Name the major artery of the arm. Brachial artery 5. What two arteries branch from this artery at the anterior elbow. Radial, ulnar Exercise 6.14 shoulder and arm, veins, anterior view Layer 2: a. cephalic vein Checkpoint: 1. Which vein of the arm is frequently used for venipuncture? Median cubital vein 2. What structures are drained by the basilica vein? Skin and subcutaneous structures of medial and dorsal hand, forearm, and arm 3. What structures are drained by the cephalic vein? Skin and subcutaneous structures of lateral and dorsal hand, forearm, and arm 6. Name the large vein that terminates in the axillary vein. Brachial vein b. basilic vein c. median cubital vein