Greece/Rome 1) Persian tradition Cyrus the Great established Persian Empire a) Zoroastrianism Persian Religion b) Ultimately toppled by Alexander

er the Great 2) Greece a) Indo-European people i) Like Aryans in India b) Based on strong city-states i) Instead of single political unit ii) Each had own government (1) Worked well too many mountains for one single government iii) Lots of trade iv) Came together regularly (1) Olympics, etc. v) Sparta and Athens two leading city-states (1) Cooperated to defeat Persian invasion vi) Lots of competition between states (1) Olympics, civil wars, etc. c) Sparta i) Strong military ii) Large slave population iii) Oligarchy/Aristocracy d) Athens i) Commercial (1) Artistic, intellectual, etc. ii) Large slave population iii) Direct democratic political structure iv) Pericles (1) Dominated Athenian politics during 5th century (2) Aristocrat (3) Could not prevent war between Sparta and Athens

e) Peloponnesian Wars i) Wars between Sparta and Athens for control over Greece ii) Macedonian King Philip II of Macedon took advantage of chaos and conquered both cities (1) Son Alexander extended empire f) Hellenistic Period i) Aftermath of Macedonian Empire g) Political life i) Women had 0 rights ii) Slaves/foreigners had 0 rights iii) Militaristic aristocracies (1) Aristocracy Greek, rule of the best h) Religion/culture i) Polytheistic (1) Similar gods to those in Rome (different names) ii) Philosophy separate from official religion (1) Socrates (philosopher) challenged religion iii) Not much interest in physical nature (science) iv) Impressive geometry (1) Pythagoras, Euclid, etc. v) Big on art/literature (1) Plays, epics, pottery/sculptures vi) Monumental architecture i) Economy/Society i) Most people farmed (1) Poor conditions for grain better for grapes (wine) ii) Commercial agriculture (1) Main reason for expansion more land to farm iii) Slavery (1) Household servants/workers (2) Usually from conquered territories

iv) No agricultural technological innovations (1) Ship making/navigation v) Patriarchal families 3) Rome a) Began as monarchy in central Italy i) Aristocrats drove out monarch b) Strong military c) Punic Wars i) 3 ii) Wars between Rome and Phoenician city of Carthage (1) Rome won, then seized entire West Mediterranian (a) Greece and Egypt d) Very unstable i) Many civil wars e) Conquered France and south Britain i) Pushed into Germany f) Fall lasted 250 years g) Constantine tried to unite empire through Christianity h) Political life i) Pre-Empire (1) Republic (a) Senate made up of aristocrats (b) 2 consuls held primary executive power ii) Empire (1) Kept the (now useless) Senate (2) Strong military (3) Large organized areas (4) Careful military hierarchy (5) Carefully crafted laws (a) Twelve Tables first Roman code of law (i) Geared towards restraining upper classes

(6) Laws regulated social life (7) Government maintained law courts/military forces (a) Regulated commerce (b) Supported official religion (i) Did not impose on people, only celebrated i) Religion/Culture i) Polytheistic religion (1) Christianity near end (2) Similar to Greek ii) Philosophy different than religion iii) Somewhat scientific iv) Taught Greek findings to youth v) Art/literature big (1) Poetry, paintings vi) Monumental architecture (1) Coliseums instead of temples (Greek) j) Economy/culture i) Most people farmed (1) Landlords took advantage of them ii) Slavery iii) Few agricultural technological advancements (1) Good roads, internal improvements, etc. iv) Patriarchal families (1) Women inferior