zimbardo ფსიქოლოგია და ცხოვრება - ნაწილი 3

wyvilebs (Denton & Zarbatany, 1996).
jvaredini Seswavlis meTodis nakli momdinareobs iqidan, rom erTmaneTs sxvadasxva qronologiuri asakis individebi dardeba. asakobrivi cvlilebebis Sefasebisas gaugebrobas qmnis sxvadasxva Taobaze moqmedi gansxvavebuli socialur-politikuri pirobebi. Sesabamisad, 10 da 18 wlis individTa SerCevebis SedarebiTi Seswavlisas, romelic axla tardeba, SeiZleba gairkves, rom es adajvaredini Seswavlis meTodi (cross-sectional design) _ kvlevis meTodi, romelic gulisxmobs sxvadasxva asakis adamianTa jgufebze dakvirvebasa da erTmaneTTan Sedarebas.
mianebi gansxvavdebian TavianTi Tanatolebisgan, romlebic 1970-ian wlebSi gaizardnen, rogorc epoqis, ise _ ganviTarebis stadiebis TaviseburebebiT. TiToeuli meTodologia asakis matebasTan dakavSirebuli cvlilebis aRweris saSualebas iZleva, magram rogor xdeba cvlilebis mTliani paternis axsna? axla am sakiTxs ganvixilavT.
ganviTarebis axsna
TiTqmis yvela bavSvi eufleba enas, Tumca, TiToeuli bavSvi amas odnav gansxvavebulad akeTebs. marTalia, mozardTa umravlesoba ufro
ganviTarebis Seswavla da axsna
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Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
racionalurad azrovnebs, vidre maTze umcrosebi, magram gvxvdebian iseTebic, romlebic TavianT Tanatolebze ukeT azrovneben. ganviTarebis asaxsnelad aucilebelia rogorc cvlilebaTa universaluri, saerTo aspeqtebis, aseve, TiToeuli individisTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri, unikaluri aspeqtebis gaTvaliswineba. ganviTarebis Teoriebs Soris yvelaze mkveTri gansvla bavSvobaSi mimdinare cvlilebebs ukavSirdeba. sakiTxi isaa, Tu rogor jobia axalSobilsa da, vTqvaT, 10 wlis bavSvs Soris arsebuli mkveTri siRrmiseuli ganxvavebebis axsna: ramdenad aris aseTi ganviTareba ganpirobebuli memkvidreobiT (bunebiT) da ramdenad _ daswavlis SedegiT (garemo)? didi xania, rac filosofosebi, fsiqologebi da pedagogebi TandayoliliSeZenilis dapirispirebaze, memkvidreobiTobisa da daswavlis fardobiT mniSvnelovnebaze kamaToben. erT mxares arian isini, visac mianCia, rom adamiani yovelgvari codnisa da SesaZleblobebis gareSe ibadeba da rom gamocdileba, daswavlis formiT, waruSlel kvals tovebs axalSobilis Camouyalibebeli gonebis sufTa dafaze (laTinurad tabula rasa). es mosazreba, romelic britanelma filosofosma jon lokma (John Locke) wamoayena, empirizmis saxeliT aris cnobili. adamianis ganviTareba gamocdilebas miewereba. empiristebs miaCniaT, rom adamianis ganviTarebas aRzrda warmarTavs. mecnierTa Soric, vinc ar eTanxmeboda maT, iyo frangi filosofosi Jan-Jak ruso (Jean-Jacques Rousseau). is nativistur poziciaze idga da Tvlida, rom buneba, anu evoluciuri memkvidreoba, romelsac flobs TiToeuli bavSvi, misi ganviTarebis sqemas ganapirobebs. empiricistebsa da nativistebs Soris kamaTi gamwvavda, rodesac 1798 wels safrangeTSi, sofel aveironis maxloblad tyeSi ipoves, savaraudod, cxovelebis gazrdili biWi. iTvleboda, rom am 12 wlis velur bavSvSi, romelic cnobili gaxda, rogorc veluri biWi aveironidan, imaleboda pasuxebi adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb arsebiT kiTxvebze: SeeZlo ki am bavSvs mas Semdeg, rac
buneba-aRzrdis dapirispireba (nature-nurture controversy) _ kamaTi qcevisa da ganviTarebis gansazRvraSi Tandayolilisa (bunebis) da SeZenili gamocdilebis (aRzrdis) fardobiTi mniSvnelovnebis Sesaxeb.
bavSvoba adamianTan kontaqtis gareSe gaatara, namdvili adamiani gamxdariyo? axalgazrda eqimma, Jan mark itardma (Jean Marc Itard) rTuli amocanis Sesruleba daisaxa miznad _ aRezarda da civilizaciisTvis eziarebina veluri biWi, romelsac man viqtori daarqva. Tavidan itardis intensiuri swavlebis programa warmatebuli Canda. viqtori mosiyvarule da zrdilobian bavSvad iqca da miTiTebebis Sesrulebac iswavla. Tumca, xuTi wlis Semdeg progresi SeCerda da itardi iZulebuli gaxda, Seewyvita eqsperimenti (Itard, 1802/1962). ra gaxda warumateblobis mizezi: buneba Tu aRzrda? SesaZloa, Cvili viqtori imitom miatoves bedis anabara, rom ar viTardeboda. Tu marTlac es iyo mizezi, nebismieri varjiSi mxolod garkveul farglebSi iqneboda Sedegiani. Tu es ase ar iyo, daexmareboda Tu ara swavlebis Tanamedrove meTodebi biWs ufro srulad ganviTarebaSi, vidre es itardis meTodebma SeZlo (Harlen Lane, 1976, 1986)? erT-erTi specialisti, romelmac viqtoris istoria Seiswavla, fiqrobs, rom es SemTxveva naTlad gviCvenebs adreuli socialuri kontaqtebis gadamwyvet rols komunikaciur da gonebriv ganviTarebaSi. dResdReobiT mkvlevrebi bunebisa da aRzrdis gavlenis Sesaswavlad mTel rig meTodebs floben da aRar sWirdebaT bunebis iseTi samwuxaro eqsperimentebis gamoyeneba, rogoric viqtoris SemTxveva iyo. Cven viciT, rom lokisa da rusos ukiduresi poziciebi usamarTloa adamianis qcevis mravalferovnebis mimarT. TiTqmis nebismieri rTuli qceva ganpirobebulia rogorc individualuri biologiuri memkvidreobiT, ise _ piradi gamocdilebiT. Cveni survilia, bunebisa da aRzrdis urTierTqmedebas aseT WrilSi SexedoT: memkvidreobiToba uzrunvelyofs potencials; gamocdileba gansazRvravs am potencialis ganxorcielebis mimarTulebas. wimandebare TavSi davinaxavT, Tu rogor viTardeba da realizdeba potenciali unikaluri adamianebis cxovrebaSi.
Sejameba
ganviTarebis fsiqologebi gvTavazoben Teoriebs, raTa axsnan, Tu rogor da ratom icvlebian adamianebi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi. calkeuli asakisa da grZelvadiani ganviTarebis etapebis
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Taviseburebebis aRsawerad mkvlevrebi normatiul kvlevebs iyeneben. longituduri kvlevebi individebis erT garkveul jgufs xangrZlivi drois manZilze Seiswavlian; jvaredini meTodebi sxvadasxva asakobriv jgufebs erTdroulad ikvleven. filosofosebi da fsiqologebi odiTganve kamaTobdnen ganviTarebis cvlilebebis gansazRvraSi Tandayolilisa da SeZenilis fardobiT mniSvnelovnebaze. dResdReobiT mkvlevarTa umravlesoba ganviTarebas ganixilavs, rogorc bunebisa da aRzrdis urTierTqmedebas.
ganviTarebasTan erTad, nayofis Tavis tvini wuTSi axal 250 000 neirons warmoSobs. ramdenad unda iyos Tavis tvini ganviTarebuli bavSvis dabadebisas?
fizikuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

ganviTarebis mravali tipi, romelsac am TavSi aRvwerT, dasadgenad da gansasazRvrad garkveul specialur codnas moiTxovs. magaliTad, Tqven SeiZleba verc ki SegemCniaT socialuri ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani momentebi manam, sanam aq ar waikiTxavdiT maT Sesaxeb. Tumca, adamianis ganviTarebaze saubars im sferos ganxilviT daviwyebT, sadac cvlilebebi xSirad Zalze TvalsaCinoa: esaa fizikuri ganviTareba. ueWvelia, rom Tqven uzarmazari fizikuri cvlilebebi ganicadeT mas Semdeg, rac am qveyanas moevlineT. es cvlilebebi Tqveni cxovrebis bolomde gagrZeldeba. vinaidan fizikuri cvlilebebi uamravia, Cven mxolod im cvlilebebze SevaCerebT yuradRebas, romlebic fsiqologiur ganviTarebaze zemoqmedeben.
SesaZleblobas, romelsac bavSvi ker kidev dabadebamde flobs. dasasrul, visaubrebT bavSvobis asakis mniSvnelovan fizikur cvlilebebze.
fizikuri ganviTareba saSvilosnoSi

nebismieri bavSvis yvelaze adreuli funqcionirebis formaa guliscema. guliscema iwyeba Canasaxovan periodSi, dabadebamde, roca embrioni 3 kviris da 20 mm sigrZisaa. reaqcia stimulaciaze 6 kviris asakSi SeiniSneba, roca embrioni jer ar aris 2,5 sm sigrZis. spontanuri moZraobebi SeimCneva 8 kviris asakSi (Carmichael, 1970; Humprey, 1970). 8 kviris Semdeg ganviTarebad embrions nayofi (fetusi) ewodeba. Casaxvidan daaxloebiT 16 kviris Semdeg deda nayofis moZraobebs grZnobs. am droisaTvis nayofi daaxloebiT 23 sm sigrZisaa (dabadebisas saSualo sigrZe 50 sm-ia). vinaidan Tavis tvini muclad yofnis dros izrdeba, is wuTSi 250 000 axal neirons warmoqmnis. dabadebis momentisaTvis maTi ricxvi 100 miliardze mets aRwevs (Cowan, 1979). adamianebSi da sxva mraval ZuZumwovarSi ujredebis es gavrceleba da neironebis migracia Sesabamisi
fizikuri ganviTareba (physical development) _ Casaxvidan mTeli cxovrebis manZilze mimdinare sxeulebrivi cvlilebebi, momwifeba da zrda. zigota (zygote) _ erTi ujredi, romelic warmoiqmneba spermatozoidis mier kvercxujredis ganayofierebis Sedegad.
ganviTareba Canasaxisa da adreuli bavSvobis periodSi

Tqven cxovrebas unikaluri genetikuri potencialiT iwyebT: Casaxvis momentSi mamakacis spermatozoidma gaanayofiera qalis kvercxujredi da warmoiqmna erTi ujredi _ zigota; Tqven dedisgan miiReT yvela normaluri adamianis sxeulis ujredisTvis damaxasiaTebeli 46 qromosomis erTi naxevari, mamisagan ki _ meore naxevari. am qveTavSi detalurad ganvixilavT fizikur ganviTarebas Canasaxovan periodSi _ Casaxvis momentidan dabadebis momentamde. agreTve, aRvwerT zogierT sensorul
403
suraTi
11,1
adamianis tvinis ganviTareba

cxra Tvis manZilze, romelic dabadebas uswrebs win, tvinSi srulad grovdeba 100 miliard neironze meti.
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adgilebisken swored Canasaxovan periodSi xdeba, maSin, roca aqsonebisa da dendritebis gantotebis ganviTarebis procesebi, ZiriTadad, dabadebis Semdeg iwyeba (Kolb, 1989). suraTi 11.1 gviCvenebs Tavis tvinis ganviTarebis Tanmimdevrobas 25 dRidan 9 Tvemde. orsulobis pirveli Tveebis ganmavlobaSi iseT faqtorebs, rogoricaa araswori kveba, infeqcia, radiacia an narkotikebis moxmareba, bavSvis sxeulis struqturisa da organoebis normaluri ganviTarebis darRveva SeiZleba mohyves. magaliTad, rodesac Casaxvidan ori an oTxi kviris Semdeg deda wiTuriT inficirdeba, 50%-ia imis albaToba, rom bavSvze es iseTi uaryofiTi Sedegebis saxiT aisaxeba, rogoricaa gonebrivi CamorCeniloba, mxedvelobis dazianeba, gulis defeqtebi, an siyrue. Tu inficireba sxva dros xdeba, maSin arasasurveli efeqtis albaToba mniSvnelovnad naklebia (22% _ meore Tveze, 8% _ mesameze) (Murata, 1992). aseve, dedebi,
bavSvebi momarTulni arian gadarCenisaTvis

ra SesaZleblobebia Cadebuli sxeulsa da tvinSi dabadebisas? Cven miveCvieT azrs, rom axalSobili sruliad umweo da ususuria.
romlebic senzitiur periodSi, anu, rodesac nayofi gansakuTrebiT mowyvladia, garkveul nivTierebebs moixmaren, magaliTad, alkohols, TavianT jer ardabadebul Svilebs tvinis da sxva organoebis Tu sxeulis nawilebis dazianebis riskis winaSe ayeneben (Goodlet & Johnson, 1999; Jacobson, 1993; Roebuck, 1999). magaliTad, saxis anomaliebis ganviTareba yvelaze xSirad orsulobis pirveli ori Tvis ganmavlobaSi dedis mier alkoholis moxmarebis Sedegia (Coles, 1994). garda amisa, sigaretis mweveli dedebic riskis qveS ayeneben TavianT Svilebs, gansakuTrebiT orsulobis meore naxevarSi. orsulobis dros moweva zrdis mkvdrad Sobis, naadrevad mSobiarobis da bavSvis nakluli woniT dabadebis risks. faqtobrivad, im qalebs, romlebic orsulobis dros iZulebulni arian, CaisunTqon Tambaqos kvamli, aseve, SeiZleba hyavdeT naklebwoniani bavSvebi (Dejin-Karllson et al., 1998). orsulobisas zogierTma nivTierebam praqtikulad nebismier dros SeiZleba miayenos ziani nayofs. magaliTad, kokaini placentaSi aRwevs da Canasaxis ganviTarebis Seferxeba SeuZlia. mozrdilebSi kokaini sisxlZarRvebis Seviwrovebas iwvevs. orsul qalebSi kokaini aferxebs placentaSi sisxlis moZraobas da nayofis JangbadiT momaragebas. Jangbadis seriozuli SimSilis Sedegad SeiZleba gaskdes kidec nayofis Tavis tvinis sisxlZarRvebi. aseTma prenatalurma insultebma SeiZleba samudamo fsiqikuri arasrulfasovneba gamoiwvios (Chasnoff, 1998; Koren, 1998). kvleva aCvenebs, rom kokaini yvelaze metad Tavis tvinis im sistemebs azianebs, romlebic yuradRebis marTvaze ageben pasuxs: bavSvebi, romlebmac muclad yofnisas kokainis zemoqmedeba ganicades, SeiZleba mTeli cxovrebis manZilze uSedegod ewinaaRmdegebodnen maTTvis uintereso mxedvelobiT da smeniT da gamRizianeblebze yuradRebis gadatanas. am magaliTebiT gvsurda, gveCvenebina, rom sxeulsa da tvins bavSvis dabadebamdec ki ayalibebs bunebisa da garemos urTierTqmedeba.
biheviorizmis fuZemdebeli jon uotsoni aRwerda Cvils, rogorc sicocxlisunarian, mofarTxale xorcis naWers, romelsac ramdenime martivi reaqciis ganxorcieleba SeuZlia~. Tu es marTalia, albaT, gagikvirdebaT imis gageba, rom dabadebidan ramdenime wamSi axalSobili grZnobis organoebiT informaciis miRebis da masze reagirebis gasaocar unars avlens. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bavSvebi momarTulebi arian gadarCenisaTvis~ da kargad arian adaptirebulni, raTa reagireba moaxdinon maTze mzrunvel mozrdilebze da imoqmedon irgvliv myof adamianebze. magaliTad, Cvilebs dabadebamdec SeuZliaT bgerebis gagoneba, Sesabamisad, isini mzad arian dabadebis Semdeg garkveul bgerebze reagirebisTvis. axalSobilebs, sxva qalebis xmebze metad, dedis xmis mosmena urCevniaT, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom muclad yofnisas isini dedis xmis cnobas swavloben (Decasper & Fifer, 1980). mkvlevrebma isic daasabuTes, rom axalSobilebi TavianTi dedebis imgvarad Secvlil xmas cnoben, rogoric bunebrivad aRwevs saSvilosnoSi, anu dedis sxeulis qsovilebis gavlis Sedegad Secvlils (anu zogierTi sixSiris bgerebi ifiltreba) (Spence & Decasper, 1987; Spence & Freeman, 1996). ase rom, axalSobilebi cnoben im xmebs, romlebic axlosaa maT Cana-
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saxovan gamocdilebasTan. samwuxarod, maT mamebisagan arasakmarisi bgeriTi gamocdileba aqvT: axalSobilebi saerTod ar aqceven yuradRebas mamis xmas (Decasper & Prescott, 1984). oTxi Tvis asakSic ki, axalSobilebi mamis xmas ver arCeven ucxo mamakacis xmisagan (Ward & Cooper, 1999). Cvilebi TiTqmis dabadebisTanave iwyeben mxedvelobiT sistemebis gamoyenebasac: dabadebidan sul ramdenime wuTSi bavSvs ukve Ria aqvs Tvalebi, Tavs abrunebs xmis mimarTulebiT da cnobismoyvareobiT eZebs am xmis wyaros. miuxedavad amisa, Cvilis mxedveloba sustadaa ganviTarebuli, sxva SegrZnebebTan SedarebiT. mozrdilTa mxedvelobis simaxvile daaxloebiT 40-jer ukeTesia, vidre axalSobilebisa (Sireteanu, 1999). mxedvelobis simaxvile swrafad umjobesdeba bavSvis sicocxlis pirveli 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi. axalSobilebi, agreTve, cudad aRiqvamen samyaros sam ganzomilebaSi: mxolod 4 Tvis asakSi SeuZliaT maT orive TvaliT miRebuli informaciis Sejereba da siRrmisa da manZilis aRqma. kargi mxedveloba _ kontrastis aRqma, mxedvelobis simaxvile da ferebis garCeva _ Tvalis receptoruli velis centrSi uamravi fotoreceptoruli ujredis funqcionirebas da Tvalis optikis saTanadod ganviTarebas moiTxovs (ix. Tavi 4). mravali am komponentTagani mosamwifebelia Cvilis mxedvelobis sistemaSi. kargi mxedvelobisaTvis, aseve, saWiroa, rom Tavis tvinis vizualur qerqSi arsebul uamrav neirons Soris urTierTqmedeba vizualur gamocdilebas Seesabamebodes (Maurer, 1999). dabadebisas neironebs Soris arasakmarisi urTierTqmedebaa. bavSvebs kargi mxedvelobis gareSec SeuZliaT garkveuli gamRizianeblebis erTmaneTisagan garCeva. mkvlevarTa Soris erT-erTi pirvelTagani _ robert fanci (Robert Fantz, 1963) akvirdeboda rom 4 Tvis bavSvebs ukonturo obieqtebze metad konturiani obieqtebis yureba erCivnaT, martiv obieqtebze metad _ rTulis da arasworad ganlagebuli nakvTebis mqone saxeebze metad _ mTliani, Cveulebrivi saxeebis. ufro gviandelma kvlevebma cxadyo, rom bavSvebi dabadebidanve adamianis saxeebs metad aniWeben upiratesobas, vidre vizualurad msgavs gamosaxulebebs (Valenza et al., 1996). faqtobrivad, 4 dRis asakSi axalSobilebi cnoben dedis saxes.
saidan viciT
axalSobilebi da maTi dedebis saxeebi oTxi dRis Cvilebi moaTavses qafovani masaliT damzadebul specialur savarZelSi, romelic usafrTxod iWerda bavSvs da, amasTan, Tavis aqeT-iqiT trialis saSualebas aZlevda. savarZlebis win moTavsebuli iyo nacrisferi ekrani, romelzec amoWrili iyo ori sarkmeli. eqsperimentis dros erT sarkmelSi dedis saxe Canda, meoreSi ki _ ucnobi adamianis (ucnobi qali ise iyo SerCeuli, rom bundovnad hgavda dedas). dedasa da ucnob qals eZleodaT instruqcia, rom SeenarCunebinaT saxis neitraluri gamometyveleba da ar elaparakaT an emoZravaT. aRmoCnda, rom cdis ganmavlobaSi bavSvebi orjer met xans uyurebdnen TavianT dedebs, vidre ucnobebs (Pascalis, 1995).
es Sedegi gviCvenebs, rom bavSvebi Zalze adreul asakSive floben mniSvnelovan informacias garemos Sesaxeb: es aris dedis saxis nakvTebi. axla xedavT, Tu ratom vuwodeT Cvilebs `gadarCenisaTvis momarTulebi~. rogorc ki bavSvebi garemoSi moZraobas daiwyeben, isini swrafad iZenen sxva perceptul unarebs. magaliTad, eleonor gibsonisa (Eleanor Gibson) da riCard uolqis (Richard Walk) klasikurma kvlevam (1960) aCvena, Tu rogor reagirebdnen bavSvebi siRrmis Sesaxeb informaciaze. kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli iyo mowyobiloba, romelsac vizualur ufskruls uwodeben. es iyo gluvi SuSis zedapiris SuaSi moTavsebuli gaumWvirvale sibrtye. didi da mcire siRrmeebis Sesaqmnelad gamoiyeneboda kubokruli qsovili, rogorc naCvenebia suraTze 11.2. Tavdapirvel eqsperimentSi gibsonma da uolqma aCvenes, rom bavSvebi yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe mixoxaven SuSis SuaSi mdebare sibrtyidan mcire siRrmis mimarTulebiT, magram uars amboben didi siRrmisken wasvlaze. Semdgomma kvlevebma aCvena, rom siRrmis SiSi xoxvis gamocdilebidan momdinareobda: bavSvebs, romelTac ukve dawyebuli hqondaT xoxva,
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suraTi
11.3
sicocxlis pirveli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi zrdis modeli

sicocxlis pirveli wlis ganmavlobaSi Zalian swrafad izrdeba neironTa raodenoba. es procesi bevrad swrafad mimdinareobs, vidre zogadi fizikuri zrda. amis sapirispirod, sqesobrivi momwifeba ar xdeba mozardobis periodamde.
struqturisaTvis. Tqven, albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom patarebi Tavkombalebs hgvanan. dabadebisas bavSvis Tavi ukve mozrdilis Tavis zomis TiTqmis 60%-s, xolo sakuTari sxeulis sigrZis meoTxeds Seadgens (Bayley, 1956). dabadebidan eqvs
suraTi
11.2
vizualuri ufskruli
rodesac bavSvi mis irgvliv garemoSi xoxvis gamocdilebas iRebs, igi vizualuri ufskrulis~ Rrma mxaris SiSs avlens.
eSinodaT siRrmis, xolo maT Tanatolebs, romlebic jer ar xoxavdnen _ ar eSinodaT (Campos, 1992). amgvarad, simaRlis SiSi ar aris sruliad Tandayolili, aramed viTardeba maSin, rodesac bavSvi Tavad iwyebs garemos Seswavlas.
zrda da momwifeba bavSvobaSi

axalSobilebi saocrad swrafad icvlebian, Tumca, rogorc 11.3 suraTzea naCvenebi, fizikuri zrdis tempi erTnairi ar aris yvela fizikuri
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suraTi
11.4
moZraobis unars ganviTarebis Tanmimdevroba

siarulis unaris ganviTareba ar moiTxovs specialur swavlebas. is TavisiT viTardeba garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT, rac Cveni saxeobis yvela fizikurad normalurad ganviTarebuli wevrebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. im kulturebSi, sadac bavSvebis stimulirebas adreul asakSi axdenen, patarebi siaruls ufro adre iwyeben (Shirley, 1931).
TveSi Cvilis sxeulis wona ormagdeba, xolo erT weliwadSi _ sammagdeba. ori wlis asakSi bavSvis tani misi saboloo (mozrdilobis dros miRweuli) sigrZis naxevars udris. mozardobamde genitaliebi mcireoden cvlilebas ganicdian da Semdeg ki swrafad viTardebian zrdasrulis proporciebamde. bavSvTa umravlesobisaTvis fizikur zrdas Tan sdevs motoruli unarebis momwifeba. momwifeba aris maTTvis Cveul garemoSi saxeobebis warmomadgenelTa tipuri zrdis procesi. momwifebis Cveuli Tanmimdevroba, romelsac axalSobili gadis, ganpirobebulia Tandayolili biologiuri maxasiaTeblebisa da garemo momwifeba (maturation) _ ganviTarebis ganmavlobaSi memkvidreobis uwyveti gavlena; saxeobebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, asakTan dakavSirebuli fizikuri da qceviTi cvlilebebi.
faqtorebis urTierTqmedebiT. magaliTad, rogorc 11.4 suraTzea mocemuli, gadaadgilebis unaris ganviTarebisas bavSvi specialuri varjiSis gareSe swavlobs siaruls. es Tanmimdevroba saerToa bavSvebis umravlesobisTvis, umciresobam ki SeiZleba gamotovos romelime safexuri an sakuTari originaluri TanmimdevrobiT ganviTardes. miuxedavad amisa, im kulturebSi, sadac naklebi fizikuri stimulacia aqvT, bavSvebi siaruls SedarebiT gvian iwyeben. magaliTad, amerikeli indielebi bavSvebs mWidrod Sekrul zurgze mosakidebeli artaxiT atareben, romelic aferxebs siarulis swavlas, Tumca, rogorc ki bavSvi ganTavisufldeba misgan, igi lokomociis ganviTarebis zustad igive safexurebs gaivlis. amrigad, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom yvela janmrTel axalSobils fizikuri ganviTarebis erTnairi potenciali aqvs.
408
fizikuri ganviTareba mozardobaSi

bavSvobis dasrulebis pirveli konkretuli maCvenebelia pubertatis energiis mozRvaveba. gogonebSi daaxloebiT 10 wlis asakisTvis da biWebSi daaxloebiT 12 wlis asakisTvis zrdis hormonebi sisxlSi gadasvlas iwyebs. ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi mozardi SeiZleba weliwadSi 7-14-sm-iT gaizardos da sagrZnoblad moimatos wonaSi. mozardis sxeuli erTbaSad ar aRwevs mozrdilis proporciebs. Tavdapirvelad zrdasrulis zomamde izrdeba fexis terfebi da xelis mtevnebi, Semdeg _ Tavad xelebi da fexebi, xolo torsi yvelaze nela viTardeba. amgvarad, individis sxeulis forma mozardobis ganmavlobaSi ramdenjerme icvleba. energiis mozRvavebis dawyebidan ori-sami wlis Semdeg dgeba pubertati, anu sqesobrivi simwife (laTinuri sityva pubertas niSnavs TmebiT dafaruls~ da miuTiTebs fexebsa da xelebze, iRliebsa da genitalur areebSi Tmis safaris ganviTarebaze). biWebisTvis sqesobrivi momwifeba cocxali spermis warmoebiT, xolo gogonebisTvis _ menarqeTi, anu menstruaciiT iwyeba. aSS-Si menarqes saSualo asaki 12-13 welia, Tumca, misi dawyeba normis farglebSi mosa-
pubertati (puberty) _ sqesobrivi momwifebis miRweva. misi maCvenebeli gogonebTan aris menarqes (pirveli menstruacia), xolo biWebTan _ cocxali spermis warmoebisa da eakulaciis unari. menarqe (menarche) _ menstrualuri ciklis dawyeba. sxeulis xati (body image) _ sakuTari sxeulis garegnobis subieqturi aRqma.
409
lodnelia 11-dan 15 wlamde periodSi. biWebSi cocxali spermis warmoeba pirvelad, saSualod, 12-14 wlis asakSi xdeba, Tumca, aqac SesaZlebelia droSi variacia. am fizikur cvlilebebs xSirad Tan sdevs sakuTari seqsualuri SegrZnebebis gacnobiereba. seqsualuri motivaciis warmoqmnas me-12 TavSi ganvixilavT. sqesobriv momwifebasTan dakavSirebuli fizikuri cvlilebebi gavlenas axdens mozardis fsiqologiuri ganviTarebis sxva aspeqtebze. es cvlilebebi xSirad ubiZgebs mas, rom didi yuradReba dauTmos sakuTar garegnobas. uzarmazari fizikuri cvlilebebi da gaZlierebuli aqcenti Tanatolebis mxridan aRiarebaze individis mier sakuTari sxeulis xatiT dainteresebas, sakuTari garegnobis subieqtur xedvas aZlierebs. aTi sxvadasxva qveynis mozardebze Catarebuli kvlevis monacemebma (maT Soris iyo aSS, bangaladeSi, TurqeTi da taivani) cxadyo, rom gogonebis 38% da biWebis 27% sakuTar Tavs uSnod da aramimzidvelad Tvlis (Offer et al., 1988). moWarbebulma wuxilma sakuTar garegnobasa da socialuri me-s sxva aspetebze zogierTi mozardi gogona SeiZleba TviTgvemamde miiyvanos (Striegel-Moore & Cachelin, 1999). fizikur srulyofilebaze TavianTi araswori warmodgenis Sesabamisi formebis miRwevis mcdelobiT mozardma gogonebma SeiZleba seriozuli kvebiTi aSliloba ganiviTaron, rogoricaa anoreqsia, rac SimSilobas gulisxmobs, da bulimia, romelic sakvebis usazRvro raodenobiT STanTqmasa da Semdeg kuW-nawlavis iZulebiT gawmendas ukavSirdeba (me-12 TavSi ufro dawvrilebiT gavarCevT kvebiT aSlilobebs). sabednierod, am problemaTa gamwvavebis periodi adreul mozardobaSi mTavrdeba. mozardebi TandaTanobiT eCvevian TavianT garegnobas. mozardobis periodis dasrulebis Semdeg Tqveni sxeuli erTxel kidev aRwevs cxovrebis
im xanas, rodesac biologiuri cvlilebebi SedarebiT naklebad xdeba. Tqven SegiZliaT Tavad imoqmedoT sakuTar sxeulze sxvadasxva saSualebebiT _ dietiTa da varjiSiT. cvlilebebis Semdegi nakadi, romelic asakis momatebis Sedegia, mowifulobasa da xnovanobaze (anu zrdasrulobis Sua da bolo periodze) modis.
talRis sigrZis ferebi _ iisferis, lurjisa da mwvanis sxvadasxva elferi. brolis sixistem SeiZleba gaaZnelos axlos myofi obieqtebis danaxva. aseve, is gavlenas axdens sibnelesTan adaptaciaze, rac asakovan adamianebs RamiT xedvis problemas uqmnis. mxedvelobis cvlilebebis umravlesoba koreqtirdeba linzebiT.
smena
fizikuri cvlilebebi mozrdilobaSi

asakis matebasTan dakavSirebuli yvelaze SesamCnevi zogierTi cvlileba fizikur garegnobasa da SesaZleblobebs exeba. asakis momatebasTan erTad kanze naoWebi Cndeba, Tma Txeldeba da WaRaravdeba, simaRle ki 2-5 sm-iT iklebs. aseve, mcirdeba SegrZnebis organoebis mgrZnobeloba. es cvlilebebi moulodnelad ar Cndeba 65 wlis asakSi. isini TandaTanobiT, axalgazrdobidanve viTardeba. sanam asakTan dakavSirebul zogad cvlilebebs aRvwerdeT, ufro zogadi xasiaTis mosazrebas gamovTqvamT: mravali fizikuri cvlileba ara asakis, aramed umoqmedobis Sedegia; gamokvlevebi adasturebs sayovelTaod cnobil andazas: Tu ar gamoiyeneb, dakargav~. xanSiSesuli adamianebi, romlebic sistematurad varjiSoben (an iwyeben varjiSs), SedarebiT nakleb siZneleebs awydebian, romelsac xSirad xnovanebis gardauval Sedegad miiCneven (aRsaniSnavia, rom Cven zustad imave daskvnamde mivalT mowifulobis da xnovanebis kognituri da socialuri aspeqtebis ganxilvisas). modiT, axla is, TiTqmis gardauvali, cvlilebebi ganvixiloT, romlebic xSirad zemoqmedeben imaze, Tu ras da rogor fiqroben zrdasruli adamianebi sakuTar cxovrebaze.
smenis dakargva gavrcelebuli movlenaa 60 wlis da ufrosi asakis adamianebSi. Cveulebriv, asakovan adamianebs uWirT maRali sixSiris bgerebis aRqma (Corso, 1977). es gauareseba, Cveulebriv, mamakacebTan ufro metad vlindeba, vidre qalebTan. moxucebs SeiZleba didi dro dasWirdeT sxvisi laparakis gasagebad, gansakuTrebiT maRali tonalobis xmis SemTxvevaSi. (ucnauria, magram asakis matebasTan erTad adamianis xma wvrildeba xmis iogebis gaxistebis Sedegad). smenis Sesusteba SeiZleba TandaTanobiT da individisTvis SeumCnevlad xdebodes, sanam ukidures formas ar miiRebs. amasTan, maSinac ki, rodesac adamianebi xvdebian, rom yruvdebian, maT SeiZleba uaryon es faqti, radgan smenis dakargva daberebis arasasurvel niSnad iTvleba. smenis dakargvis zogierTi fsiqologiuri aspeqtis daZleva sasmeni aparatis daxmarebiT SeiZleba. agreTve, unda vicodeT, rom asakis matebasTan erTad, an moxucebTan urTierTobisas gvexmareba dabali toniT saubari, mkafiod metyveleba da fonuri xmauris Semcireba.
reproduqciuli da sqesobrivi funqcionireba

Cven vnaxeT, rom sqesobrivi simwife reproduqciuli funqcionirebis dasawyiss niSnavs. Sua da xanSiSesul asakSi reproduqciis SesaZlebloba iklebs. daaxloebiT 50 wlisTvis qalebis umravlesobas menopauza, anu mestruaciisa da ovulaciis Sewyveta axasiaTebs. mamakacebi naklebad mkveTri cvlilebebiT xasiaTdebian, Tumca, 40 wlis Semdeg sicocxlisunariani spermis raodenoba mcirdeba, 60 wlis Semdeg ki saTesle siTxis moculoba iklebs. ra Tqma unda, es cvlilebebi, ZiriTadad, reproduqcias exeba. asakis momateba da fizikuri cvlilebebi aucileblobiT ar iwvevs seqsua-
mxedveloba
65 wels gadacilebul adamianTa umravlesoba grZnobs mxedvelobis funqciis garkveul Sesustebas (Carter, 1982; Pitts, 1982). asakTan erTad adamianis Tvalis broli yviTldeba da naklebad elastiuri xdeba. iTvleba, rom brolis gayviTlebis gamo zogierT xanSiSesuls uWirs ferebis garCeva. zogierTi moxucisTvis gansakuTrebiT Znelad gasarCevi xdeba dabali
410
kognituri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

rogor icvleba cxovrebis manZilze individis mier fizikuri da socialuri garemos gageba? kognituri ganviTareba Seiswavlis gonebriv procesebsa da produqtebs, romlebic warmoiqmneba da icvleba droTa ganmavlobaSi. vinaidan mkvlevrebi gansakuTrebiT aRfrTovanebulni iyvnen kognituri SesaZleblobebis Zalze adreuli ganviTarebiT, ZiriTad yuradRebas kognituri ganviTarebis adreul stadiebs davuTmobT, Tumca, zogierT im aRmoCenasac aRvwerT, romelic mozrdilobis wlebs ukavSirdeba. kognituri ganviTarebis ganxilvas Sveicarieli fsiqologis _ Jan piaJes novatoruli naSromis aRweriT daviwyebT.
luri gamocdilebis sxva aspeqtebis gauaresebas (Levine, 1998; Levy, 1994). sinamdvileSi, seqsi cxovrebis erT-erTi jansaRi siamovnebaa, romelsac SeuZlia asakovani adamianis cxovrebis xarisxis gaumjobeseba, radgan is aRmgnebia, xels uwyobs fizikur varjiSs, fantaziis stimulirebas axdens da socialuri urTierTqmedebis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis mqone formas warmoadgens. Cven ukve mokled mimovixileT adamianis fizikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTadi momentebi. axla vnaxoT, rogor yalibdeba warmodgena gare samyaros Sesaxeb.
piaJes aRmoCenebi kognituri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb

TiTqmis 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi Jan piaJe (Jean Piaget, 1929, 1954, 1977) aviTarebda Teoriebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor azrovneben, fiqroben da wyveten amocanebs bavSvebi. piaJes interesi kognituri ganviTarebisadmi, albaT, misma
kognituri ganviTareba (cognitive development) _ Semecnebis procesis ganviTareba, romelic moicavs warmosaxvas, aRqmas, azrovnebasa da amocanis gadawyvetas. sqemebi (schemes) _ piaJes termini im kognituri struqturebis aRsaniSnad, romelic viTardeba bavSvis mier samyaros interpretirebasa da garemosadmi adaptaciasTan erTad. asimilacia (assimilation) _ piaJes mixedviT, procesi, romlis drosac axali kognituri elementebi ergeba Zvel elementebs an modificirdeba, raTa ufro gamartivdes morgebis procesi; asimilacia xorcieldeba akomodaciasTan erTad. akomodacia (accomodation) _ piaJes mixedviT, ukve arsebuli kognituri struqturebis modificirebis an gadastruqturebis procesi, raTa gaadvildes axali informaciis morgeba ukve arsebulTan; akomodacia xorcieldeba asimilaciasTan erTad.
Sejameba
bavSvebi amqveynad sensoruli unarebiT ibadebian, rac maT informaciis miRebisa da socialuri urTierTobebis ganviTarebis saSualebas aZlevs. fizikur zrdas, Cveulebriv, motoruli unarebis momwifeba axlavs Tan. mozardobis periodSi individebi pubertatis xanas gadian. isini xSirad zedmet yuradRebas uTmoben sakuari sxeulis xats. zrdasrulobis periodis zogierTi fizikuri cvlileba ara daberebis fizikuri procesis, aramed funqciebis gamouyeneblobis, umoqmedobis Sedegia. Tumca, asakis matebasTan erTad, adamianTa umravlesobas aReniSneba cvlilebebi mxedvelobaSi, smenasa da sqesobriv funqciebSi.
411
sakuTarma inteleqtualurad aqtiurma bavSvobam ganapiroba. man 10 wlis asakSi gamoaqveyna pirveli statia, 14 wlis asakSi ki muzeumis kuratoris Tanamdeboba SesTavazes (Brainerd, 1996). adreuli gonebrivi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb kompleqsuri Teoriebis SesamuSaveblad piaJe sakuTar SvilebTan da sxva bavSvebTan interviuirebasa da martiv demonstraciebs iyenebda. mas ainteresebda ara im informaciis moculoba, romelsac bavSvebi flobdnen, aramed is, Tu rogor azrovnebdnen isini da rogor icvleboda fizikuri realobis Sinagani reprezentaciebi ganviTarebis sxvadasxva stadiaze.
asakobrivi cvlilebebis elementebi

gonebriv struqturebs, romelTa saSualebiTac adamiani samyaros interpretirebas axdens, piaJem sqemebi uwoda. sqemebi asakobrivi cvlilebebis elementebi _ samSeneblo agurebia~. Cvilis pirvelad sqemebs piaJem sensomotoruli inteleqti uwoda. es aris azrovnebis struqturebi da programebi, romlebic iseT sensomotorul Tanmimdevrobas warmarTavs, rogoricaa: wova, yureba, taceba, xelis kvra. praqtikasTan erTad, elementaruli sqemebi erTiandeba, integrirdeba da nawildeba qcevis TandaTanobiT garTulebad mravalferovan paternebSi. aseTi paternis magaliTia, rodesac sasurveli sagnis xelSi asaRebad bavSvi xels kravs arasasurvel sagans, romelic efarebas mas. piaJes mixedviT, kognituri zrdisTvis aucilebelia ori bazisuri procesis erToblivi muSaoba asimilacia da akomodacia. asimilaciiT xdeba garemodan momdinare axali informaciis modificireba, raTa es ukanaskneli SesabamisobaSi movides ukve nacnob gamocdilebasTan. Semosuli sensoruli informaciis struqturizaciisTvis bavSvi mimarTavs arsebul sqemebs. akomodaciis SemTxvevaSi ki, piriqiT, axali informaciis ufro srulad asaxsnelad gadastruqturdeba an modificirdeba bavSvis ukve arsebuli sqemebi. warmoidgineT, rogor unda SeZlos bavSvma dedis ZuZus wovidan jer boTlis sawovaras wovaze, Semdeg siTxis sawrupiT Sewovaze da bolos finjnidan dalevaze gadasvla. Tavdapirveli woviTi reaqcia Tandayolili refleqsia, magram is ise unda modificirdes, rom bavSvis tuCebi moergos dedis kertis zomasa
da formas. boTlTan adaptaciis procesSi Cvili jer kidev iyenebs ucvleli Tanmimdevrobis mraval komponents (asimilacia), magram man, adrindelTan SedarebiT, gansxvavebulad unda moiqcios pirSi boTlis sawovara da ise Seiwovos sakvebi; amasTan, boTlis gansxvavebuli kuTxiT daWerac unda iswavlos (akomodacia). boTlidan sawrupze da Semdeg finjanze gadasvlis nabijebi ufro met akomodacias saWiroebs, Tumca, kvlav eyrdnoba manamde SeZenil unarebs. piaJe kognitur ganviTarebas asimilaciisa da akomodaciis swored aseTi monacvleobis Sedegad miiCnevs. asimilaciisa da akomodaciis balansirebuli gamoyeneba saSualebas aZlevs bavSvs, rom misi qceva da codna naklebad iyos damokidebuli konkretul garegan realobaze da metad daeyrdnos abstraqtul azrovnebas.
kognituri ganviTarebis stadiebi

piaJes miaCnda, rom bavSvis kognituri ganviTareba SeiZleba oTx Tanmimdevrul, calkeul stadiad daiyos (ix. cxrili 11.2). iTvleba, rom yvela bavSi erTi da igive TanmimdevrobiT gadis am stadiebs, Tumca, zog bavSvs SeiZleba meti dro dasWirdes romelime konkretuli stadiis gasavlelad, zogs ki _ naklebi. sensomotoruli stadia. sensomotoruli stadia dabadebidan daaxloebiT 2 wlamde grZeldeba. pirvel TveebSi Cvilis qcevis umetesi nawili Tandayolil sqemaTa SezRudul erTobliobas efuZneba, rogoricaa: wova, yureba, taceba da xelis kvra. pirveli wlis ganmavlobaSi sensomotoruli unarebi umjobesdeba, kombinirebuli, koordinirebuli xdeba da erTiandeba (magaliTad, wova da taceba, yureba da manipulireba). Cvilis mier sakuTari moqmedebis garemoze asaxvis aRmoCenasTan erTad, es unarebi TandaTan ufro mravalferovani xdeba. Cvilobis periodis yvelaze mniSvnelovani kognituri SenaZenia iseTi obieqtebis mentaluri reprezentaciebis Seqmnis unari, romelTanac bavSvs ar aqvs uSualo sensomotoruli kontaqti. obieqtTa mudmivoba niSnavs bavSvis mier imis gagebas, rom sagnebi arseboben da moqmedeben misi qcevisa da mis mier maTi arsebobis gacnobierebisgan damoukideblad. sicocxlis pirvel TveebSi bavSvebi sagnebs Tvals ayoleben, magram, rodesac sagnebi maTi mxedvelobis
412
cxrili
11.1
piJes kognituri ganviTarebis safexurebi

stadia/asaki
sensomotoruli (0-2)
maxasiaTeblebi da ZiriTadi miRwevebi

bavSvi cxovrebas iwyebs mcire raodenobis sensomotoruli TanmimdevrobiT. mas uviTardeba obieqtis mudmivoba da simboluri azrovnebis sawyisebi. bavSvis azrovneba xasiaTdeba egocentrizmiTa da centraciiT. mas uumjobesdeba simboluri azrovnebis gamoyenebis unari. bavSvi wvdeba konservaciis gagebas. mas SeuZlia azrovneba konkretul fizikur sagnebTan mimarTebaSi. bavSvs uviTardeba abstraqtuli da hipoTeturi azrovnebis unari.
garda amisa, winaoperaciul stadiaze bavSvebi xasiaTdebian centraciiT obieqtebis perceptulad gamokveTil Tvisebebze yuradRebis miqcevis tendenciiT. centraciis TvalsaCino magaliTia piaJes klasikuri eqsperimenti, sadac man aCvena, rom bavSvs ar SeuZlia imis gageba, rom siTxis moculoba ar icvleba WurWlis zomisa da formis cvlasTan erTad.
saidan viciT
piaJe gviCvenebs centracias rodesac Tanabari moculobis limonaTs asxamen or erTnair WiqaSi, 5 da 7 wlis bavSvebi adastureben, rom Wiqebi Tanabari odenobis siTxes Seicaven. Tumca, rodesac limonaTs erT-erTi Wiqidan viwro, maRal WurWelSi gadaasxamen, maTi azrebi gansxvavebuli xdeba. 5 wlis bavSvebma ician, rom maRal WiqaSi igive limonaTi asxia, Tumca, amboben, rom is axla meti gaxda. 7 wlisani ki sworad amtkiceben, rom maT raodenobebs Soris sxvaoba ar aris.
operaciamdeli (2-7)
konkretuli operaciebis (7-11)
formaluri operaciebis (11!)
velidan qrebian, isini TiTqos bavSvis gonebidanac uCinardebian. Tumca, daaxloebiT 3 Tvis asakSi bavSvebi im adgils isev uyureben, sadac sagani gaqra. 8-dan 12 Tvemde bavSvebi iwyeben gamqrali sagnis Zebnas. 2 wlis asakisaTvis bavSvebi ukve darwmunebulni arian, rom sagnebi maTi mxedvelobis velis miRmac arseboben (Flavell, 1985). winaoperaciuli stadia. winaoperaciuli stadia daaxloebiT 2-dan 7 wlis asakamde grZeldeba. ganviTarebis am periodSi didi kognituri winsvlaa fizikur mocemulobas moklebuli obieqtebis gonebaSi warmodgenis gaumjobesebuli unari. am SenaZenis gamoklebiT, winaoperaciul stadias piaJe aRwers imis mixedviT, Tu risi gakeTeba ar SeuZliaT bavSvebs. ase magaliTad, piaJes miaCnda, rom patara bavSvebis winaoperaciuli azrovneba egocentrizmiT, anu bavSvis mier sxva adamianis Tvalsazrisis gaziarebis unaris arqoniT xasiaTdeba. Tqven, albaT, SeginiSnavT egocentrizmis gamovlineba, Tu gagonili gaqvT, rogor elaparakebian ori wlis bavSvebi sxva bavSvebs. am asakis bavSvebi xSirad sakuTar TavTan ufro laparakoben, vidre garSemomyofebTan.
obieqtTa mudmivoba (object permanence) _ mixvedra imisa, rom sagnebi arseboben individis mier amis gacnobierebisa da individis moqmedebisgan damoukideblad; Cvilobis asakis mniSvnelovani kognituri SenaZeni. egocentrizmi (egocentrism) _ kognituri ganviTarebis winaoperaciul stadiaze patara bavSvis mier sxva adamianis Tvalsazrisis gaziarebis unaris arqona. centracia (centration) _ kognituri ganviTarebis winaoperaciuli stadiis dasawyisisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli azrovnebis paterni, romelic xasiaTdeba bavSvis mier erTdroulad ori perceptuli faqtoris gaTvaliswinebis unaris arqoniT.
piaJe gviCvenebs, rom patara bavSvebi fokusirebuli arian percepturad gamokveTil erT Tvisebaze _ WiqaSi Casxmuli limonaTis doneze. didi bavSvebi iTvaliswineben orives _ simaRles da siganes _ da sworad askvnian, rom rasac xedaven, ar aris realoba. konkretuli operaciebis stadia. konkretuli operaciebis stadia daaxloebiT 7-dan 11
413
wlamde grZeldeba. am stadiaze bavSvs ukve SeuZlia gonebrivi operaciebis _ gonebaSi ganxorcielebuli moqmedebebis _ Sesruleba, romlidanac saTaves iRebs logikuri azrovneba. winaoperaciul da konkretuli operaciebis stadiebs xSirad upirispireben erTmaneTs, radganac konkretuli operaciebis stadiaze bavSvebi axerxeben imas, rasac ver axerxebdnen winaoperaciul stadiaze. konkretuli operaciebi bavSvs fizikuri moqmedebis gonebriviT Canacvlebis saSualebas aZlevs. magaliTad, Tu bavSvi xedavs, rom adami lindaze maRalia, xolo mogvianebiT xedavs, rom linda taniaze maRalia, bavSvs SeuZlia daaskvnas, rom am samidan adami yvelaze maRalia _ am sami individis fizikurad datolebisa da gadawyobis gareSe. Tumca, bavSvs jer kidev ar SeuZlia saTanado daskvnis
konservacia (conservation) _ piaJes mixedviT, gaazreba imisa, rom, Tu araferi emateba an araferi akldeba, sagnis fizikuri Tvisebebi ar icvleba maSinac ki, rodesac icvleba misi garegnuli saxe.
gakeTeba (adami yvelaze maRalia~), Tu problema mxolod sityvierad aris aRwerili. uSualo, fizikuri dakvirvebis gareSe fardobiTi simaRlis gansazRvris (da msgavsi problemebis gadawyvetis) unaris arqona gvafiqrebinebs, rom abstraqtuli azrovneba jer kidev momwifebis stadiazea konkretuli operaciebis periodSi. limonaTis eqsperimenti gviCvenebs konkretuli operaciebis stadiis kidev erT maxasiaTebels. 7 wlis bavSvebs ukve aTvisebuli aqvT is, rasac piaJe konservacias, anu Senaxvas uwodebs. maT ician, rom, Tu araferi emateba an araferi akldeba, sagnis fizikuri Tvisebebi ar icvleba maSinac ki, rodesac icvleba misi garegnuli saxe. 11.5 suraTze mocemulia piaJes cdis magaliTebi, romelic sxvadasxva ganzomilebaSi konservacias Seexeba. erT-erTi axlad SeZenili operacia, romlis gamoyenebac SeuZliaT bavSvebs konservaciaze amocanebis Sesrulebisas, aris Seqcevadoba. es aris bavSvis mier imis gageba, rom fizikuri moqmedebebi da gonebrivi operaciebi SeiZleba Seqcevadi iyos.
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suraTi
11.3
konservaciis testi
bavSvma SeiZleba daaskvnas, rom raodenoba ver Seicvleboda, radganac, Tu fizikur moqmedebas SevaqcevT _ limonaTs ukan gadavasxamT sawyis WurWelSi _ orive moculoba isev erTnairi gamoCndeba. formaluri operaciebis stadia. formaluri operaciebis stadia daaxloebiT 11 wlis asakidan iwyeba. kognituri ganviTarebis am bolo stadiaze bavSvis azrovneba abstraqtuli xdeba. mozardebs SeuZliaT imis danaxva, rom maT mier aRqmuli konkretuli realoba mxolod erTerTi variantia realobis ramdenime SesaZlo warmosaxvidan da SeuZliaT WeSmaritebis, samarTlianobisa da yofierebis siRrmiseul sakiTxebze fiqri da msjeloba. isini problemebs sistemurad wyveten: mas Semdeg, rac miaRweven formaluri operaciebis stadias, bavSvebs, mecnieris msgavsad, SeuZliaT, Tanmimdevrulad scadon TiToeuli SesaZlebloba. garda amisa, maT ukve SeuZliaT gaumjobesebuli deduqciuri azrovnebis im tipebis gamoyeneba, romelzec me9 TavSi visaubreT. TavianTi umcrosi daZmebisgan gansxvavebiT, mozardebs SeuZliaT abstraqtuli wanamZRvrebidan (Tu A, maSin B~ da ara B~) msjelobiT mividnen logikur daskvnamde (ara A~).
adreuli kognituri ganviTarebis Tanamedrove midgomebi

piaJes Teoria kognituri ganviTarebis gagebis klasikur aTvlis wertilad rCeba (Flavell, 1996; Lourenco & Machado, 1996; Scholnik et al., 1999); Tumca, Tanamedrove mkvlevrebma bavSvis kognituri una-
415
rebis Seswavlis ufro moqnili meTodebi SeimuSaves. axla vnaxoT, Tu rogor daxvewes mravalferovanma axalma kreatulma meTodebma piaJes daskvnebi bavSvis SesaZleblobebis Taobaze.
bavSvis ganviTarebis sensomotoruli stadiis gadaxedva

piaJes Tanaxmad, obieqtTa mudmivobis gancdis ganviTareba 2 wlis bavSvis umTavresi miRwevaa. Tumca, kvlevis Tanamedrove meTodebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom 3 Tvis bavSvebs da, SesaZloa, ufro patarebsac ki, ukve ganviTarebuli aqvT am cnebis zogierTi aspeqti. rogorc Cans, maT esmiT ZiriTadi principi _ erTi myari sagani ver gaivlis meore myar saganSi. es mniSvnelovani aRmoCena mkvlevar rene baiarJans ekuTvnis (Rene Baillargeon, 1987a, 1987b; Baillargeon & DeVos, 1991). mis erT-erT cdaSi Cvilma bavSvebma gakvirveba gamoxates, rodesac Tvali gaadevnes movlenaTa SeuZlebel Tanmimdevrobas.
saidan viciT
Cvilebi Tvals adevneben SeuZlebel movlenebs
iweoda (ise, rom maT SeeZloT imis danaxva, rom ekranis miRma araferi iyo) da isev eSveboda. Semdeg daxril sibrtyeze gordeboda patara vagoni, sademonstracio yuTis gavliT, siCqaris Semcirebis gareSe, uCinardeboda ekranis ukan, Semdeg gamoCndeboda ekranis meore mxridan da sabolood gamodioda sademonstracio yuTis marjvena mxares (ix. sur. 11.6). mas Semdeg, rac Cvilebi mieCvivnen am movlenas, maT naxes movlenaTa ganviTarebis ori testuri, sacdeli varianti: miCvevaSi aisaxeba reaqciis Sesusteba, rodesac stimuli mravaljer meordeba. orive sacdel movlenaSi ekrani zemoT iweoda da sademonstracio yuTSi Cvilebi xedavdnen kubs, amasTan, gansxvavdeboda misi adgilmdebareoba. SesaZlebel movlenaSi kubi moTavsebuli iyo sademonstracio yuTis ukana kedlisken, im bilikis miRma, sadac vagons unda gaevlo; amitom vagons Tavisuflad SeeZlo sademonstracio yuTis gavliT gagoreba. SeuZlebel movlenaSi kubi moTavsebuli iyo bilikis Sua nawilze ise, rom momaval vagons gzas gadauRobavda. miuxedavad amisa, movlenis ganviTarebisas Cvilebi xedavdnen, rom vagoni daubrko1
Cvilebi isxdnen farTo sademonstracio yuTis1 win. pirdapir maT win moTavsebuli iyo patara ekrani. am ekranis marcxniv mdebareobda daxrili sibrtye. Cvilebi xedavdnen Semdeg movlenas: ekrani zemoT
display box zemodan gaxsnili da/an erTi kedlis gareSe yuTi, romelic gamoiyeneba savaWro darbazSi gasayidi nivTebis dasawyobad. SeiZleba iTargmnos, rogorc daxli~ (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
suraTi
11.6
SeCvevisa da testuri movlenebis sqematuri reprezentacia

SeCvevis fazaze mcirdeba Cvilis interesi movlenis mimarT. sacdel SemTxvevaSi maTi interesi ganaxlda SeuZlebeli movleniT.
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saidan viciT
patara bavSvebis codna sxvebis codnis Sesaxeb 4-5 wlis bavSvebs sTxoves, SeefasebinaT 6 Tvis Cvilis (anas), 4 wlis bavSvisa (maris) da mozrdilis (siuzenis) codna. TiToeuli individis Sesaxeb bavSvebs ekiTxebodnen: icis Tu ara man, rogor gamoiyureba cxoveli, romelsac spilos eZaxian?~ da icis Tu ara man, rogor gamoiyureba cxoveli, romelsac lemurs eZaxian?~ bavSvebi axerxebdnen, eTqvaT, vis ra ecodineboda: Cvils ar ecodineboda spilos Sesaxeb, magram bavSvs ecodineboda; arc Cvils da arc bavSvs ar ecodinebodaT lemuris Sesaxeb; mozrdils ki orives Sesaxeb ecodineboda. am paternis mixedviT, bavSvebi ar msjeloben mxolod sakuTari codnis safuZvelze (magaliTad, is, rom maT ician spilos Sesaxeb, magram ara _ lemuris Sesaxeb). isini aucileblobiT ar azrovneben egocentrulad (Taylor et al., 1991). bavSvebs komunikaciis formis Secvlac SeuZliaT msmenelis tipis mixedviT. 2 wlis bavSvTan saTamaSos Sesaxeb saubrisas 4 wlis bavSvi ufro mokle da martiv gamoTqmebs iyenebs, vidre TanatolTan an mozrdilTan (Shatz & Gelman, 1973). aseTi tipis adaptacia kvlav migviTiTebs, rom egocentrizms Tavisi sazRvrebi aqvs.
leblad gadioda sadmonstracio yuTs. isini SeuZlebel~ movlenas SedarebiT didxans adevnebdnen Tvals, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom is akvirvebda maT _ arRvevda maTTvis ukve Cveul warmodgenas movlenis mimdinareobis Sesaxeb (Baillargeon, 1986).
bavSvebis sayrdeni Teoriebi

piaJes Teoria im stadiebis irgvliv aris agebuli, romlis drosac bavSvis azrovnebaSi umniSvnelovanesi cvlilebebi xdeba. mogvianebiT mkvlevrebma ganixiles idea imis Sesaxeb, rom cvlilebebi ramdenime ZiriTadi sferodan TiToeulSi gancalkevebulad, erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad xdeba, imis Sesabamisad, Tu ramdenad aqvs bavSvs ganviTarebuli sayrdeni Teoriebi _ sawyisi struqturebi, romliTac isini cdiloben samyarosTan urTierTobiT miRebuli gamocdilebis axsnas (Carey, 1985; Wellman & Gelman, 1992; Wellman & Inagaki, 1997). magaliTad, isini
bavSvis ganviTarebis winaoperaciuli stadiis gadaxedva

gavixsenoT, rom piaJes azriT, winaoperaciul stadiaze bavSvis azrovnebas egocentrizmi axasiaTebs. Tumca, mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom bavSvebi SeiZleba saTanadod mgrZnobiareni iyvnen sxvebis mimarT. magaliTad, bavSvebs sakmaod kargad esmiT, ra ician maT da ra ician sxvebma.
Cvili bavSvebis gakvirvebas ver miviCnevT imis dasturad, rom maT srulad aiTvises obieqtTa mudmivobis cneba. maT SeiZleba mxolod icodnen, rom raRac ar aris wesrigSi, imis codnis gareSe, Tu ra aris es raRac (Loureno & Machado, 1996). miuxedavad amisa, baiarJanis kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom Zalze patara bavSvebic ki floben fizikuri samyaros Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan codnas.
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sakuTar gamocdilebebs fsiqikuri mdgomareobebis Tvisebebis Sesaxeb gonebis TeoriaSi, anu gulubryvilo fsiqologiaSi agroveben. ase ukeT SeuZliaT sakuTari da sxvaTa azrovnebis procesebis gageba. mkvlevrebma Seiswavles zogadmecnieruli warmodgenebis ganviTareba, magaliTad, rogor gadaaqvT bavSvebs biologiuri Tvisebebi erTi saxeobidan meoreze. rodesac 4 wlis bavSvebs ekiTxebodnen, dasaxelebuli cxovelebidan romels eZina, an hqonda Zvlebi, isini msjelobas yvelaze xSirad adamianTan cxovelis msgavsebaze afuZnebdnen (Carey, 1985). magaliTad, 4 wlis bavSvebis umravlesobam es Tvisebebi (Zili~ da Zvlebis qona~) ZaRls ufro miakuTvna, vidre Tevzs, Tevzs ki _ ufro metad, vidre _ mwerebs. droTa ganmavlobaSi bavSvebma adamianTan msgavsebaze dafuZnebuli Teoria unda Secvalon TeoriiT, romelic cxovelTa samyaroSi ufro gamokveTilis struqturis arsebobas aRiarebs; magaliTad, maT unda aiTvison formaluri gansxvaveba xerxemlianTa da uxerxemloTa Soris, raTa gansazRvron, ra tipis cxovelebs aqvT Zvlebi. aseve, 3 da 4 wlis bavSvebs esmiT, rom is, rac obieqtebis SigniTaa, zemoqmedebs maT funqciaze, Tumca, maT jer zustad ar ician, ra aris SigniT (Wellman & Gelman, 1991). amgvarad, miuxedavad imisa, rom 3 da 4 wlis bavSvebma zustad ar ician, ra aris ZaRlSi, isini sruliad darwmunebulni arian, rom ZaRli Sewyvets ZaRlad yofnas, Tu yvelafers amovacliT, rac SigniT aqvs. Tu SevxedavT TiToeul sferoSi dagrovil codnas, vnaxavT, rom bavSvebi qmnian zogad Teorias da Semdeg maTi warmatebuli daxvewisaTvis axali gamocdilebis farTo diapazons iyeneben.
socialuri da kulturuli gavlena kognitur ganviTarebaze

piaJes TeoriaSi kognituri ganviTareba, ZiriTadad, bavSvis Sinagani momwifebis produqtia. garemo Zalze mcirediT zemoqmedebs bavSvis kognituri unarebis ganviTarebaze. Tumca, Tanamedrove mkvlevrebma daiwyes kongitur ganviTarebaSi socialuri urTierTqmedebebis rolis Seswavla. am kvlevaTa umravlesoba saTaves iRebs rusi fsiqologis lev vigotskis (Lev Vigotsky) Teoriebidan. vigotski Tvlida, rom
bavSvebi internalizaciis procesiT viTardebian: isini codnas socialuri garemodan isrutaven, romelic seriozurad aisaxeba maTi kognituri unarebis ganviTarebaze. socialurma Teoriam, romelic pirvelad vigotskim SemogvTavaza, dadastureba pova ganviTarebis kros-kulturul kvlevebSi. vinaidan piaJes Teoriam asakobrivi ganviTarebis sakiTxebiT dakavebul fsiqologTa yuradReba miipyro, bevri maTgani cdilobda, rom piaJes mier mofiqrebuli davalebebi gansxvavebul kulturebSi bavSvebis kognituri ganviTarebis Sesaswavlad gamoeyenebina (Rogoff & Chavajay, 1995). am kvlevebma TandaTanobiT eWvqveS daayena piaJes mtkicebulebaTa universaluroba, ramdenadac, magaliTad, mraval kulturaSi adamianebma ver aCvenes, rom kognitur ganviTarebaSi miRweuli hqondaT formaluri operaciebis stadiisTvis. mogvianebiT piaJem Tavad gamoTqva mosazreba, rom mis mier formalur operaciebad wodebuli specifikuri miRwevebi, SesaZloa, bavSvis mier miRebul garkveuli tipis mecnierul ganaTlebaze ufro metad aris damokidebuli, vidre kognituri ganviTarebis biologiurad determirebuli stadiebis Tanmimdevrobaze (Loureno & Machado, 1996). internalizaciis vigotskiseuli cneba im gavlenis axsnaSi gvexmareba, romelsac kulturuli garemo axdens adamianis kognitur ganviTarebaze. bavSvis SemecnebiTi unarebi ise viTardeba, rom mas mocemul kulturaSi dafasebuli funqciebis Sesruleba SeeZlos (Serpell & Boykin, 1994; Serpell, 2000). piaJem, magaliTad, Seqmna iseTi amocanebi, sadac asaxaulia misi sakuTari warmodgena saTanado da sasargeblo kognitur moqmedebebze. sxva kulturebs urCevniaT, rom maTma bavSvebma sxva mimarTulebiT miaRwion warmatebas. piaJes bavSvebi rom imis mixedviT SeefasebinaT, Tu ramdenad kargad aiTvises maT is rTuli kognituri unarebi, romelic Zafis dasagrexad aris saWiro, isini, albaT, gonebrivad sayrdeni Teoriebi (foundational theories) _ sawyisi struqturebi, romliTac isini cdiloben samyarosTan urTierTobiT miRebuli gamocdilebis axsnas. internalizacia (internalization) _ vigotskis mixedviT, bavSvebis mier socialuri konteqstidan codnas Sesrutvis, aTvisebis procesi.
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CamorCenilebis STabeWdilebas datovebdnen, gvatemalas maias tomis bavSvebTan SedarebiT (Rogoff, 1990). kognituri ganviTarebis kros-kulturul kvlevebs araerTxel daudasturebia is faqti, rom skola did rols asrulebs imaSi, Tu rogor warmatebas miaRweven bavSvebi piaJes amocanebis SesrulebaSi (Rogoff & Chavajay, 1995). aseTi aRmoCenebi fsiqologebma kognitur ganviTarebaSi garemosa da bunebis rolis gansasazRvrad unda gamoiyenon. asakobrivi cvlilebebi, romelzec axlaxan visaubreT, Zalze STambeWdavia. ioli SesamCnevia, rom 12 wlis mozardi iseT kognitur SesaZleblobebs flobs, razec erTi wlis pataras warmodgenac ki ar aqvs. axla ki gadavinacvloT SedarebiT naklebad SesamCnev cvlilebebze, romlebic mozrdilobis periodisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.
kognituri ganviTareba mozrdilobaSi

rodesac vakvirdebodiT, rogor viTardeboda kognituri unarebi bavSvobidan mozardobisken, SevamCnieT, rom am dros mimdinare cvlilebebi, Cveulebriv, ukeTesobisken Secvlas~ niSnavda. rodesac gviani mozrdilobis periods, anu xnovanebas vaRwevT, kulturuli stereotipebi migviTiTeben, rom cvlileba~ uaresisken Secvlas~ gulisxmobs (Parr & Seigert, 1993). miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianebs sjeraT, rom mowifulobas da xnovanebas zogadi gauareseba moaqvs, isini am periodisgan mainc moelian garkveuli saxis dadebiT Zvrebs (Dixon, 1999). danakargebisa da SenaZenebis urTierTmonacvleobis saCveneblad, vnaxoT, ra TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba am periodSi inteleqti da mexsiereba.
cxrili
11.3
sibrZnis maxasiaTeblebi
inteleqti
naklebad moipoveba janmrTel xandazmulTa zogadi kognituri unarebis gauaresebis Sesaxeb mosazrebis damadasturebeli monacemebi. mosaxleobis mxolod daaxloebiT 5%-s aReniSneba kognituri funqcionirebis seriozuli gauareseba. rodesac xnovanebis gamo xdeba kognituri funqcionirebis gauareseba, es, rogorc wesi, mxolod zogierT unars exeba. Tu inteleqts
mdidari faqtobrivi codna. cxovrebiseuli pirobebisa da situaciebis Sesaxeb zogadi da konkretuli codna. mdidari proceduruli codna. cxovrebiseuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb rCevebisa da gansjis strategiebis zogadi da specifikuri codna. cxovrebiseuli konteqstualizmi. cxovrebiseuli situaciebis da droSi (ganviTarebaSi) ganfenili urTierTobebis Sesaxeb codna. ganusazRvreloba. cxovrebis SedarebiTi ganusazRvrelobisa da araprognozirebadobis da maTTan gamklavebis gzebis codna.
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komponentebad davyofT, romelic aerTianebs, erTi mxriv, verbalur SesaZleblobebs (kristalizebuli inteleqti) da, meore mxriv, swrafad da safuZvlianad swavlis unarebs (fluiduri inteleqti), vnaxavT, rom fluiduri inteleqti mniSvnelovnad uaresdeba asakTan erTad (Baltes & Staudinger, 1993). es cvlileba, didwilad, informaciis gadamuSavebis procesebis siswrafis zogad Semcirebas ukavSirdeba: mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba iseTi inteleqtualuri amocanebis Sesrulebis unari drois mokle periodSi, romelic mravali kognituri procesis monawileobas saWiroebs, asakovan adamianebs sagrZnoblad uWirT (Salthouse, 1996). magram yvela cvlileba ar aris mimarTuli funqcionirebis gauaresebisken. magaliTad, dResdReobiT fsiqologebi asakTan erTad SeZenili sibrZnis _ cxovrebis ZiriTad sferoebSi gamocdilebis _ Seswavlas cdiloben. sibrZne gulisxmobs mdidari cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebidan momdinare kompetenturobas cxovrebis fundamentur sferoebSi (Baltes & Staudinger, 2000). 11.3 cxrilSi mocemulia codnis zogierTi tipi, romelic sibrZnes gansazRvravs (Smith & Baltes, 1990). SegiZliaT, naxoT, rom codnis TiToeuli es forma xangrZlivi da Sinaarsiani cxovrebis manZilze grovdeba. garda amisa, sibereSi adamianebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis mixedviT. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom xandazmulebi, romlebic garemosgan Zlieri stimulaciisken iswrafvian, metad arian midrekilni kognituri unarebis maRali donis SenarCunebisken.
saidan viciT
rodesac profesorebi berdebian kaliforniis berklis universitetis 60-dan 71 wlamde 22 asakovani profesorisagan Semdgari jgufi inteleqtualuri funqcionirebis TvalsazrisiT Sedarda axalgazrda kolegebis (30-dan 59 wlamde) jgufs da maTive asakis xandazmulTa sakontrolo jgufs. profesorebma Seasrules mTeli rigi gansxvavebuli testebisa, romlebic kognituri funqcionirebis sxvadasxva aspeqts Seexeboda. zogierT testSi (magaliTad, asociaciuri wyvilebis daswavlis testSi) xandazmulma profesorebma asakTan dakavSirebuli gauaresebis tipuri paterni aCvenes. Tumca, sxva testebi maT iseve Seasrules, rogorc maTma axalgazrda kolegebma. magaliTad, maT erTnairad SeZles audio-CanaweriT miwodebuli moTxrobebis mosmena da maTi Sinaarsis aRdgena. asakovani individebis sakontrolo jgufma am amocanis Sesrulebisas asakTan dakavSirebuli tipuri~ gauareseba gamoavlina. rogor SegviZlia avxsnaT asakovan profesorebTan SenarCunebuli kognituri unarebis arseboba? mkvlevrebis azriT, profesorebis saqmianoba, romelic maTgan intensiur gonebriv aqtivobas moiTxovs, SesaZloa, icavdes maT siberisTvis tipuri zogierTi danakargisgan (Shimamura et al., 1995).
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kvlevis aseTma Sedegma profesoroba xom ar mogandomaT? sxva kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom ar Rirs aseT ukiduresobaSi gadavardna. mniSvnelovani daskvna isaa, rom aucilebelia vamuSaoT da vavarjiSoT goneba. uorner Saim (Warner Schaie) da misma kolegebma aCvenes, rom gavarjiSebis programebis saSualebiT xandazmul adamianebs zogierTi kognituri unaris gauaresebis Tavidan acilebac ki SeuZliaT (Schaie, 1994; Schaie & Willis, 1986). rogorc Cans, inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis ukmarisoba, romelic ar aris dakavSirebuli informaciis gadamuSavebis siswrafesTan, SesaZloa, ginpirobebuli iyos umoqmedobiT da ara _ daberebiT (Hultsch et al., 1999). kidev erTxel mivediT daskvnamde: gamoiyene an
dakarge~ (an ivarjiSe mis ukan dasabruneblad) saTanado mowodebaa brZeni asakovani adamianisaTvis. rogor unda gaumklavdnen warmatebulad xandazmuli adamianebi asakis matebis Tanmxleb gardauval cvlilebebs? warmatebuli dabereba SeiZleba moiazrebdes SenaZenebidan maqsimaluri sargeblis miRebasa da xandazmulobis Tanmxlebi gardauvali danakargebis zemoqmedebis SeZlebisdagvarad Semcirebas. warmatebuli daberebis es strategia, romelic fsiqologebma pol baltesma (Paul Baltes) da margaret baltesma (Margaret Baltes) SemogvTavazes, cnobilia saxelwodebiT seleqciuri optimizacia kompensaciiT (Baltes et al., 1992; Freund & Baltes, 1998). seleqciuri niSnavs, rom adamianebi Tavad amcireben dasaxuli miznebis raodenobasa da diapazons. optimizacia gulisxmobs adamianebis mier sakuTari unarebis gavarjiSebasa da daxvewas maTTvis prioritetul sferoebSi. kompensacia ki niSnavs individTa mxridan danakargTan gamklavebis alternatuli gzebis gamoyenebas: magaliTad, iseTi garemos SerCeva, sadac xandazmulebs gulisxmierad eqcevian. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi: rodesac pianist artur rubinSteins satelevizio interviuSi hkiTxes, Tu rogor moaxerxa man, rom aseT xandazmul asakSic warmatebuli pianisti yofiliyo,
man daasaxela sami strategia: (1) sibereSi nakleb nawarmoebebs asrulebda. (2) TiToeul nawarmoebs ufro xSirad asrulebda da (3) dakvrisas igi swrafi monakveTebis win met ritardandos (tempis Senelebas) akeTebda, raTa nawarmoebis swrafi monakveTi imaze swrafad mosCveneboda msmenels, vidre is realurad iyo. swored es aris seleqciis (naklebi nawarmoebi), optimizaciis (meti praqtika) da kompensaciis (tempSi kontrastebis gamoyeneba) magaliTebi (Baltes, 1993, gv. 590).
mexsiereba
xandazmulebi xSirad uCivian mexsierebas _ veRar imaxsovreben adrindeliviT kargad. mexsierebis testebSi 60 wels gadacilebuli adamianebi marTlac uares Sedegebs aCveneben, vidre 20 wlis da metis mozrdilebi (Craik, 1994; Hultsch et al., 1998). asakis matebasTan erTad mexsierebis daqveiTebas uaRresad ganaTlebuli da sxva mxriv kargi gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebic ganicdian (Zelinski et al., 1993). dabereba, rogorc Cans, ar aqveiTebs zogadi codnisa da didi xnis win momxdari cxovrebiseuli movlenebis Sesaxeb informaciis gaxsenebis unars. saxelebisa da saxeebis cnobis kvlevaSi Suaxnis mozrdilebma SeZles Tanaklaselebis 90%-is cnoba saskolo albomSi skolis damTavrebidan 35 wlis Semdeg maSin, roca skolis damTavrebidan 50 wlis Semdeg asakovan individebs jer kidev SeeZloT Tanaklaselebis 70-80%-is cnoba (Craik, 1999; Giambra & Arenberg, 1993). mkvlevrebs jerjerobiT ar SeuZliaT im meqanizmebis amomwuravad da saTanadod aRwera, romelic safuZvlad udevs asakovani adamianebis mexsierebis daqveiTebas (Craik, 1999). TeoriaTa erTi nawili aqcents axalgazrdebisa da xandazmulebis mier informaciis organizebisa da gadamuSavebis gzebis gansxvavebulobebze akeTebs. meore nawili ki miuTiTebs xandazmulTa Semcirebul unarze, yuradReba miaqcion informacias. arsebobs Teoriebi, romlebic tvinSi mimdinare im neirobiologiur cvlilebebs swavlobs, romlebic mexsierebaSi fizikur kvals toveben. mkvlevrebi imasac fiqroben, rom xandazmulTa mexsierebis muSaobas Tavad maTi
sibrZne (wisdom) _ mdidari cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebidan momdinare kompetenturoba cxovrebis fundamentur sferoebSi. seleqciuri optimizacia kompensaciiT (selective optimization with compensation) _ warmatebuli daberebis strategia, romlis saSualebiTac adamiani maqsimalurad zrdis SenaZens da amcirebs asakTan dakavSirebul danakargs. alchaimeris daavadeba (Alzheimers disease) _ Tavis tvinis qronikuli organuli sindromi, romelic xasiaTdeba mexsierebis TandaTanobiTi daqveiTebiT, inteleqtualuri unarebis SemcirebiT da pirovnebis degradaciiT.
rwmena _ mexsierebis aucileblobiT gauaresebis Sesaxeb _ auaresebs (Hertzog et al., 1990; Levy & Langer, 1994). mkvlevrebi agrZeleben TiToeuli dasaxelebuli faqtoris fardobiTi wvlilis Sefasebas. mexsierebis gauaresebis zogierTi forma calsaxad biologiuri warmoSobisaa. asakovani adamianebi, romlebic alcheimeris daavadebiT arian daavadebulni, TandaTanobiT kargaven mexsierebas da pirovnebis degradaciiT xasiaTdebian. es daavadeba 65 wels gadacilebul amerikelTa daaxloebiT 10%-s aReniSneba, romelTagan daaxloebiT naxevari 85 welze metisaa. maT Sorisaa, rogorc cnobili gaxda 1994 wlis noemberSi, amerikis yofili prezidenti ronald reigani (Evans et al., 1989). alcheimeris daavadeba, erTi SexedviT, TiTqosda uwyinrad iwyeba _ adreul stadiebze erTaderTi TvalsaCino simptomi SeiZleba mexsierebis gauareseba iyos, Tumca, mis ganviTarebas Tan axlavs pirovnebis ganuxreli degradacia. daavadebis msxverpls SeiZleba aReniSnebodes gradualuri pirovnuli cvlilebebi, rogoricaa: apaTia, spontanurobis dakargva da garSemomyofebTan urTierTobis survilis arqona. Semdgom stadiebze alcheimeris daavadebis mqone adamianebi SeiZleba sruliad Caiketnon sakuTar TavSi da uyuradReboni gaxdnen, maT SeiZleba sakuTari meuRlisa da Svilebis saxelebic ki daaviwydeT. cxadia, rom mexsierebis aseTi gauareseba gacilebiT safuZvliani da tragikulia, vidre mexsierebis xandazmulobisTvis Cveuli gauareseba. axla ki, zogadi kognituri ganviTarebidan ufro konkretul sakiTxebze gadavinacvloT da vnaxoT, rogorc xdeba enis aTviseba.
421
Sejameba
Jan piaJe Tvlida, rom bavSvebi garemodan miRebuli informaciis asimilaciisa da akomodaciisTvis gonebriv struqturebs iyeneben, romelTac man sqemebi uwoda. piaJem kognituri ganviTarebis oTxi stadia gamoyo: sensomotoruli stadia, rodesac bavSvebi aRweven obieqtTa mudmivobis cnebas; winaoperaciuli stadia, rodesac bavSvebis azrovnebas egocentrizmi da centracia axasiaTebs; konkretuli operaciebis stadia, rodesac bavSvebs ukve SeuZliaT konkretuli gonebrivi operaciebis damaxsovreba da Sesruleba; formaluri operaciebis stadia, rodesac bavSvebs SeuZliaT abstraqtulad da logikurad azrovneba. Tamanedrove mkvlevrebma daxvewes piaJes Teoriis elementebi. magaliTad, obieqtTa mudmivobis garkveul aspeqtebs bavSvebi sicocxlis pirveli Tveebidanve aRweven. winaoperaciul stadiaze myofi bavSvebi aucileblobiT ar arian egocentrulebi. mkvlevrebi, aseve, varaudoben, rom cvlilebebi ramdenime ZiriTadi sferodan TiToeulSi gancalkevebulad, erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad xdeba, imis Sesabamisad, Tu ramdenad aqvs bavSvs ganviTarebuli sayrdeni Teoriebi _ sawyisi struqturebi, romliTac isini cdiloben samyarosTan urTierTobiT miRebuli gamocdilebis axsnas. dabolos, aucilebelia piaJes Teoriis ganxilva kulturul konteqstSi. mraval kulturaSi fasobs kognituri unarebi, romlebic sruliad gansxvavdeba im unarebisgan, romelTac Tanamedrove kognituri ganviTarebis mkvlevrebi Seiswavlian. kognituri unarebis gauareseba mozrdilebSi, ZiriTadad, kognituri procesebis zogadi SenelebiT aixsneba. Tumca, asakovanma adamianebma SeiZleba am movlenis kompensacia im sibrZniTa da gamocdilebiT moaxdinon, romelic maT droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZines. amasTan, kognituri funqcionirebis maRali donis SenarCuneba maT gonebrivi aqtiurobiTac SeuZliaT. asakovan adamianTa umravlesoba ganicdis mexsierebis gauaresebas, Tumca, aseTi danakargi umniSvneloa iseT gauaresebasTan SedarebiT, rac alcheimeris daavadebas axlavs.
enis aTviseba
aRsaniSnavi faqtia, rom 6 wlis asakisaTvis bavSvebs ukve SeuZliaT metyvelebis danawevreba mis Semadgenel bgeriT da mniSvnelobiT erTeulebad; bgerebis sityvebad, sityvebis ki _ azrian winadadebebad gaerTianebis wesebis gamoyeneba, romlebic TviTonve aRmoaCines da aqtiuri monawileobis miReba Tanmimdevrul saubarSi. bavSvebis SesaniSnavma enobrivma miRwevebma mkvlevarTa umravlesobas ubiZga, rom daTanxmebuloyvnen mosazrebas _ enis swavlis unars biologiuri safuZveli aqvs (pinker, 1994). Tumca, imisda mixedviT, Tu sad daibada bavSvi, mis mSobliur enad SeiZleba iqces msoflioSi arsebuli 4000 sxvadasxva enidan nebismieri. amasTan, bavSvebi momzadebulni arian orive _ sametyvelo da Jestebis _ enis Sesaswavlad. es niSnavs, rom enis swavlisken Tandayolili midrekileba sakmaod Zlieri da, amasTanave, moqnili unda iyos (Meier, 1991). imis asaxsnelad, Tu rogor arian bavSvebi aseTi gawafulebi enis aTvisebaSi, Cven aRvwerT faqts, romelic adasturebs mosazrebas enis aTvisebis unaris Tandayolilobis Sesaxeb. amasTan, garemos rolzec visaubrebT _ bavSvebi xom im konkretul, mkacrad gansazRvrul enas swavloben, romelic maT irgvliv garemoSi gamoiyeneba. cxrili 11.4 warmodgenas gviqmnis sxvadasxva saxis codnaze, romelic bavSvebma unda aiTvison salaparako Tu Jestebis enis swavlisas. Tqven SegiZliaT gadaxedoT me-9 Tavis qveTavs enis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb da gaixsenoT, rogor iyeneben mozrdilebi codnis am tipebs saubris dros.
sityvebisa da metyvelebis aRqma

warmoidgineT, rom axalSobili xarT da saSineli yayani da zuzuni gesmiT. rogor daiwyebT imis gacnobierebas, rom zogierTi maTgani relevanturia sxva adamianebTan urTierTobisTvis? bavSvis pirveli nabiji konkretuli enis aTvisebisas bgerebs Soris im gansxvavebebis
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cxrili
11.4
enis struqtura
enaSi daaxloebiT 45 sxvadasxva calkeuli fonemaa. warmoidgineT, rom gesmiT sityvebi right (ufleba) da light (sinaTle). Tu inglisuri TqvenTvis mSobliuri enaa, ar gagiWirdebaT gansxvavebis gagoneba _ inglisur enaSi /r/ da / l/ gansxvavebuli fonemebia, magram Tu Tqven mxolod iaponur enaze saubrobT, ver gaigebT gansxvavebas am or sityvas Soris, radgan /r/ da /l/ ar aris gansxvavebuli fonemebi iaponur enaSi. ismis kiTxva: inglisurad molaparakeni iZenen am gansxvavebis gagebis unars Tu iaponurad molaparakeni kargaven mas? aseT kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad mkvlevrebs iseTi meTodebis SemuSaveba dasWirdaT, romliTac SesaZlebeli iqneboda enobrivi informaciis miReba bavSvebisgan, romlebic jer ar laparakoben.
saidan viciT
SesaZlebelia Tu ara hindis aRqma dabadebisTanave me-7 TavSi aRwerili operantuli ganpirobebulobis principebis gamoyenebiT, mkvlevrebi aswavlian Cvilebs xmis wyarosken Tavis Sebrunebas, rodesac isini SeamCneven metyvelebis erTi bgeris Secvlas meore bgeriT. waxaliseba (jildo), romelic ganamtkicebs am qcevas, ganaTebul yuTSi moTavsebuli patara saTamaSo cxovelia, romelic taSs ukravs da dolze abraxunebs. cda isea mowyobili, rom cvlilebis SemCnevisTanave bavSvebma aucileblad miabrunon Tavi xmis wyarosken. bavSvebis mier gansxvavebis aRqmis unaris gasazomad, mkvlevrebi aRnusxavdnen, Tu ra sixSiriT abrunebdnen isini Tavs cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi. janet uerkeri da misi kolegebi (werker, 1991; werker & lalond, 1988) am meTodiT
SemCnevaa, romlebic azrianad gamoiyeneba am enaSi (niSnebis enebis SemTxvevaSi bavSvma unda SeamCnios gansxvavebebi, magaliTad, xelebis poziciebs Soris). TiToeuli sametyvelo ena Sedgeba mTeli rigi SesaZlebeli gansxvavebebisagan, romelTa warmoqmna SeuZlia adamianis vokalur traqts. arc erTi ena ar iyenebs yvela im salaparako-bgeriT kontrasts, romelic SeiZleba wamoiqmnas. enaSi mniSvnelobis mqone minimalur erTeuls fonemas uwodeben. inglisur
1
originaluri varianti: bin _ pin
fonemebi (phonemes) _ metyvelebis minimaluri erTeuli nebismier enaSi, romelic azrobriv gasxvavebas qmnis eqspresiuli da impresiuli metyvelebisas; r da l ori gansxvavebuli fonemaa inglisurSi da qarTulSi, Tumca, erTi fonemis sxvadasxva variantia iaponurSi.
enis aTviseba
423
ikvlevdnen metyvelebis aRqmis unaris Tandayolil safuZvels _ es aris /r/-/l/ sakiTxis nairsaxeoba, romelic Cven zemoT ganvixileT. uerkeri swavlobda bgeriT gansxvavebebs, romlebic ixmareba hindiSi, magram ara inglisurSi _ gansxvavebebs, romlebic arTuleben hindis aTvisebas inglisurad molaparake zrdasrulebisTvis. uerkerma da misma kolegebma gazomes Cvilebis, romlebic swavlobdnen inglisursa da hindis, da, aseve, inglisurad da hindize molaparake zrdasrulebis mier hindis fonemebis gansxvavebis unari. maT aRmoaCines, rom yvela Cvili 8 Tvis asakamde, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu romel enas swavlobda, amCnevda am gansxvavebebs. Tumca, 8 Tveze ufrosi asakis Cvilebis da mozrdilebis SemTxvevaSi mxolod maT SeeZloT hindis bgeriTi kontraqtebis garCeva, vinc swavlobda hindis an ukve laparakobda am enaze.
aseTi kvleva dabejiTebiT gvafiqrebinebs, rom cxovrebas salaparako enebisTvis mniSvnelovani bgeriTi kontrastebis aRqmis Tandayolili unariT viwyebT, Tumca, maleve vkargavT im zogierTi kontrastis aRqmis unars, romelic ar arsebobs enaSi, romlis swavlasac viwyebT (werker & tees, 1999). metyvelebis aRqmis am biologiurad ganpirobebuli dasawyisis paralelurad, bevr bavSvs garemoc uwyobs xels da dasawyisisTvis naklebad moiTxovs misgan gamarTul metyvelebas. mraval kulturaSi mozrdilebi Cvil da patara bavSvebTan saubrisas enis gansakuTrebul, mozrdilTa metyvelebisgan gansxvavebul formas iyeneben. es aris xazgasmiT gamokveTilad da maRali intonaciiT metyveleba, romelic formalurad cnobilia, rogorc bavSvze mimarTuli metyveleba (child-directed speech). an naklebad oficialuri saxelwodebiT _ dedebis an mSoblebis ena. bavSvze mimarTuli metyvelebisTvis damabavSvze mimarTuli metyveleba (child-directed speech) _ metyvelebis gansakuTrebuli forma, xazgasmiT gamokveTil da maRali intonaciiT, romelsac mozrdilebi Cvil da patara bavSvebTan saubrisas iyeneben
xasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi arsebobs bevr, magram ara yvela kulturaSi (fernald & morikawa, 1993; fernald et al. , 1989; ingram, 1995). bavSvze mimarTul metyvelebas SeuZlia, daexmaros maT enis aTvisebaSi, vinaidan misi saSualebiT bavSvebi interesdebian da yuradRebas aqceven imas, rasac mSoblebi eubnebian maT. garda amisa, aseTi metyvelebis bgeriTi paterni xazs usvams emociur Sinaarss, rac xels uwyobs bavSvsa da masze mzrunvel mozrdils Soris emociuri kavSiris damyarebas (trainor et al., 2000). ra asakidan SeuZliaT bavSvebs bgeraTa paternebis _ sityvebis _ mravaljeradi gameorebis SemCneva maTze mimarTul metyvelebis nakadSi? es aris pirveli didi nabiji enis aTvisebisas: Tqven ver iswavliT imas, rom sityva ZaRli raRac kavSirSia im bewvian arsebasTan, romlis gamoCenis drosac am sityvas amboben, vidre ar daafiqsirebT, rom bgeraTa paterni ZaRli gamoiyeneba maSin, roca saxezea bewviani arseba. Cvilebi, saSualod, 6-7,5 Tvis asakidan avlenen ganmeorebadi bgerebis mniSvnelobis wvdomis unars (jusczyk & aslin, 1995), Tumca, erTi gansakuTrebuli sityvis aRqmis unari bavSvebs ori TviT ufro adre, daaxloebiT 4,5 Tvis asakSi uCndebaT: am droisaTvis isini aSkara upiratesobas aniWeben sakuTar saxels (Mandel et al., 1995).
sityvebis mniSvnelobaTa daswavla

rogorc ki SeZlebdiT bgerebis warmoqmnisa da movlenebis Tanxvedris dafiqsirebas, Tqven mzad iqnebodiT sityvebis mniSvnelobebis asaTviseblad. udaoa, rom bavSvebi brwyinvaled swavloben sityvebis mniSvnelobebs. daaxloebiT 18 Tvis asakSi maTi sityvebis maragi gasaocari siswrafiT izrdeba. mkvlevrebi am periods dasaxelebebis afeTqebis, anu dasaxelebaTa raodenobis swrafi zrdis periods uwodeben, radgan bavSvebi daCqarebuli tempiT iwyeben axali sityvebis, gansakuTrebiT sagnebis dasaxelebebis aTvisebas (ix. suraTi 11.7). 6 wlis asakisaTvis saSualod bavSvs daaxloebiT 14000 sityva esmis (Templin, 1957). Tu davuSvebT, rom am sityvebis umravlesoba 18 Tvidan 6 wlamde asakSia naswavli, miviRebT, rom bavSvi erT dReSi cxra sityvas swavlobs, anu sifxizlis
424
suraTi
11.7
bavSvis leqsikonis gamdidreba

bavSvis mier gamoyenebuli sityvebis raodenoba swrafad izrdeba wlinaxevridan 6 wlis asakamde. mocemuli kvleva aCvenebs bavSvebis sityvaTa saSualo marags 6-Tviani intervalebiT. (wyaro: B.A. Moskowitz, 1978. The acquisition of language. scientific American, Inc.)
yovel erT saaTSi _ TiTqmis erT sityvas (Carey, 1978). rogor aris es SesaZlebeli? warmoidgineT situacia: bavSvi da misi mama parkSi seirnoben, mama uTiTebs raRacaze da ambobs: es aris ZaRli~. bavSvma unda gadawyvitos, Tu samyaros romel nawils ekuTvnis ZaRli. es ar aris ioli saqme (Quine, 1960). iqneb ZaRli niSnavs nebismier oTxfexa qmnilebas~, cxovelis qurqs~, cxovelis tyavs~ an kidev sxva uamrav mniSvnelobas, romelic marTali iqneba yovel jerze, roca vinme ZaRlze miuTiTebs. yvela SesaZleblobis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogor axerxeben bavSvebi TiToeuli sityvis mniSvnelobis dadgenas?
Cven vvaraudobT, rom bavSvebi naturalistebis msgavsad moqmedeben. isini ayalibeben hipoTezebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras SeiZleba niSnavdes TiToeuli axali sityva. magaliTad, SegviZlia vnaxoT, Tu rogor aqtiurad muSaobs maTi naturalisturi goneba, rodesac isini Zalian afarToveben sityvis mniSvnelobas _ erT sityvas iyeneben obieqtTa farTo speqtris aRsaniSnad. maT SeuZliaT sityva ZaRliT aRniSnon yvela cxoveli, an sityviT mTvare _ yvela mrgvali obieqti, saaTisa da monetebis CaTvliT. sxva SemTxvevebSi, bavSvebs SeuZliaT Seaviwrovon sityvis mniSvneloba _ CaTvalon, magaliTad, rom ZaRli mxolod maTi ojaxis ZaRls niSnavs. Tumca, mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom bavSvebi hipoTezebs qmnian, ar xsnis, Tu ratom arian bavSvebi gacilebiT metad midrekilni imis warmodgenisken, rom ZaRli Seesabameba mTlian cxovels da ara, magaliTad, mis marcxena wina TaTs. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom bavSvebis hipoTezebi SezRudulia Tandayolili principebiT (Clark, 1987, 1993; Markman, 1989). ganvixiloT, magaliTad, urTierTgamoricxvis principi, romelic gulisxmobs, rom bavSvebi ise iqcevian, TiTqos TiToeul sagans mxolod erTi dasaxeleba unda hqondes. rogor zRudavs es principi bavSvebis hipoTezas? normalur pirobebSi bavSvebi midrekilni arian, CaTvalon, rom axali sityva aRniSnavs mTlian sagans. amavdroulad, roca maT ukve ician raime mTliani sagnis dasaxeleba, magaliTad, telefoni, isini iyeneben urTierTgamoricxvas da aviTareben hipoTezas, rom maTTvis ucnobi sityva, magaliTad, yurmili unda aRniSnavdes sagnis romelime nawils (Liitschwager & Markman, 1994; Markman & Wachtel, 1988).
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enis aTviseba
bavSvis hipoTeza, umeteswilad, sworia xolme. urTierTgamoricxva xsnis, Tu ratom brazdebian 2 wlis bavSvebi, roca maT saxanZro manqanas deda saxanZro satvirTos uwodebs.
gramatikis Seswavla
bavSvebis mier mniSvnelobebis aTvisebis asaxsnelad isini davaxasiaTeT, rogorc naturalistebi, romelTa hipoTezebi SezRudulia Tandayolili principebiT. igive analogiis gamoyeneba SeiZleba bavSvebis mier wesebis, romelTa meSveobiTac mniSvnelobebi erTiandeba ufro did erTeulebad, anu gramatikis _ aTvisebis aRsawerad. bavSvisTvis siZneles is qmnis, rom sxvadasxva enebs sxvadasxva wesebi aqvT. magaliTad, inglisurSi winadadebis tipuri wyobaa subieqti-zmna-obieqti, iaponurSi ki subieqti-obieqti-zmna. bavSvebma unda gaarkvion, ra tipis wyoba gamoiyeneba im enaSi, romelic maT irgvliv gamoiyeneba. rogor akeTeben isini amas? dResdReobiT mkvlevarTa umravlesobas miaCnia, rom am kiTxvaze pasuxi, ZiriTadad, adamianis genomSi unda veZioT. lingvisti noam xomski (Noam Chomsky; 1965, 1975), magaliTad, amtkicebs, rom bavSvebi ibadebian gonebrivi struqturebiT, romelic aiolebs enis gagebas da am enis saSualebiT azris gadmocemas. gramatikis aseTi biologiuri safuZvlis dasabuTebas uzrunvelyofen bavSvebi, romlebic mkafiod Camoyalibebuli gramatikuli wesebis auxsnelad srulad floben enis gramatikul struqturas. magaliTad, mkvlevrebma Seiswavles yru bavSvebi, romelTa siyruec imdenad mZime iyo, rom ar SeeZloT zepiri metyvelebis aTviseba, mSoblebma ki ar uzrunvelyves maTTvis Jestebis enis srulad swavleba (Goldin-Meadow & Mylander, 1990, 1998). am bavSvebma sakuTari niSnebis enis gamogoneba daiwyes da am Jestebis enam _ misTvis garemoSi sayrdenis
enis Seqmnis unari (language-making capacity) _ Tandayolili saxelmZRvanelo principebi, romlebsac bavSvebi iyeneben enis Seswavlis amocanis Sesrulebisas. hiperregularizacia (overregularization) _ gramatikuli Secdoma, romelic, Cveulebriv, vlindeba adreuli enobrivi ganviTarebis dros da romlis drosac enis wesebi imdenad farTod gamoiyeneba, rom xdeba araswori lingvisturi formebis warmoeba.
426
ararsebobis miuxedavad _ gamarTuli gramatikuli struqtura SeiZina: Camoyalibebuli enis, rogorc orientiris, arsebobis an ararsebobis pirobebSi, bavSvebi, rogorc Cans, mzad~ arian struqturebis ZiebisTvis, sul mcire, sityvis da winadadebis doneze, rodesac aviTareben informaciis gacvlis sistemebs~ (Goldin-Meadow & Mylander, 190, gv. 351). rogor unda gaarkvion mkvlevrebma, konkretulad romeli codnaa Tandayolili? am sakiTxisadmi yvelaze nayofieri midgomaa enis aTvisebis Seswavla mravali enis masalaze dayrdnobiT anu kros-linglisturad. imis garkveviT, Tu ra uadvildebaT da ra uZneldebaT bavSvebs msoflios mravali enis aTvisebisas, mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT gansazRvron, savaraudod, gramatikis romeli nawilebi eyrdnoba yvelaze metad Sinagan predispoziciebs. aq vubrundebiT mosazrebas bavSvis, rogorc naturalistis, Sesaxeb. bavSvebi konkretuli enis Seswavlis amocanis Sesrulebisas Tandayolil SezRudvebs iyeneben. den slobinma (Dan Slobin) es warmmarTveli principebi gansazRvra, rogorc saxelmZRvanelo principebis erToblioba, romelic bavSvis enis Seqmnis unars qmnis. slobinis Teoriis (1985) mixedviT, saxelmZRvanelo principebi bavSvisTvis mimarTulebis mimcemis (direqtivebis) formas iRebs. magaliTad, operaciuli principi, romelic bavSvs iseTi sityvebis aRmoCenaSi exmareba, romlebic erTad gamoiyeneba maTgan sityvaTSeTanxmebebis SedgenaSi, aseTia: sityvaTa kategoriebisa da funqcionaluri elementebis kategoriebis dadgenili mimdevrobis, romlebic erTad Cndebian konkretuli propoziciis tipis gamoxatvisas, mocemuli propoziciis tipis aRmniSvnelTan erTad mexsierebaSi Senaxva~ (gv. 1252). martivad rom vTqvaT, es saxelmZRvanelo principi gveubneba, rom bavSvebma unda daicvan sityvebis warmoTqmis Tanmimdevrobisa da maT mier gamoxatuli mniSvnelobebis urTierTmimarTeba. slobinma saxelmZRvanelo principebi sxvadasxva enis mravali mkvlevris mier mowodebuli monacemebis Sejamebis safuZvelze gamoiyvana. imis saCveneblad, Tu rogor muSaobs es principebi, Cven inglisuri enis magaliTebs gamoviyenebT. vnaxoT, ra SeuZliaT inglisur enaze molaparake bavSvebs daaxloebiT ori wlis asakSi, orsityviani winadadebebis stadiaze, rodesac
suraTi
11.8
gramatikis aTviseba
mravali bavSvi Tvlis, rom Mary was followed by the lamb~ (meris gahyva kravi) da ary followed the lamb~ (meri gahyva kravs) eri da igive mniSvnelobis mqone winadadebebia.
Allgone milk All milk is all gone mTeli rZe (rac gvqonda) gaTavda.
enis aTviseba
isini sityvebis kombinaciebis gamoyenebas iwyeben. am TvalsazrisiT, bavSvebis metyveleba telegrafulia, radgan, ZiriTadad, arsebiTi saxelebisa da zmnebisgan Sedgenil mokle, martivi mimdevrobebis erTobliobas warmoadgens. telegraful metyvelebas aklia iseTi damxmare sityvebi, rogoricaa: the, andAda of (artikli, kavSiri da windebuli), romlebic sityvebsa da ideebs Soris kavSiris gamoxatvaSi gvexmareba. magaliTad, Allgone milk1 telegrafuli frazaa. orsityviani gamonaTqvamebis gasagebad mozrdilebi im konteqsts unda icnobdnen, sadac iTqva es sityvebi. Tanya ball~ (tania burTi), magaliTad, SeiZleba niSnavdes: tanias unda burTi~ an tania isvris burTs~. miuxedavad amisa, orsityviani winadadebebis stadiaze myofi bavSvebi amtkiceben, rom maT garkveulwilad aiTvises inglisuri gramatika. saxelmZRvanelo principebi saSualebas aZlevs maT, aRmoaCinon, rom inglisurSi mniSvneloba aqvs sityvebis wyobas da rom sami aucilebeli elementia: moqmedi piri moqmedeba _ obieqti (subieqti-zmna-obieqti), romlebic am mimdevrobiT aris dalagebuli. am aRmoCenis~ dasasturebaa, rodesac bavSvebi arasworad igeben aseT winadadebas: `Mary was followed by her little lamb to school~ (meris wayva misi patara kravi skolaSi) maTi interpretaciaa: meri (moqmedi
piri) wayva (moqmedeba) Tavis kravs (obieqti) (ix. sur. 11.8). droTa ganmavlobaSi bavSvebma unda gamoiyenon sxva saxelmZRvanelo principebi, raTa aRmoaCinon, rom wesidan moqmedi piri moqmedeba _ obieqti~ gamonaklisebic arsebobs. axla ganvixiloT saxelmZRvanelo principi, romelsac slobinma gavrcoba uwoda da romelic moiTxovs, rom bavSvebma erTi da igive azrobrivi erTeulis, anu morfemis gamoyeneba scadon erTi da imave cnebis aRsaniSnad. aseTi cnebebis magaliTebia kuTvnilebiTi brunva, warsuli dro da mimdinare moqmedeba. inglisur enaSi TiToeuli dasaxelebuli forma gamoixateba sityvis fuZeze iseTi gramatikuli morfemis damatebis gziT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, -`s (marias), -ed (called) da -ing (laughing). daakvirdiT, TiToeuli dasaxelebuli bgeris damateba arsebiT saxelze an zmnaze rogor cvlis mis mniSvnelobas. bavSvebi gavrcobis msgavs saxelmZRvanelo principebs am morfemebis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb hipoTezebis Camosayalibeblad iyeneben. Tumca, vinaidan es principi moiTxovs, rom bavSvma unda scados yvela konkretuli SemTxvevis erTnairad aRniSvna, is xSirad uSvebs Secdomas _ axdens hiperregulacias. magaliTad, iswavlis ra bavSvi inglisurSi warsuli drois warmoebas zmnaze ed-is damatebiT, is amatebs ed-s yvela zmnas da qmnis iseT sityvebs, rogoricaa doed da breaked (arawesieri zmnebi, romelTa warsuli forma edis damatebiT ar iwarmoeba). swavlobs ra bavSvi
427
mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoebis wess (-s-is an -zis damateba sityvis bolos), is isev zedmetad afarTovebs wess da qmnis iseT sityvebs, rogoricaa foots, mouses (gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi, rodesac mravlobiTi ricxvi s, an z-is damatebiT ar iwarmoeba). hiperregularizacia gansakuTrebiT saintereso Secdomaa, radgan is, Cveulebriv, vlindeba mas Semdeg, rac bavSvebs ukve naswavli aqvT raRac da zmnebisa da arsebiTi saxelebis swor formebs iyeneben. bavSvebi jer zmnis swor formebs (magaliTad, came da went) iyeneben, albaT, imitom, rom isini swavloben maT, rogorc calkeul terminologiur elementebs, magram, roca isini warsuli drois (past-tense-is) ZiriTad wess swavloben, isini mas im zmnebis mimarTac iyeneben, romlebic wesidan gamonakliss warmoadgenen, anu im sityvebis mimarT, romlebsac manamde sworad gamoTqvamdnen1. droTa ganmavlobaSi bavSvebi sxva saxelmZRvanelo principebs iyeneben am droebiTi gaugebrobis dasaZlevad. bavSvebis mier enis aTviseba mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens maT socialur urTierTobebze. es unda davimaxsovroT, vinaidan socialuri ganviTarebis ganxilvas viwyebT, romelic mTeli cxovrebis manZilze mimdinareobs.
kros-lingvisturi kvlevebi exmareba mkvlevrebs, gansazRvron, gramatikis romeli nawilebi eyrdnoba yvelaze metad Sinagan predispoziciebs. enis Seqmnis unari warmoadgens saxelmZRvanelo principebis erTobliobas, romelic marTavs bavSvebis mier maT garemocvisTvis Cveuli enis gaanalizebis process.
socialuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

Cven vnaxeT, rogor icvleba adamiani dabadebidan xandazmulobamde fizikuri da kognituri TvalsazrisiT. am qveTavSi ganvixilavT socialur ganviTarebas: rogor icvleba individis socialuri urTierTobebi da molodinebi sicocxlis manZilze. Cven vnaxavT, rom socialuri da kulturuli garemo urTierTqmedebs biologiur asakTan da cxovrebis TiToeul periods misTvis damaxasiaTebeli gamowvevebiTa da ganmtkicebebiT uzrunvelyofs. socialuri ganviTarebis ganxilvisas gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania imis codna, Tu rogor zemoqmedebs kultura da garemo Cveni cxovrebis garkveul aspeqtebze. magaliTad, ekonomikuri gaWirvebis pirobebSi mcxovrebi adamianebi eqvemdebarebian garkveuli tipis stresebs, rac ar xdeba ganviTarebis normalur~ pirobebSi (Crockett & Silbereisen, 2000; Leventhal & Brooks-Gunn, 2000). aSS-sa da msoflios sxva qveynebSi arsebuli tendenciebi ganviTarebis fsiqologebs valdebuls xdis, gaiTvaliswinon is gamorCeuli garemoebebi, sadac uwevs cxovreba mraval bavSvs, mozardsa Tu mozrdils _ garemoebebi, romlebic mudmivad safrTxes uqmnis maT fsiqikas, usafrTxoebas da sicocxles (Dryfoss, 1990; Huston et al., 1994; Ladd & Cairns, 1996). garda amisa, amerikuli kultura Tavs axvevs cxovrebis sxvadasxva stils qalebsa da mamakacebs da umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebs. magaliTad, xandazmuli qalebi ufro xSirad imyofebian arasaxarbielo ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi,
socialuri ganviTareba (social development) _ gza, romliTac icvleba individis socialuri urTierTobebi da molodinebi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi.
Sejameba
mkvlevarTa umravlesoba iziarebs mosazrebas, rom bavSvebi enis Seswavlis biologiurad ganpirobebuli unariT ibadebian. am ideis damadasturebel monacemebs iZlevian eqsperimentebi, romlebic aCveneben, rom bavSvebs aqvT fonemuri kontrastebis aRqmis Tandayolili unari, maT Soris iseTi kontrastebis, romelic ar gamoiyeneba maTi garemosTvis Cveul enaSi. 7,5 Tvis asakisaTvis bavSvebi cnoben ganmeorebad bgerebs. es unari saSualebas aZlevs maT, daiwyon sityvaTa mniSvnelobebis aTviseba. mkvlevrebi Tvlian, rom axali sityvebis mniSvnelobebs bavSvebi im hipoTezebis SeqmniTa da gadasinjviT swavloben, romlebic ganpirobebulia iseTi Tandayolili principebiT, rogoricaa urTierTgamoricxva.
qarTulSi amis magaliTia, rodesac bavSvebi amboben sebobs~ da ara arsebobs~, radgan maT ukve naswavli aqvT, rom ar~ uaryofis gamomxatvelia da fiqroben, rom ar~-is gamokleba uaryofiT mtkicebas dadebiTad aqcevs (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
1
428
eriksonis fsiqosocialuri stadiebi

erik eriksonma (Erik Erikson), zigmund froidis qaliSvilis, ana froidis mowafem, SemogvTavaza Teoria, romlis mixedviTac yovelma individma warmatebiT unda gaiaros mTeli rigi fsiqosocialuri stadiebisa, romelTaganac TiToeuli mas garkveuli konfliqtis, an krizisis winaSe ayenebs. eriksonma cxovrebis ciklis rva stadia gamoyo. rogorc naCvenebia cxrilSi 11.5,
fsiqosocialuri stadiebi (psychosocial stages) _ erik eriksonis SemoTavazebuli ganviTarebis Tanmimdevruli stadiebi, romelic fokusirdeba sakuTar Tavsa da sxvebze individis orientaciaze; es stadiebi moicavs pirovnebis ganviTarebis sqesobriv da socialur aspeqtebs da individisa da socialuri garemos urTierTqmedebis Sedegad warmoqmnil socialur konfliqtebs.
vidre xandazmuli mamakacebi; xandazmuli afroamerikeli qalebi kidev ufro cud mdgomareobaSi arian, vidre maTive asakis TeTrkaniani qalebi (Carstensen & Rasupathi, 1993). es gansxvavebebi Tanamedrove amerikul sazogadoebaSi arsebuli struqturuli uTanasworobis uSualo Sedegia. rodesac vaskvniT saSualo~ cxovrebis mimdinareobis Taobaze, ar unda dagvaviwydes _ kultura karnaxobs zogierT individs, rom gansxvavdebodes am normidan. rodesac aRvwerT im fsiqologiur siZneleebs, romelsac Cveulebrivi~ individi awydeba, unda gaxsovdeT, rom mravali individi gansakuTrebuli, iSviaTi gamowvevebis winaSe dgas. mkvlevrebis daniSnulebaa, aRweron Tanamedrove problemebis gavlena adamianze da SeimuSavon meTodebi, romliTac Seamsubuqeben yvelaze usiamovno Sedegebs. naTelia, rom saWiroa seriozuli reformebis gatareba ukeTesi janmrTelobis dacvis sistemis, socialuri uzrunvelyofis programebisa da socialuri daxmarebis politikis asamoqmedeblad da dasaregulireblad. fsiqologebi daxmarebas gagviweven ojaxebisa da maTi bavSvebis saukeTeso interesebis gansazRvraSi (Scarr & Eisenberg, 1993). socialuri ganviTarebis ganxilvisas saSualeba gveqneba, davubrundeT kulturis gavlenis sakiTxs. gaxsovdeT, rom ganvlili wlebi da kulturiT ganpirobebuli socialuri gamocdileba erToblivad gansazRvraven adamianebis cxovrebiseul amocanebs. socialuri ganviTarebis ganxilvas daviwyebT erik eriksonis cxovrebis ciklis TeoriiT, romelic naTlad warmogviCens im gamowvevebsa da SenaZenebs, romelsac cxovrebiseuli ciklis TiToeul did monakveTze viRebT.
TiToeuli stadia xasiaTdeba konkretuli krizisiTa Tu konfliqtiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom arc erTi konfliqti ar amoiwureba bolomde, aucilebelia, individma sakmarisad gadaWras TiToeuli maTgani, raTa warmatebiT gaumklavdes Semdgomi stadiebis konfliqtebs. eriksonis mier aRwerili cxovrebiseuli ciklis pirvel stadiaze Cvils, mzrunvel mozardebTan urTierTobaSi, unda Camouyalibdes garemosadmi ndobis bazisuri grZnoba. ndoba mSobelTan Zlieri mijaWvulobis bunebrivi maxasiaTebelia, romelic bavSvs sakvebiT, siTboTi da fizikuri siaxloviT uzrunvelyofs. Tumca, Tu ar aris dakmayofilebuli bavSvis bazisuri moTxovnilebebi; Tu mas aklia movla, fizikuri siaxlove, siTbo da, aseve, Tu is xSirad rCeba masze mzrunvelis gareSe, SesaZloa, mas ganuvi-
429
cxrili
11.5
fsiqosocialuri ganviTarebis stadiebi eriksonis mixedviT
miaxloebiTi asaki
0-1,5 1,5-3
krizisi
ndoba undoblobis winaaRmdeg avtonomia eWvis winaaRmdeg
warmatebuli gadawyveta
usafrTxoebis bazisuri gancda Tavis aRqma momqmedad, romelsac xelewifeba sakuTari sxeulis kontroli da romelic flobs situacias sakuTar TavSi, rogorc iniciatorsa da SemoqmedSi, darwmunebuloba bazisuri socialuri da inteleqtualuri unarebis adekvaturoba sakuTari Tavis, rogorc pirovnebis, sasiamovno, damakmayofilebeli gancda meore adamianTan daaxloebisa da erTgulad darCenis unari
warumatebeli gadawyveta
daucveloba, SfoTva movlenebis kontrolis SeuZleblobis gancda
3-6
iniciativa danaSaulis grZnobis winaaRmdeg kompetenturoba arasrulfasovnebis winaaRmdeg ego-identuroba rolebis aRrevis winaaRmdeg intimuroba izolaciis winaaRmdeg
sakuTari Rirsebis gancdis ararseboba sakuTar TavSi daurwmunebuloba, marcxis gancda sakuTari pirovnebis danawevrebulobis gancda; sakuTar me-ze cvalebadi da bundovani warmodgena martoobis da gancalkevebis gancda; axlo urTierTobis saWiroebis uaryofa sakuTari survilebis damkayofilebaze zrunva; momavalze orientaciis ararseboba sicarielis, gamousadegarobis gancda, imedgacrueba
6-pubertati
mozardoba
axalgazrdoba
saSualo asaki
qmnadoba1 uZraobis2 winaaRmdeg
sakuTari Tavis garda ojaxze, sazogadoebaze, momaval Taobaze zrunvis unari mTlianobis gancda, zogadi kmayofileba cxovrebiT
xandazmuloba
mTlianoba3 sasowarkveTis winaaRmdeg
Tardes undoblobis, daucvelobisa da SfoTvis yovlismomcveli gancda. fexis adgmasa da laparakis dawyebasTan erTad, farTovdeba bavSvis mier gamokvleuli sivrce da is intensiurad iwyebs obieqtebis (da xandaxan adamianebis) Seswavlasa da manipulirebas (xeliT mosinjvas, datrialebas, gadmobrunebas). am moqmedebebiT mas unda Camouyalibdes avtonomiis da sakuTari qmedunarianobisa da Rirseulobis gancda. am stadiaze zedmetma SezRudvam da kritikulobam, SesaZloa, migviyvanos bavSvis mier sakuTar ZalebSi daeWvebamde, xolo iseTma moTxovnebma, romlebic mis SesaZleblobebs aRemateba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, TviTmomsaxurebis Cvevebis naadrevi da/an zedmetad mkacri moTxovna, SesaZloa, mas daukargos axali
1 2
430
Generativity. Stagnation ego-integrity
amocanebis miRwevisa da axali unarebis SeZenis xalisi. winasaskolo periodis dasasruls bavSvi, romelsac ukve ganviTarebuli aqvs ndobis bazisuri grZnoba jer uaxloesi garemocvis, Semdeg ki sakuTari Tavisadmi, SeZlebs iniciativis gamoCenas rogorc gonebriv, ise motorul aqtivobaSi. imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor reagireben mSoblebi bavSvis mxridan aseTi iniciativebis gamoCenaze, isini waaxaliseben Tavisuflebisa da sakuTar TavSi darwmunebulobis SegrZnebas, rac aucilebelia ganviTarebis Semdegi safexurisTvis, an aRZraven danaSaulis gancdas da mozrdilTa samyaroSi daupatiJebel stumrad~ agrZnobineben Tavs. dawyebiTi skolis periodSi bavSvi, romelmac warmatebiT daZlia wina stadiebis krizisebi, mzad aris, rom gare samyaros SemTxveviTi Ziebidan da gadasinjvidan gadavides kompetenturobisa da Sromisunarianobis sistematur
ganviTarebaze. skola da sporti _ inteleqtualuri da motoruli unarebis ganviTarebis, TanatolebTan urTierToba ki socialuri unarebis ganviTarebis saSualebas iZleva. am mimarTulebebiT warmatebul mcdelobebs bavSvi kompetenturobis gancdamde mihyavs. Tu am stadiaze bavSvi Semsruleblis nacvlad mayurebelis rolSi aRmoCndeba, an marcxs ganicdis, SesaZloa, mas arasrulfasovnebis SegrZneba ganuviTardes, rac, Tavis mxriv, amcirebs Semdgomi cxovrebiseuli stadiebis moTxovnaTa dakmayofilebis unars. eriksons miaCnda, rom mozardobis ZiriTadi krizisi sakuTari individualurobis, anu identobis aRmoCenaa, rasac sxvadasxva wreSi gansxvavebuli rolebis Sesrulebis aucileblobiT gamowveuli gaurkvevloba abrkolebs. am krizisis gadawyveta individs sakuTari pirovnebis mTlianobis gancdis CamoyalibebaSi exmareba; warumatebloba ki, Sesabamisad, sakuTar Tavze, rogorc aramyari birTvis mqone pirovnebis Sesaxeb, warmodgenis mizezi xdeba. axalgazrdobis (adreuli mozrdilobis) ZiriTadi krizisi intimurobasa da izolacias Soris konfliqtis gadaWraa. am konfliqtis warmatebuli gadawyvetis Sedegia sxva adamianebTan sruli emociuri, zneobrivi da seqsualuri urTierTobebis damyarebisa da SenarCunebis unaris ganviTareba. aseTi urTierTobebi TavisTavad gulisxmobs zogierTi pirovnuli prioritetis daTmobas, kompromiss, sakuTar Tavze garkveuli pasuxismgeblobebis aRebas da meore adamianis (partnioris) ganmartoebulobisa da damoukideblobis garkveuli xarisxiT SenarCunebas. am krizisis daZlevisas warumateblobas individi izolaciamde da sxvebTan harmoniuri urTierTobebis unaris arqonamde mihyavs. socialuri zrdis Semdegi SesaZlebloba, romelic, Cveulebriv, mowifulobaSi (Suaxnis mozrdilobaSi) eZleva adamians, generaciuloba, anu produqtulobaa. 30-40 wlis asakSi adamianebi sakuTar Tavsa da sakuTar partniorze fiqris sazRvrebs scdebian da zrunvas iwyeben ojaxis wevrebze, samuSaoze, sazogadoebasa da momaval Taobaze. isini, visac wina stadiebis krizisebi ar aqvT daZleuli, kvlav sakuTari moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebiT arian dakavebulni, eWvqveS ayeneben warsulis miRwevebs da miRebul gadawyvetilebebs da usafrTxoebis fasad inarCuneben Tavisuflebas.
xnovanebis (gviani mozrdilobis) krizisia konfliqti pirovnul mTlianobasa da sasowarkveTas Soris. nebismieri ganvlili stadiis krizisis gadawyveta xnier adamians amzadebs imisaTvis, rom warsuls sinanulis gareSe Sexedos da pirovnuli mTlianobis sasiamovno gancda daeuflos. Tu adrindeli krizisebi gadauWrelia, xolo miswrafebebi ausrulebel survilebadve darCa, individs sasowarkveTileba, ganvlili cxovrebis amaoebisa da sakuTari gamousadegrobis SegrZneba eufleba.
socialuri ganviTareba bavSvobaSi

bavSvis sicocxlis SenarCuneba damokidebulia sxva adamianebTan Sinaarsiani da efeqtur urTierTobebis damyarebaze. socializacia mTeli cxovrebis manZilze mimdinare procesia, rodesac individis qcevis paternebi, Rirebulebebi, standartebi, unarebi, ganwyobebi da motivebi iseT formas iReben, romelic misaRebi iqneba mocemuli sazogadoebisTvis. procesSi mravali adamiani (naTesavebi, megobrebi, maswavleblebi) da instituciaa (skolebi, RvTis msaxurebis adgilebi) CarTuli, romelTa zegavlenis Sedegadac iTvisebs individi socialurad misaReb Rirebulebebsa da qcevis standartebs. Tumca, socializaciis yvelaze mniSvnelovani maregulirebeli da ganmapirobebeli Tavad ojaxia. ojaxis cneba icvleba, vinaidan dResdReobiT mravali bavSvi izrdeba viTarebaSi, romelic gansxvavdeba ojaxis standartuli _ deda, mama, da-Zmebi _ struqturisgan: zogierTi bavSvi martoxela mSoblis ojaxSi izrdeba, zogi ki _ mravali Taobisagan Semdgar ojaxSi. ganurCevlad ojaxis konfiguraciisa, is exmareba individs sxvebze reagirebis ZiriTadi paternebis CamoyalibebaSi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, sxva adamianebTan damokidebulebis cxovrebiseuli stilis safuZveli xdeba.
socializacia (socialization) _ cxovrebis manZilze mimdinare procesi, romlis saSualebiTac individis qcevis paternebi, Rirebulebebi, standartebi, unarebi da ganwyobebi iseT formas iReben, romelic misaRebi iqneba mocemuli sazogadoebisTvis.
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mijaWvuloba
socialuri ganviTareba bavSvsa da dedas, mamas, an sxva mudmiv mzrunvels Soris mWidro emociuri urTierTobis damyarebiT iwyeba. am Zlier, xangrZliv, socialur-emociur urTierTobas mijaWvuloba ewodeba. vinaidan bavSvebs ar SeuZliaT Tavis gamokveba da dacva, mijaWvulobis yvelze adreuli funqcia bavSvisTvis sicocxlis SenarCunebaa. cxovelTa samyaros zogierT saxeobaSi axalSobils avtomaturad ebeWdeba mexsierebaSi pirvelive moZrav obieqti, romelsac is xedavs, an romlis xmac esmis (Johnson & Gottlieb, 1981). amas imprintingi ewodeba. imprintingi swrafad xdeba ganviTarebis kritikul periodSi da Znelia misi Secvla. imprintingis aseTi avtomaturoba zogjer SeiZleba problemuri iyos. eTologma konrad lorencma (Konrad Lorenz) aCvena, rom adamianis gazrdili batis Wukebi adamians miejaWvebian da ara TavianTi saxeobis romelime warmomadgenels. sabednierod, bunebriv pirobebSi batis Wukebi, dabadebisTanave pirvelad, umetesad, sxva batebs xedaven. adamianis Svili naklebad aris damokidebuli instinqtur mijaWvulobaze, miuxedavad imisa, rom dResdReobiT mraval samSobiaro saxlSi mijaWvulobis ganviTarebis waxalisebas axalSobilis dedis mucelze moTavsebiT cdiloben.
adamianebs bavSvisa da mozrdilis kavSiris gasamyareblad ufro rTuli signalebi esaWiroebaT. Cvilis mier gamocemuli miaxloeba-daSorebis signalebi _ rogoricaa: Rimili, tirili, bgerebis gamocema _ rogorc Cans, Tandayolili qcevebia, romliTac Cvili agebinebs sxvebs, rom yuradReba miaqcion (Campos et al., 1991). magaliTad, cxra Tvis bavSvi SerCeviT uRimis maT, viszec surs gavlenis moxdena (Jones et al., 1991). cxadia, warmatebuli mijaWvuloba ara aris damokidebuli mxolod Cvilis mier signalebis (rogoricaa, magaliTad, Rimili) gamocemis unarze, aramed _ mozrdilis mier am signalebis garCevisa da maTze reagirebis unarzec. vis SeuZlia, rom winaaRmdegoba gauwios Cvilis Rimils? jon boulbis (John Bowlby, 1973), adamianTa Soris mijaWvulobis ganviTarebis gavleniani Teoretikosis, mixedviT, Cvilebi im individebs ejaWvebian, romlebic Tanmimdevrulad da saTanadod pasuxoben maT signalebs. mijaWvulobis Sefasebis erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli meTodia meri einsvorsisa (Mary Ainsworth) da misi kolegebis SemuSavebuli ucnobi situaciis testi (Ainsworth et al., 1978). erT-erT pirvel standartul epizodSi bavSvi saTamaSoebiT savse ucnob oTaxSi SehyavT. dedis Tandaswrebis pirobebSi bavSvs saSualeba eZleva, ukeT Seiswavlos oTaxi da iTamaSos. ramdenime wuTis Semdeg oTaxSi ucnobi adamiani Semodis, esaubreba dedas da uaxlovdeba bavSvs. Semdeg deda tovebs oTaxs. xanmokle ganSorebis Semdeg deda oTaxSi brundeba, deda da Svili xvdeba erTmaneTs da ucnobi gadis. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom am testze bavSvebis reaqciebi sam ZiriTad kategoriad iyofa (Ainsworth et al., 1978): myarad mijaWvuli bavSvebi oTaxidan mSoblis gasvlaze garkveuli distresiT reagireben. misi dabrunebis Semdeg ki siaxlovisken, komfortisken da kontaqtisken iswrafvian da TandaTanobiT ubrundebian TamaSs.
mijaWvuloba (attachment) _ emociuri urTierToba bavSvsa da masze regularulad mzrunvel mozrdils Soris. imprintingi (imprinting) _ daswavlis primitiuli forma, rodesac axalSobili cxoveli ukan misdevs da ejaWveba pirvelive moZrav obieqts, romelsac xedavs an romlis xmac esmis.
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aramyarad mijaWvuli _ ganridebadi bavSvebi indiferentulebi Canan da SeiZleba aqtiurad aaridon Tavi mSobels, an misi ignorireba moaxdinon. aramyarad mijaWvuli _ ambivalenturi/ rezistentuli bavSvebi brazdebian da SfoTaven, roca mSobeli oTaxidan gadis; misi dabrunebisas veRar mSviddebian da ubrazdebian da ewinaaRmdegebian mas, Tumca, masTan kontaqtis survilsac gamoxataven.
aSS-is mosaxleobis saSualo fenebis ojaxebidan Semdgari SerCevevis gamokvlevam aCvena, rom Cvili bavSvebis daaxloebiT 70% myarad mijaWvulTa kategorias ganekuTvneba, aramyarad mijaWvuli bavSvebis daaxloebiT 20% moTavsda ganridebadis kategoriaSi, 10% ki _ rezistentulis kategoriaSi. aSS-isgan iseT gansxvavebul qveynebSi, rogoricaa: SvedeTi, israeli, iaponia da CineTi, mijaWvulobis urTierTobebis kroskulturulma kvlevam mijaWvulobis konkretuli tipebis sakmarisad mdgradi prevalireba gamoavlina (Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg, 1988). TiToeul qveyanaSi bavSvebis umetesoba myarad mijaWvulia. kulturuli gansxvavebuloba yvelaze metad arasando, aramyarad mijaWvulobis sxvadasxva tipis prioritetulobaze aisaxa. garda amisa, mkvlevrebma gamoavlines maRali xarisxis SeTanxmebuloba ucnobi situaciebis testiTa da bavSvebze da maT dedebze saxlis Cveul garemoSi dakvirvebis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT Sedgenil klasifikaciebs Soris (Pederson & Morgan, 1996). ucnobi situaciebis testis monacemebze dafuZnebuli kategoriebi prognostulad Rirebuli aRmoCnda _ maT Zalze zustad SeeZloT bavSvis Semdgomi qcevis prognozireba mTel rig situaciebSi. es gansakuTrebiT exeboda im sazRvars/gamyofs, romelic myarad da aramyarad mijaWvul bavSvebs erTmaneTisgan mijnavda. magaliTad, grZelvadianma kvlevebma aCvena, rom bavSvebi, romlebic 15 Tvis asakSi ucnobi situaciis testSi sando an arasando mijaWvulobisTvis damaxasiaTebel qcevas axorcielebdnen, skolaSi qcevis mixedviT mkveTrad gansxvavdebodnen 8-9 wlis asakSi (Bohlin et al., 2000). 15 Tvis asakSi myarad mijaWvuli bavSvebi ufro popularulebi iyvnen da naklebad SfoTavdnen sazogadoebaSi TavianTi adgilis gamo, vidre
maTi aramyarad mijaWvuli Tanatolebi. adreul wlebSi mijaWvulobis xarisxisa da Semdgomi qcevis aseTive kavSiri gamovlinda 10 wlis bavSvebsa (Urban et al., 1991) da mozardebSi (Weinfield et al., 1997). es monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom mijaWvulobis xarisxs, romelic ucnobi situaciebis testiT gamovlinda, namdvilad grZelvadiani Sedegebi aqvs. me-17 TavSi vnaxavT, rom mkvlevrebi mijaWvulobis sazomebs mozrdilTa sasiyvarulo urTierTobebis prognozirebisTvisac iyeneben. Cven vnaxeT, rom mijaWvuloba sakmaod mniSvnelovania axalgazrda sicocxlisaTvis. sando mijaWvuloba mozrdilTan, romelic sayrdensa da socialur mxardaWeras sTavazobs bavSvs, mas prosocialur qcevaTa Seswavlis winapirobas uqmnis. is saSualebas aZlevs bavSvs, iswavlos gariskva, axal situaciebSi CarTva da Rrma pirovnuli urTierTobebis damyareba. axla ki vnaxoT, risi gakeTeba SeuZliaT mSoblebs imisaTvis, rom xeli Seuwyon am myari mijaWvulobis erTob mniSvnelovani grZnobis Camoyalibebas.
mSoblebis mier gamoyenebuli aRzrdis stilebi da dadgenili qcevis wesebi

TiToeuli bavSvi sakuTari temperamentis Sesabamisad iqceva mSoblebTan urTierTobisas: mSoblebi, romelTac erTze meti Svili hyavT, xSirad aRniSnaven, Tu ramdenad ganxvavdebodnen maTi Svilebi erTmaneTisgan adreuli asakidanve. bavSvis ama Tu im temperamentma mSoblebis saukeTeso (an uaresi) mcdelobebi SeiZleba mou-
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suraTi
11.9
aRzrdis stilebis klasifikacia

aRzrdis stilebis klasificireba ori ganzomilebis mixedviT SeiZleba, esaa: momTxovneloba _ mSoblis survili, Seasrulos sazogadoebis warmomadgenlisa da am sazogadoebaSi miRebuli normebis bavSvisTvis gadamcemis roli; gulisxmiereba _ mSoblis mier bavSvis individualobis aRiareba. avtoritetuli stili yvelaze metad ayalibebs efeqtur mSobel-Svilis kavSirs.
lodnel Sedegebamde miiyvanos. mkvlevrebi aRiareben, rom bavSvebis temperamenti da mSoblebis qceva gavlenas axdenen erTmaneTze, rac, Tavis mxriv, bavSvis ganviTarebaze aisaxeba, magaliTad, mijaWvulobis xarisxis saxiT: ramdenadac mSoblebi zemoqmedeben Tavian Svilebze, imdenad Svilebi zemoqmedeben maTze (Collins et al., 2000). da mainc, temperamentuli sxvaobebis fonze, mkvlevrebma daadgines mSoblebis mier gamoyeneuli aRzrdis stili, romelic, Cveulebriv, yvelaze met sargebels iZleva. mocemuli stili ori ganzomilebis _ momTxovnelobisa da gulisxmierebis _ urTierTkveTis wertilSi mdebareobs (Maccoby & Martin, 1983). momTxovnelobaSi moiazreba mSoblis survili, Seasrulos sazogadoebis warmomadgenlisa da am sazogadoebSi miRebuli normebis bavSvisTvis gadamcemis roli, gulisxmierebaSi ki _ mSoblis mier bavSvis individualobis aRiareba~ (Darling & Steinberg, 1993, gv. 492). rogorc naCvenebia suraTze 11.9, avtoritetuli mSoblebi saTanado moTxovnebs uyeneben TavianT Svilebs: isini maTgan moiTxoven qcevis miRebuli normebisadmi Sesatyvisobas, magram Tavadac gulisxmierad epyrobian maT _ isini yovelTvis utoveben bavSvebs urTierTobis iniaRzrdis stili (parenting style) _ meTodi, romliTac mSoblebi zrdian Svilebs; yvelaze efeqturad iTvleba avtoritetuli stili, romelic Tanabrad moiazrebs momTxovnelobasa da gulisxmierebas. mSoblebis mier dadgenili qcevis wesebi (parenting practices) _ konkretuli aRmzrdelobiTi qceva, romelic konkretuli aRmzrdelobiTi miznebis Sesabamisad yalibdeba.
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cirebis SesaZleblobas, riTac xels uwyoben TviTregulaciis unaris ganviTarebas (Gray & Steinberg, 1999). aseTi avtoritetuli stili yvelaze metad ayalibebs efeqtur mSobeli-Svilis kavSirs. amis sapirispirod, rogorc mocemulia suraTze 11.9, aRzrdis avtoritaruli stilis SemTxvevaSi mSoblebi Tavisi Svilebisgan disciplinirebulobas iTxoven da naklebad uTmoben yuradRebas maT damoukideblobas; momTmeni stilis SemTxvevaSi _ gulisxmierebi arian Svilebis mimarT, Tumca, ver axerxeben im sazogadoebrivi wesebis struqturebis swavlebas, romliTac unda icxovron maT; uyuradRebo stili ki imiT gamoirCeva, rom mSoblebi arc disciplinirebulobas iTxoven Svilebisgan da arc maTi individualurobisadmi iCenen did interess. erTnairi aRzrdis zogadi stilis mqone mSoblebic ki sxvadasxvagvar prioritets aniWeben socializaciis miznebs, romelic mniSvnelovnad miaCniaT TavianTi SvilebiTvis. mSoblebis mier dadgenili qcevis wesebi momdinareobs mkafiod dasaxuli miznebidan (Darling & Steinberg, 1993). aqedan gamomdinare, avtoritetuli mSoblebi, romelTac surT, rom bavSvebma kargad iswavlon skolaSi, saxlSi iseT garemos qmnian, sadac bavSvebi mixvdebian, Tu ratom eswrafvian mSoblebi amas. bavSvebi ecdebian, rom kargad iswavlon skolaSi, radgan isini efeqturad ganawyves am miznisTvis; aCvenes, Tu rogor exmareba adamians codna sazogadoebaSi cxovrebisas. Tumca, vinaidan yvela avtoritetuli mSobeli ar aris swavlaze orientirebuli, SeuZlebelia bavSvis saskolo warmatebis prognozireba mxolod mSoblis stilze dayrdnobiT (Steinberg et al., 1992). mSoblebis zogadi ganwyobebi da maTi
konkretuli qcevebi mniSvnelovania maTi Svilebis cxovrebis mimarTulebis gansazRvrisTvis. mosiyvarule mozrdilebTan mWidro urTierTqmedeba bavSvis pirveli nabijia normaluri socializaciisa da jansaRi fizikuri ganviTarebisken. vinaidan pirveli momvlelisadmi Tavdapirveli mijaWvuloba mogvianebiT ganivrcoba ojaxis sxva wevrebzec, es ukanasknelnic xdebian bavSvisTvis misabaZi modelebi azrovnebisa da qcevis axali meTodebis aTvisebis procesSi. am adreuli mijaWvulobebidan bavSvebi aviTareben sakuTar moTxovnilebebsa da sxva adamianebis moTxovnilebebze reagirebis unars.
komforti kontaqtisas da socialuri gamocdileba

ras iReben bavSvebi mijaWvulobis kavSirisgan? zigmund froidis da sxva fsiqologebis Tanaxmad, bavSvebi imitom ejaWvebian mSoblebs, rom isini maT sakvebiT uzrunvelyofen _ akmayofileben bavSvis upirveles bazisur moTxovnilebas. am mosazrebas mijaWvulobis SimSilis Teorias uwodeben. es Teoria rom swori iyos, bavSvebs keTildReobisTvis saTanadod gamokvebis garda araferi dasWirdebodaT. gavs es simarTles? hari harlous (Harry Harlow, 1965) ar sjeroda, rom SimSilis Teoria xsnida mijaWvulobis mniSvnelovnebas. am Teoriis Sesamowmeblad man gamoTqva sakuTari hipoTeza, rom Cvilebi SeiZleba imaTac miejaWvon, visTanac kontaqtisas komfortulad igrZnoben Tavs (Harlow & Zimmerman, 1958). man makakebi dabadebisTanave moaSora dedebs da moaTavsa galiebSi, sadac maT ori xelovnuri deda~ daxvdaT. erTi maTgani mavTulisgan iyo damzadebuli, meore ki _ xaoiani qsovilisgan. harloum aRmoaCina, rom patara makakebma qsovilis `dedasTan~ axlos daibudes da cota dros atarebdnen mavTulis `dedasTan~. es maSinac ki ase xdeboda, rodesac rZes maT mxolod mavTulis `deda~ aZlevda. rodesac saSiSi stimuli (magaliTad, dolze mobraxune saTamaSo daTunia) gamoCndeboda, patara makakebi qsovilisgan damzadebul dedasTan~ garbodnen. rodesac axali saintereso stimuli gamoCkomforti kontaqtisas (contact comfort) _ dedasTan an sxva mzrunvelTan Cvilis fizikuri siaxlovidan momdinare komforti.
ndeboda, makakebi stimulis gamosakvlevad TandaTanobiT bedavdnen dedisgan~ moSorebas da kvlevis ganaxlebamde isev qsovilisgan damzadebul dedasTan~ brundebodnen. harlousa da misi kolegebis Semdgomma kvlevebma aCvena, rom surogat dedasTan Zlieri mijaWvulobis formireba maimunebSi arasakmarisi iyo jansaRi socialuri ganviTarebisaTvis. Tavdapirvelad eqsperimentatorebma ifiqres, rom patara makakebi qsovilis surogat dedasTan normalurad viTardebodnen, Tumca, Zalze gansxvavebuli suraTi miiRes, rodesac am pirobebSi gazrdil mdedr maimunebs Tavad mouwiaT dedis rolis Sesruleba. maimunebs, romelTac adreul asakSi ar hqondaT sxva maimunebTan urTierTobis saSualeba, gauWirdaT normaluri socialuri da seqsualuri urTierTobebis damyareba mozrdilobaSi. primatebis mkvlevarma stefen suomim (Stephen Suomi, 1999; Champoux et al., 1995) aCvena, rom emociurad mowyvladi Cvili makakis mzrunvel dedaze gaSvileba arsebiTad cvlida mis cxovrebas. suomi aRniSnavs, rom maimunebi, romlebsac gansakuTrebiT mosiyvarule da mzrunveli dedebi zrdian, maimunTa gundis daCagruli da ukana planze gadaweuli wevrebidan Tamam, komunikabelur mamr maimunebad izrdebian, romlebic
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fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
ra gavlenas axdens baga-baRi bavSvis ganviTarebaze

lobas aZlevda (Burchinal et al., 1997; Clarke-Stewart, 1991, 1993). gonebriv ganviTarebas xels uwyobs baga-baRebSi saganmanaTleblo da TamaSis aqtiobaTa farTo speqtri, socialur ganviTarebas ki _ socialuri urTierTqmedebebis farTo arCevani, rasac moklebulni arian saxlebSi myofi bavSvebi. Tumca, arsebobs ori mizezi, ris gamoc pasuxs ara~ unda daematos yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT~. pirveli isaa, rom bavSvebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan saxlis gareT zrunvaze reagirebis mixedviT. meore, arsebobs mravalgvari baga-baRi. aqedan gamomdinare, kargisa da cudis Ziebis nacvlad, mkvlevrebi dainteresdnen imiT, Tu rogori unda iyos xarisxiani aRzrda konkretuli bavSvebisTvis (Zaslow, 1991).
rodesac fsiqologebma pirvelad daiwyes socialuri ganviTarebis Seswavla, im Cvil bavSvTa umravlesoba, romelTa qcevasac efuZneboda maTi daskvnebi, mTeli dReebis manZilze dedebTan imyofebodnen TavianT saxlebSi. Tumca, ukanaskneli ramdenime aTwleulis manZilze sazogadoebis moTxovnebi Seicvala da aucilebeli gaxda, rom dedebis gacilebiT met raodenobas emuSava saxlis gareT. amis Sedegad bevri bavSvi mravali saaTis da zogjer TiTqmis mTeli adreuli bavSvobis ganmavlobaSi ver ganicdis mSoblebis gavlenas. mkvlevrebma, am cvlilebidan gamomdinare, ori SekiTxva dasves: (1) ra dadebiT an uaryofiT gavlenas axdens bagabaRi bavSvis ganviTarebaze? (2) rogori unda iyos optimaluri baga-baRi?
Cven ukve movxazeT is konteqsti, sadac SesaZlebelia pirveli SekiTxvis interpretireba: Tu bavSvsa da mSobels Soris mijaWvulobas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs, nebismieri movlena (rogoricaa, magaliTad, baga-baRi), romelic arRvevs am mijaWvulobas, cudia Tu ara bavSvisTvis? am kiTxvaze pasuxia: yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT, ara~ (Scarr, 1998). am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, mkvlevrebi, Cveulebriv, erTmaneTs adarebdnen saxlSi gazrdil da baga-baRSi gazrdil bavSvebs gonebrivi da socialuri ganviTarebis mixedviT. maT aRmoaCines, rom bavSvebi, romlebic baga-baRebSi atarebdnen dros, xSirad upirates mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen am parametrebis mixedviT, pirvel rigSi, imitom, rom baga-baRebi maT ganviTarebis ufro met SesaZleb-
momwifebis periodSi erT-erTi pirvelni toveben gunds, raTa Tavad gaikvlion gza da sakuTari adgili daimkvidron axal gundSi. aseTi jvaredini aRzrda maT im informaciiTa da gadarCenis unar-CvevebiT amaragebs, romelic aucilebelia sxva maimunebis mxardaWeris mosapoveblad da gundSi maRali socialuri statusis SesanarCuneblad. axla vnaxoT, rogor aris SesaZlebeli maimunebze Catarebuli eqsperimentebidan miRebuli codnis gamoyeneba, rodesac saqme adamianis deprivacias exeba.
socialuri deprivacia
samwuxarod, zogjer sazogadoebebi qmnian pirobebs, sadac bavSvebi moklebulni arian kontaqtis komforts. mravalma kvlevam aCvena, rom adreul bavSvobaSi mWidro, Tbili urTier-
436
Tobebis nakleboba gavlenas axdens bavSvis fizikur ganviTarebaze da sicocxlis SenarCunebazec ki. 1915 wels jon hopkinisis hospitalSi eqimma daafiqsira, rom normaluri fizikuri zrunvis miuxedavad, baltimoris upatrono bavSvTa saxlebSi moxvedrili bavSvebis 90% sicocxlis pirvelive wels gardaicvala. momdevno ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi hospitalizirebul bavSvebze Catarebulma kvlevebma aCvena, rom normaluri kvebis miuxedavad, bavSvebi xSirad avadmyofobdnen respiratoruli infeqciebiT, ucnobi etiologiis cieb-cxelebiT, ver imatebdnen wonaSi da fiziologiuri mdgomareobis gauaresebis zogadi simptomebi aReniSnebodaT (Bowlby, 1969; Sherrod et al., 1978). aSS-isa da kanadis upatrono bavSvTa saxlebSi myof mcirewlovan bavSvebze Catarebulma sxva kvlevam gamoavlina mwvave emociuri da fizikuri aS-
baga-baRebis eqspertma alison klark-stiuartma (Alison Clarke-Sewart, 1993) Seajama am sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebuli samecniero literatura da mogvca principebi, romlis mixedviTac unda vixelmZRvaneloT baga-baRebis xarisxianobis gansazRvrisas. qvemoT mocemuli zogierTi rekomendacia bavSvebis fizikur komforts exeba: baga-baRi fizikurad komfortuli da usafrTxo unda iyos. yovel eqvs an Svid bavSvze unda iyos, sul mcire, erTi aRmzrdeli (meti 3 wlamde asakis bavSvebisTvis). danarCeni rekomendaciebi dRis zrunvis centrebis muSaobis saganmanaTleblo da fsiqologiur aspeqtebs Seexeba. bavSvebs unda hqondeT TamaSebis Tavisuflad arCevis saSualeba, romelsac drodadro TvalsaCino da
cxadi gakveTilebi daerTveba Tan. bavSvebs unda aswavlidnen socialuri problemebis gadawyvetis unar-Cvevebs. garda amisa, klark-stiuartma SemogvTavaza, rom bagabaRis aRmzrdelebs kargi mSoblebis Tvisebebic unda hqondeT. aRmzrdelebi unda pasuxobdnen bavSvebis moTxovnilebebs da aqtiurad unda iyvnen CarTulni maT saqmianobebSi. aRmzrdelebi gaumarTleblad ar unda zRudavdnen bavSvebs. aRmzrdelebs unda SeeZloT bavSvebis individualur moTxovnilebebs Soris gansxvavebebis danaxva. Tu es kriteriumebi dakmayofilebulia, baga-baRSi nebismieri bavSvis miyvana SeiZleba, romlis mSoblebi saxlis gareT muSaoben. bagabaRi marTlac efeqturi rom gaxdes, sazogadoebis zogadi
damokidebuleba unda Seicvalos. pirvel rigSi, adamianebma unda miiRon arsebuli realoba da aRiaron, rom bavSvebis mzardi raodenoba izrdeba baga-baRebSi da, Sesabamisad, sazogadoebam energia am baRebis xarisxis gaumjobesebisaken unda warmarTos (Fuller et al., 1996; Scarr et al., 1990). meore, adamianebma Zalisxmeva ar unda daiSuron momuSave dedis~ da Tavad baga-baRis mimarT araswori damokidebulebis dasaZlevad (Hoffman, 1989). Tuki fsiqologebi gaavrceleben sazogadoebaSi azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom baga-baRi bavSvs aranairad ar vnebs, aramed, piriqiT, SesaZloa, xelic ki Seuwyos mis ganviTarebas, mSoblebic naklebad inerviuloben imis gamo, rom uwevT bavSvis baga-baRSi miyvana. stresis aseTi Semcireba mxolod gaaumjobesebs bavSvis mTlian fsiqologiur garemos.
lilobebi da maRali sikvdilianoba, miuxedavad kargi kvebisa da samedicino momsaxurebisa (Spitz & Wolf, 1946). socialur ganviTarebaze arasasurveli garemoc zemoqmedebs. 1-dan 3 wlamde asakis Zaladobis aT msxverplze Catarebulma erT-erTma kvlevam aCvena, rom bavSvebi saTanadod ar reagirebdnen Tanatolis distresze. rodesac erTi bavSvi ganawyenebulia da tiris, Cveulebriv, misi Tanatolebi wuxdebian da TanaugrZnoben mas, an Tavadac sevdiandebian. amis sapirispirod, Zaladobis msxverpli bavSvebi ufro metad reagirebdnen SiSiT, braziTa da fizikuri SetevebiT (Main & George, 1985). sxva kvlevaSi Seiswavles kavSiri bavSvobisdroindel fizikur da seqsualur Zaladobasa da mozrdilobaSi fsiqikuri janmrTelobis mdgomareobas Soris. 375 axalgazrda mozrdilisgan Semdgari SerCevidan 11%-
ma aRniSna, rom gamocdilebaSi hqonda romelime tipis Zaladoba. am jgufidan daaxloebiT 80%s aReniSneboda erTi an meti fsiqiatriuli aSlilobis simptomebi (Silverman et al., 1996). bavSvze Zaladobis SemTxvevebis arseboba fsiqologebs Zalze mniSvnelovani amocanis winaSe ayenebs: unda ganisazRvros, rogori Careva iqneba bavSvebisTvis saukeTeso. aSS-Si daaxloebiT 500 aTasi bavSvi da mozardi wamoyvanilia ojaxidan da mTavrobis mier dafinansebul garkveuli tipis garemoSi cxovrobs (magaliTad, gaSvilebulia, an imyofeba mcire zomis bavSvTa saxlSi) (Shealy, 1995). rogor ggoniaT, yovelTvis uxariaT bavSvebs, roca moZalade ojaxebs aSoreben? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema Zalian rTulia, vinaidan Zaladobis msxverpl bavSvebsac ki axasiaTebT TavianTi mzrunvelebisadmi mijaWvulobis ganviTareba. bavSvebma SeiZleba Sei-
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narCunon erTguleba sakuTari biologiuri ojaxisadmi da imedovnebdnen, rom yvelaferi mogvardeba, Tu ukan daabruneben (Poulin, 1985). swored amitom dResdReobiT bevri mkvlevari cdilobs Carevis iseTi programebis SemuSavebas, raTa moxerxdes ojaxis SenarCuneba da bavSvis ojaxSi dabruneba im garemoebebis Secvlis gziT, romlebic iwveven Zaladobas (Gillespie et al., 1995; Skibinski, 1995). am TavSi vnaxeT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens bavSvobis gamocdileba Semdgom socialur ganviTarebaze. axla ki gadavinacvloT cxovrebis Semdgom periodis _ mozardobis ganxilvaze.
socialuri ganviTareba mozardobaSi

am Tavis dasawyisSi mozardobisas mimdinare fizikuri da kognituri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb visaubreT. winamdebare qveTavSi vnaxavT, rom es cvlilebebi fonad edeba socialur gamocdilebas. vinaidan individma ukve miaRwia fizikuri da gonebrivi simwifis garkveul dones, mis winaSe axali socialuri da pirovnuli problemebi dgeba. pirvel rigSi, ganvixilavT, zogadad, mozardobis gamocdilebas da Semdeg ki _ mozardis cvalebad socialur samyaros.
mozardoba
mozardoba tradiciulad ganixileboda, rogorc cxovrebis mSfoTvare periodi, romelic ganwyobilebis ukiduresi cvlilebebiTa da rTuli, araprognozirebadi qceviT qariSxliTa da stresiT~ _ xasiaTdeba. es mosazreba me-19 saukunis dasasrulisa da me-20 saukunis dasawyisis romantikos mwerlebTanac, maT Soris goeTesTanac, gvxvdeba. mozardobis qariSxliTa da stresiT~ Teorias intensiurad icavda j. stenli holi (G. Stenley Hall) _ Tanamedrove epoqis pirveli fsiqologi, romelic dawvrilebiT werda mozardebis ganviTarebaze (1904). holis Semdeg am mosazrebis ZiriTadi damcvelebi iyvnen fsiqoanalizis Teoretikosebi, romlebic froidis tradiciis farglebSi muSaobdnen (magaliTad, Blos, 1965; Freud, 1946, 1958). zogierTi maTgani amtkicebda, rom aseTi vnebaTa qariSxali mozardobis ara mxolod normaluri nawilia, aramed misi ararseboba ganviTarebis Seferxebaze
miuTiTebs. ana froidi werda, rom normaluroba mozardobis periodSi TavisTavad aranormaluria~ (1958, p. 275). kulturuli anTropologiis ori pioneri margaret midi (Margaret Mead, 1928) da ruT benediqti (Ruth Benedict, 1938) Tvlidnen, rom qariSxlisa da stresis~ Teoria gamousadegaria mravali aradasavluri kulturisaTvis. maT aRweres kulturebi, sadac bavSvebi TandaTanobiT, yovelgvari araprognozirebadi stresuli gardamavali periodisa da vnebaTaRelvis gareSe, mozrdilebisTvis Cveul ufro da ufro met pasuxismgeblobebs iReben sakuTar Tavze. mxolod mas Semdeg daiwyes fsiqologebma vnebaTaRelvis Teoriis eWvqveS dayeneba, rac dasavluri kulturis mozardebis farTomasStabiani kvlevebi Catarda. am kvlevebis Sedegebi adasturebda Semdegs: _ mozardTa mcire raodenoba Tu ganicdis im Sinagan mRelvarebasa da araprognozirebad qcevas, romelTac maT miaweren (Offer & Schonert-Reichl, 1992). cxrilSi 11.6 mocemulia 20 aTasze meti mozardis fsiqologiuri adaptaciis kvlevis ZiriTadi Sedegebi (Offer et al., 1981a). samwuxarod, im mozardebs, romlebic Znelad eguebian cvalebad pirobebs, mosalodnelia, rom mogvianebiT, mozrdilobaSic axasiaTebdeT aseTive sirTuleebi (Offer et al., 1998; Stattin & Magnusson, 1996). ganvixiloT gamokvleva, romelmac aCvena Zlieri kavSiri mozardTa qceviT problemebsa da mozrdilobaSi ganxorcielebul kriminalur qcevas Soris.
cxrili
11.6
mozardTa procenti, romelic eTanxmeba TiToeul debulebas
91 90 90 86 85
normaluri mozardis fsiqologiuri me

debuleba
normalur pirobebSi Tavs mSvidad vgrZnob. siamovnebas viReb cxovrebisagan. Cveulebriv, Tavs vakontroleb. Tavs janmrTelad da Zlierad vgrZnob. ZiriTadad, bednieri var. kargi xumroba maSinac maniWebs siamovnebas, roca sevdiani, mowyenili var.
83
438
saidan viciT
mozardTa agresiulobis Sedegebi farTomasStabian longitudur kvlevaSi 10-13 wlis mozardebs Seiswavlidnen, romlebic SvedeTis tipuri qalaqis skolaSi swavlobdnen. maT yofaqcevis daxasiaTebasa (maswavleblebis daxasiaTebebis mixedviT) da biologiur funqcionirebas adarebdnen maT mier cxovrebis Semdgom periodSi (1826 wlis asakSi) kriminaluri qcevis, an sxva saxis antisocialuri qmedebebis ganxorcielebis albaTobas. im biWebTan, romlebic adreul agresiulobasa da mousvenrobas (hiperaqtiurobas) avlendnen, gacilebiT metad iyo mosalodneli iseT mozrdilad Camoyalibeba, romelic sisxlis samarTlis danaSauls Caidenda. garda amisa, adreuli adaptaciis problemebis ufro mZime paternebi korelirebda adaptaciis iseT problemebTan, rogoricaa loToba da fsiqiatriuli zedamxedvelobis qveS yofna. suraTi 11.10 gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad ukavSirdeba adreuli agresiuloba mozrdilis kriminalur qcevas (Magnusson, 1987; Magnusson & Bergman, 1990).
suraTi
11.10
mozardobis agresiuloba da mozrdilobis kriminaluri qceva

grafikze mocemulia individTa raodenoba, romelTac 13 wlis asakSi agresiulobis sxvadasxva dones miaRwies da maT mier 18-26 wlis asakSi kriminaluri qcevis Cadenis procenti. kriminaluri qceva seriozulad iqna miCneuli, Tu Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi sanqcia SvedeTis kanonebis mixedviT, sul mcire, erTi TviT Tavisuflebis aRkveTas gulisxmobda.
socialuri urTierTobebi
mozardTa socialuri ganviTarebis kvlevebSi ojaxisa (an mozardze mzrunvelisa) da megob-
aqedan gamomdinare, mozardTa problemebi ar unda miewerebodes qariSxlisa da stresis~ miTs; es ar iqneboda swori. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mozardebi suicidis maRali riskiT xasiaTdebian, yvelam, vinc urTierTobs aseT mozardebTan, gulwrfeli yuradReba unda miaqcios maT (Garland & Zigler, 1993). mozardobis zogadi gamocdilebis ganxilvis Semdeg gadavideT ufro konkretul sakiTxze rogor mimdinareobs mozardobisas identobis (pirovnuli individualurobis) formireba. cxovrebis ciklis eriksoniseul TeoriaSi mozardobis ZiriTadi amocanaa namdvili identobis aRmoCena. Cven vnaxavT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens socialuri urTierTobebi da momavlis miznebi identobis gancdis formirebaSi.
rebis rolebis Secvlaze fokusirdebian (Bukowski et al., 1998; Paikoff, 1991). ukve vnaxeT, rom mozrdilebisadmi mijaWvuloba dabadebis Semdeg maleve yalibdeba. aseve, bavSvebs adreuli asakidan hyavT megobrebi. mozardoba pirveli periodia, rodesac Tanatolebi ecilebian mSoblebs pirovnebis ganwyobebisa da qcevebis formirebaSi. TanatolebTan urTierTobis procesSi mozardebi TandaTanobiT sazRvraven TavianTi ganviTarebadi identobebis socialur komponents _ sazRvraven, rogor adamianebad surT yofna da rogori urTierTobebi surT, rom hqondeT (Berndt, 1992; Hartup, 1996). amitom mozardebi da maTi megobrebi xSirad mWidrod Sekrul jgufebs qmnian, magaliTad, rodesac saqme exeba narkotikebis miRebas (Dinges & Oetting, 1993). vinaidan mozardobaSi Tanatolebis jgufi socialuri mxardaWeris mzardi mniSvnelovnebis wyarod iqceva, matulobs maTgan SesaZlo uaryofiT gamowveuli SfoTvac. amis Sedegad viTardeba Tanatolebis faseulobebisadmi da qcevebisadmi damyoloba _ Tanatolebis zewola, romlisac ase eSiniaT mSoblebs da romelic
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Tavis piks daaxloebiT 12-13 wlis asakSi aRwevs (Brown, 1989). Tanatolebis mxridan zewolis SesaZleblobis gamo, mSoblebi xSirad ganicdian, rom maT konkurencia unda gauwion sakuTari Svilis megobrebs, raTa daicvan isini saziano ganwyobebisa da qcevebis ganviTarebisgan. Tumca, simarTlesTan ufro axlos dgas is faqti, rom zogadad, mozardebi, cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis sxvadasxva kategoriis Sesaxeb saubroben mSoblebTan da TanatolebTan. magaliTad, mozardebi miuTiTeben, rom maT skolaSi miRweuli warmatebebis ganxilva gansakuTrebiT urCevniaT mSoblebTan da ara _ megobrebTan, Tumca, megobrebTan gacilebiT meti xalisiT saubroben paemanze momxdar ambebsa da seqsze, vidre _ mSoblebTan (Youniss & Smollar, 1985). amrigad, mSoblebma, romelTac surT sakuTari Svilebis megobrebTan Sejibri~ garkveul sferoebSi, unda gamoZebnon saSualebebi, romliTac sakuTar mozard Svilebs megobrebis~ Temebze aalaparakeben. garda amisa, mSoblebisa da maTi mozardi Svilebis urTierToba, romelSic mSobeli erTaderTi da upirobo avtoritetia, unda gadaizardos iseT urTierTobaSi, romelSic mozards keTilgonierad eZleva damoukidebloba, anu avtonomia mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas (Allen & Land, 1999; Holmbeck & ODonnell, 1991). aseTi gadasvla Zneli iqneba im mSoblebisTvis, romlebic, miuxedavad imisa, rom aRiareben maTi Svilis mozrdil adamianad Camoyalibebas da saSualebas aZleven mas, rom maTgan gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi hqondes, mainc iZlevian araswori nabijebis gadadgmis _ araswori gadawyvetilebebis miRebis uflebas, ramac SeiZleba arasasurveli gavlena iqonios mis momavalze.
saidan viciT
mozardisa da mSoblebis konfliqtebi hon-kongSi erTnairia Tu ara sxvadasxva kulturaSi mozardebis konfliqtebi mSoblebTan? mkvlevrebi hon-kongSi mcxovrebi Cineli mozardebis konfliqtebiT dainteresdnen, vinaidan dasavlur kulturebTan SedarebiT, Cinuri kultura nakleb aqcents akeTebs avtonomiurobaze (Semdgom TavebSi ufro dawvrilebiT visaubrebT kulturul gansxvavebebze). meSvide, mecxre da meTormete klaselebs sTxoves, SeedginaT mSoblebTan arsebuli maTTvis aqtualuri konfliqtebis sia da ganesazRvraT maTi simwvave da sixSire. maT, aseve, sTxoves, gaemarTlebinaT TavianTi qceva konfliqtur situaciaSi: ratom fiqrobT, rom SegiZliaT amis gakeTeba (an argakeTeba)~? Cineli mozardebisTvis Cveuli iyo saSualo sixSirisa da simwvavis konfliqtebi, ZiriTadad, dedebTan, iseTi yoveldRiuri sakiTxebis Taobaze, rogoricaa telefoniT laparaki da televizoris yureba. amasTanave, maT mier poziciis gamarTleba, ZiriTadad, asaxavda damoukideblobis damkvidrebis moTxovnilebas an sakuTari individualurobis gamokveTis mcdelobas sakuTari gadawyvetilebebis miRebis saSualebiT. amgvarad, im kulturebSic ki, sadac naklebad aris aqcentirebuli mozardTa avtonomia, mSoblebsa da mozardebs Soris konfliqtebi xSirad mainc individualurobis damkvidrebis survilis irgvliv fokusirdeba (Yau & Smetana, 1996).
440
winamdebare gamokvleva ganamtkicebs mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom mozardobis periodSi Svilisa da mSoblis urTierToba maSin icvleba, rodesac Svili ufro naklebad xdeba damokidebuli mSoblebis avtoritetze. miuxedavad imisa, rom mozardobis wlebSi, garkveulwilad, icvleba megobrebTan damokidebuleba (Shulman, 1993), es cvlilebebi mozardebis erTmaneTze damokidebulebis momatebas ufro asaxavs, vidre urTierTobaSi (Tanasworuflebianobis TvalsazrisiT) poziciebis cvlilebas. amrigad, mSobeliSvilis urTierTobaSi konfliqtis ufro meti potencialia Cadebuli, vidre _ Tanatolebis urTierTobaSi. identobis ganviTareba, saboloo jamSi, mozardisagan iseTi damoukidebeli Sexedulebebisa da prioritetebis Camoyalibebas iTxovs, romelSic gaTvaliswinebul iqneba mSoblebisa da Tanatolebis poziciebi, Tumca, ar iqneba maTi ubralo asaxva. mTavaria, rom mozardma garemoSi socialuri mxardaWeris stabiluri wyaro ipovos (Bacher et al., 1997; Fuligni, 1997). amgvari socialuri mxardaWera mas momavlis dagegmvis saSualebas miscems. swored am sakiTxs ganvixilavT qvemoT.
momatebasTan erTad: _ jer ganaTleba unda miiRon, Semdeg profesias unda daeuflon, bolos ki ojaxi unda Seqmnan. TiToeul dasaxelebul etapze miznebis formireba genderuli rolebis, ojaxuri garemosa da arsebuli resursebis gaTvaliswinebiT xdeba. cxadia, yvela mozardi erTsa da imaves ar elodeba momavlisgan. mkvlevrebma Seiswavles is socialuri da pirovnuli procesebi, romliTac SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros, Tu rogor isaxaven mozardebi miznebs.
saidan viciT
miswrafebebisa da molodinebis socialuri konteqsti mkvlevrebis jgufma Seiswavla mcire da saSualoSemosavliani ojaxebidan gamosuli biWebis profesiuli miswrafebebi da molodinebi. miswrafebebi gulisxmobda imas, Tu ra samuSaos airCevdnen biWebi nebismieri samuSaos arCeva rom SeeZloT~, roca gaizrdebian; molodinebi ki _ iseT samuSaos, romelsac savaraudod miiReben~, roca gaizrdebian. kvlevaSi monawileobdnen Raribi da mdidari ubnebis skolebis meore, meoTxe, meeqvse da merveklaselebi. suraTi 11.11 gviCvenebs miswrafebebsa da molodinebs iseTi saqmianobebis mimarT, romelic ar gulisxobs fizikur Sromas (magaliTad, mosamarTle an eqimi). Tumca, ar aris gasakviri, rom Raribi ubnebis bavSvebs naklebi molodinebi hqondaT. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom am asakSi maT miswrafebebis maCvenebelic dabali hqondaT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Raribi ubnebidan gamosul bavSvebs azradac ki ar mosdiodaT iseT samuSaoze ocneba, romlis miRebis SesaZleblobaSi ar iyvnen darwmunebulni (Cook et al., 1996). cxadia, Tu mozardebs ar aqvT miswrafeba samuSaosadmi, isini verc miiReben mas. ra unda gakeTdes Raribi ubnebidan gamosuli bavSvebis miswrafebebisa da molodinebis Sesacvlelad? am kvlevis Sedegebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom bavSvebis molodinebze gavlenas axdenda maTi molodini
momavlis miznebi
mozardoba aris periodi, rodesac individma seriozulad unda gasces pasuxi maradiul SekiTxvas: vin unda iyo, roca gaizrdebi?~ albaT, gaxsovT, rom es Tavi 16 wlis biWis fiqriT daviwyeT imis Taobaze, Tu ra eloda mas momavalSi, warsulidan gamomdinare. kiTxva vin unda iyo~? TavisTavad asaxavs gavrcelebul daSvebas, rom individebis identobas, nawilobriv, maTi miznebi ganamtkicebs. momavali profesiis arCeva, magaliTad, identobis formirebis ZiriTad sakiTxebs moicavs: esaa individis SesaZleblobebisa da interesebis Sefaseba, realuri alternativebis moazrebisa da arCevanis gakeTebis da misi realurad ganxorcielebis unari. mozardebs sakuTari momavali piradi da sazogadoebrivi TvalsazrisiT afiqrebs. isini Relaven rogorc sakuTari saqmianobisa da ojaxis, ise _ ekonomikuri kolafsis globaluri safrTxis, an birTvuli omis gamo (Nurmi, 1991). garda amisa, mozardebi mZafrad SeigrZnoben, Tu rogor unda ganviTardes maTi cxovreba asakis
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suraTi
11.11
profesiuli miswrafebebi da molodinebi

Raribi da saSualo Semosavlis mqone ojaxebidan gamosul biWebs hkiTxes, Tu rogor samuSaos isurvebdnen isini momavalSi yvelaze metad (miswrafebebi) da, maTi azriT, rogor samuSaos iSovidnen (molodinebi) realurad. Sedegebis mixedviT, Raribi ojaxebidan gamosul biWebs ara mxolod mokrZalebuli molodinebi, aramed naklebad ambiciuri miswrafebebic aqvT.
ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebiT, anu molodini imisa, Tu ramdenad hqondaT saganmanaTleblo sarbielze winsvlis unari. Sesabamisad, Raribi ubnebidan gamosuli bavSvebis mier momavlis aRqmis Secvla, saboloo jamSi, saganmanaTleblo reformas saWiroebs, romelic SesaZleblobas miscems yvela moswavles, irwmunos swavlis mniSvneloba da Sedegianoba. mozardobis dasasruls arCeulma miznebma _ rogori ganaTleba miiRos da ra profesias daeuflos _ SeiZleba arsebiTi gavlena moaxdinos mozardis momavalze. Tumca, identobis yvela aspeqtis msgavsad, miznebis dasaxvis gaazreba ukeTesi iqneba cxovrebis mTliani ciklis konteqstSi. mozardobisas miRweuli warmatebebi safuZvels umzadebs mozrdili adamianis ganviTarebas.
cemis moTxovnilebaSi gadaizrdeba. sxva Teoretikosebi am moTxovnilebebs afiliaciis an socialuri miRebis da miRwevis an kompetenturobis moTxovnilebas uwodeben. yvela es Teoria iziarebs mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom mozrdiloba aris periodi, rodesac gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania socialuri urTierTobebi da pirovnuli miRwevebi.
intimuroba
eriksoni intimurobas aRwerda, rogorc meore adamianisadmi srul emociur, seqsualur da moralur ndobas. intimurobisTvis, romelic SeiZleba axasiaTebdes rogorc megobrul, ise _ sasiyvarulo urTierTobebs, aucilebelia gaxsniloba, gambedaoba, eTikuri Zala da, Cveulebriv, meore adamianis survilebisadmi garkveuli damyoloba. kvlevebi adasturebs eriksonis hipoTezas imis Taobaze, rom socialuri intimuroba fsiqologiuri keTildReobis gancdis winapirobaa mTeli mozrdili cxovrebis manZilze (Ishii-Kuntz, 1990). suraTi 11.12 gviCvenebs, rom am dros ojaxis wevrebTan da megobrebTan urTierToba periodulad anacvlebs erTmaneTs, rac adamianis mier sakuTari keTildReobis sakmaod mdgrad gancdas ganapirobebs. mxardaWeintimuroba (intimacy) _ meore adamianisadmi srulad _ emociurad, seqsualurad da moralurad _ mindobis unari.
socialuri ganviTareba mozrdilobaSi

eriksonma mozrdilobis periodisTvis ori mTavari amocana dasaxa: intimuroba da produqtuloba. froidma gansazRvra zrdasrulobis moTxovnilebebi _ Lieben und Arbeiten _ siyvaruli da samuSao. abraham masloum (1968, 1970) cxovrebis am periodis moTxovnilebebi aRwera, rogorc siyvaruli da mikuTvnebuloba, romelic dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi warmatebisa da pativis-
442
suraTi
11.12
socialuri urTierTobebis gavlena keTildReobaze

mTeli cxovrebis manZilze ojaxis wevrebTan da megobrebTan urTierToba periodulad anacvlebs erTmaneTs, rac ganapirobebs adamianTa mier sakuTari keTildReobis sakmaod mdgrad gancdas.
ris am wyaroebis urTierTmonacvleoba, nawilobriv, asaxavs TiToeul asakobriv periodTan dakavSirebul mniSvnelovan cxovrebiseul movlenebs. vnaxoT, ra kavSirebia es. axalgazrdoba aris periodi, rodesac mravali adamiani qmnis ojaxs, an sxva saxis stabilur urTierTobebs amyarebs. Sesabamisad, jgufi, romelsac ojaxi hqvia, farTovdeba. istoriulad, mozrdilTa urTierTobebisa da ojaxebis kvlevebis umravlesoba fokusirebuli iyo `standartul~ konfiguraciaze: deda, mama da bavSvebiT savse saxli. Tumca, vinaidan adamianebis ojaxebis realoba icvleba, mkvlevrebi Seecadnen, aReweraT da SeeswavlaT am cvlilebis Sedegebi (Mason et al., 1998). magaliTad, dResdReobiT kvlevebi fokusirdeba imaze, Tu rogor amyareben
da inarCuneben xangrZliv urTierTobebs homoseqsualuri wyvilebi (James & Murphy, 1998). gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, heteroseqsualTa da homoseqsualTa urTierTobebis SenarCunebis strategiebi sakmaod msgavsia: orive tipis wyvilebi, magaliTad, siaxlovis SenarCunebas funqciebis ganawilebiTa da erToblivi saqmianobiT cdiloben (Haas & Stafford, 1998). Tumca, maTdami arakeTilganwyobili sazogadoebisTvis winaaRmdegobis gasawevad, homoseqsualur wyvilebs mTeli rigi damatebiTi zomebis miReba uwevT, magaliTad, sazogadoebaSi yofnisas sakuTari urTierTobis dafarva. zogierT heteroseqsualur wyvilsac mudmivad uwevs dausrulebeli dabrkolebebis gadalaxva sazogadoebis mxridan aRiarebis mosapoveblad. gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom intereTnikuri wyvilebic awydebian crurwmenebs, rac uaryofiTad moqmedebs da amcirebs xangrZlivi urTierTobebis SenarCunebis SesaZleblobas (Chan & Wethington, 1998; Wilson & Jacobson, 1995). TiToeuli saxis aseTi urTierToba zrdis ojaxis rols zrdasruli adamianebis socialur cxovrebaSi. ojaxi maSinac farTovdeba, rodesac wyvili Tavis cxovrebaSi bavSvebis CarTvas gadawyvets. SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, magram bavSvis dabadebam, SesaZloa, safrTxe Seuqmnas wyvilis bednierebas. ratom unda iyos ase? mkvlevrebi daakvirdnen, Tu rogor icvlebian qalebi da mamakacebi bavSvis gaCenis Semdeg da rogor iReben mSoblis rols (Cowan & Cowan, 1998, 2000). warsulisgan gansxvavebiT, Tanamedrove dasavlur sazogadoebaSi qorwineba, xSir SemTxvevaSi,
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qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobis princips efuZneba. Tumca, bavSvis dabadebam qals da mamakacs ufro tradiciuli genderuli rolebis Sesrulebisken SeiZleba ubiZgos. cols SeiZleba zedmet tvirTad daawves bavSvis movla, qmars ki _ gazrdili ojaxis materialuri uzrunvelyofa. sabolood, Sedegi SeiZleba is iyos, rom bavSvis dabadebis Semdeg qorwineba arc ise sasiamovno aRmoCndes orive meuRlisTvis (Cowan et al., 1985). miuxedavad imisa, rom naklebad aris nakvlevi (orive sqesis) homoseqsualuri wyvilebi, romlebic bavSvebs zrdian, arsebuli monacemebis mixedviT, rogorc mosalodnelia, maT naklebad awuxebT genderuli rolebis ganawilebis sakiTxi mSoblis funqciebTan mimarTebaSi da, Sesabamisad, naklebad aisaxeba kidec es maT urTierTobaze. bevri heteroseqsualuri wyvilisaTvis qorwinebiT kmayofileba mcirdeba konfliqtebis gamo, rodesac Svili an Svilebi mozardobis periodSi imyofebian. kulturuli stereotipebis miuxedavad, mSoblebi xSirad mouTmenlad elodebian, rodesac umcrosi Svilic wava saxlidan da isini cariel budeSi~ darCebian (Lowenthal & Chiriboga, 1972). mSoblebi yvelaze met siamovnebasa da sixaruls maSin iReben SvilebTan urTierTobiT, rodesac isini erT WerqveS aRar cxovroben (Levenson et al., 1993). xom ar gadaifiqreT bavSvebis gaCena? imedia, ara. Cveni mizani, rogorc yovelTvis, im gamokvlevebis Sedegebis Tqvenamde motanaa, romelic Tqveni sakuTari cxovrebis mosalodneli paternebis codnasa da interpretirebaSi dagexmarebaT. Tqven SegiZliaT gaiazroT, Tu ra nabijebis gadadgma SegiZliaT, raTa sanatrelma Svilma ar dagingrioT siamovneba, romelsac urTierTobiT iRebT. Tuki, zogadad, qorwineba ufro metad bednieri xdeba, rodesac col-qmari gviani zrdasrulobis periodis miaRwevs, yvelam unda ecados qorwinebis SenarCunebas am dromde? mkvlevrebs surT, rom Tavidanve SeeZloT imis garkveva, Tu romeli wyvili ar ewyoba erTmaneTs, magaliTad, urTierTobis Camoyalibebuli paternebis mixedviT, da romel wyvilebs SeuZliaT im or mesamedSi moxvedrisTvis Tavis arideba, romelic dResdReobiT ganqorwinebiT mTavrdeba (Gottman, 1994; Karney & Bradbury 1995). Tumca, erTi ram cxadia: aradamakmayofilebeli
qorwinebis SenarCunebis Sedegebi qalisTvis ufro mZimea, vidre mamakacisTvis.
saidan viciT
cudi qorwinebis Sedegebi mkvlevrebma Seiswavles 82 Suaxnis wyvili (sadac ufrosi meuRle 40-50 wlis iyo), romlebic, sul mcire, 15 wlis daqorwinebulni iyvnen da 74 asakovani wyvili (sadac ufrosi meuRle 60-70 wlis iyo), romlebic, sul mcire, 35 wlis daqorwinebulni iyvnen. TiToeuli asakobrivi jgufi or jgufad daiyo: qorwinebiT kmayofilni da qorwinebiT ukmayofiloni. mkvlevrebma Seiswavles maTi fsiqikuri da fizikuri janmrTelobis mdgomareoba. kvlevam aCvena, rom qorwinebiT kmayofileba didad ar zemoqmedebda mamakacebze, Tumca, qalebis SemTxvevaSi fizikuri da fsiqikuri janmrTeloba SedarebiT gauaresebuli iyo qorwinebiT ukmayofiloTa jgufSi (Levenson et al., 1985). ratom aisaxeba cudi qorwineba ufro metad qalebze? mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom qalebi ufro metad iReben sakuTar Tavze arajansaRi qorwinebis gaumjobesebaze pasuxismgeblobas, maSin, roca mamakacebi konfliqtidan ganze gadgomas amjobineben. rogorc me-13 TavSi vnaxavT, mudmivi winaaRmdegobiT gamowveulma stresma SeiZleba seriozuli ziani miayenos janmrTelobas. amasTan, yuradReba miaqcieT, rom qalebTan ufro metia albaToba imisa, rom meuRleze didxans icxovron, vidre mamakacTan. xSirad es niSnavs, rom maT unda gaiaron ori periodi arajanmrTel moxucebul qmarze zrunvis da glovisa da finansuri arastabilurobis (Carstensen & Pasupathi., 1993). mozrdilTa ganviTarebis sxva sakiTxebis msgavsad, mkvlevrebi mxolod axla iwyeben xandazmulobaSi siaxlovis im Taviseburebebis kvlevas, rac homoseqsualur da sxva aranormatiul urTierTobebs axasiaTebs. meuRlis an partnioris gardacvalebaze msjelobisas isev mivediT erT-erT mizezamde, romliTac garSemomyofebTan urTierTobis aqcenti
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qmnadoba
adamianebs, romlebmac intimuri urTierTobebis myari safuZveli Seqmnes, ufro metad SeuZliaT yuradRebis warmarTva qmnadobaze, rac, sakuTari Tavis garda, ojaxis, samsaxuris, sazogadoebis Tu momavali Taobebis interesebisTvis moRvaweobas da maTze zrunvas gulisxmobs. rogorc wesi, qmnadoba Zalze mniSvnelovani aspeqtia 30-40 wels miRweuli adamianis ganviTarebis procesSi (McAdams & de St. Aubin, 1998). ufro didi masStabis miRwevebsa da nayofierebaze orientacia adamianebs fsiqologiuri keTildReobis gancdis damkvidrebis SesaZ-
seleqciuri socialuri urTierTobebis Teoria (selective social interaction theory) _ mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac, asakis matebasTan erTad adamianebi ufro seleqciurebi (SerCeviTni) xdebian im socialuri partniorebis arCevisas, vinc maT emociur moTxovnilebebs akmayofilebs.
qmnadoba (generativity) _ sakuTari Tavis garda, ojaxis, samsaxuris, sazogadoebis Tu momavali Taobebis interesebisTvis moRvaweobas da maTze zrunvas gulisxmobs. rogorc wesi, qmnadoba Zalze mniSvnelovani aspeqtia 30-40 wels miRweuli adamianis ganviTarebis procesSi.
cxovrebis bolosken ojaxidan megobrebze gadainacvlebs (ix. suraTi 11.12). moxucebulobaze stereotipuli mosazrebis mixedviT, xnovani adamianebi ufro metad ganmartoebulebi xdebian. miuxedavad imisa, rom isini SeiZleba marTlac mcire raodenobis adamianebTan urTierTobdnen, am urTierTobaTa buneba ise icvleba, rom sruliad akmayofilebs intimurobis moTxovnilebas. am tendencias kargad asaxavs seleqciuri socialuri urTierTobebis Teoria, romlis mixedviTac, asakis momatebasTan erTad adamianebi ufro seleqciurebi (SerCeviTni) xdebian im socialuri partniorebis arCevisas, vinc maT emociur moTxovnilebebs akamyofilebs. laura karstensenis (Laura Carstensen, 1991, 1998) mixedviT, SerCeviTi urTierToba, SesaZloa, emociuri gamocdilebis regulirebisa da fizikuri energiis dazogvis praqtikuli saSualeba iyos. xandazmulebi aqtiurad arian CarTulni zogierTi adamianis, kerZod, ojaxis wevrebisa da didi xnis megobrebis cxovrebaSi. modiT, es qveTavi imave mosazrebiT davasruloT, romliTac daviwyeT: socialuri intimuroba, anu siaxlove fsiqologiuri keTildReobis winapirobas warmoadgens. gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs socialuri urTierTobebis xarisxs da ara raodenobas. xanSi SesvlasTan erTad, adamianebi intimurobis moTxovnilebis dacvas iseTi adamianebis arCeviT cdiloben, romlebic saukeTesod SeZleben emociuri mxardaWeris uzrunvelyofas. axla ganvixiloT mozrdilis ganviTarebis meore aspeqti _ qmnadoba.
leblobas aZlevs, rac ganvlili siymawvilis bunebrivi nostalgiis anazRaurebaa.
saidan viciT
cxovrebis Sedegebi da qmnadoba XX saukunis ocdaaTiani wlebidan jorj vailantma (George Vaillant) interviuirebisa da dakvirvebis meTodiT Seiswavla 95 uaRresad inteleqtualuri mamakacis pirovnuli ganviTareba kolejis damTavrebidan 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi. droTa ganmavlobaSi mravalma maTganma udidesi cvlilebebi ganicada da maTi gviandeli qceva xSirad sruliad gansxvavdeboda kolejSi yofnis dros Cveuli qcevisgan. interviu moicavda kiTxvebs fizikuri janmrTelobis, socialuri urTierTobebis da samsaxurebrivi miRwevebis Sesaxeb. 30wliani periodis dasrulebis Semdeg SearCies da erTmaneTs Seadares saukeTeso da uaresi Sedegebis mqone mamakacTa 30-30 kaciani ori jgufi (ix. cxrili 11.7). saukeTeso miRwevebis mqone mamakacebi cxovrebis Sua periodSi dakavebulni iyvnen qmnadobis amocanebiT, iRebdnen ra sxvebze pasuxismgeblobas da garkveuli wvlili SehqondaT sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi. maTi pirovnuli momwifebuloba maTi Svilebis ganviTarebasac ukavSirdeboda pirovnulad metad momwifebul mamebs ukeT SeeZloT TavianTi SvilebisTvis gare samyarosTan adaptaciaSi saTanado daxmarebis gaweva (Vaillant, 1997).
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cxrili
11.7
saukeTeso da uaresi miRwevebis mqone cdis pirebs Soris sxvaoba fsiqosocialuri mowifulobis faqtorebis mixedviT
saukeTeso miRwevebi (30 piri)
pirovnebis mTlianobis gancda kolejSi, romelic kolejSi swavlis dros qvemodan mexuTe procentils miekuTvneba dedis dominireba zrdasrulobis periodSi megobrobis/megobrebis nakleboba 50 wlis asakSi dauqorwinebloba 30 wlis asakisaTvis pesimizmi, sakuTar TavSi daurwmunebloba, pasiuroba da seqsis SiSi 50 wlis asakSi bavSvobaSi Raribi garemo samuSao, romelsac amJamad asrulebT, naklebad gulisxmobs xelmZRvanelis movaleobebis Sesrulebas cdis pirebi, romelTa profesiuli arCevani mamasTan idenTifikacias asaxavs Svilebis miRwevebi aRiwereba, rogorc kargi an saukeTeso.
uaresi miRwevebi (30 piri)
0% 0% 0% 3% 3% 17% 20% 60% 66%
33% 40% 57% 37% 50% 47% 93% 27% 23%
es kvleva gviCvenebs qmnadobis winapirobebs: saukeTeso miRwevebis mqone mamakacebs cxovrebis sxva aspeqtebi sakmarisad stabiluri (mogvarebuli) unda hqonodaT, raTa maT TavianTi resursebi gareT, momaval Taobebze miemarTaT. rodesac Suaxnis (saSualo asaki 52 weli) da xnier (saSualo asaki 74 weli) adamianebs hkiTxes, Tu ras niSnavda cxovrebasTan kargad adaptirebuli pirovneba, orive jgufSi yvelaze xSiri pasuxi iyo sxvebze orientirebuli~ _ mzrunveli, TanamgrZnobi da kargi urTierTobebis mqone (Ryff, 1989). es aris qmnadobis arsi. modiT, isic aRvniSnoT, rom xanSi Sesul adamianTa umravlesoba ganvlil cxovrebas keTildReobis im gancdiT uyurebs, romelic ucvlelad gamohyva axalgazrdobis wlebidan (Carstensen & Freund, 1994). rogorc socialuri urTierTobebis ganxilvisas vnaxeT, xnovanoba is periodia, rodesac xdeba miznebis wanacvleba; prioritetebi icvleba, roca naTelia, rom momavali arc ise usazRvro da usasruloa. Tumca, prioritetebis aseTi cvlis fonze xnovani adamianebi inarCuneben TavianTi cxovrebis faseulobis gancdas. mozrdilobis ukanaskneli krizisi eriksonma gansazRvra, rogorc kon-
fliqti mTlianobasa da sasowarkveTas Soris. monacemebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, vTqvaT, rom arc ise bevri xnovani adamiani uyurebs ganvlil cxovrebas sasowarkveTiT. maT umravlesobaSi ganvlili cxovreba da momavali mTlianobis gancdasa da kmayofilebas badebs.
gviani mozrdilobis kulturuli konteqsti

Cven mier ganxiluli kvlevebi, romlebic axalgazrdobas, mowifulobasa da xnovanebas Seexeboda, gviCvenebs, rom ganviTareba uwyveti procesi ufroa, vidre wyvetili. ar arsebobs konkretuli momenti, rodesac adamiani ucbad moxucebulad iqceva. miuxedavad amisa, aSkaraa, rom cxovrebis ukanaskneli periodis Sesaxeb arsebobs kulturiT ganpirobebuli Zlieri rwmenebi da molodinebi (Featherstone & Wernick, 1995). mkvlevrebma dokumenturad daafiqsires es molodinebi. maT moagroves stereotipebi, romlebic student-axalgazrdebs hqondaT TavianTi bebiebisa da babuebis Taobis warmomadgenlebis mimarT. am kvlevam aCvena, rom axalgazrdebs araerTi stereotipi aqvT moxu-
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cebis mimarT (Brewer et. al., 1981; Brewer & Lui, 1989). moxucebisadmi damokidebuleba icvleba stereotipidan stereotipamde. axalgazrda mozrdilebs SedarebiT dadebiTi damokidebuleba aqvT srulyofili bebiisadmi an babuisadmi~ da SedarebiT uaryofiTi _ uRimRamo~ moxucisadmi (Schmidt & Boland, 1986). miuxedavad amisa, zogadi stereotipi uaryofiTia, gansakuTrebiT fizikuri mimzidvelobisa da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis daqveiTebis mimarT (Kite & Johnson, 1988; Sharps et al., 1998). asakovani adamianebis mimarT uaryofiTi stereotipis erT-erTi Sedegia konkretuli crurwmena, romelsac asakis mixedviT diskriminacias anu eijizms uwodeben. mas Tan sdevs xandazmulTa diskriminacia, rac zRudavs maT SesaZleblobebs, axdens maT izolirebas da xels uwyobs sakuTar Tavze uaryofiTi warmodgenis Seqmnas. xSirad fsiqologebi Tavad arian damnaSaveni aseTi diskriminaciis gavrcelebaSi im terminologiis gamo, romelsac isini iyeneben (Schaie, 1993). ukanaskneli 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi dawerili 139 studenturi naSromis Seswavlam aCvena, rom mravalma studentma arc ki CarTo masSi moxucebulobis periodi an warmoadgina stereotipuli mosazrebebi xanSiSesul adamianebze (Whitbourne & Hulicka, 1990). asakis mixedviT diskriminaciis ufro STambeWdavi da naTeli magaliTia erT-erTi Jurnalistis piradi gamocdileba, romelic mizanmimarTulad droebiT moxucad gadaiqca~.
es patara moxuci qali~ gadarCenisaTvis ibrZoda axalgazrdebis, Zlierebisa da sicocxliT savseTaTvis Seqmnil samyaroSi. mas ar SeeZlo qilis gaxsna, saweri kalmis xelSi daWera, warwerebis wakiTxva, avtobusis kibeze asvla. siswrafis, xmaurisa da Crdilebis samyaro aSinebda mas. rodesac daxmareba sWirdeboda, iSviaTad Tu gauwodebda vinme xels; xSirad dascinodnen moxucebulobis da mowyvladobis gamo; igi mozardTa jgufis sastiki Tavdasxmis msxverplic ki gaxda (Moore, 1990).
muris gamocdileba ganamtkicebs azrs, rom sazogadoeba rogorc fizikuri, ise _ socialuri TvalsazrisiT, xandazmulobis winaaRmdeg aris momarTuli. Cven cxovrebis mTliani cikli mimovixileT: ganvixileT bavSvobis, mozardobisa da mozrdilobis socialuri da pirovnuli aspeqtebi. mocemuli Tavis dasasruls ganvixilavT or calkeul sferos, sadac droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba miRebuli gamocdileba; esaa genderuli ganviTareba da moraluri ganviTareba.
Sejameba
saidan viciT
asakis mixedviT diskriminaciis gamocdileba pet muri grimis daxmarebiT 85 wlis qalbatonad iqca. man Semoiara aSS-is 100ze meti qalaqis quCebi imis gasarkvevad, Tu ras niSnavda moxucebulad yofna amerikaSi. bundovanma kontaqturma linzebma da yuris sacobebma mas mxedveloba da smena gauuaresa; erTmaneTze gadabmuli fexebiT siaruli uWirda; misi TiTebi ki zed daxveuli webovani lentis gamo arTritian TiTebze odnav moqnili iyo.
kulrutulma da istoriulma gansxvavebebma SeiZleba arsebiTi gavlena moaxdinos imaze, Tu rogor aRiqvamen da gaiazreben adamianebi TavianTi cxovrebis socialur aspeqtebs. erik eriksonma SemogvTavaza cxovrebis ciklis, rogorc krizisebis Tanmimdevrobis, koncefcia: cxovrebis TiToeuli fazaze individi dgeba dilemis winaSe, romelic man warmatebiT unda gadaWras, raTa efeqtur gaumklavdes Semdgomi fazebis konfliqtebs.
asakis mixedviT diskriminacia (ageism) _ crurwmena asakovani adamianebis Sesaxeb, rasizmisa da seqsizmis msgavsi uaryofiTi stereotipi asakovani adamianebis mimarT. sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi (sex differences) _ biologiuri safuZvlis mqone maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic mamrobiT sqess ganasxvavebs mdedrobiTi sqesisgan.
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mTeli cxovrebis manZilze mimdinare socializaciis procesi, umetesad, ojaxis wevrebTan bavSvebis urTierTobiT iwyeba. patara bavSvebi Zalian adreuli asakidan reagireben da urTierTqmedeben maTze mzrunvel adamianebTan. ucnobi situaciebis testi Seiqmna mSoblebze bavSvebis mijaWvulobis Sesafaseblad. myari mijaWvulobis mqone bavSvebi Semdgomi socialurad ufro kompetenturebi arian. mSoblebis mier gamoyenebuli aRzrdis stilebis kvlevis mixedviT, aRzrdis avtoritetuli stili mSobeli-Svilis kavSiris warmoqmnis yvelaze didi albaTobiT xasiaTdeba. mijaWvulobis gamocdilebis arqona socialur ganviTarebaze moqmedebs. hari harlous maimunebze Catarebulma eqsperimentebma aCvena, rom udedo maimunebs ar hqondaT socialuri unar-Cvevebi. adamianis SemTxvevaSi, adreul asakSi mosiyvarule urTierTobebis arqona zemoqmedebs fizikur da socialur ganviTarebaze. kros-kulturuli kvlevebis mixedviT, mozardoba aucileblobiT ar xasiaTdeba qariSxliTa da stresiT. mozardobaSi Tanatolebis mosazrebebi mravali sakiTxis Sesaxeb konkurencias uwevs mSoblebis gavlenas. mozardebma unda daimkvidron avtonomia mSoblebis avtoritetisgan. isini Relaven TavianT momavalze rogorc pirovnul, ise _ sazogadoebriv doneze. mozardebis miswrafebebsa da molodinebze gavlenas axdens maTi cxovrebiseuli pirobebi. mozrdiloba periodia, rodesac dRis wesrigSi urTierTobebi da miRwevebi dgas. intimuroba SeiZleba axasiaTebdes rogorc megobrul, ise _ sasiyvarulo urTierTobebs. adamianebi cxovrebis sxvadasxva etapze sxvadasxva TanafardobiT iReben socialur mxardaWeras ojaxisgan da megobrebisgan. xanSi SesvlasTan erTad, adamianebi ufro seleqciurebi xdebian urTierTobebis SerCevisas. zrdasrulobis kidev erTi amocanaa qmnadoba sxvaTa keTildReobaze mimarTuli qceva. zogadad, studenti-axalgazrdoba moxucebisadmi uaryofiTi stereotipiT xasiaTdeba, ramac SeiZleba saziano gavlena iqonios maT gamocdilebaze.
genderuli ganviTareba
is, rasac bavSvebis umravlesoba adreul asakSi igebs, isaa, rom maT socialur samyaroSi ori kategoriis adamianebi arian: mdedrobiTi sqesis da mamrobiTi sqesis. aRsaniSnavia, rom pirveli gansxvaveba, rasac bavSvebi amCneven, mTlianad socialuria: isini anatomiis gacnobamde gacilebiT adre SeigrZnoben sqesobriv gansxvavebebs. vinaidan Tqven mozrdili adamiani xarT, romelmac anatomiac icis da isic esmis, rom sqesobrivi ganxvavebebi fizikur gansxvavebulobaze metia, SegiZliaT, dafiqrdeT am gansxvavebebis warmomavlobaze. romeli maTgania biologiiT gaSualebuli Sedegi? romelia socializaciis Sedegi? rogor igeben gogonebi da biWebi im gansxvavebuli molodinebis Sesaxeb, romelTac maT TavianTi kultura da sazogadoeba uyenebs?
sqesi da genderi
biologiuri safuZvlis mqone maxasiaTeblebs, romlebic mamrobiT sqess ganasxvavebs mdedrobiTi sqesisgan, sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi ewodeba. am maxasiaTeblebSi Sedis gansxvavebuli reproduqciuli funqciebi, hormonaluri da anatomiuri sxvaobebi. es gansxvavebebi universaluria, biologiurad aris ganpirobebuli da ar eqvemdebareba socialur zegavlenas. droTa ganmavlobaSi maT garkveuli tradiciuli socialuri rolebis Camoyalibebac ganapirobes. magaliTad, vinaidan qalebs SeeZloT bavSvebis ZuZuTi gamokveba, preistoriul adamianebs SeiZleba gadaewyvitaT, rom qali ojaxTan axlos unda yofiliyo da Svilebze unda ezruna, mamakacs ki unda enadira ojaxisaTvis sakvebis mosapoveblad (Rossi, 1984). sqesobrivi gansxvavebebiT SeiZleba aixsnas isic, rom Cvilobis Semdeg biWebi fizikurad ufro aqtiurebi da agresiulebi arian, vidre gogonebi. mTel msoflioSi biWebs ufro metad axasiaTebT uxeSi TamaSebisken midrekileba, vidre
gogonebs. es gansxvaveba, nawilobriv, sqesobriv hormonebs ukavSirdeba _ biologiurma faqtorebma SeiZleba ganapirobos qceviTi dispoziciebi (Collaer & Hines, 1995; Maccoby, 1980). mkvlevrebma ician, rom sqesobrivi hormonebi zemoqmedebs socialur TamaSze, radganac axalgazrda mdedr da mamr virTxebsa da maimunebze dakvirvebam igive qceviTi gansxvavebebi gamoavlina, rac adamianebSi (Meany et al., 1988). mamri cxovelebi fizikuri TamaSis energiul formebs mimarTaven, rac msxvil motorul aqtivobas gulisxmobs. mdedri cxovelebi ki iseTi moqmedebebiT arian dakavebulni, romelic wvril motorul unar-Cvevebs saWiroebs. biologiuri sqesisgan gansxvavebiT, genderi fsiqologiuri fenomenia da moiazrebs sqesTan dakavSirebul daswavlil qcevebsa da ganwyobebs. kulturebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan imiT, Tu ramdenad Zlierad ukavSirdeba genderi yoveldRiur saqmianobebs da ramdenad momTmenia
genderi (gender) _ fsiqologiuri fenomeni, romelSic moiazreba mamakacebisa da qalebis sqesTan dakavSirebuli daswavlili qcevebi da ganwyobebi. genderuli identoba (gender identity) _ individis mier sakuTar TavSi qaluri an mamakacuri sawyisis gancda. is gulisxmobs sakuTari sqesis miRebas da gacnobierebas. genderuli rolebi (gender roles) _ qcevaTa da ganwyobaTa erToblioba, romelsac sazogadoeba ukavSirebs qalad an mamakacad yofnas da romelsac Riad gamoxataven calkeuli individebi.
is kros-genderulad miCneuli qcevebis mimarT. genderuli identifikacia aris individis mier sakuTar TavSi qaluri, an mamakacuri sawyisis gancda. is gulisxmobs sakuTari sqesis miRebas da gacnobierebas. sqesis gacnobiereba sakmaod adreul asakSi iwyeba. 10-dan 14 Tvemde asakis bavSvebi ukve aniWeben upiratesobas im videoCanawers, romelzec maTive sqesis bavSvis moZraobaa asaxuli (Kujawski & Bower, 1993). genderuli rolebi qcevaTa paternebia, romelic mocemul sazogadoebaSi misaRebad iTvleba mdedrobiTi sqesis da mamrobiTi sqesis adamianebisaTvis. ZiriTadad, isini gansazRvraven, Tu ra axasiaTebT mamakacebs da ra _ qalebs. mkvlevrebi, romlebic mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenelTa Soris arsebul gansxvavebebs Seiswavlian, xSirad cdiloben, gansazRvron, Tu romelia maTgan Tandayolili da romeli _ SeZenili. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, romeli maxasiaTeblebia biologiurad ganpirobebuli da romeli _ mocemuli kulturis farglebSi gogonebisa da biWebis socializaciis Sedegi. yuradReba miaqcieT, _ patara bavSvebs Tavad miaCniaT, rom biologia gansazRvravs beds.
saidan viciT
rogor esmiT bavSvebs sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi 4, 5, 8, 9 da 10 wlis bavSvebs sTxoves, evaraudaT, Tu rogor moiqceoda 10 wlis personaJi krisi an peti. yvela bavSvs uTxres, rom es personaJi Caiyvanes lamaz kunZulze, Tumca, zog maTgans uTxres, rom krisi an peti am gancalkevebul kunZulze mxolod misive sqesis (magaliTad, krisi biWi iyo da yvela misi gamzrdeli mamrobiTi sqesis iyo) an mxolod misi sawinaaRmdego sqesis adamianebma gazardes (magaliTad, krisi biWi iyo da yvela misi gamzrdeli ki _ mdedrobiTi sqesis). ra gavlena moaxdina aRwerilma pirobebma 4-10 wlis bavSvebis mier krisis an petis sqesisTvis tipuri qcevis Sesaxeb gamoTqmul varaudebze? 9 wlamde bavSvebs
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miaCndaT, rom personaJi ganaxorcielebda mocemuli sqesisTvis damaxasiaTebel qcevas, ganurCevlad socialuri konteqstisa. magaliTad, umcrosi asakis bavSvebi fiqrobdnen, rom miuxedavad imisa, Tu vin iqneboda misi aRmzrdeli, erTnairad endomeboda biWs kriss _ mexanZreoba da gogona kriss ki _ eqTnoba. ufrosi bavSvebi ki, piriqiT, msjelobisas iTvaliswinebdnen im socialur garemos, sadac gaizarda dasaxelebuli personaJi: (rogorc gogona, ise _ biWi) krisis mier profesiis arCevaze gavlenas axdenda aRmzrdelis sqesi da, amasTan, misi sakuTari sqesic (Taylor, 1996).
Tavad cdiloben sakuTari genderuli identobis damkvidrebas, anu romelime socialuri sqesisadmi sakuTari Tavis mikuTvnebas. mTlianobaSi, rogorc Cans, isini ufro metad arian momarTulni maTi sqesisTvis Sesatyvisi qcevis scenaris~ Sesasruleblad, vidre maTi ufrosi da-Zmebi (Levy & Fivush, 1993). Cven vTqviT, rom genderuli rolebis aTviseba kulturul konteqstSi xdeba. axla ganvixiloT is Zalebi, romelic dasabams aZlevs maT.
genderuli rolebis aTviseba

udidesi nawili imisa, rasac adamianebi qalisTvis Tu mamakacisTvis damaxasiaTeblad miiCneven, kulturis mier aris Seqmnili (Leaper, 2000). bevri mkvlevari Tvlis, rom genderuli rolebis aTviseba dabadebidan iwyeba. erT-erT kvlevaSi mSoblebi TavianT axalSobil gogonebs iseTi sityvebiT aRwerdnen, rogoricaa: patara, nazi, lamazi da susti. amis sapirispirod, axalSobili biWebis aRsawerad mSoblebi iyenebdnen iseT sityvebs, rogoricaa: magari, Zlieri, windaxeduli da koordinirebuli. sinamdvileSi bavSvebi wonis, simaRlisa da janmrTelobis mdgomareobis mixedviT arafriT gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisagan (Rubin et al., 1974). mSoblebi TavianT vaJebsa da qaliSvilebs gansxvavebul tansacmels acmeven, gansxvavebul saTamaSoebs aZleven da gansxvavebulad epyrobian (Rheingold & Cook, 1974). 18 Tvis bavSvebis mSoblebi midrekilni arian, rom ufro dadebiTad upasuxon Svilebs, roca isini sqesisTvis Cveuli saTamaSoTi TamaSoben. magaliTad, erT eqsperimentSi mamebi nakleb dadebiT ukukavSirs aZlevdnen biWebs, rodesac isini gogonebisTvis tipuri saTamaSoebiT TamaSobdnen (Fagot & Hagan, 1991). zogadad, bavSvebi mSoblebisgan waxalisebas iReben, rom sqesisTvis Sesatyvisi TamaSebiT dakavdnen (Lytton & Romney, 1991; Witt, 1997). mSoblebi ar arian erTaderTni, romlebic bavSvebs genderuli rolebis aTvisebaSi uwyoben xels. eleonor makkobi (Eleanor Maccoby, 1998) amtkicebs, magaliTad, rom mSoblebis mier genderuli rolebis swavleba ar aris mxolod saTanado qcevebisa da qcevis normebis gadacemis procesi. man aRmoaCina imis mtkicebulebani, rom TamaSis stili da prioritetebi saTamaSoebis arCevisas, faqtobrivad, didad ar aris da-
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es Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom bavSvebi saTanadod ver afaseben garemos gavlenas imaze, Tu rogor yalibdeba biWebsa da gogonebs Soris gansxvavebebi. amasTan, es Sedegebi Tanxvdeba aRmoCenas, rom 2-dan 6 wlamde bavSvebi, rogorc Cans, ufro mkveTrad da xistad aRiqvamen socialur sqess, vidre mozrdilebi (Stern & Karraker, 1989). rodesac am asakis bavSvebs neitralurad Cacmul Cvilebs aCveneben, umcrosi asakis bavSvebis msjeloba, mozrdilebTan SedarebiT, ucvlelad eyrdnoba SemTxveviT aRniSvnebs gogo~ Tu biWi~. umcrosi bavSvebis mZafri reaqciebi, SesaZloa, ukavSirdebodes imas, rom isini swored im asakSi imyofebian, rodesac
mokidebuli mSoblebis prioritetebsa da rolebze. umcrosi asakis bavSvebi segregacionistebi arian, anu isini eZeben da pouloben Tavisive sqesis Tanatolebs maSinac ki, rodesac mSoblebi ar adevneben Tvals da maSinac, roca maT gogonebisa da biWebisgan Semdgar jgufebSi TamaSisken mouwodeben. makkobis miaCnia, rom bavSvebis genderul qcevebs Soris mravali gansxvaveba TanatolebTan urTierTobis Sedegia.
saidan viciT
gogonebisa da biWebis TamaSis struqtura imis gasagebad, Tu rogor moqmedebs TanatolebTan urTierToba da rogor xdeba genderuli rolebis aTviseba, mkvlevrebma daiwyes imis detaluri Seswavla, Tu riTi gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisgan gogonebisa da biWebis TamaSebi. erT-erT gamokvlevaSi Seiswavles, Tu rogor TamaSobdnen 4 da 6 wlis bavSvebi Tavisisve sqesis jgufebSi meore bavSvTan, anu diadaSi, an mTel jgufTan erTad. mkvlevrebma bavSvebis TamaSebi videofirze Caiweres da Semdeg yvela maTi interaqciis kategorizacia moaxdines. aRmoCnda, rom gogonebi da biWebi Tanabrad TamaSobdnen diadebSi, Tumca, gogonebi TiToeul Tanatols ufro didxans eTamaSebodnen, vidre biWebi (anu biWebi ufro xSirad icvlidnen partniors), SesaZloa imitom, rom gogonebs ufro metxans SeuZliaT yuradRebis koncentrireba. am bavSvebidan mxolod 6 wlis biWebi iyvnen dakavebulni iseTi TamaSebiT, sadac mTeli jgufi iyo CarTuli (Benenson et al., 1997). mkvlevrebma ver axsnes srulad, Tu ratom iwyeben 6 wlis biWebi jgufur TamaSebs, 6 wlis gogonebi ki _ ara. rogorc yovelTvis, rTulia garkveva, ra ganapirobebs amas _ biologia (sqesobrivi gansxvaveba) Tu molodinebi, romelic ufrosebs SeaqvT biWebisa da gogonebis TamaSSi (genderuli gansxvaveba). maSinac ki, rodesac gogonebi iwyeben jgufur TamaSs, es jgufebi gansxvavdeba biWebis jgufebisgan. magaliTad,
biWebis jgufebi ufro dominanturobaze arian mimarTulni _ vin visze Zlieria, vidre gogonebisgan Semdgari jgufebi. gogonebis jgufebi, Cveulebriv, ufro dainteresebulni arian saerTo TanxmobiT, vidre Zalauflebis damyarebiT. Sesabamisad, gogonebi da biWebi sxvadasxva fsiqologiur garemoSi izrdebian, rac ayalibebs samyaros maTeul xedvasa da problemebTan gamklavebis gzebs. Cven mokled mimovixileT, Tu rogor da ratom ganicdian gansxvavebulad gogonebi da biWebi socialur ganviTarebas. Semdeg qveTavSi vnaxavT, rom zogierTi mkvlevris mixedviT, genderi moralur ganviTarebazec axdens gavlenas.
Sejameba
miuxedavad imisa, rom sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi biologiuri fenomenia, kulturac ganapirobebs genderul gansxvavebebs. informacias genderuli gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb bavSvebi adreuli asakidan iReben. genderuli rolebis zogierT aspeqts adamianebi, nawilobriv, mSoblebisgan iZenen, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac mSoblebi bavSvis aRzrdis tradiciul paternebs irCeven. garda amisa, genderul rolebs bavSvebi Tavisive sqesis Tanatolebis qcevis sxvadasxva normebis gadaRebiT iTviseben.
moraluri ganviTareba
Cven ukve vnaxeT, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania cxovrebis manZilze axlosocialuri urTierTobebis damyareba. axla ganvixiloT kidev erTi aspeqti, kerZod ki is, Tu ras niSnavs socialuri jgufis nawilad yofna. xSir SemTxvevaSi Cveni sakuTari qceva ara piradi saWiroebebis, aramed sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda SevafasoT. es aris moraluri qcevis safuZveli. moraluroba aris rwmenaTa, faseumoraluroba (morality) _ rwmenaTa da faseulobaTa sistema, romelic iZleva garantias, rom individi Seasrulebs Tavis valdebulebas sazogadoebis sxva wevrebis winaSe da moiqceva ise, rom winaaRmdegobaSi ar movides sxvaTa uflebebTan da interesebTan.
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lobaTa da ZiriTad msjelobaTa sistema adamianis moqmedebis sisworisa Tu mcdarobis Sesaxeb. sazogadoebas sWirdeba, rom bavSvebi Camoyalibdnen iseT mozrdilebad, romlebic miiReben moralur faseulobaTa sistemas da romelTa qcevas moraluri principebi warmarTavs (Killen & Hart, 1999). Tumca, rogorc iciT, is, rac moraluri Tu amoraluri qcevaa konkretul situaciaSi, SeiZleba sazogadoebaSi gacxarebuli kamaTis sagnad iqces. SesaZloa, swored amitom ver vuwodebT SemTxveviTobas imas, rom moraluri ganviTarebis Seswavlis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebic winaaRmdegobrivi aRmoCnda. kamaTi lourens kolbergis fundamenturi gamokvleviT iwyeba.
moraluri gansjis stadiebi kolbergis mixedviT

lourens kolbergma (Lawrence Kohlberg, 1964, 1981) moraluri ganviTarebis Teoria moraluri gansjis Seswavlaze aago. moraluri gansja aris adamianTa msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, Tu garkveul situaciaSi romeli moqmedebaa swori da romeli _ araswori. kolbergis Teoria Camoyalibda Jan piaJes (1965) adreuli mosazrebebis gavleniT, romelic cdilobda moraluri gansjis ganviTarebis dakavSirebas bavSvis zogadkognitur ganviTarebasTan. piaJes azriT, imis mixedviT, Tu kognituri zrdis romel stadiaze imyofeba, bavSvi sxvadasxva wonas akuTvnebs moqmedebis Sedegs da moqmedi piris ganzraxvas. magaliTad, bavSvisTvis, romelic winaoperaciul stadiaze imyofeba, is, visac uneburad gautydeba aTi Wiqa, ufro celqi da urCia~, vidre is, vinc ganzrax daamsxvrevs erT Wiqas. bavSvis zrdasTan erTad, moqmedi piris zraxvebi ufro mets iwonis moralurobis Sesaxeb miseul gansjaSi.
ganzraxvebi. konkretul scenarSi (magaliTad, cxovelis mofereba da cxovelis cema) qmedebebi ganisazRvreboda, rogorc dadebiTi, an uaryofiTi; aseve ganisazRvreboda Sedegebic (magaliTad, cxoveli tiroda, an cxoveli icinoda). ganzraxvebis varirebisTvis mkvlevrebma zogierTi qceva winaswar ganzraxulad warmoaCines, zogierTi _ SemTxvevas miaweres (magaliTad, moqmedma pirma cxovels ganzrax daarya, an SemTxveviT mouvida es). bavSvebs sTxoves, SeefasebinaT, Tu ramdenad iyo maTTvis es qceva misaRebi. amisaTvis maT erT-erTi unda aerCiaT mocemuli xuTi saxidan, romelTagan TiToeuli aRniSnavda Sefasebas Zalian, Zalian cudidan~ Zalian, Zalian kargamde~. umcrosma bavSvebma qcevisadmi mimReblobis Sefaseba TiTqmis mTlianad Sedegze daafuZnes; mxolod 5 wlis bavSvebma gaiTvaliswines ganzraxvebi. Tumca, rodesac bavSvebs hkiTxes, unda dasjiliyo Tu ara moqmedi piri, umcros bavSvTa umravlesobam gaiTvaliswina moqmedi piris ganzraxvebi (Zelazo et al., 1996).
saidan viciT
kognituri ganviTareba da msjeloba moralurobis Sesaxeb 3, 4 da 5 wlis bavSvebs sTxoves, moraluri TvalsazrisiT SeefasebinaT adamianebis qceva, romelic sami parametris mixedviT varirebda: qmedebebi, Sedegebi da
452
es monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom kognituri unarebis ganviTarebasTan erTad bavSvebs uviTardebaT imis unari, rom yuradReba miaqcion ara mxolod Sedegebs, aramed ganixilon orive _ Sedegebica da ganzraxvebic. Tumca, qcevis mimReblobis Sesaxeb msjelobisa da dasjis aucileblobis Sesaxeb msjelobis gansxvavebuloba miuTiTebs imaze, rom umcrosi asakis bavSvebs moraluri gansjis zogierTi tipi ufro meti faqtoris gaTvaliswinebis saSualebas aZlevs. rogorc wina TavSi vnaxeT, is, Tu ris gakeTebas sTxoven bavSvebs, nawilobriv, ganapirobebs imas, Tu ramdenad momwifebulebi~ Canan isini. moraluri ganviTarebis stadiebis gansasazRvrad, kolbergma ganavrco piaJes Tvalsazrisi. TiToeul stadiaze moralurobis Sesaxeb msjeloba gansxvavebul safuZvlze aigeba (ix. cxrili 11.8). moraluri msjelobis umdablesi done dafuZnebulia sakuTar interesebze maSin, roca umaRlesi done mimarTulia socialur sikeTeze, piradi sargeblisgan damoukideblad. am stadiebis dasasabuTeblad kolbergma gamo-
cxrili
11.8
fsiqosocialuri ganviTarebis stadiebi eriksonis mixedviT
doneebi da etapebi
1. pirobiTamdeli moraluroba stadia 1: orientacia siamovnebaze/tkivilze stadia 2: orientacia wageba-mogebaze; urTierTsamarTlianoba _ Tvali Tvalis win 2. pirobiTi moraluroba stadia 3: orientacia Seqebaze (kargi bavSvi) stadia 4: orientacia kanonsa da wesrigze 3. principuli moraluroba stadia 5: orientacia socialur kontraqtze stadia 6: orientacia eTikur principebze etapi 7: orientacia globalur, msoflio principebze
moraluri argumentacia
tkivilis acileba an gaqceva jildoebis miReba Seqebis damsaxurebis da gamtyunebis Tavidan acilebawesebis dacva, mTavrobisgan gakicxvis acileba sazogadoebis keTildReobis gaumjobesebisTvis xelSewyoba samarTlianobis miRweva da TviTgankicxvis acileba iyo marTali universaluri principebis winaSe da Tavs grZnobde samyaros nawilad, romelic scildeba socialur normebs
iyena dilemaTa seria, sadac erTmaneTs sxvadasxva moraluri principebi upirispirdeba. erT dilemaSi mamakaci, saxelad hansi, colisTvis garkveuli wamlis Sovnas cdilobs, romelic mas kibosTan brZolaSi daexmareba. unamuso gamyidveli hanss am wamals mxolod im SemTxvevaSi mihyidis, Tu igi aTjer met fuls gadauxdis, vidre TviTon aqvs micemuli. es gacilebiT didi Tanxaa, vidre hanss aqvs da vidre SeuZlia, rom iSovos. sasowarkveTili hansi gamyidvlis maRaziaSi iWreba da colisaTvis wamals iparavs. unda gaakeTos hansma es Tu ara? ratom? interviueri azustebs, Tu ra mizezebis gamo miiRo cdis pirma gadawyvetileba da Semdeg ajamebs da axarisxebs miRebul pasuxebs. daxarisxeba efuZneba im mizezebs, Tu ratom miiRo pirovnebam aseTi gadawyvetileba da ara TviTon gadawyvetilebas. magaliTad, is, vinc Tqva, rom hanss unda moepara wamali, radgan is valdebuli iyo momakvdavi colis winaSe, an ar unda moepara, radgan is valdebuli iyo, daecva kanoni (miuxedavad misi piradi grZnobebisa), cdilobs, rom Seesabamebodes dadgenil valdebulebebs da amitom ganviTarebis mixedviT me-4 stadiaze imyofeba.
kolbergis stadiuri modeli oTxi principiT xelmZRvanelobs: (1) yovel mocemul momentSi individi SeiZleba iyos ganviTarebis mxolod romelime erT stadiaze; (2) yvela gaivlis am stadiebs dadgenili TanmimdevrobiT; (3) yoveli Semdegi stadia ufro mravlismomcveli da rTulia, vidre wina; (4) igive stadiebi gvxvdeba yvela kulturaSi. kolbergma stadiuri ganviTarebis aseTi filosofia piaJesgan aiRo. faqtobrivad, ganviTareba 1-3 stadiebze Tanxvdeba normaluri kognituri ganviTarebis stadiebs. stadiebi Tanmimdevrulad mihyveba erTmaneTs da yoveli Semdegi stadia ufro metad daxvewili kognituri unarebiT xasiaTdeba, vidre wina. TiTqmis yvela bavSvi aRwevs mesame stadias 13 wlis asakSi. kolbergis Teoriis irgvliv kamaTi, ZiriTadad, mesame stadiis Semdeg iwyeba. Tavdapirvelad kolbergs miaCnda, rom adamianebi Tanazomierad da ganuxrelad agrZeleben moralur ganviTarebas mesame stadiis Semdeg, Tumca, yvela maTgani ver aRwevs 4-7 stadiebs. faqtobrivad, bevri mozrdili arasodes aRwevs mexuTe stadias da mxolod zogierTebs xelewifebaT kidev ufro win wasvla. kolbergis gviandeli stadiebis Sinaarsi subieqturad gamoiyureba da Zneli gasagebia, Tu rogor aris yoveli Semdgomi stadia ufro mravlismomcveli da garTulebuli. magaliTad, moraluri gansjis safuZveli meeqvse
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stadiaze _ TviTgankicxvis acileba~, ar gamoiyureba calsaxad ufro rTulad, vidre moraluri gansjis safuZveli mexuTe stadiaze _ sazogadoebis keTildReobis gaumjobesebisTvis xelSewyoba~. garda amisa, ufro maRali stadiebi ar aris yvela kulturaSi (Eckensberger & Zimba, 1997). axla mivubrundeT kolbergis Teoriis vrcel Tanamedrove kritikas, romelic sqesisa da kulturis ganxilvidan momdinareobs.
genderisa da kulturis gavlena moralur gansjaze

kolbergis Teoriis kritikosTa umravlesoba mis unikalurobas ar eTanxmeba. mis moRvaweobis gviandeli etapebi gansakuTrebuli kritikis obieqti xdeba, radgan mis imdroindel naSromebSi ar aris asaxuli faqti, rom zrdasruli pirovnebis moraluri Sexedulebebi SesaZloa asaxavdes gansxvavebul, magram mainc Zireul moralur principebs. cnobil kritikul naSromSi qerol giliganma (Carol Gilligan, 1982) miuTiTa, rom kolbergis originaluri naSromi mxolod biWebze Catarebul dakvirvebas efuZneboda. igi matkicebs, rom kvlevis amgvar midgomaSi ugulebelyofilia potenciuri gansxvavebebi mamakacebisa da qalebis Cveulebriv moralur Sexedulebebs Soris. giligans miaCnia, rom qalTa moraluri ganvitareba sxvebze zrunvis standarts efuZneba da TviTrealizaciis safexurisaken miiwevs, maSin, rodesac mamakacebi TavianT msjelobas samarTlianobis standartze dayrdnobiT ageben. amrigad, giliganis Teoria afarToebs kolbergis mosazrebebs im moraluri Sexedulebebis arealze, romelic bavSvobis Semdgomi moraluri Sexedulebebis relevanturi SeiZleba iyos. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven vafasebT mis wvlils, gamokvlevam gviCvena, rom man arasworad gansazRvra moraluri Sexedulebebis unikaluri stilebi mamakcebisa da qalebisaTvis. ganvixiloT mtkicebuleba: zogierTma kvlevam aCvena, rom qalebi ise axdenen moraluri gadawyvetilebebis formirebas, rom SeinarCunon harmonia socialur urTierTobebSi, mamakacebi ki ufro metad samarTlianobis dacvas iTvaliswineben (Lyons, 1983). miuxedavad amisa, mkvlevrebi agrZeleben kamaTs imis Taobaze, arsebobs Tu ara saerTod
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sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi moralur msjelobaSi (Baumrind, 1986; Walker, 1984, 1986; Woods, 1996). miuxedavad imisa, rom qalebi da mamakacebi SeiZleba sxvadasxva procesebis gavliT mividnen moraluri ganviTarebis maRal stadiebamde, mozrdilobaSi maT mier ganxorcielebuli aqtualuri msjelobebi uaRresad msgavsia (Boldizar et al., 1989). arsebobs versia, rom genderuli gansxvavebebi marTlac mniSvnelovania gansakuTrebuli wminda qaluri~ da wminda mamakacuri~ socialuri situaciebisaTvis. Tumca, rodesac qalebsa da mamakacebs erTi da igive moraluri dilemebis gadawyvetis mizezebis Sesaxeb ekiTxebian, isini zrunvasa da samarTlianobaze dafuZnebul pasuxTa Zalze msgavs paternebs iZlevian (Clopton & Sorell, 1993). amrigad, Cven SegviZlia, rom mozardebis msjeloba moraluri dilemebis Sesaxeb davaxasiaToT, rogorc samarTlianobis mosazrebebisa da zrunvis mosazrebebis nazavi. es nazavi SenarCundeba cxovrebis udidesi nawilis manZilze. Tumca, rogorc mosalodnelia, moralur gansjaze aisaxeba mozrdilis kognitur sistemaSi momxdari cvlilebebi. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani cvlileba gviani mozrdilobis periodisTvis isaa, rom gansjisas individebs aqcenti konkretuli situaciebis detalebidan zogad principebze gadaaqvT. Sesabamisad, am asakSi isini moralur gansjaze metad zogad sazogadoebriv interesebs (magaliTad, ras ambobs kanoni?~) ufro iTvaliswineben, vidre konkretul dilemebs (magaliTad, SeiZleba am SemTxvevaSi gamonaklisis daSveba?~) (Pratt et al., 1988). yuradReba miaqcieT, rom moralur argumentaciaSi sqesobrivi gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb kamaTi, ZiriTadad, isev dasavluri kulturebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli moraluri argumentaciis irgvliv mimdinareobs. kros-kulturulma kvlevam am sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebuli yvela monacemis seriozuli kritikis safuZveli Seqmna. kulturaTa Sedarebam aCvena: SeuZlebelic ki aris, rom universalurad gamovacxadoT situaciaTa erToblioba, sadac moraluri msjeloba relevanturi iqneba. ganvixiloT aseTi situacia: gzis napirze xedavT ucnobs, romelsac avtomanqanaze saburavi daeSva. unda gaCerdeT Tu ara dasaxmareblad? davuSvaT, TvliT, rom ara~. amoraluria es? Tu Tqven aSS-Si gaizardeT,
suraTi
11.13
kros-kulturuli pasuxebi moraluri dilemebis magaliTebze

skolis moswavleebs da zrdasrulebs indoeTsa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi hkiTxes, maTi azriT, romel gzas airCevdnen personaJebi moraluri dilemebis gadaWrisas. indoelma monawileebma airCies is variantebi, sadac (kanonierebis dacvaze metad) prioriteti pirovnebaTSoris pasuxismgeblobas eniWeboda.
albaT, ifiqrebdiT, rom aseT situaciaSi daxmarebis gaweva adamianis pirovnuli arCevania _ yvelam Tavad unda gadawyvitos, amitom amaSi araferia amoraluri. meore mxriv, Tu Tqven indusad aRizardeT indoeTSi _ kulturaSi, romelic gacilebiT met mniSvnelobas aniWebs urTierTdamokidebulebas da urTierTdaxmarebas, savaraudod, unda gefiqraT, rom daxmarebaze uaris Tqma amoraluri iqneboda (Miller et al., 1990). ganvixiloT kvleva, romelSic erTmaneTs adarebdnen sxvadasxva kulturis moralur msjelobebs.
saidan viciT
kanoniereba pirovnebaTaSorisi pasuxismgeblobis winaaRmdeg moraluri gansjis kvlevisTvis cdis pirebi moiwvies ori adgilidan: koneqtikutis Statis qalaq niu heivenidan (aSS) da samxreT indoeTis qalaq misoridan. dasavluri da indusuri kulturis am warmomadgenlebs sTxoves, gamoexataT reaqcia movlenaTa ganviTarebaze, sadac kanonis dacva pirovnebaTSoris pasuxismgeblobas upirispirdeboda. davuSvaT, Tqveni saukeTeso megobris qorwilSi saqorwino beWdebis mitanis erTaderTi gza TqvenTvis matareblis bileTis sayidlad fulis moparva iyo. kanonierebis dacvis principi gulisxmobs, rom ar unda moiparoT; pirovnebaTSorisi pasuxismgeblobis principi ki moiTxovs, rom pativi unda sceT megob-
rul valdebulebebs. Tu Tqven dasavlur kulturaSi gaizardeT, albaT, ar ifiqrebT pirovnebaTSoris pasuxismgeblobaze moraluris kategoriebiT: saqorwino beWdebis vermitana samwuxaro iqneboda, magram ara _ amoraluri. Tumca, rogorc axlaxan aRvniSneT, indusTa kulturisTvis, zogadad, meore adamianis winaSe valdebuleba moraluris kategoriebs miekuTvneba. amis gamo mkvlevrebma iwinaswarmetyveles, rom indoeli respondentebi ufro met upiratesobas mianiWebdnen pirovnebaTSoris pasuxismgeblobas, vidre amerikelebi. rogorc 11.13 suraTze Cans, sami asakobrivi jgufis indoeli respondentebi ufro metad irCevdnen im variants, sadac upiratesoba swored pirovnebaTSoris pasuxismgeblobas eniWeboda (Miller & Bersoff, 1992).
am magaliTidan cxadi xdeba, Tu ra rols asrulebs kultura moraluris da amoraluris gansazRvraSi. Tu Tqven amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gaizardeT, SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, Tu ramdenad Rrmad swamT indoelebs, rom megobrisTvis micemuli dapireba unda Sesruldes sjobs moiparo, vidre beWdebis gareSe mixvide qorwilSi. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom kulturuli normebis es gansxvaveba scildeba am ori qveynis, indoeTisa da aSS-is, farglebs. rogorc Semdeg TavebSi ufro vrclad vnaxavT, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da indoeTi tipuri dasavluri da aradasavluri qveynebia, romlebic mimarTulni arian, Sesabamisad, calkeuli individebis keTildReobasa da koleqtivis keTildReobaze.
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Sejameba
piaJes msgavsad, kolbergma Camoayaliba moraluri msjelobis stadiuri ganviTarebis Teoria. giligani akritikebda kolbergis Teorias imis gamo, rom is yuradRebis miRma tovebda im faqts, rom moraluri msjeloba safuZvelSive gansxvavebuli iyo qalebTan da mamakacebTan. Tumca, ufro gviandelma kvlevebma cxadyo, rom mozrdilTa umravlesoba samarTlianobisa da zrunvis principebis nazaviT xelmZRvanelobs. kros-kulturulma kvlevam aCvena, rom sxvadasxva kulturaSi sxvadasxva standartebiT ganisazRvreba, Tu romeli situaciebi da qcevebia moraluri Tu amoraluri.
viswavloT sworad da warmatebulad dabereba

axla mokled mimovixiloT winamdebare TavSi ganxiluli zogierTi sakiTxi, raTa SevadginoT rekomendaciebi sworad da warmatebulad daberebisTvis. Tavis dasawyisSi girCieT, rom ganviTareba gangexilaT, rogorc cvlileba, romelsac yovelTvis axlavs SenaZenebi da danakargebi. aseTi xedvis kuTxidan, cxovrebaSi keTildReobis miRwevis xerxia SenaZenebis gazrda da danakargebis Semcireba. Cven vnaxeT, rom wesi gamoiyene an dakarge~ exeba rogorc fizikur formas, ise _ gonebriv SesaZleblobebs. mravali cvlileba, romelic stereotipulad asocirdeba
daberebasTan, sinamdvileSi unarebis gamouyeneblobis, umoqmedobis da ara maTi daqveiTebis an gauaresebis Sedegia. Cveni pirveli rCevaa _ SeinarCuneT es unarebi! Cven, agreTve, vTqviT, rom warmatebuli daberebis erT-erTi nawilia seleqciuri optimizacia da kompensacia (baltes et al., 1992; freund & baltes, 1998). albaT, gagaxsendaT, rom seleqciuri niSnavs individis mier miRwevadi amocanebis dasaxvas. optimizacia gulisxmobs individisTvis prioritetul sferoebSi mis ganviTarebas da gavarjiSebas. kompensacia niSnavs danakargebis Sesamcireblad individis mier alternatiuli xerxebis gamoyenebas. am TavSi vnaxeT, rom asakovani adamianebi iseT megobrebs irCeven, romlebic maTTvis emociuri mxardaWeris optimalur dones uzrunvelyofen; droTa ganmavlobaSi unda icvlebodes megobrebis SerCeva, raTa kompensirebul iqnes sikvdiliT Tu sxva mizeziT dakarguli megobrebi (carstensen, 1998; lang & carstensen, 1994). miuxedavad imisa, rom seleqciuri optimizacia daberebis procesis Seswavlisas gaCnda, is kargi meTodia im gadawyvetilebebis amosarCevad, romelic cxovrebis manZilze unda miiRoT. yovelTvis unda ecadoT iseTi miznebis dasaxvas, romelic yvelaze metad mniSvnelovania TqvenTvis; am miznebis gaTvaliswinebiT moaxdinoT Tqveni qmedebebis optimizacia da eZioT SemovliTi gzebi, Tu miznisken mimaval gzaze dabrkolebebi gxvdebaT. es aris Cveni saboloo rCeva, romelic mTeli cxovrebis manZilze ganviTarebas Seexeba. vimedovnebT, rom brZnulad da warmatebiT daberdebiT.
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ganviTarebis Seswavla da axsna
cvlilebaTa aRsawerad mkvlevrebi normatiuli, longituduri da jvaredini kvlevebis monacemebs iyeneben. ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze damokidebulia rogorc Tandayolil, ise _ SeZenil maxasiaTeblebze. desac bavSvi jer kidev dedis mucelSi imyofeba. axalSobilebi da Cvilebi SesaZleblobaTa sakmaod farTo speqtrs floben: isini momarTulebi arian gadarCenisaTvis. sqesobrivi momwifebisas mozardebma SeiZleba gadaWarbebuli yuradReba dauTmon TavianTi sxeulis xats.

garemos faqtorebs maSinac ki SeuZliaT fizikur ganviTarebaze zemoqmedeba, ro-
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gviani zrdasrulobis zogierTi fizikuri cvlileba gamouyeneblobis da ara gardauvali daberebis Sedegia.
enis aTviseba
bevri mkvlevari darwmunebulia, rom adamianebs aqvT enis Seqmnis Tandayolili unari. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, enis aTvisebis procesis mniSvnelovani pirobaa zrdasrul metyvel adamianebTan urTierToba. naturalistebis msgavsad, bavSvebi aviTareben hipoTezebs maTi enis mniSvnelobebisa da gramatikis Sesaxeb. es hipoTezebi xSirad gansazRvrulia Tandayolili principebiT.

piaJes ZiriTadi ideebi kognituri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb: sqemebis ganviTareba, asimilacia, akomodacia da wyvetili ganviTarebis oTxstadiuri Teoria. es oTxi stadiaa: sensomotoruli, winaoperaciuli, konkretuli operaciebis da formaluri operaciebis. gviandelma originalurma kvlevebma cxadyo, rom Cvilebi da patara bavSvebi ufro metad arian ganviTarebuli, vidre amas piaJe varaudobda. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom bavSvebi aviTareben sayrden Teoriebs, romliTac orientireben sxvadasxva fsiqologiur da fizikur sferoSi da romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba. kros-kulturulma kvlevebma kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayena kognituri ganviTarebis Teoriebis universaloba. kognituri funqcionirebis asakTan dakavSirebuli daqveiTeba, rogorc wesi, mxolod zogierT unars exeba. mkvlevrebis Tanaxmad, zogierTi kognituri deficiti gamowveulia unaris gamouyeneblobiT da ara gardauvali daberebiT. kognituri sistemis warmatebulad daberebaze SeiZleba saubari, rodesac adamianebi axdenen funqcionirebis optimizacias saqmianobis maTTvis yvelaze prioritetuli sferos amorCeviTa da arsebuli resursebiT danakargebis kompensirebiT.

socialuri ganviTareba konkretul kulturul konteqstSi xdeba. asakobrivi cvlilebebis Cveuli mimdinareobidan gadaxveva xSirad kulturiT ganpirobebuli garemo pirobebis Sedegia. erik eriksonma cxovrebis cikli gansazRvra, rogorc krizisebis seria, romlebic individma unda daZlios. socializacia aris procesi, rodesac bavSvebi iTviseben im faseulobebsa da qcevebs, romlebic mocemul sazogadoebaSi sasurvelad iTvleba. socializacia momvlelTan Cvilis mijaWvulobis ganviTarebidan iwyeba. mijaWvulobis ganuviTarebloba mravalricxovan fizikur da fsiqologiur problemebs iwvevs. bavSvobaSi aRmzrdelobiTi zemoqmedebis ararsebobas SeuZlia socialuri ganviTarebis Seferxeba. gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom mozardTa umravlesoba kmayofilia Tavisi cxovrebiT. mozardebma unda ganaviTaron pirovnuli indenturoba TanatolebTan da mSoblebTan komfortuli socialuri ur-
TierTobebis CamoyalibebiT da samomavlo amocanebis dasaxviT. mozrdilobis ZiriTadi amocanebi intimurobasa da qmnadobis moTxovnilebebs efuZneba. adamianebi socialurad naklebad aqtiurebi xdebian asakSi Sesvlisas, radgan SerCeviTad inarCuneben mxolod im urTierTobebs, romlebic emociurad metad mniSvnelovania maTTvis. adamianebi TavianT cxovrebas afaseben, nawilobriv, sxvebis cxovrebaSi TavianTi dadebiTi wvlilis Setanis unaris mixedviT. xandazmul adamianTa mimarT uaryofiTi stereotipebi asakis mixedviT diskriminacias, anu eijizms iwvevs.
genderi fsiqologiuri fenomenia, romelic gulisxmobs biologiuri sqesiT gansazRvruli qcevebisa da ganwyobebis daswavlas. genderuli rolebis aTviseba dabadebidanve iwyeba. socializaciisTvis xelisSemwyobi mTeli rigi faqtorebi ganamtkiceben genderul stereotipebs.
kolbergma gansazRvra moraluri ganviTarebis stadiebi. moraluri argumentaciis gviandel kvlevebSi gaTvaliswinebul iqna sqesobrivi da kulturuli gansxvavebani. sxvadasxva kulturebi sxvadasxva standartebis mixedviT afaseben, Tu romeli situaciebi da qcevebi CaiTvalos moralurad Tu amoralurad.
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
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ZiriTadi cnebebi
akomodacia alcheimeris daavadeba asimilacia mSoblebis mier dadgenili qcevis wesebi mSoblebis mier gamoyenebuli aRzrdis stilebi bavSvze mimarTuli metyveleba buneba-aRzrdis dapirispireba ganviTarebis asaki ganviTarebis fsiqologia egocentrizmi asakis mixedviT diskriminacia, anu eijizmi
enis Seqmnis unari zigota imprintingi internalizacia intimuroba kognituri ganviTareba konservacia komforti kontaqtisas longituduri kvlevis meTodi menarqe mijaWvuloba momwifeba moraluroba normatiuli kvlevebi obieqtis mudmivoba sayrdeni Teoriebi seleqciuri optimizacia kompensaciiT
seleqciuri socialuri urTierTobebis Teoria sibrZne socializacia socialuri ganviTareba sqemebi genderi sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi genderuli identoba genderuli rolebi sqesobrivi simwife sxeulis xati fizikuri ganviTareba fonemebi fsiqosocialuri stadiebi qmnadoba qronologiuri asaki centracia jvaredini Seswavlis meTodi hi perregularizacia
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motivacia
12
ra aris motivacia
motivaciis koncefciebis funqciebi motivaciis wyaroebi

kveba
kvebis fiziologia kvebis fsiqologia

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: genebi da simsuqne seqsualuri qceva
cxovelebis seqsua adamianis seqsualuri agzneba da reaqciebi seqsualuri qcevis evolucia seqsualuri qcevis normebi homoseqsualoba
pirovnuli miRwevis motivacia
luri qceva
miRwevis moTxov warmatebisa da Sromisa da orgamarcxis atribucia nizaciuli fsiqologia

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: SeuZlia Tu ara fsiqologias karieris arCevaSi daxmareba moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia sakvanZo sakiTxebi
nileba
ZiriTadi cnebebi
459
urnalisti rebeka stefensi (Rebecca Stephens) everestze asvlas aRwers 1994 wels gamocemul wignSi, ,,msoflios mwvervalze~. wignis dasawyisSi vrcladaa moTxrobili everestis dapyrobis survilis Sesaxeb: ,,everestis romantika _ ai, ra mxiblavda da mizidavda. mwvervalze rom avediT, sul cota, orasi an samasi adamiani mainc viyaviT _ sxvadasxva erovnebis, sarwmunoebis da rasis warmomadgeneli. TiToeul Cvengans mwvervalze asvlis dauZleveli survili amoZravebda. everesti yvelaze maRali adgilia msoflioSi da uamravi mizezi arsebobs, romelic misken iseve izidavs adamianebs, rogorc CrdiloeT Tu samxreT polusisken da okeanis siRrmeebisken~. mogvinebiaT, rodesac Tavs iCens mwvervalze asvlisTvis damaxasiaTebeli daZabuloba da safrTxe, am ,,romantikas~ pirquSi realoba cvlis. miuxedavad amisa, avtori gasaocar daskvnamde mas Semdeg midis, rac TiTi daiziana:
,,momdevno dilas gavogndi: _ iq, sadac adre Cemi neka TiTi iyo, maxinji msuqani sosisi moCanda, burTiviT gasiebuli da siTxiT savse, TiTis meore saxsridan wveramde. ,,ra sisulele iyo amis gakeTeba~, _ buzRuniT Tqva Tanamgzavrma mTamsvlelma. rogor SemeZlo aseTi suleli, daudevari da araseriozuli vyofiliyavi? es iyo meore xarisxis moyinva... me Cems karavSi wavbodialdi, pirquS martoobaSi msurda yofna. vcdilobdi, menugeSebina sakuTari Tavi. ,,yvelaferi kargad iqneba,~ _ Tqva eqimma, magram rogor SemeZlo ar mefiqra, rom TiTi axla romc momrCenoda, Semdeg mainc ufro mgrZnobiare iqneboda. es ambavi 20 000 futis (7800 metris) simaRleze moxda. ra moxdeboda 29 000 futze (11300 metrze), sadac ufro yinavda? sadac Jangbadi da, Sesabamisad, winaaRmdegobis gawevis unari naklebi iyo? Rirda ki mwvervalis dapyroba aseT Zvir _ sakuTari TiTis dakargvis _ fasad? cota xans davfiqrdi da sakmaod mSvidad, da Cemda gasaocrad, davaskveni is, rasac verasodes warmovidgendi, Tundac erTi Tvis win: TiTi arc ise didi sazRauri iyo _ rogorme iolad gaval nekis gareSec~ (gv.90-91).
Tavi 12 / motivacia
460
Tqveni Tavi rebeka stefensis adgilze warmoidgineT. warmogidgeniaT, ramdenad Zlierad unda gindodeT miznis miRweva, rom gadawyvitoT: ,,iolad gaval nekis gareSec~. arsebobs raime mizani, romlis gamoc sicocxles daTmobdiT? sami adamiani daiRupa yinulis cicabo daRmarTebze rebeka stefens mTaze asvlis dros... ratom surT adamianebs ase gariskva? ra gansazRvravs imas, Sewiravs Tu ara adamiani Tavs mTis mwver-
valze asvlas? ra aris es _ gamarjveba Tu raime sxva mizani? ra gaiZulebT, iyoT daJinebulni, jiutni, Seupovarni miznis miRwevisas, miuxedavad im didi Zalisxmevisa, tkivilisa da finansuri danaxarjebisa, ris fasadac es Seupovroba jdeba? dabolos, didxans ecdebiT sasurveli miznis miRwevas, Tu maleve daanebebT mcdelobas Tavs? Tqveni yoveldRiuri cxovreba savsea situaciebiT, rodesac adamianebi motivaciur faqtorebs
rogoricaa SimSili, xSirad konkurencias uwevs pirovnuli kontrolisa da garSemomyofTa simpatiis mopovebis moTxovnilebas, rac kvebiTi paternis TaviseburebebiTacaa ganpirobebuli. am Tavs im ZiriTadi sakiTxebis ganxilviT daviwyebT, romlebic aucilebelia motivaciis kvlevisa da bunebis gasagebad. meore qveTavSi farTod mimovixilavT motivaciis sam tips, romelTaganac TiToeuli sxvadasxvagvarad mniSvnelovania da icvleba im xarisxiT, ra xarisxiTac biologiuri da fsiqologiuri faqtorebi moqmedeben maTze. motivaciis es sami tipia: SimSili, seqsi da pirovnuli miRweva.
ra aris motivacia
mimarTaven im movlenaTa asaxsnelad, rac moxda, an ar moxda. SeiZleba moisminoT, rogor eubneba maRaziis ufrosi Tavis gamyidvelebs: ,,Tqven unda SeecadoT, ufro bejiTad imuSavoT, rom saqoneli gayidoT.~ megobari SeiZleba saidumlod gagendoT, rom gamocdaze imitom CaiWra, rom profesori arasodes uqmnida mas sakmaris motivacias. SeiZleba waikiTxoT deteqtiuri moTxroba, SeecadoT danaSaulis motivis warmodgenas da mkvlelis povniT daikmayofiloT deteqtivis saidumlos amoxsnis survili. milionobiT adamianis msgavsad, SeiZleba Tqvenc ver SordebiT teleekrans da yoveldRe uyurebT teleserialebs iseTi motivebis gamosavlenad, rogoricaa siZunwe, Zalaufleba da gataceba. fsiqologiis mkvlevarTa amocana motivaciis aseTi magaliTebisTvis Teoriuli safuZvlis uzrunvelyofaa. rogor SeuZlia motivaciur mdgomareobas sportuli Sejibris Tu gamocdis Sedegebze zemoqmedeba? ratom imatebs zogierTi adamiani wonaSi da ratomaa, rom zogierTi lamis sikvdilis piramde midis SimSiliT? gansazRvravs Tu ara Cven seqsualur qcevas genetikuri memkvidreoba? am TavSi SeityobT, rom adamianis moqmedebebi motivirebulia sxvadasxva moTxovnilebebiT _ dawyebuli iseTi fundamentaluri fiziologiuri moTxovnilebebiT, rogoricaa SimSili da wyurvili da damTavrebuli iseTi fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebiT, rogoricaa pirovnuli miRweva. amasTanave, Tqven naxavT, rom xSirad arc ise iolia fsiqologiisa da fiziologiis erTmaneTisgan gamijvna. magaliTad, xandaxan iseTi biologiuri moTxovnileba, motivacia warmoadgens yvela im procesis ganzogadebul termins, romelic CarTulia fizikuri da fsiqologiuri aqtivobebis dawyebaSi, mimarTulebis micemasa da marTvaSi. sityva motivacia warmodgeba laTinuri sityvidan movere, rac ,,moZraobas~ niSnavs. organizmebi moZraoben garkveuli stimulebisa da aqtivobebis mimarTulebiT da gaurbian garkveul stimulebs, maTi mimzidvelobis da saZulvelobis Sesabamisad. motivaciis Teoriebi xsnis rogorc cxovelTa TiToeuli saxeobis, adamianebis CaTvliT, ,,moZraobis~ zogad paternebs da gvawvdis informacias TiToeuli saxeobis calkeuli wevrebis funqcionirebasa da prioritetebze. motivaciis analizi im sxvadasxva gzebis ganxilviT daviwyoT, romliTac motivacia, Cveulebriv, xsnis da winaswarmetyvelebs individulur da saxeobriv qcevas.
motivaciis koncefciebis funqciebi

ra aris motivacia
fsiqologebi motivaciis koncefciebis xuT ZiriTad daniSnulebas gamoyofen: qcevis dakavSireba biologiasTan _ Tqven, rogorc biologiuri organizmi, flobT rTul
motivacia (Motivation) _ fizikuri da fsiqikuri aqtivobebis dawyebis, mimarTulebis micemis da marTvis procesi; moicavs meqanizmebs, romlebic CarTulia erTi aqtivobisaTvis meoresTan SedarebiT upiratesobis miniWebaSi da energiasa da mdgradobas sZens reaqciebs.
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Sinagan meqanizmebs, romlebic aregulireben Tqveni sxeulis funqcionirebas da sicocxlis SenarCunebaSi gexmarebian. ratom adeqiT sawolidan am dilas? Tqven, albaT, gSiodaT, gwyurodaT an gciodaT. TiToeul am SemTxvevaSi daukmayofileblobis Sinagani mdgomareoba sxeuls moqmedebisken ubiZgebs, rac qmnis motivacias TqvenTvis, rom ganaxorcieloT qmedeba Tqveni sxeulis balansis aRsadgenad. qcevis cvalebadobis axsna _ ratom asrulebT erTi da igive davalebas erT dRes kargad da meore dRes cudad? ratomaa, rom erTi bavSvi gacilebiT ukeT arTmevs Tavs sakonkurso davalebas, vidre meore, romelsac igive unarebi da codna gaaCnia? fsiqologebi maSin iyeneben motivaciur axsnas, rodesac adamianis mier davalebis an raime sxva moqmedebis Sesrulebis cvalebedoba ucvlel situaciaSi ver aixsneba unarebis, gamocdilebisa Tu praqtikis gansxvavebulobiT an SemTxveviTobiT. Tu Tqven dRes diliT adre adeqiT damatebiT samecadinod, xolo Tqveni megobari _ ara, es Tqveni da Tqveni megobris gansxvavebul motivaciur mdgomareobebs SeiZleba mivaweroT. subieqtis Sinagan mdgomareobaze daskvnis gakeTeba imaze dayrdnobiT, Tu rogor iqceva is sazogadoebaSi _ Tqven xedavT, rom viRac skamze zis da icinis. rogor axsniT am qcevas? rogorc profesionali fsiqologebi, ise _ specialuri fsiqologiuri ganaTlebis armqone adamianebi erTnairad gadainacvleben qcevaze dakvirvebidan mis gamomwvev Sinagan mizezebze daskvnisken. adamianebi mudmivad axdenen qcevis interpretacias savaraudo mizezebis terminebiT _ ratom moxda es swored ise, rogorc moxda? igive wesi ZalaSia Tqveni qcevis mimarTac. Tqven xSirad cdilobT imis garkvevas, Tqveni qceva garedanaa motivirebuli Tu Signidan.
Tavi 12 / motivacia
mocemuli qcevis aRsaZvrelad, an (3) qcevaze gavlenas axdens narkotikebi, alkoholi da intensiuri emociebi. amrigad, motivaciis Teorias qcevis potenciuri mizezebis erTmaneTisgan gansxvaveba unda SeeZlos. araxelsayreli pirobebis miuxedavad miznisken mimavali subieqtis Seupovrobisa da daJinebulobis axsna _ gavixsenoT amonaridi rebeka stefensis wignidan, romliTac daviwyeT winamdebare Tavi. ratom xdeba, rom mZimed da sasikvdilod daWrili adamianebi xSirad mainc agrZeleben mTaze asvlas? motivaciis Seswavlis bolo mizezi imis axsnaa, Tu ratom axorcielebs organizmi qcevas, rodesac gacilebiT martivi iqneboda am qcevis ganxorcielebisgan Tavis Sekaveba. motivacia gvexmareba, rom droulad mivideT samsaxurSi an leqciaze maSinac ki, rodesac amis Zala ukve aRar Segvwevs. motivacia gvexmareba, rom mTeli ZaliT gavagrZeloT TamaSi maSinac ki, roca vagebT da vacnobierebT, rom mogeba SeuZlebelia. axla ukve gaqvT zogadi warmodgena im pirobebze, romelSic fsiqologebi qcevis winaswarmetyvelebisa da axsnisaTvis motivaciis cnebas mimarTaven. motivaciis konkretuli sakiTxebis ganxilvamde, mis zogad wyaroebs gavecnoT.
motivaciis wyaroebi
1999 wels velosipedistma lans armstrongma (Lans Armstrong) tur de franses~ Sejibri moigo. sportis istoriaSi es sportsmenis profesiul sportSi dabrunebis erT-erTi SesaniSnavi magaliTi iyo. 1996 wels mas testikularuli simsivnis diagnozi dausves, romelic filtvebsa da tvinze vrceldeboda. agresiuli qimioTerapiis kursis dasrulebis Semdeg armstrongma varjiSis ganaxleba gadawyvita. sam weliwadSi man msoflios yvelaze prestiJul SejibrSi gaimarjva; 2000 wels man kvlav moigo tur de franse~. cilismwameblebi ambobdnen, rom marSruti, romelzec armstrongma gaimarjva, arc ise rTuli iyo. 2000 wlis gamarjvebam daamtkica, rom lanss SeeZlo msoflios saukeTeso velomrbolelebis daZleva.
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imis garkveva, Tu vis ekisreba moqmedebebze pasuxismgebloba _ pirovnuli pasuxismgeblobis cneba ZiriTadia religiis, kanonisa da eTikisaTvis. pirovnuli pasuxismgebloba gulisxmobs Sinagan motivacias da qmedebebis gakontrolebis unars. adamianebi naklebad pasuxismgeblebi arian sakuTar moqmedebebze, rodesac: (1) ar fiqroben, rom maT qcevas uaryofiTi Sedegebi eqneba, (2) eqsternaluri (garegani) Zalebi sakmaod Zlieria
Tqven SeZlebdiT imis gakeTebas, rac lans armstrongma gaakeTa? SeZlebdiT seriozuli avadmyofobis Semdeg dabrunebas da Tqveni sxeulisTvis arcTu ise ioli amocanis dasaxvas? xom ar fiqrobT, rom, rac ar unda yofiliyo misi qcevis mamotivirebeli, is Tavad masSi iyo? saWiroa Tu ara gansakuTrebuli cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba aseTi SeupovrobisaTvis, Tu es garegani, situaciuri faqtorebis Sedegi iyo? moiqceva Tu ara adamianTa umravlesoba aseve analogiur situaciaSi? aris Tu ara misi qceva pirovnebisa da situaciis maxasiaTeblebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegi? motivaciis wyaroebis ukeT gasarkvevad, vnaxoT, ra gansxvavebaa internalur (Sinagan) da eqsternalur (garegan) Zalebs Soris. daviwyoT im Teoriebis ganxilviT, romlebic qcevis garkveul tipebs internaluri, biologiuri impulsebiT xsnis.
ltolvebi da aRmZvrelebi
motivaciis zogierTi forma Zalze martivad gamoiyureba: Tu SimSils grZnobT, WamT. Tu gwyuriaT _ svamT. Teoria, romlis mixedviTad mravali mniSvnelovani qceva motivirebulia Sinagani ltolvebiT, yvelaze srulad klark halma (Clark Hall, 1943, 1952) daamuSava. halis azriT, ltolva Sinagani mdgomareobaa, romelic cxovelis fiziologiuri moTxovnilebis sapasuxod aRmocendeba. organizmi iseTi biologiuri maxasiaTeblebis wonasworobis, anu homeostazis SenarCunebas cdilobs, rogoricaa: sxeulis temperatura da energiis miwodeba (ix. Tavi 3). ltolva aRmocendeba maSin, rodesac daukmayo-
filebloba Sinagan gauwonasworeblobas qmnis, wonasworobas arRvevs, anu daZabulobas qmnis. es ltolva organizms daZabulobis Semcirebisken, anu reduqciisken ubiZgebs. rodesac ltolva dakmayofildeba an Semcirdeba, homeostazi aRdgeba da organizmi wyvets moqmedebas. amgvarad, halis mixedviT, rodesac cxovels mravali saaTis ganmavlobaSi ar miewodeba sakvebi, aRmocendeba SimSilis mdgomareoba, rac sakvebis moZiebisa da gamokvebis qcevis mamotivirebeli xdeba. cxovelis reaqcia, romelsac sakvebis moZiebis mizani aqvs, ganmtkicdeba, vinaidan is sakvebis miRebis Sedegad daZabulobis Semcirebas ukavSirdeba. SeuZlia Tu ara daZabulobis Semcirebis Teorias yvela motivirebuli qcevis axsna? cxadia, ara. warmovidginoT virTxebis jgufi, romelsac ar awvdidnen sakvebs da wyals. daZabulobis Semcirebis Teoriis mixedviT, winaswar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom isini pirveli SesaZleblobisTanave daleven wyals an SeWamen sakvebs. Tumca, rodesac aseTi virTxebi axal garemoSi xvdebian, sadac uamravi saWmeli da sasmelia, isini garemos gamokvlevasa da dazvervas amjobineben da maSinve ar garbian saWltolva (Drive) _ Sinagani mdgomareoba, romelic aRmocendeba wonasworobis darRvevisas cxovelis fiziologiuri moTxovnilebis sapasuxod. homeostazi (Homeostasis) _ sxeulis Sinagani mdgomareobis mudmivoba an wonasworoba. aRmZvrelebi (incentives) _ eqsternaluri stimulebi an waxaliseba, romlebic warmoadgenen qcevis mamotivireblebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini pirdapir ar ukavSirdebian biologiur moTxovnilebebs.
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mlisa da sasmelisken, isini mxolod cnobismoyvareobis dakmayofilebis Semdeg iwyeben Wamas da smas (Berlyne, 1960; Fewler, 1965; Zimbardo & Montogomery, 1957). gamokvlevaTa sxva seriaSi axalgazrda maimunebi did drosa da energias xarjavdnen maT garemoSi arsebuli mowyobilobebiTa da axali obieqtebiT manipulaciaze da, rogorc Canda, amas yovelgvari garegani waxalisebis gareSe, ,,garTobiT, maimunobiT~ siamovnebis misaRebad akeTebdnen (Harlow et al., 1950). es eqsperimentebi gviCvenebs, rom qceva ar aris motivirebuli mxolod Sinagani ltolvebiT: qceva motivirebulia, aseve, aRmZvrelebiT _ garegani stimulebiT an waxalisebiT, romelic pirdapir ar ukavSirdeba biologiur moTxovnilebebs. rodesac maimunebi da virTxebi garemoSi mocemul obieqtebze iyvnen momarTulni da ara Sinagan mdgomareobebze, es gviCvenebda, rom maT qcevas aRmZvrelebi marTavda. asevea adamianis qcevis SemTxvevaSic _ mas mravalgvari aRmZvreli akontrolebs. ratom daZvrebiT internetSi RamiT tkbilad daZinebis nacvlad? ratom uyurebT films, romelic, iciT, rom SegaSinebT da aRgaSfoTebT? ratom miirTmevT tkbileuls wveulebaze, roca ukve kargad danayrebuli brZandebiT? TiToeul am SemTxvevSi garemos elementebi aRmZvrelis rols asruleben, romelic qcevis ganxorcielebisken gibiZgebT. Tqven ukve iciT, rom qceva motivaciis garegani da Sinagani wyaroebidan iRebs saTaves. miuxedavad imisa, rom virTxebi SeiZleba sakvebis miRebisa da wylis dalevis qcevis ganxorcielebis biologiur iZulebas ganicdidnen, isini axali garemos gamokvlevis impulssac emorCilebian. axla ganvixiloT motivaciisadmi Tanamedrove midgoma _ reversiis Teoria, romelSic gansakuTrebuli yuradReba konkurentuli motivaciuri mdgomareobebis Seswavlas eTmoba.
Tavi 12 / motivacia
cxrili
12.1
metamotivaciuri mdgomareobebis oTxi wyvilis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi

Telikuri seriozuli mizanze orientirebuli upiratesobas aniWebs winaswar dagegmvas Tavs aridebs SfoTvas surs progresi da miRweva konformisti damyoli surs wesebis dacva tradiciuli sasiamovno surs morgeba mbrZanebloba Zalauflebaze orientirebuli cxovrebas brZolad miiCnevs mkacri azrovneba kontrolze koncentrirebuli surs dominantoba auturi upiratesad sakuTar Tavzekoncentrirebuloba egocentruli sakuTar grZnobebze koncentracia paraTelikuri mxiaruli aqtivobaze orientirebuli cxovrobs am momentiT eZebs aRgznebas, aRfrTovanebas surs mxiaruleba da garToba negativisti meamboxe surs wesebis darRveva aratradiciuli gabrazebuli surs damoukidebloba TanagrZnoba (simpaTia) zrunvaze orientirebuli cxovrebas TanamSromlobad miiCnevs mgrZnobiare sikeTeze koncentrirebuli surs sinaze da mofereba aloikuri upiratesad sxvebze koncentrirebuloba sxvebTan identifikacia sxvebis grZnobebze koncentracia
reversiis, anu araTavsebadi mdgomareobebis Teoria

ukanasknel wlebSi maikl afterma (Michael Apter, 1989; aseve, ix. Frey, 1997) da misma kolegebma, ganaviTares axali Teoria, romelic uaryofs motivaciis, rogorc daZabulobis Semcirebis, ideas. amis nacvlad, es Teoria uSvebs, rom arsebobs metamotivaciuri mdgomareobis oTxi wyvili. rogorc naCvenebia cxrilSi 12.1, wyvi-
lebs urTierTsapirispiro mdgomareobebi qmnian. Teoriis mixedviT, drois nebismier mocemul momentSi TiToeul wyvilSi gaerTianebuli ori mdgomareobidan mxolod erTi SeiZleba arsebobdes realurad. Tu gadaxedavT cxrils, naxavT, rogor gansazRvravs TiToeuli wyvili araTavsebad motivaciur mdgomareobebs. magaliTad, warmoidgineT nebismieri situacia, romelic samsaxurs ukavSirdeba. ra gsurT mocemul momentSi: situaciaze morgeba Tu damoukidebloba? sakuTari grZnobebis mixedviT moqmedeba Tu sxvebis grZnobebze yuradRebis mipyroba? am Teorias reversiis anu araTavsebadi mdgomareobebis Teoria ewodeba. is adamianuri
reversiis Teoria (Reversal theory) _ Teoria, romelic xsnis adamianis motivacias erTi metamotivaciuri mgomareobidan meore, sapirispiro mdgomareobaSi reversiis (gadasvlis) terminebiT.
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motivaciis axsnas erTi mdgomareobidan meore, sawinaaRmdego mdgomareobaze reversiis (gadasvlis) terminebiT cdilobs. ganvixiloT paraTelikuri da Telikuri kontrastuli mdgomareobebi. Tqven paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi xarT, rodesac iseT qcevebs axorcielebT, romlebsac siamovnebis moniWebis garda sxva mizani ar gaaCniaT, xolo Telikur mdgomareobaSi xarT, rodesac iseT qceves axorcielebT, romlebic mniSvnelovania TqvenTvis ara mxolod mocemul momentSi. magaliTad, am konkretul mocemul momentSi, albaT, Telikur mdgomareobaSi imyofebiT, radgan saxelmZRvanelos kiTxulobT _ Tqven gsurT masalis daswavla, raTa kargad CaabaroT gamocda. Tu Tqven wasaxemseblad an axali diskis mosasmenad SewyvetT mecadineobas, amiT TiTqmis mTlianad gadaerTvebiT paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi. reversiis Teoria, faqtobrivad, gveubneba, rom Tqven yovelTvis imyofebiT erT an meore mdgomareobaSi, magram ara _ oriveSi erTad. drodadro Tqven SesaZloa Zalze naTlad SeigrZnoT am TeoriiT nawinaswarmetyvelebi reversiis tipebi. reversiis erTi gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino forma iseTi maRalriskiani aqtivobebiT dakavebul adamianebs axasiaTebT, rogoricaa paraSutiT xtoma. xedavT, rogor xsnis reversiis Teoria paraSutistTa monaTxrobs?
aRgzneba ganicdeba, rogorc Zlieri aRfrTovaneba. amgvarad, Telikuri mdgomareobidan paraTelikurSi gadasvla agznebis imave doneze iwvevs Zlieri SfoTvidan did siamovnebaze gadarTvas.Aamgvari pirdapiri gadarTvis arsebobis Sesamowmeblad mkvlevrebma monacemebi paraSutistTa ori klubis wevrebisgan aagroves. klubis wevrebi aRniSnavdnen SfoTvisa da aRfrTovanebis grZnobas gadaxtomamde, xtomis manZilze da daSvebis Semdeg. monacemebma aSkara reversia aCvena: gadaxtomamde isini SfoTavdnen (magram ar iyvnen aRfrTovanebulni). mas Semdeg, rac paraSuti ixsneboda, isini aRfrTovanebulni iyvnen (magram aRar SfoTavdnen). arsebuli aRgzneba ar qreboda _ is maSinve iZenda sxva Sinaarss, rogorc ki paraSutisti Telikuri mdgomareobidan paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi gadadioda (Apter & Batler, 1997).
reversiis Teoria gvawvdis motivaciis saintereso zogad midgomas. axla ganvixilavT motivaciis kvlevis sxva tradicias, romelic koncentrirebulia biologiuri saxeobebisTvis damaxasiaTebel instinqtur qcevaze.
instinqturi qceva da daswavla
saidan viciT
SfoTvidan aRfrTovanebaze gadasvla ratom xtebian adamianebi Tavisi nebiT TviTmfrinavidan da amtkiceben, rom es maT garTobisTvis gaakeTes? Zalian Znelia am qcevis gageba daZabulobis Semcirebis Teoriis gamoyenebiT, radgan TviTmfrinavidan gadaxtomis molodini daZabulobas ki ar amcirebs, aramed, piriqiT _ zrdis. reversiis Teoriis Tanaxmad, paraSutiT gadaxtoma Telikuri mdgomareobidan paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi gadasvlis SemTxvevaa. gadaxtomamde, Telikur mdgomareobaSi adamianis mier gancdili aRgznebis maRali done SfoTvas badebs. paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi ki Zlieri
instinqti (Instinct) _ winaswar daprogramebuli tendencia, romelsac arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs saxeobis gadarCenisaTvis.
ra aris motivacia
ratom iqcevian organizmebi swored ase da ara sxvagvarad? pasuxis erTi nawili isaa, rom biologiuri saxeobis qcevis zogierT aspeqts instinqtebi, anu winaswar daprogramebuli tendenciebi marTavs, romlebsac arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvT saxeobis gadarCenisaTvis. instinqtebi uzrunvelyofen qcevis repertuars, romelic TiToeuli cxovelis genetikuri memkvidreobis nawils warmoadgens. oraguli aTasobiT mils zustad im nakadulSi dasabruneblad curavs, sadac daibada; is dinebis sawinaaRmdegod micuravs, CanCqerebs axteba da zustad daniSnul adgilze midis, sadac gadarCenili mdedri da mamri oragulebi Sewyvilebis ritualur qcevas asruleben, ganayofierebuli qviriTis dayris Semdeg ki iRupebian. momavalSi, rodesac dro
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dadgeba, axalgazrda Taoba dauyveba dinebas, raTa icxovros okeaneSi manam, sanam ramdenime wlis Semdeg am uwyvet dramaSi maTi monawilebis dro ar mova. aseTive STambeWdavi moqmedebebi SeiZleba vnaxoT cxovelTa mraval saxeobaSi. futkari sakvebis adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb Setyobinebas sxva futkrebs gadascems; WianWvelaTa armia sinqronizebulad dadis sanadirod, Citebi budeebs aSeneben, obobebi zustad iseve xlarTaven da qsoven rTul qselebs, rogorc maTi mSoblebi da winaprebi akeTebdnen amas. adamianis qcevis adreuli Teoriebi midrekilni iyvnen adamianisTvis instinqtebis mniSvnelobis gadafasebisken. uiliam jemsi (William James, 1890) gamoTqvamda mosazrebas, rom adamianebi yvela sxva cxovelze metad eyrdnobian instinqtur qcevas (Tumca, adamianis instinqtebi, rogorc wesi, ar vlindeboda qcevaTa fiqsirebuli paternebis saxiT). biologiuri instinqtebis garda, romlebic adamians cxovelebTan saerTo aqvs, moqmedebaSi Semodis, agreTve, iseTi ZiriTadi socialuri instinqtebi, rogorebicaa:
simpaTia, socialuroba, TavSekavebuloba da siyvaruli. jemsisTvis orive _ rogorc cxoveluri, ise adamianuri _ instinqtebi miznobrivi iyo. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mniSvnelovan miznebs emsaxurebodnen, anu mniSvnelovan funqciebs asruleben organizmis garemosTan adaptaciis procesSi. zigmund froidma (Sigmund Freud, 1915) SemogvTavaza mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom adamianis gamocdilebaSi arsebuli ltolvebi aRmocendeba sicocxlis (maT Soris seqsualuri) da sikvdilis (maT Soris agresiis) instinqtebidan. mas miaCnda, rom instinqturi impulsebi warmarTavs fsiqikur energias sxeulebrivi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. daZabuloba aRmocendeba maSin, rodesac energia ver ganitvirTeba; es daZabuloba ubiZgebs adamians aqtivobisken an/da obieqtisken, romelic Seamcirebs mas. magaliTad, froidis azriT, sicocxlisa da sikvdilis instinqtebi moqmedeben gacilebiT dabal doneze, vidre cnobierebis donea (anu Rrmad aracnobierSi), Tumca, maTi gavlena cnobier azrebze, grZnobebsa da qmedebebze Zalian Zlieria imis gamo, rom instinqtebi mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisken ubiZgebdnen adamianebs (Cven am mosazrebas vrclad ganvixilavT me-14 TavSi). 1920-ian wlebSi fsiqologebma Seadgines adamianis 10 000 instinqtisgan Semdgari sia (Bernard, 1924), Tumca, amave periodSi adamianuri instinqtis, rogorc adamianis qcevis universaluri amxsnelis, cneba eWvis qveS dadga da kritikis sagnadac iqca. kros-kulturulma anTropologebma ruT benediqtma (Ruth Bendict, 1959) da margaret midma (Margaret Mead, 1939) sxvadasxva kulturaSi uamravi qceviTi variacia aRmoaCines. maTi dakvirveba ewinaaRmdegeboda im Teoriebs, romlebic mxolod Tandayolili instinqtebis universalurobaze saubrobdnen. instinqtebis adreuli TeoriebisTvis yvelaze metad damangreveli iyo bihevioristebis empiriuli demonstraciebi imisa, rom mniSvnelovani qcevebi da emociebi daswavlili ufro iyo, vidre Tandayolili. aseT demonstraciebs Tqven me-7 Tavidan icnobT, sadac naxeT, rom adamianebi da cxovelebi erTnairad mgrZnobiareni arian imis mimarT, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs stimulebi da reaqciebi garemoSi. Tu gsurT axsnaT, ratom axorcielebs zogierTi
Tavi 12 / motivacia
cxoveli mocemul qcevas da zogierTi _ ara, Tqven ar gesaWiroebaT sxva arafris codna, garda imisa, rom erTi cxovelis qceva ganmtkicda, xolo meoris _ ara. aseT pirobebSi saerTod ar gWirdebaT calke motivaciis axsna (anu Secdoma iqneboda gveTqva, rom erTi cxoveli motivirebulia~, xolo meore _ ara). Tumca, gavixsenoT: me-7 TavSi isic vnaxeT, rom qcevis tipebi, romelTac cxovelebi ufro iolad daiswavlian, determinirebulia mocemuli saxeobisTvis specifikuri instinqtebiT. amitom TiToeuli cxoveli daswavlili da instinqturi qcevebis kombinacias axorcielebs. amrigad, Tu Tqven gTxoven cxovelis qcevis axsnas an winaswarmetyvelebas, Tqven ori ramis codna dagWirdebaT, kerZod, konkretuli mocemuli cxovelis istoriidan unda icodeT: (1) romeli adapturi qcevaa organizmis genetikuri memkvidreobis nawili da (2) garemoSi arsebuli asociaciebis rogori unikaluri erToblioba aqvs organizms gamocdilebaSi? aseT SemTxvevebSi motivaciis funqcia im gavlenas eniWeba, romelsac warsulis movlenebi axdenen mimdinare qcevaze. kidev erTxel gadavxedoT me-7 Tavs: Cven vnaxeT, rom kogniturad orientirebulma mkvlevrebma eWvqveS daayenes mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom instinqtebi da ganmtkicebebis istoria sakmarisia cxovelis qcevis yvela detalis asaxsnelad. axla vnaxoT, ra rols asruleben motivaciaSi molodinebi da SemecnebiTi aqtivobebi.
molodinebi da kognituri midgomebi motivaciisadmi

ganvixiloT ,,jadoqari ozis qveynidan~, rogorc motivaciis fsiqologiuri kvleva. doroTi da misi sami megobari kargad gaisarjnen zurmuxtis qalaqamde misaRwevad: maT daZlies barierebi da SeewinaaRmdegnen Tavs datexil yvela ubedurebas. isini amas imis molodiniT akeTebdnen, rom jadoqari maT imas miscemda, rac akldaT. amis nacvlad saocarma (da brZenma) jadoqarma daanaxa, rom Tavad maT, da ara jadoqars, yovelTvis xelewifebodaT TavianTi sanukvari survilebis asruleba. doroTisTvis saxli ar warmoadgenda konkretul adgils; es misTvis sayvarel adamianebTan yofniT miRebuli
socialuri daswavlis Teoria (Social learning theory) _ daswavlis Teoria, romelic xazs usvams dakvirvebisa da sxvebis mier ganxorcielebuli qcevis mibaZvis mniSvnelobas.
ra aris motivacia
usafrTxoebis da komfortis gancda iyo: saxli iq iyo, sadac misi guli imyofeboda. simamace, romelic loms surda; Wkua, romelsac safrTxobela eswrafvoda da emociebi, romelzec rkinis xis mWreli ocnebobda, is Tvisebebia, romelTac isini ukve flobdnen. maT am Tvisebebze unda ifiqron ara rogorc Sinagan mdgomareobebze, aramed rogorc im dadebiT urTierTobebze, romlebic ukve hqondaT sxvebTan. jadoqari ozis qveynidan aSkarad erT-erTi pirveli kognitur fsiqologia, vinaidan man aRiara adamianis azrovnebis procesis mniSvnelovneba misi miznebis da am miznebis misaRwevad ganxorcielebuli qcevis determinaciaSi. Tanamedrove fsiqologebi iyeneben kognitur analizs mTeli rigi pirovnuli da socialuri qcevebis mamotivirebeli Zalebis Sesaswavlad. isini iziareben jadoqris mosazrebas, rom adamianis mniSvnelovani motivacia aRmocendeba ara gare samyaros obieqturi realobidan, aramed realobis subieqturi interpretaciebidan. dajildovebis ganmamtkicebeli efeqti ikargeba, Tu ver xedavT, rom Tqvenma qmedebam ganapiroba es jildo. is, rasac axla akeTebT, xSirad kontroldeba: (1) imiT, rac, Tqveni azriT, pasuxismgebeli iyo warsulSi gancdil warmatebasa da marcxze; (2) imiT, risi gakeTebac gjeraT, rom SegiZliaT da (3) imiT, rasac ganWvretT winaswar, anu Tqveni qmedebis Sedegis danaxviT. kognituri midgoma xsnis, Tu ratom arian adamianebi xSirad motivirebulni momavali movlenebis molodinebiT. qcevis motivirebaSi molodinebis mniSvneloba julian roterma (Julian Rotter, 1954) daamuSava socialuri daswavlis TeoriaSi (Cven SevexeT socialur daswavlas, rodesac me-7 TavSi dakvirvebiT daswavlas ganvixilavdiT). roterisaTvis albaToba imisa, rom Tqven ganaxorcielebT mocemuli qcevas (vTqvaT, gamocdisTvis moemzadebiT da ar waxvalT wveulebaze) determinirebulia, anu ganpirobebulia im dasaxuli miznis (kargi niSnis miRebis) miRwevis molodiniT, romelic am aqtivobas mohyveba da imiT, Tu ra pirovnuli Rirebuleba aqvs am mizans
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TqvenTvis. molodinebsa da realobas Soris gansvlam SeiZleba individs makoregirebeli qcevis ganxorcielebisken ubiZgos (Festinger, 1957. Lewin, 1936). magaliTad, Tu aRmoaCenT, rom Tqveni qceva ar Seesabameba im jgufis standartebs, romelsac miekuTvnebiT, Tqven SesaZloa motivirebuli iyoT Tqveni qcevis Secvlaze, raTa ukeT moergoT jgufs. rogor ukavSirdeba molodinebi motivaciis garegan da Sinagan Zalebs? fric haiderma (Fritz Heider, 1958) gamoTqva mosazreba, rom Tqveni qcevis Sedegi (magaliTad, cudi niSani) SeiZleba iseT dispoziciur Zalebs mieweros, rogoricaa Zalisxmevis arqona an arasakmari goniereba, anda iseT situaciur Zalebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, arasamarTliani gamocda anda tendenciuri maswavlebeli. amgvari atribucia gavlenas axdens Tqvens momaval qcevaze. Tqven ufro bejiTad iSromebT, Tu CaTvliT, rom miRebuli cudi niSani Zalisxmevis arqonis Sedegia, magram SeiZleba Tavi mianeboT yvelafers, Tu CaTvliT, rom miRebuli cudi niSani usamarTlobis an SesaZleblobebis arqonis Sedegs warmoadgens (Dweck, 1975). amgvarad, motivaciis wyaros identifikacia, rogorc gareganis an Sinaganis, SeiZleba, nawilobriv, damokidebuli iyos realobis sakuTar subieqtur interpretaciaze. kidev erTxel gadavxedoT motivaciis sxvadasxva wyaroebs. Cven daviwyeT dakvirvebidan, rom mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT qcevis gamowvevis Sinagani da garegani faqtorebis erTmaneTisgan gamijvna. ltolvebi, instinqtebi da daswavlis istoriebi _ yvela warmoadgens motivaciis Sinagan wyaros, romelic gavlenas axdens qcevaze Sesabamisi garegani stimulis arsebobis pirobebSi. rodesac adamianebi sakuTari qcevis Sesaxeb iwyeben msjelobas, molodini imisa, Tu ra unda moxdes an SeiZleba moxdes, motivaciis uzrunvelyofas iwyebs. adamianma zogierTi motivacia SeiZleba sakuTar Tavs miaweros, zogi ki _ gare samyaros. Cven axla movxazeT ZiriTadi CarCo motivaciis cnebis gagebisaTvis. winamdebare Tavis danarCen nawilSi ganvixilavT qcevis sam tips, romelzec gavlenas axdens motivaciebis urTierTqmedeba _ esaa kveba, seqsualuri qceva da pirovnuli miRweva.
Sejameba
fsiqologebi motivaciis koncefciebs imisaTvis iyeneben, rom erTmaneTTan daakavSiron biologia da qceva, axsnan qcevis cvalebadoba, daaskvnan zogadi qmedebebidan kerZo mdgomareobis Sesaxeb subieqtisTvis qcevaze pasuxismgeblobis dasakisreblad da im Seupovrobisa da daJinebulobis asaxsnelad, romelsac adamianebi iCenen miznis miRwevisas araxelsayreli garemo pirobebis miuxedavad. motivaciis Teoriebi cdiloben imis garkvevas, Tu romeli motivaciuri Zala momdinareobs organizmSi arsebuli Sinagani wyaroebidan da romeli _ organizmis gareT arsebuli garegani wyaroebidan _ garemos an kulturuli faqtorebidan. ltolvebis Teoria xazs usmevs motivaciaSi daZabulobis Semcirebis mniSvnelobas. rogorc wesi, qceva garegani aRmZvrelebiTacaa motivirebuli, romlebic ar ukavSirdeba fiziologiur moTxovnilebebs. reversiis Teoriis mixedviT, motivacia marTavs sapirispiro metamotivaciur mdgomareobebs. saxeobisaTvis specifikuri instinqturi qceva warmoiqmneba rogorc Sinagani, aseve garegani faqtorebiT. motivaciis kognituri Teoria koncentrirebulia adamianis molodinebze da imaze, Tu rogor axdens adamiani samyaros daxarisxebas dispoziciuri Tu situaciuri Zalebis mixedviT.
kveba
gaakeTeT prognozi Semdegi situaciis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. fsiqologiis Sesaval kursze Cawerili erT-erTi studentisTvis picis naWris SeTavazebas vapirebT. rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad mosalodnelia, rom es studenti uars ar ityvis da miirTmevs picis naWers? ar gindaT, gamoicnoT? Tqveni pasuxi, albaT, aseTi iqneba: ,,me mWirdeba ufro meti informacia~. bolo qveTavSi gaCveneT, Tu rogor unda moaxdinoT TqvenTvis saWiro damatebiTi informaciis miRebis organizeba aseTi prognozis gamoTqmamde. Tqven dagWirdebodaT Sinagani codna, anu informacia am studentis Sesaxeb _ ramdeni aqvs ukve naWami
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Tavi 12 / motivacia
mas? cdilobs Tu ara dietis dacvas? Tqven, aseve, dagWirdebodaT garegani codna, anu praqtikuli xasiaTis informacia. pica gemrielia Tu ara? hyavs Tu ara students megobrebi, romelTac gauyofs picas da Tan gaesaubreba? rogorc xedavT, ukve, garkveulwilad, gavaanalizeT is Zalebi, romlebmac SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos iseT martiv Sedegzec ki, rogoricaa studentis mier picis SeWma. daviwyoT zogierTi fiziologiuri procesis ganxilviT, romliTac evoluciam sakvebis miRebis samarTavad aRgvWurva.
kvebis fiziologia
rodis gaZlevT Tqveni sxeuli niSans, rom Wamis droa? Tqven aRWurvili xarT meqanizmebis mTeli rigiT, romlebic SimSilisa da simaZRris fizikur gancdas qmnian (Logue, 1991). sakvebis efeqturad misaRebad organizmi aRWurvili unda iyos meqanizmebiT, romlebic asruleben oTx amocanas: (1) sakvebis Sinagani moTxovnilebis dafiqsireba; (2) kvebiTiO qcevis dawyeba da organizeba; (3) miRebuli sakvebis xarisxisa da raodenobis Semowmeba; (4) im momentis dafiqsireba, rodesac sakmarisia miRebuli sakvebi da kvebis Sewyveta. mkvlevrebma scades am procesebis axsna maTi sxeulis sxvadasxva nawilis iseT periferiul meqanizmebTan dakavSirebiT, rogoricaa kuWis SekumSva, anda tvinis iseT centralur meqanizmebTan, rogorica hipoTalamusis funqcionireba. ganvixiloT es procesebi ufro dawvrilebiT.
periferiuli reaqciebi
saidan modis SimSilis grZnoba? gvigzavnis Tu ara kuWi ubedurebis signalebs imis misaTiTeblad, rom is carielia? pirveli fiziologi, vinc amis garkvevas Seecada, uolter qenoni (Walter Canon, 1934) iyo. mas miaCnda, rom carieli kuWis peristaltika SimSilis grZnobis erTaderT safuZvels warmoadgenda. am hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad qenonis erT-erTma gabedulma studentma a. l. uoSbornma (A.L.Washburn) winaswari gavarjiSebis Semdeg rezinis milze mimagrebuli gasaberi buSti gadaylapa. milis meore bolo uerTdeboda mowyobilobas, romelic haeris wnevis cvlebadobas afiqsirebda. Semdeg qenonma buSti studentis kuWSi gabera.
rodesac kuWi ikumSeboda, haeri amodioda buStidan da gadaxrida mowyobilobis kalams. uoSbornis mier aRniSnuli, SimSiliT gamowveuli tkivilis SegrZneba Seesabameboda kuWis Zlier SekumSvebs, magram ara _ gafarToebebs. qenoni fiqrobda, rom daamtkica SimSilis grZnobis formirebaSi kuWis spazmebis monawileoba. miuxedavad imisa, rom qenonisa da uoSbornis procedura erTob gonebamaxviluri iyo, Sedgomma kvlevebma aCvena, rom SimSilis SesagrZnobad kuWis SekumSva ar warmoadgenda aucilebel pirobas. carieli kuWis mqone cxovelis sisxlSi Saqris SeyvaniT Cerdeba kuWis SekumSvebi, Tumca amis Semdeg ar qreboda SimSilis grZnoba. pacientebi, romlebsac mTlianad amokveTili hqondaT kuWi, isev ganicdidnen SimSilis grZnobasTan dakavSirebul tkivils (Janowitz & Grosman, 1950), xolo kuWis gareSe darCenili virTxebi mainc daiswavlidnen labirinTs sakvebiT dajildoebis pirobebSi (Penick et al., 1963). amrigad, miuxedavad imisa, rom kuWSi gaCenili SegrZneba SeiZleba garkveul rols asrulebdes adamianis mier SimSilis gancdaSi, is amomwuravad mainc ver xsnis, Tu rogor afiqsirebs sxeuli sakvebis moTxovnilebas da rogor xdeba motivirebuli sakvebis miRebisTvis. carieli kuWi aucileblobiT ar SeigrZnobs SimSils, magram wyvets Tu ara sakvebis miRebas savse~ kuWi? kvlevebma aCvena, rom sakvebiT (magram ara gaberili buStiT) Sevsebis gamo kuWis gafarToeba individs sakvebis miRebis Sewyvetas aiZulebs (Logue, 1991). amrigad, organizmi mgrZnobiarea kuWis wnevis wyaros mimarT. sakvebis piris RruSi yofnis SegrZneba, aseve, warmoadgens simaZRris maniSneblebis periferiul wyaros. es maniSneblebi pirdapir ukavSirdeba danayrebulobis, anu sisavsis gancdas. SeiZleba SeginiSnavT, rom danayrebis Semdeg naklebi enTuziazmiT aRiqvamT Tqveni sayvareli kerZis gemosac ki. am fenomens sensorulspecifikuri simaZRre ewodeba. kaloriuli da cilebiT mdidari sakvebi ufro Zlier simaZRres iwvevs, vidre naklebad kaloriuli da cilebis naklebi Semcvelobis mqone sakvebi (Johnson & Vicers, 1993; Vandewaters & Vickers, 1996). am tipis sakvebisadmi swrafvis~ aseTi dauyovnebeli Semcireba SeiZleba organizmis mier sakvebis miRebis regulirebis erT-erT saSualeba iyos. Tumca, sityva ,,specifikuri~ sensorul-specifikur
kveba
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simaZRreSi imaze miuTiTebs, rom simaZRre Zalze uSualodaa damokidebuli im konkretul sakvebze, romelsac iRebT. rodesac adamianebs mravalferovani da sxvadasxva gemos mqone sakvebiT kvebaven da ara erTi romelime konkretuliT, romelsac erTi, Tundac maTi sayvareli, gemo aqvs, isini ufro mets Wamen (Rolls et al., 1981). Sesabamisad, sakvebis gemos mravalferovneba, romelic ase damaxasiaTebelia trapezisTvis, sadac ramdenime kerZi Tanmimdevrulad cvlis erTmaneTs, SeiZleba dabrkolebad iqces sxva sxeulebrivi signalebisTvis, romlebic atyobineben organizms, rom man ukve sakmarisad miirTva. axla gavecnoT Tavis tvinis im meqanizmebs, romlebic CarTulia sakvebis miRebis qcevaSi da sadac erTad iyris Tavs periferiuli wyaroebidan wamosuli informacia.
centraluri reaqciebi
rogorc xSirad xdeba xolme, martivma Teoriebma Tavis tvinis im centrebis Sesaxeb, sadac iwyeba da mTavrdeba sakvebis miRebis procesi, adgili dauTmo ufro rTul Teoriebs. yvelaze adreuli Teoriebi, sadac saubari iyo sakvebis miRebis marTvaSi tvinis rolze, lateraluri hipoTalamusisa (lh) da ventromedialuri hipoTalamusis (vmh) funqcionirebaze dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebul monacemebze (hipoTalamusis adgilmdebareoba naCvenebia suraTze 3.10.) aigeboda. gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom, Tu ventromedialuri hipoTalamusi dazianebulia (an lateraluri hipoTalamusi stimulirebulia), cxoveli met sakvebs moixmars, magram, Tu Tanmimdevroba ise Sebrundeba, rom
470
lateraluri hipoTalamusi daziandeba (an ventromedialuri hipoTalamusi stimulirdes), cxoveli nakleb sakvebs moixmars. am dakvirvebam ganapiroba orcentriani modelis aRmoceneba, sadac lateraluri hipoTalamusi iTvleboda ,,SimSilis~ centrad, xolo ventromedialuri hipoTalamusi _ ,,simaZRred~. Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi dagrovili monacemebiT ver dadasturda am Teoriis siswore (Martin et al., 1991; Rolls, 1994). magaliTad, dazianebuli vmh-is mqone virTxebi Warbad STanTqaven mxolod im sakvebs, romelic gemrielad eCvenebaT. isini intensiurad arideben Tavs ugemur sakvebs. amrigad, vmh ver iqneba ubralod centri, romelic gadascems signalebs: ,,kidev Wame~, an ,,aRar Wamo~, _ signali damokidebulia sakvebis tipze. faqtobrivad, vmh-is rRvevam SeiZleba, nawilobriv, gavlena moaxdinos sakvebze Cveulebrivi refleqsuri reaqciis moWarbebaze (Powley, 1977). Tu virTxebis Cveulebrivi refleqsuri reaqcia gemriel sakvebze am sakvebis SeWmaa, moWarbebuli refleqsuri reaqcia uzomod Wama iqneba. Tu virTxa refleqsurad Tavs aridebs ugemuri sakvebis miRebas daxrCobiT an RebinebiT, moWarbebulma refleqsurma reaqciam mas SeiZleba saerTod sakvebis miRebaze aTqmevinos uari. yuradReba SevaCeroT imaze, Tu rogor asruleben vmh da lh tvinidan miRebul davalebas. yvelaze mniSvnelovani informaciis nawili, romelsac vmh da lh iyeneben sakvebis miRebis regulaciaSi, maTTan sisxlis nakadTan erTad midis (Woods et al., 1998) Saqari (romelic sisxlSi glukozis saxiTaa warmodgenili) da cximebi warmoadgens energiis wyaros metaboluri procesebisaTvis. sakvebis miRebis procesis dawyebis ori ZiriTadi signali modis im receptorebidan, romlebic Tval-yurs adevneben Saqrisa da cximebis Semcvelobas sisxlSi. rodesac metaboluri procesebisaTvis saWiro glukozis maragi mcirea an saerTod ar aris, RviZlis ujredebis receptorebidan signali gadaecema lh-s, sadac glukozis maZiebeli neironebi am informaciis sapasuxod cvlian aqtivobas. sxva hipoTalamurma neironebma SeiZleba aRmoaCinon Tavisufali cximovani mJavebis an insulinis donis cvlileba sisxlSi.EerTad es neironebi ganapirobeben madis aRmZvreli sistemebis gaaqtivebas hipoTalamusis lateralur zonaSi da iwyeben SimSilis dakmayofilebze mimarTul
Tavi 12 / motivacia
qcevas. imis signali, rom sisxlSi mravladaa glukoza da cximovani mJavebi, vmh-isTvis sakvebis miRebis qcevis Sewyvetis maniSnebelia. amrigad, vnaxeT, rom sxeulSi gvaqvs sistemebi, romlebic pasuxismgebelia imaze, rom Cven daviwyoT da davasruloT sakvebis miReba. Tumca, mdidari piradi gamocdilebidan TiTqmis darwmunebiT gecodinebaT, rom Tqveni sakvebis moTxovnileba ar aris damokidebuli mxolod Tqveni sxeulidan wamosul signalebze. vnaxoT, ra fsiqologiur faqtorebi gvibiZgeben, rom bevri an cota mivirTvaT.
kvebis fsiqologia
Tqven iciT, rom Tqveni sxeuli aRWurvilia mravali meqanizmiT, romlebic aregulireben miRebuli sakvebis raodenobas, magram mxolod maSin miirTmevT, roca gSiaT? Tqveni pasuxi, albaT, iqneba: ,,ra Tqma unda, ara!~ Tu gadaxedavT ukanasknel or dRes, SesaZloa, gaixsenoT ramdenime SemTxveva, roca Tqven mier sakvebis miRebas cota ram hqonda saerTo SimSilTan. magaliTad, SeerTebul StatebSi miRebulia dReSi samjer Wama, rac sakvebis miRebis socialuri normebiT dadgenil dros ufro Tanxvdeba, vidre sxeulidan wamosul signalebs. metic, xSirad adamianebi misaReb sakvebs socialuri Tu kulturuli normebis gaTvaliswinebiT irCeven. daTanxmdebiT Tu ara, rom sadilad ufasod miirTvaT kiborCxala? Tqveni pasuxi, albaT, damokidebuli iqneba, magaliTad, imaze, morwmune ebraeli (am SemTxvevaSi uars ityodiT) xarT Tu vegetarianeli (am SemTxvevaSi Tqveni pasuxi isev damokidebuli iqneboda imaze, xarT Tu ara iseTi vegetarianeli, romelic miirTmevs zRvis produqtebs). es magaliTi gviCvenebs, Tu ratom ar aris sakvebis miReba mxolod fiziologiur signalebze reagireba. socialuri da kulturuli SezRudvebis farglebs Tu gavcdebiT, kidev ratom SeiZleba, rom sakvebis miReba ar ukavSirdebodes SimSilis SegrZnebas? Tu adamianTa umravlesobas gavxarT, albaT, ar iqnebodiT gulgrili imis mimarT, Tu rogor moqmedebs Tqven mier miRebuli sakvebi Tqveni sxeulis formasa da zomaze. kvebis fsiqologiaze saubrisas did yuradRebas davuTmobT im viTarebebis ganxilvas, romelSic adamianebi
cdiloben miRebuli sakvebis raodenobisa da ragvarobis kontrols, raTa Seicvalon sxeulis formebi imis Sesabamisad, rasac isini pirovnul Tu socialur idealad Tvlian. wuxarT sakuTari wonis gamo? apirebT dietis dacvas? Tu Tqven qalbatoni brZandebiT, albaT, Tqveni pasuxi iqneba diax~, Tumca, dResdReobiT amerikel mamakacTa umravlesobac SfoTavs sakuTari wonis gamo _ qalebis 52% da mamakacebis 37% uCivis zedmet wonas (Brownell & Robin, 1994), sinamdvileSi ki qalebis daaxloebiT 24% da mamakacebis 31% iTvleba zedmeti wonis matarebelad, ase rom, isev Seusabamobaa (kerZod, kvlav qalebis SemTxvevaSi) adamianebis realur wonasa da am realobis maTeul aRqmas Soris. Semdeg qveTavSi ganvixilavT simsuqnisa da dietis mizezebsa da Sedegebs. Semdeg aRvwerT, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli sxeulis wonasa da xatze moWarbebuli zrunvis Sedegad, ukiduresi reaqciis saxiT, kvebis darRvevebis ganviTareba.
simsuqne da dieta
ratom suqdeba zogierTi adamiani? kiTxulobT ra fsiqologia da cxovrebas~, albaT, TqvenTvis ar unda iyos axali, rom pasuxi nawilobriv bunebaSi da nawilobriv aRzrdaSi unda veZioT. qveTavSi ,,fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi~ aRwerilia SemTxveva, rodesac didi gavlena moaxdina bunebam~. zogierTi adamiani genetikurad aris midrekili simsuqnisaken. Tumca, biologiuri midrekilebac ki SeiZleba ar iyos sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom konkretul adamians gasuqeba ,,aiZulo~. biologiis garda mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu ras da rogor fiqrobs adamiani sakvebsa da sakvebis miRebasTan dakavSirebul qcevaze. simsuqnis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebis adreuli kvlevebi mimarTuli iyo imis garkvevaze, Tu ramdenad aqcevs msuqani adamiani yuradRebas sxeulis Sinagan SimSils da ara _ garemoSi mocemul sakvebs (Schachter, 1971a). arsebobda mosazreba, rom, rodesac sakvebi xelmisawvdomi da xilulia, msuqani adamiani ugulebelyofs sakuTari sxeulidan momdinare signalebs. Tumca, es Teoria aradamakmayofilebeli aRmoCnda, ramdenadac Tavad simsuqneSi yovelTvis ar moiazreba kvebiTi qcevis paternebi (Robin, 1981). sxva sityvebiT, yvela Warbwoniani adamiani fsiqologiurad erTnairad ar aRiqvams, Tu riTi da rogor ikvebeba. vnaxoT, ratom.
kveba
471
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi
genebi da simsuqne
(Campield et al., 1998). zogierTi adre ganxorcielebuli mcdeloba uSedego aRmoCnda. kvlevis dros leptiniT manipulirebam jer kidev ver moaxdina mniSvnelovani gavlena wonaSi daklebaze. Tumca, genetikuri kvlevebisa da aRmoCenebis uwyveti winsvlis procesSi mecnierebi agrZeleben axali hipoTezebis Seqmnas imis Taobaze, Tu rogor SeiZleba wonis regulaciis fiziologiur meqanizmebSi Careva (Gura, 2000). yvelaze optimisturad ganwyobili mkvlevrebic ki gvafrTxileben: ,,axali medikamenturi preparatebi yvelaze Sedegiani maSin iqneba, rodesac maT damxmare saSualebad (da ara Camnacvleblad) gamoviyenebT mZimewoniani adamianebis cxovrebis stilis Sesacvlelad, raTa gaumjobesdes maTi organizmis metaboluri procesebi, janmrTeloba da cxovrebis xarisxi~ (Campfield et al., 1998, gv. 1987). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, imisgan damoukideblad, Tu ramdenad SevZlebT bunebis Secnobas, yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom aRzrda jer kidev asrulebs gadamwyvet rols Cveni cxovrebis mimarTulebis gansazRvraSi. veb-gverdebi: www.ornl.gov/hgmis/ aSS-is mTavrobis vrceli veb gverdi, sadac mocemulia proeqtis, adamianis genomi~, Sedegebi. www.loop.com/~bkrentzman/ index.html am gverdze mocemulia samecniero moxsenebebi simsuqnesa da wonis kontrolis Sesaxeb.
472
XXI saukune mecnierTa STambeWdavi gancxadebiT daiwyo. mkvlevrebma, romlebic muSaobdnen proeqtSi adamianis genomi~, ganacxades, rom isini Zalian axlos iyvnen adamianis genomis qimiuri safuZvlis sawyisi suraTis dadgenasTan. am proeqtis saboloo mizani im genebis sruli aRwera iyo, romliTac genomi aigeba. am proeqtma mecnierebs Semata rwmena imisa, rom isini SeZlebdnen adamianis sicocxlisa da keTildReobisTvis saziano mTeli rigi daavadebebis genetikuri safuZvlis dadgenas. erT-erTi darRveva, romelsac genetikuri safuZveli aqvs, simsuqnea. mkvlevrebma mogvawodes uamravi sabuTi imis dasadastureblad, rom adamianebi ibadebian Tandayolili midrekilebebiT meti Tu naklebi wonisken. magaliTad, identuri tyupebis Seswavlam gamoavlina didi msgavseba maT wonas Soris (Allison et al., 1994; Stunkard et al., 1990). am msgavsebis nawili SeiZleba aixsnas im aRmoCeniT, rom ZiriTadi funqciebis uzrunvelsayofad individis sxeulis mier kaloriebis dawvis intensioba, anu metaboluri procesebis intensioba mosvenebis mdgomareobaSi, aseve, bevrad aris damokidebuli memkvidreobaze (Bouchard et al., 1989). amrigad, zogierT adamians Cveulebrivi yoveldRiuri saqmianobis drosac ki didi raodenobiT kaloriebis dawvis Tandayolili predispozicia axasiaTebs, zogierTs ki _ ara. swo-
red es ukanasknelni xvdebian wonis momatebis risk-jgufSi. ukanasknel xanebSi mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines zogierTi realuri genetikuri meqanizmi, romlebic individis simsuqnisadmi midrekilebas ganapirobeben (Comuzzie & Allison, 1998; Gura, 2000). magaliTad, identificirebul iqna geni, romelic akontrolebs Tavis tvinSi signalis gadacemas, rom sakvebis miRebis procesSi sakmarisi raodenobiT cximebi iqna Senaxuli organizmSi _ individma unda Sewyvitos Wama (Zhang et al., 1994). es geni, romelsac leptini uwodes, Tu ar gaaqtiurdeba, individi gaagrZelebs Wamas, amis potenciuri Sedegi ki simsuqne iqneba. faqtobrivad, mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom msuqan adamianTa Zalian mcire raodenobas aReniSneba am genis mutacia, riTac, rogorc Cans, SeiZleba aixsnas kidec maTi Warbi wona (Jackson et al., 1997; Montague et al., 1997). vinaidan aseTi mutacia Zalian iSviaTia, is ver axsnis Warbi wonis uamrav sxvadasxvagvar SemTxvevas. miuxedavad amisa, mtkicebulebam, rom leptini garkveul rols asrulebs wonis regulaciaSi, mkvlevrebs biZgi misca wonasTan dakavSirebuli sxva genebis moZiebisa da SeswavlisaTvis. mocemuli genetikuri kvleva imeds iZleva, rom moiZebneba simsuqnis problemis axleburi gadawyveta. magaliTad, mkvlevrebi imedovneben, rom genebsa da wonis regulacias Soris kavSiris aRmoCena maT axali medikamenturi mkurnalobis Seqmnis saSualebas miscems
Tavi 12 / motivacia
Janet polivim da piter hermanma (Janet Polivy & Peter Herman) ivaraudes, rom gadamwyveti ganzomileba, romelic safuZvlad udevs kvebis fsiqologias, SezRuduloba-SeuzRudaobaa (Polivy & Herman, 1975). SezRuduli mWamelebi yovelTvis sazRvraven sakvebis raodenobas, romlis miRebis uflebac SeiZleba miscen Tavs. isini qronikulad dietaze arian da gamudmebiT wuxan sakvebis gamo. miuxedavad imisa, rom msuqani adamianebi SeiZleba ufro xSirad aRniSnavdnen aseTi azrebisa da qcevebis arsebobas, individi SeiZleba SezRuduli mWameli iyos misi sxeulis zomisgan damoukideblad. rogor imateben adamianebi wonaSi, Tu gamudmebiT dietaze arian? mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom rodesac SezRudul mWamelebs aRaraferi akavebT _ rodesac cxovrebiseuli pirobebi aiZuleben SezRudvebis moxsnas, isini TavSeukavebelni xdebian da uars ar amboben maRalkaloriuli sakvebiT savse sufrebze. TavSeukavebloba yvelaze xSiria maSin, rodesac SezRuduli mWamelebi iseT stresul mdgomareobaSi imyofebian, romelic maT SesaZleblobebsa da TviTSefasebas uSualod exeba (Greeno & Wing, 1994; Tanofsky-kraff et al., 2000).
moadgenda. Semdeg orive jgufs sTxovdnen, rom eqsperimentis dawyebamde SeesrulebinaT davaleba gemos aRqmis Sesamowmeblad. am cdis sastimulo masala iyo maRaziaSi nayidi gemrieli namcxvrebi da eqsperimentatoris bebiis gamomcxvari, misi mtkicebis miuxedavad~ ugemuri namcxvrebi (Polivy et al., 1994, gv. 507). cdis pirTa gafrTxilebis gareSe, eqsperimentatorebi aRnusxavdnen, Tu romeli da ramdeni namcxvari SeWama TiToeulma maTganma. gamokvlevis Sedegebi mocemulia cxrilSi 12.2. rodesac SeuzRudavi mWamelebi SfoTavdnen, isini orive tipis (gemrielsac da ugemursac) namcxvrebs ufro cotas Wamdnen. rogorc Cans, SfoTva, garkveulwilad, Trgunavda maT SimSils. Tumca, mSfoTvare SezRuduli mWamelebi orive tipis namcxvars ufro meti raodenobiT Wamdnen. amgvarad, am qalbatonebSi SfoTva zogad TavSeukaveblobas im namcxvrebis mimarTac ki iwvevda, romlebic arc ise gamrielad iyo miCneuli (polivy et al., 1994).
saidan viciT
SfoTvis gavlena SezRudul da SuzRudav mWamelebze sakvebTan da dietasTan dakavSirebuli qcevisa da azrebis sakuTari Sefasebis mixedviT kolejis 96 studenti gogona or jgufad gayves: SezRudul (42 cdis piri) da SeuzRudav (54 cdis piri) mWamelebad. studentTa naxevars eubnebodnen, rom maT orwuTiani improvizebuli sityviT gamosvla mouwevdaT, riTic Sefasdeboda, Tu ramdenad kargad metyvelebdnen. davalebis Sesrulebis molodini maTSi Zlier SfoTvas aRZravda. monawileTa meore nawilma icoda, rom monawileobdnen eqsperimentSi, romlis mizani iyo qsovilis aRqmis Semowmeba SexebiT, rac dabali SfoTvis winapirobas qmnida. amitom cdis pirTa es nawili sakontrolo jgufs war-
am eqsperimentSi mcireodeni gamowveva TviTSefasebisTvis _ mokle sityviT gamosvlis albaToba, romelic unda Sefasebuliyo, SezRudul mWamel qalebSi ufro meti sakvebis miRebas iwvevda, vidre SeuzRudav mWamelebSi. am kvlevam aCvena, rom, zogadad, SezRuduli mWamelebi mxolod maSin iReben Warb sakvebs, rodesac grZnoben, rom maT fsiqologiur keTildReobas safrTxe emuqreba, Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom
cxrili
12.2
SeWmuli namcxvrebis saSualo raodenoba

SeuzRudavi SezRuduli gansxvaveba mWamelebi mWamelebi gemrieli namcxvrebi sakontrolo jgufi mSfoTvare jgufi ugemuri namcxvrebi sakontrolo jgufi mSfoTvare jgufi 3.0 2.7 2.6 3.7 -0.4 +1.0 6.2 5.1 5.1 7.6 -1.1
kveba
+2.5
473
474
msgavsad ar moqmedebs fizikuri keTildReobis darRvevis saSiSroeba (Heatherton et al., 1991). Warbi sakvebis miRebis qceva saSualebas aZlevs SezRudul mWamels, rom gadaerTos im Seuracxyofidan, romelic mis TviTSefasebas miayenes. rodesac SezRudul mWamelebs eubnebodnen, rom maT ver SeZles problemis gadaWris amocanis Sesruleba, isini aRar Wamdnen zedmets; Tu maT sakuTar qcevaze dakvirvebas aiZulebdnen _ ayurebinebdnen maTi warumatebeli mcdelobis videoCanawers (Heatherton et al., 1993). rodesac am cdis pirebs ar aiZulebdnen sakuTari warumateblobis yurebas, isini Wamdnen orjer met nayins, vidre videofiris yurebis dros. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom SezRuduli kvebis gamokvlevaTa umravlesobaSi qalebi monawileoben. amitom mcire ram aris cnobili mamakacTa kvebiTi paternebis Sesaxeb (Greeno & Wing, 1994). SezRuduli kvebis Teoria gvawvdis mosazrebebs imis Taobaze, Tu ratom uZneldebaT adamianebs wonis dakleba mas Semdeg, rac ukve gaxdnen Warbi wonis matarebelni. bevri Warbwoniani adamiani aRniSnavs, rom mudmivad dietaze imyofeba _ isini xSirad SezRuduli mWamelebi arian. Tu maT cxovrebaSi stresuli movlena moxdeba, rac TavSeukaveblobis winapirobas Seqmnis, uzomod kveba iolad gamoiwvevs wonis momatebas. amrigad, paradoqsia, magram mudmivad dietaze yofnas SeuZlia wonis momatebis gamowveva da ara _ dakleba. momdevno qveTavSi vnaxavT, Tu rogor xdeba, rom igive fsiqologiur Zalebs adamianebi janmrTelobisTvis da sicocxlisTvis saSiS kvebiT aSlilobebamde mihyavs.
kvebiTi aSlilobebi da sxeulis xati

am qveTavs kvebis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebis ganxilviT daviwyebT. unda aRiniSnos, rom im adamianTa jgufi, romelic sakuTar Tavs Warbi wonis matareblad Tvlis, ufro didia, vidre im adamianTa jgufi, romelic marTlac Warbi wonisaa. rodesac gansvla adamianis sakuTari sxeulis aRqmasa da mis realur zomas Soris sakmaod izrdeba, is SeiZleba kvebiTi aSlilobebis risk-jgufs miekuTvnebodes. anoreqsiis diagnostireba xdeba maSin, rodesac individi iwonis misi mosalodneli wonis 85%-ze naklebs, magram mainc Zalian eSinia gasuqebis (DSM-IV, 1994). is adamianebi, romelTac bulimiis diagnozi aqvT, xasiaTdebian Rormucelobis~ SetevebiT _ sakvebis intensiuri da arakontrolirebadi STanTqmis periodebiT, romelsac Tan sdevs Warbi kaloriebisgan sxeulis gawmenda _ TviTgamowveuli Rebineba, safaRaraTo saSualebebis moxmareba, SimSiloba da a. S. (DSM-IV, 1994). anoreqsiis mqone adamianebs SeiZleba bulimiis Setevebic axasiaTebdeT. maT SeiZleba
anoreqsia (Anorexia nevrosa) _ kvebiTi aSliloba, romlis drosac inidividi iwonis misi mosalodneli wonis 85%-ze naklebs, magram ganagrZobs sakvebis miRebis kontrols, radgan Tavs Warbi wonis mqoned aRiqvams. bulimia (Bulimia nevrosa) _ kvebiTi aSliloba, romelic xasiaTdeba uzomo raodenobis sakvebis miRebiT, rasac Tan sdevs miRebuli kaloriebisagan organizmis gawmendis RonisZiebebi.
Tavi 12 / motivacia
uzomod STanTqan sakvebi da Semdeg gaiwmindon kuWi miRebuli kaloriebis Sewovis Sesamcireblad. ramdenadac organizmi sistematurad SimSilobs da uZlurdeba, am orive sindroms SeiZleba seriozuli samedicino Sedegebi mohyves. droTa ganmavlobaSi am diagnozebis mqone adamianebi SeiZleba sikvdilamdec ki mividnen. me-11 TavSi aRvniSneT, rom mozardi gogonebi gansakuTrebiT eqvemdebarebian kvebiTi aSlilobebis ganviTarebis risks (Striet-Moore & Cachelin, 1999). anoreqsia mozardobis dasasrulisa da axalgazrda qalebis daaxloebiT 0.5-1.0%-s aReniSneba (DSM-IV, 1994). amave asakobrivi jgufis qalebis 1-3% buliimiT itanjeba (DSM-IV, 1994; Rand & Kuldau, 1992). qalebSi orive daavadeba 10jer ufro xSiria, vidre mamakacebSi. ratom iklaven Tavs adamianebi SimSiliT da ratom aris maT Soris amdeni qali? arsebobs garkveuli mtkicebulebebi imisa, rom kvebiTi aSlilobebisadmi midrekileba SeiZleba genetikurad gadaicemodes (Strober, 1992), Tumca, gamokvlevaTa didi nawili fokusirebulia idealuri wonis Sesaxeb qalebis warmodgenaze, romelsac sazogadoeba da media qmnis (Wertheim et al., 1997). ase magaliTad, bevri Jurnali, romelic specialurad qalebisTvis gamodis, udides mniSvnelobas aniWebs wonis daklebas, rasac ver vityviT mamakacebisTvis gankuTvnil Jurnalebze (Andersen & DiDomenico, 19192). amrigad, qalebis warmodgenam, rom isini Warbi wonis matarebelni arian, SeiZleba ufro meti mxardaWera miiRos sazogadoebidan da kulturidan, vidre mamakacebma. mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom kvebiTi aSlilobebi, nawilobriv, kulturul stereotipebs sdevs Tan, mTeli rigi kvlevebiT dadasturda, romlebSic mniSvnelovani kulturuli gansxvavebebi gamovlinda.
am kvlevam aCvena, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom orive qveynis kolejis asakis mamakacTa TiTqmis Tanabari raodenoba erTxel mainc yofila dietaze (aSS _ 5.3%; hana _ 6.1%), amerikaSi mcxovrebi qalebis gacilebiT didi nawili (43.5%) icavs dietas, vidre _ hanaSi mcxovrebi qalebis (13.3%). garda amisa, studentebs sTxovdnen, rom 12.1 suraTze wardgenili figurebidan amoerCiaT is figura, romelsac isini idealurad miiCnevdnen mamakacisa da qalisaTvis. studentebis saSualo maCveneblebi warmodgenilia suraTze 12.2, sadac SegiZliaT naxoT, rom mamakacis sxeulebis maCveneblebi SedarebiT ucvlelia imis miuxedavad, Tu vin afasebda (kaci Tu qali) da romeli qveynis warmomadgeneli iyo is. SeadareT erTmaneTs 12.1. suraTze mocemuli saSualo maCveneblebi: idealuri~ mamakaci imyofeba M5-sa da M6-s Soris, magram uaxlovdeba M5-s, xolo idealuri qalis sxeuli, rogorc wesi, icvleba erTi sruli quliT imis mixedviT, Tu romeli qveynis warmomadgenlebi afaseben. amerikeli studentebisTvis idealuria F5-ze odnav ufro gamxdari, hanelebi ki _ irCeven F6-Tan axlos myof figuras (Cogen et al., 1996).
saidan viciT
rogor aRiqvamen sxeulis zomas sxvadasxva kulturebSi vermontis universitetis 219 studenti da hanis universitetis 349 studenti gamokiTxes kvebasTan da dietis dacvasTan dakavSirebuli Cvevebisa da qcevebis Sesaxeb.
rogor SeiZleba am gansxvavebebis axsna? mkvlevarTa azriT, hanaSi, iseve rogorc sxva afrikul qveynebSi, yvela ver miscems Tavs uflebas, rom zedmeti wonis matarebeli iyos. ,,simsuqne iq simdidresTan da Zalze uzrunvelyofilobasTan asocirdeba~ (Cogan et al., 1996, gv. 98). rogorc 12.2. suraTze xedavT, dadebiTi kavSiri sxeulis zomasa da xelsayrel pirobebs Soris marTebulia konkretulad qalebisTvis da konkretulad haneli mamakacebis azriT. amerikis SeerTebul Statebis farglebSic iolia sxeulis zomaze msjelobis mixedviT gansxvavebuli jgufebis povna. magaliTad, mozardi gogonebis didi jgufis gamokvlevam cxadyo, rom afroamerikeli gogonebi gacilebiT komforulad grZnoben Tavs sakuTari sxeulis zomebis gamo, vidre _ TeTrkanianebi (Parker et al., 1995; Rand & Kuldau, 1990; Rucer & Cash, 1992). aseve, rodesac kolejis Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani studenti gogonebi afasebdnen gamxdari, saSualo
kveba
475
suraTi
12.1
msjeloba sxeulis zomis Sesaxeb

Tqveni azriT, romeli suraTi warmoadgens yvelaze zustad qalis ideals aSS-Si? mamakacebis ideals?
476
da msuqani modelebis fotosuraTebs, mxolod TeTri gogonebi aZlevdnen didi zomis modelebs dabal Sefasebas (gamxdar da saSualo zomis modelebTan SedarebiT) iseTi parametrebis mixedviT, rogoricaa momxibvleloba, inteleqti da popularoba (Hebl & Heatherton, 1998). aqedan gamomdinare, Tqven, albaT, ar gagikvirdebaT, roca SeityobT, rom TeTrkaniani qalbatonebi ufro metad arian midrekilni kvebiTi aSlilobebisken, vidre afromerikelebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobs zusti monacemebi, romelic asaxavda am ori populaciis gamocdilebas kvebiT aSlilobebTan mimarTebaSi, didi raodenobiT kvlevebis mimoxilva mowmobs, rom afroamerikeli qalebi naklebad eqvemdebarebian maT (Crago et al., 1996). kidev ufro cotaa iseTi kvlevebi, sadac sxva rasobrivi da eTnikuri jgufebia Seswavlili, Tumca arsebuli monacemebi aCvenebs, rom kvebiTi aSlilobebi kidev ufro naklebad gvxvdeba aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebTan (TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT), magram Tanabrad _ espanuri warmoSobis amerikelebTan da TeTrkanianebTan. yoveli moZiebuli SedegisTvis mkvlevrebi cdiloben, rom kulturuli faseulobebi sxeulis zomasa da dietis dacvas daukavSiron.
da kidev erTi saboloo SeniSvna: Tqven amJamad ukve xarT konkretuli kulturis warmomadgeneli, romelic xels uwyobs kvebiTi aSlilobebis ganviTarebas. umaRlesi skolis da kolejis student gogonebs ufro metad aqvT midrekileba bulimiisa da anoreqsiisadmi, vidre maT, vinc ar arian studentebi. kolejSi swavlisas gogonebs SeuZliaT or survils Soris _ gamoiyurebodnen momxiblavad da SeWamon da dalion megobrebTan erTad _ warmoqmnili daZabulobis ganmuxtva imiT, rom jer imxiarulon wveulebaze megobrebTan erTad da Semdeg ganiwmindon~ _ ganTavisufldnen miRebuli kaloriebisagan (Rand & Kuldau, 1992). Tqven unda icodeT, rom kolejis cxovreba SeiZleba aseTi safrTxis winaSe gayenebdeT.
Tavi 12 / motivacia
Sejameba
SimSils gansazRvravs rogorc periferiuli reaqciebi, rogoricaa sensorul-specifikuri simaZRre, aseve centraluri reaqciebi, rogoricaa hipoTalamusis aris aqtivacia. Warbi wonisadmi midrekilebaze gavlenas axdens memkvidreoba. fsiqologiuri faqtorebi, aseve,
suraTi
12.2
sxeulis zomis aRqma sxvadasxva kulturaSi

vermontis universitetis da hanas universitetis studentebma aRniSnes, Tu romeli figura suraTze (12.1) miaCniaT mamakacis da qalis idealur sxeulad.
mniSvnelovan rols asruleben imis gansazRvraSi, Tu ramdens da rodis SeWams adamiani. mkvlevrebi aRweren kvebiT qcevas, rogorc SezRuduls da SeuzRudavs. SezRuduli mWameli uzomo raodenobis sakvebis miRebis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba, rodesac safrTxe emuqreba mis fsiqologiur keTildReobas. kvebiTi aSlilobebi yvelaze metad mozard gogonebTan gvxdeba. rogorc wesi, Sefasebaze, romelic iwvevs mozardTan kvebiTi aSlilobis ganviTarebas, gavlenas axdens mis subkulturaSi gavrcelebuli damokidebuleba sxeulis zomisadmi. magaliTad, afroamerikeli qalbatonebi naklebad wuxdebian sakuTari sxeulis zomis gamo da isini ufro naklebad eqvemdebarebian kvebiT aSlilobebs.
Tqveni sxeulis fiziologia gaiZulebT, rom yovel dRe ifiqrobT kvebaze, magram ra SeiZleba iTqvas seqsis Sesaxeb? martivia seqsis biologiuri funqciis gansazRvra; es gamravlebaa (reproduqciaa), magram ramdenad aixsneba am mizniT is sixSire, ra sixSiriTac fiqrobT seqsualur
477
seqsualuri qceva
seqsualuri qceva
qcevaze? rodesac hkiTxes, Tu ra sixSiriT fiqrobdnen seqsze, mamakacebis 54%-ma da qalebis 19%-ma aRniSna, rom, sul mcire, dReSi erTxel mainc mosdiodaT TavSi seqsualuri xasiaTis azrebi (Michel et al., 1994). rogor SegviZlia avxsnaT seqsze fiqris aseTi sixSire? rogor ukavSirdeba azrebi seqsis Sesaxeb seqsualur qcevas? motivaciis sakiTxi am SemTxvevaSic rCeba sakiTxad imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom iwyeben adamianebi garkveuli qcevebis ganxorcielebas. rogorc ukve viciT, seqsualuri qceva biologiurad mxolod gamravlebisTvisaa aucilebeli, Tumca, Tu kveba arsebiTia individis gadarCenisTvis, amas ver vityviT seqsze. zogierTi cxoveli da adamiani mTeli cxovrebis manZilze martoxela rCeba da es araviTar TvalsaCino zians ar ayenebs mis yoveldRiur funqcionirebas; Tumca, reproduqcia arsebiTia mTliani saxeobis gadarCenisaTvis. STamomavlobis gaCenisTvis rom namdvilad gaweuliyo Zalisxmeva, bunebam seqsualuri stimulacia gansakuTrebiT sasiamovno gaxada. orgazmi uZlieresi ganmamtkicebelia im energiis sazRaurad, romelic Sewyvilebis dros ixarjeba. siamovnebis miRebis es SesaZlebloba seqsualur qcevas iseT motivaciur Zalas aniWebs, romelic gacilebiT aRemateba Tavad reproduq-
ciis moTxovnilebas. seqsualuri dakmayofilebis misaRwevad individi mravalferovan qcevebs axorcielebs. miuxedavavd amisa, seqsualur motivacias garegani wyaroc aqvs. kultura adgens misaRebi seqsualuri qcevis normebsa da standartebs. Tu adamianTa umravlesoba cdilobs am normebis Sesabamisi qcevebis ganxorcielebas, zogierTi adamiani seqsualur dakmayofilebas, upiratesad, am normebis darRveviT aRwevs. am qveTavSi Cven jer vnaxavT, Tu ra aris cnobili seqsualuri ltolvebisa da dawyvilebis qcevis Sesaxeb cxovelebSi, Semdeg ki adamianis seqsualurobis Sesaxeb calkeul sakiTxebze SevaCerebT Tqvens yuradRebas.
cxovelebis seqsualuri qceva

cxovelebis seqsualuri qcevis pirveladi motivacia reproduqciaa. im saxeobebisTvis, romlebic seqss reproduqciisTvis iyeneben, evoluciam Seqmna ori saxis sqesi: mamrobiTi da mdedrobiTi. mdedrebi gamoimuSaveben didi zomis kvercxujredebs (romelic momaragebulia embrionis zrdisTvis sakmarisi energiiT), mamrebi ki _ moZraobis unaris mqone (kvercxujredSi gadaadgilebisTvis) spermatozoidebs. orive sqesis individma ise unda moaxdinos moqmedebebis sinqronizacia, rom spermatozoidi da kvercxujredi saTanado pirobebSi Sexvdnen erTmaneTs da moxdes Casaxva. seqsualuri aRgzneba upiratesad fiziologiuri procesebiT aris ganpirobebuli. cxovelebi, ZiriTadad, im hormonebis nakadis sapasuxod emzadebian dasawyvileblad, romlebsac hipofizis jirkvali akontrolebs da romlebsac sasqeso jirkvlebi _ gonadebi gamoimuSavebs. mamrebSi am hormons androgens uwodeben da is uwyvetad gamomuSavdeba saWiro raodenobiT. Sesabamisad, mamrebi hormonalurad TiTqmis nebismier dros mzad arian SewyvilebisTvis. Tumca, mravali saxeobis mdedrSi sqesobrivi hormoni estrogeni, rogorc wesi, dReebis an Tveebis regularuli droiTi cikliT, an sezonuri cvlilebebis mixedviT gamomuSavdeba. amasTan, mdedrebi yovelTvis ar arian hormonalurad mzad SewyvilebisTvis. es hormonebi moqmedebs rogorc tvinis, ise _ genitalur qsovilebze da xSirad safuZvlad
478
udevs stereotipuli seqsualuri qcevis prognozirebad paterns mocemuli saxeobis yvela wevrisaTvis. Tu, magaliTad, virTxebis erTi wyvilis Sewyvilebis Tanmimdevroba naxeT, maSin ukve iciT, Tu rogor iqcevian danarCenebi. mdedri virTxa mkeTri moZraobiT midis mamris mimarTulebiT da mis yuradRebas iqcevs. Semdeg mamri Tvals miadevnebs gaqceul mdedrs. mdedri uecrad Cerdeba da zemoT wevs sxeulis ukana nawils, mamri Sedis masSi, swrafad axorcielebs friqciebs da gamodis. mdedri uecari moZraobiT isev gaurbis mas da Tavidan iwyeba rbola, romelic calkeuli intromisiebiT eakulaciamde 10-20-jer wydeba. amis Semdeg mamri cota xniT isvenebs da mTeli seqsualuri cikli isev Tavidan iwyeba. primatebic aseve xanmokled (daaxloebiT 15 wamis ganmavlobaSi) wyvildebian. siasamurebis dawyvileba neli da xangrZlivia da daaxloebiT rva saaTi grZeldeba. mtaceblebs, magaliTad, loms xangrZlivi dawyvilebis ritualiT tkboba axasiaTebs: arc meti, arc naklebi, yovel naxevar saaTSi erTxel oTxi Tanmimdevruli dRis manZilze, xolo maTi msxverplis, magaliTad, antilopebis Sewyvileba mxolod ramdenime wams grZldeba da Zalian xSirad es sirbilis dros xdeba (Ford & Beach, 1951). seqsualuri aRgzneba xSirad gare samyaroSi arsebuli stimulebiT iwyeba. bevri saxeobisTvis potenciuri partnioris mier ritualuri qcevebis Wvreta da Tanmxlebis xmebis gagoneba aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens seqsualuri raeqciisTvis. metic, iseT sxvadasxvagvar saxeobebSi, rogoricaa cxvari, xari da virTxa, axali mdedri partnioris gamoCena gavlenas axdens mamris seqsualur qcevaze. mamrma, romelmac ukve miaRwia seqsualur dakmayofilebas erT mdedr partniorTan, SeiZleba ganaaxlos seqsualuri aqtivoba, roca mis win axali mdedri gamoCndeba (Dewsbury, 1981). seqsualuri aRgznebisTvis Sexeba, gemo da ynosva, aseve, garegani stimulis rols asrulebs. rogorc me-4 TavSi iyo aRwerili, zogierTi saxeoba qimiur signalebs _ feromonebs gamoyofs, romlebic, xandaxan didi manZilidanac ki izidavs Tayvanismcemlebs (Farine et al., 1996; Minckley et al., 1991). bevr saxeobaSi mdedri maSin gamoyofs feromonebs, rodesac is yvelaze metadaa ganayofierebisTvis mzad, hormonebis koncentracia da seqsualuri interesi ki piks aRwevs. amave saxeobis mamrebisTvis es gamoyo-
Tavi 12 / motivacia
suraTi
12.3
mdedri gupebis partnioris arCeva

mdedri gupebi, èqsperimentul~ jgufSi xedaven sxva mdedrs naklebad narinjisferi mamri gupis axlos. mdedri gupebi `sakontrolo~ jgufSi ver akvirdebian sxva mdedris arCevans. monacemebi cxadyofs, rom arsebobs kompromisi bunebasa da gawvrTnas Soris. Seferilobis mixedviT naklebi gansxvavebis SemTxvevaSi mdedri gupi irCevs im mamrs, romelic sxva mdedrma ukve airCia. Tumca, roca SeferilobaSi gansvla ukiduresi xdeba (40%), mdedrebi cvlian arCevans bunebis sasargeblod _ irCeven narinjisfer mamrs.
fili nivTierebebi upirobo gamRizianebelia aRgznebisa da yuradRebis miqcevisTvis. maT memkvidreobiT miiRes am stimulebiT aRgznebisken midrekileba. rodesac datyvevebuli mamri mamaka rezusi mezobel galiaSi myofi, SewyvilebisTvis momzadebuli mdedris suns iynosavs, is mTeli rigi saTanado fiziologiuri cvlilebebiT, maT Soris saTesle jirkvlebis zomis momatebiT, reagirebs, rac sqesobrivi aqtisTvis mzaobaze miuTiTeben (Hopson, 1979). miuxedavad imisa, rom seqsualuri reaqcia cxovelebSi mniSvnelovanwilad Tandayolili biologiuri ZalebiT aris ganpirobebuli, is kvlav tovebs adgils ,,kulturuli~ aspeqtebisaTvis, romlebic gavlenas axdenen Sewyvilebis arCevanze. magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT Tevzebis erT-erTi saxeobis _ gupebis SemTxveva.
saidan viciT
buneba da aRzrda mdedri gupebis partnioris SerCevisas umetes SemTxvevebSi mdedri gupebi mdinare pariadan (trinidadSi) upiratesobas aniWeben mamrebs, romelTa SeferilobaSic narinjisferi Warbobs; Tumca, rodesac ori mamri erTnairad narinjisfradaa Seferili, mdedri gupebi am oridan ufro xSirad irCeven imas, romelic sxva
gagikvirdaT, roca gaigeT, rom akvariumSi mcxovrebi es uwyinari Tevzebi yuradRebas aqceven imas, Tu sxva Tevzi vis CaTvlis sasurvelad an arasasurvelad? am eqsperimentma mogvimzada safuZveli imisaTvis, rom adamianis seqsualobis Sesaxeb ganvagrZoT saubari. qvemoT vnaxavT, rom
seqsualuri qceva
mdedris siaxloves SeniSnes. sainteresoa, ra xdeba maSin, roca buneba (,,metad narinjisferi Tevzis arCeva~) da aRzrda (,,sxva mdedris mier arCeulis arCeva~) upirispirdeba erTmaneTs? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad mkvlevrebma iseTi mamri gupebi gamozardes, romlebic erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebodnen mTliani narinjisferi Seferilobis 0%-dan 40%-mde. ,,eqsperimentuli~ jgufis mdedri gupebi uyurebdnen sxva mdedr gupebs, romlebic narinjisfrad naklebad Seferili mamri gupebis gverdiT imyofebodnen, sakontrolo jgufis mdedrebi ki ver xedavdnen Sewyvilebis qcevas. suraTi 12.3 gviCvenebs bunebisa da aRzrdis dapirispirebis Sedegs. Seferilobis mixedviT mcire gansxvavebis SemTxvevaSi mdedri gupebi im mewyviles irCeven, romelic sxvis mier ukve iqna arCeuli. Tumca, roca gansxvaveba gacilebiT mkveTri xdeba (daaxloebiT 40%), mdedrebi ,,bunebis~ sasargeblod cvlian arCevans da ufro metad narinjisfer partniors irCeven (Dugatkin, 1996).
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mkvlevrebi darwmunebulni arian, rom adamianis seqsualur reaqcias (ganxiluli magaliTis msgavsad) ayalibebs rogorc Cveni evoluciuri ganviTarebis istoria, ise _ Cvens irgvliv myofi adamianebis prioritetebi.
adamianis seqsualuri agzneba da reaqciebi

hormonaluri aqtivoba, romelic esoden mniSvnelovania biologiuri saxeobebis seqsualuri qcevis regulaciisas, Zalze mcirediT moqmedebs mravali mamakacisa da qalis seqsualur mzaobasa da sqesobrivi ltolvis dakmayofilebaze (Bancrft, 1978). qalebSi hormonebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben ovulaciisa da menstruaciis ciklis kontrolSi, Tumca, normis farglebSi hormonTa SemcvelobaSi individualuri gansxvavebebi ar gansazRvravs seqsualuri aqtivobis sixSiresa da xarisxs. mamakacebisTvis hormoni testosteroni aucilebelia seqsualuri aRgznebisa da sqesobrivi aqtis ganxorcielebisTvis. 18-dan, sul mcire, 60 wlamde janmrTel mamakacTa umravlesobas sisxlSi imdeni testosteroni aqvs, ramdenic sruliad sakmarisia normaluri seqsualuri ltolvebis aRsaZravad. testosteronis raodenobis individualuri variacia normis farglebSi ar ukavSirdeba imas, Tu rogor xorcieldeba seqsualuri qcevebi. adamianebSi seqsualuri agzneba aRelvebisa da daZabulobis motivaciuri mdgomareobaa, romelsac erotikul stimulze fiziologiuri da kognituri reaqcia iwvevs. erotikuli stimuli, romelic SeiZleba iyos fizikuri an fsiqologiuri, iwvevs seqsualur mRelvarebas da vnebis gancdas. erotikuli stimulebiT gamowveuli seqsualuri aRgzneba reducirdeba seqsualuri aqtivobiT, romelsac individi damakmayofilebel moqmedebaTa erTobliobad aRiqvams, gansakuTrebiT orgazmis miRwevis SemTxvevaSi. mkvlevrebi aTwleulebis manZilze swavloben cxovelebis sqesobriv moqmedebebsa da seqsualur
seqsualuri agzneba (Sexual arousal) _ aRgznebisa da daZabulobis motivaciuri mdgomareoba, romlic aRmocendeba erotikul stimulebze fiziologiuri da kognituri reaqciebiT.
reaqciebs, magram mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi akrZaluli iyo adamianebis mier ganxorcielebuli msgavsi qcevebis Seswavla. uiliam mastersma da virjinia jonsonma (William Master & Virjinia Johnson, 1966, 1970, 1976) daarRvies es tradiciuli tabu. maT daamkvidres da daakanones adamianis seqsualobis kvleva imiT, rom laboratoriul pirobebSi uSualod akvirdebodnen da aRricxavdnen im fiziologiur kanonzomierebebs, romlebic Tan sdevda adamianebis mier uwyvetad ganxorcielebul seqsualur moqmedebebs. amiT isini ikvlevdnen ara imas, Tu ras amboben adamianebi seqsis Sesaxeb, aramed imas, Tu rogor reagireben da iqcevian isini sinamdvileSi. seqsualur stimulaciaze adamianebis reaqciebis uSualod Sesaswavlad mastersma da jonsonma ganaxorcieles sakontrolo laboratoriuli dakvirveba aTasobiT moxalise mamakacsa da qalze masturbaciisa da sqesobrivi aqtis aTobiT aTasi seqsualuri reaqciis ciklis dros. am kvlevebis Sedegad miiRes oTxi Zalze mniSvnelovani daskvna: (1) mamakacebi da qalebi seqsualuri reaqciebis msgavsi paternebiT xasiaTdebian; (2) miuxedavad imisa, rom seqsualuri reaqciis ciklis fazebis Tanmimdevroba orive sqesSi msgavsia, qalebi ufro cvalebadni arian _ isini midrekilni arian ufro neli, xSirad ki _ ufro xangrZlivi reaqciisken; (3) drois Tanabar periodebSi bevr qals SeuZlia mravaljeradi orgazmis gancda maSin, roca mamakacebTan es iSviaTad xdeba; (4) penisis zoma aranairad ukavSirdeba seqsualur moqmedebebTan asocirebul arc erT aspeqts (garda didi penisis qonasTan Tavad mamakacis damokidebulebisa). adamianis seqsualuri reaqciis ciklSi oTx fazas gamoyofen, esenia: _ agzneba, plato, orgazmi da gadawyveta (ix. sur. 12.4). agznebis anu ltolvis fazaSi (romelic ramdenime wuTidan erT saaTamde da metxans grZeldeba) menjis areSi mimdinareobs vaskularuli (sisxlZarRvovani) cvlilebebi. penisi magrdeba da swordeba, klitori ibereba; sisxli da sxva siTxeebi avsebs sakvercxeebsa da vaginas; sxeuli wiTldeba, anu Cndeba seqsualuri siwiTle.
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Tavi 12 / motivacia
suraTi
12.4
adamianis seqsualuri reaqciebis fazebi

mamakacebsa da qalebs seqsualuri reaqciis fazebis msgavsi paternebi aqvT. ZiriTadad gansxvavebulia dro, romelic saWiroa TiToeuli fazis misaRwevad, da didi albaToba imisa, rom qalebi miaRweven mravaljerad orgazms.
platos fazaSi miiRweva agznebis maqsimaluri (Tumca, cvalebadi) done. swrafad izrdeba guliscema da sisxlis wneva, xSirdeba sunTqva, Zlierdeba jirkvlebis sekrecia, izrdeba nebismieri da uneblie kunTuri daZabuloba mTel sxeulSi. matulobs vaginaluri siTxis gamoyofa da ibereba mkerdi. orgazmis fazaSi mamakacebi da qalebi ganicdian manamde mzardi seqsualuri daZabulobis gantvirTvis Zalze intensiur sasiamovno gancdas. orgazmi xasiaTdeba ritmuli SekumSvebiT, romlebic warmoiqmneba daaxloebiT yovel rva-aT wamSi erTxel genitalur areSi. rogorc mamakacebSi, ise qalebSi sunTqvis sixSire da sisxlis wneva Zalian maRalia, guliscema ki _ ormagdeba. mamakacebSi pulsirebadi SekumSvebi iwvevs eakulacias, anu spermis amofrqvevas. gadawyvetis, anu dasrulebis fazaSi sxeuli TandaTanobiT ubrundeba normalur, aRgznebamdel mdgomareobas, sisxlis wneva da guliscemis
sixSire ecema. erTi orgazmis Semdeg mamakacTa umravlesoba Sedis refleqtorul periodSi (anu isini ar reagireben seqsualur stimulaciaze), romelic ramdenime wuTidan ramdenime saaTamde grZeldeba. am drois manZilze kidev erTi orgazmis miRweva SeuZlebelia. mdgradi aRgznebis mqone zogierT qals SeuZlia mravajeradi orgazmis gancda sakmaod swrafi TanmimdevrobiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom mastersisa da jonsonis kvleva seqsualuri reaqciebis fiziologiaze fokusirdeboda, maTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani aRmoCena, albaT, rogorc aRgznebaSi, ise _ dakmayofilebaSi fsiqologiuri procesebis centraluri rolis dadgena iyo. maT aCvenes, rom seqsualuri reaqciebis problemebs fsiqologiuri mizezebi ufro xSirad aqvs, vidre fiziologiuri. Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia maTi modificireba an Terapiis saSualebiT daZleva. gansakuTrebuli Civilis sagania seqsualuri reaqciis ciklis dasrulebisa da dakmayofilebis miRwevis unaris arqona. xSirad am uZlurebis wyaros warmoadgens pirovnuli problemebiT datvirTuloba, SiSi seqsualuri aqtivobis Sedegebis gamo; SfoTva imis gamo, Tu rogor Seafasebs partniori individis seqsualur moqmedebebs; aracnobieri danaSaulis gancda anda uaryofiTi azrebi. Tumca, cudi kveba, daRliloba, stresi da alkoholis didi raodenobiT gamoyeneba an narkotikebi, agreTve, amcirebs seqsualur ltolvebsa da maTi dakmayofilebis unars. Cven mimovixileT adamianis seqsualurobis da seqsualuri aRgznebis zogierTi fiziologiuri aspeqti, magram jer ar gvisaubria im Zalebze, romlebic ganapirobeben seqsualur
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seqsualuri qceva
qcevebSi arsebul gansxvavebebs. daviwyebT im mosazrebiT, rom reproduqcia, rogorc mizani, mamakacebisa da qalebisaTvis seqsualuri qcevis gansxvavebul paternebs uzrunvelyofs.
seqsualuri qcevis evolucia

Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom cxovelebSi seqsualuri qcevis paterni, ZiriTadad, evoluciiT aris ganmtkicebuli. umTavresi mizania reproduqcia _ saxeobis gadarCena da SenarCuneba, seqsualuri qceva ki Zalze ritualizebuli da stereotipulia. SeiZleba, rom igive vamtkicoT adamianis seqsualuri qcevis zogadi paternebis Sesaxebac? evoluciis sakiTxze momuSave fsiqologebma Seamowmes mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom mamakacma da qalma gamoimuSaves gansxvavebuli strategiebi, romelic safuZvlad udevs seqsualur qcevas (Buss, 1999; Wright, 1994). am strategiebis aRsawerad adamianis reproduqciis zogierTi realiis gaxseneba dagvWirdeba. mamakacebi SeZlebdnen weliwadSi asobiT reproduqciis aqtis ganxorcielebas, Tu moZebnidnen Sewyvilebis sakmarisi raodenobis mosurnes. bavSvis CasaxvisTvis maT mxolod erTi Cais kovzi sperma da ramdenimewuTiani sqesobrivi kavSiri moeTxovebaT. qalebs SeuZliaT weliwadSi mxolod erTxel ganaxorcielon reproduqcia da Semdeg TiToeul bavSvs auracxeli dro da energia unda dauTmon (sxvaTa Soris, msoflio rekordi imisa, Tu ramdenjer SeuZlia qals bavSvis gaCena, aris 50, magram mamakacebSi es ricxvi gacilebiT metia. morokanis despots, mefe ismail sisxlismRvrels 7000 Svili hyavda, CineTis pirveli imperatorze ki amboben, rom 3000 bavSvis mama iyo. cxadia, orives didi haramxana hqonda). amrigad, roca mizani reproduqciaa, kvercxujredebis resursi SezRudulia da amitom mamrebs konkurencia uwevT ganayofierebis SesaZleblobis mosapoveblad. mTavari problema, romelic mamri cxovelis winaSe dgas, misi STamomavlobis ricxvis SeZlebisdagvarad gazrdaa, rac aseve didi raodenobis mdedrebTan SewyvilebiT miiRweva, magram ZiriTadi problema,
mSobliuri zrunva da wvlili (Parental investment) _ dro da energia, romelic unda daxarjon mSoblebma TavianTi STamomavlobis aRsazrdelad.
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romelic mdedri cxovelis winaSe dgas, maRalxarisxiani mamris moZebnaa, raTa uzrunvelyos saukeTeso, yvelaze janmrTeli STamomavloba sakuTari SezRuduli raodenobis kvercxujredebidan. ufro metic, adamianis STamomavlobas imdenad didi dro sWirdeba momwifebisaTvis da imdenad umweoa, sanam izrdeba, rom saWiroebs arsebiT wvlils da zrunvas mSoblebis mxridan (Trivers, 1972; Wright, 1994). Tevzebisa da obobebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic ubralod deben kvercxebs da toveben maT, dedebma da mamebma Svilebis gasazrdelad dro da energia unda daxarjon. amgvarad, qals esaWiroeba ara mxolod yvelaze didi, yvelaze Zlieri, yvelaze Wkviani, yvelaze maRali statusis mqone da yvelaze momxibvleli mewyvile, aramed mas, aseve, sWirdeba yvelaze erTguli da yvelaze pasuxismgebliani partniori, romelic mas maTi saerTo bavSvebis gazrdaSi daexmareba. erT-erTma evoluciurma fsiqologma, devid bassma (David Buss, 1999; Buss & Schmitt, 1993) gamoTqva mosazreba, rom mamakaci da qali sxvadasxva strategiebs, emociebsa da motivaciebs aviTareben moklevadiani da grZelvadiani SewyvilebebisTvis. mamakacTan cdunebisa da mitovebis strategia, rac erTgulebisa da valdebulebis Cvenebasa da Semdeg mitovebas gulisxmobs, moklevadiani kontaqtebisTvis gankuTvnili strategiaa; erTgulad darCenisa da STamomavlobaze zrunvis strategia ki _ grZelvadiania. qalis SemTxvevaSi im erTguli mamakacis moxibvlis strategia, romelic masTan darCeba da bavSvebis aRzdaSi daexmareba, grZelvadiani strategiaa. bevrs kamaToben imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogoria moklevadiani Sewyvilebis strategia qalTan. erTni amtkiceben, rom mouwesrigebel, SemTxveviT sqesobriv kavSirebs, evoluciuri TvalsazrisiT, arasodes moutania qalebisTvis sargebeli _ isini SeiZleba dafexmZimdnen da, asaTan, ar iyvnen darwmunebulni, rom mamakaci Semdgom izrunebs masze da mis STamomavlobaze. qalebi, rogorc Cans, ufro naklebad arian dainteresebulni SemTxveviTi seqsiT, vidre mamakacebi (Buss& scmitt, 1993). meoreni amtkiceben, rom moklevadiani kavSirebi mraval (gansakuTrebiT ki xanSi Sesul da mdidar) mamakacTan dauyovnebeli dajildovebis sanacvlod nazRaurdeba imiT, rom uzrunvelyofs moklevadian gadarCenas.
Tavi 12 / motivacia
mkvlevrebma evoluciuri Teoriis prognozebis mravali damadasturebeli sabuTi moipoves. magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT kvlevebi, romelTa saSualebiTac Seamowmes, Tu ra gavlenas axdenda Casaxvis SesaZlebloba qalis msjelobaze mamakacis saxis momxibvlelobis Sesaxeb.
saidan viciT
qalebis mier mamakacis saxeebisadmi upiratesobis miniWeba mamakacis romel saxes CaTvlis konkretuli qali mimzidvelad? mkvlevarTa jgufma Camoayaliba hipoTeza, romlis mixedviTac am kiTxvaze pasuxi, nawilobriv, damokidebulia qalis menstrualuri ciklis fazaze (Penton-Voak et al., 1999; Penton-Voak & Perrett, 2000). mamakacebis saxeebs, romlebic eqsperimentSi gamoiyeneboda, kompiuteris daxmarebiT ise cvlidnen, rom mieRoT diapazoni SedarebiT maskulinuri saxidan SedarebiT feminur saxemde. rodesac qalebs grZelvadiani urTierTobisTvis~ sTxovdnen yvelaze mimzidveli saxis amorCevas, isini upiratesobas aniWebdnen im saxes, romelsac SedarebiT feminuri Sexeduleba hqonda: rogorc Canda, mamakacis ufro metad feminuri saxe metyvelebda imaze, rom is sando da saimedo partniori iqneboda grZelvadian urTierTobaSi. Tumca, arCevani moklevadiani urTierTobisTvis~ damokidebuli iyo qalis menstrualur ciklis fazaze. is qalebi, romlebic menstrualuri ciklis im fazaSi imyofebodnen, rodesac yvelaze maRalia dafexmZimebis riski, arCevans SedarebiT maskulinur saxeze aCerebdnen. rogorc Cans, dafexmZimebis SesaZleblobam gadaanacvla qalebis arCevani im saxidan, romelic ityobineboda, rom misi mflobeli kargi mzrunveli~ iqneboda, im saxeze, romelic metyvelebda, rom misi mflobels ,,kargi genebi~ hqonda. am gamokvlevaSi prioritetebs Seiswavlidnen da ara realur seqsualur qcevas; Tumca, is mainc gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba warmar-
Tavdes Cveni evoluciuri istoria adamianis cxovrebis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom gamokvleva adasturebs adamianis seqsualuri qcevis evoluciuri axsnis mraval prognozs, sxva Teoretikosebi Tvlian, rom aseT axsnaSi saTanadod ar aris Sefasebuli kulturis roli (Angier, 1999). magaliTad, qalebi ufro meti erotikuli plastikurobiT xasiaTdebian, vidre mamakacebi: qalebi seqsualur reaqciebsa da seqsualur qcevaSi met mravalferovnebas avlenen, vidre mamakacebi (Baumeister, 2000). es variaciebi, rogorc Cans, didwilad, kulturuli SezRudvebis Sedegs warmoadgens (Hyde & Dukik, 2000). gavixsenoT 1960-iani wlebis seqsualuri revolucia~. cvlilebebi seqsualur qcevaSi mohyva qalTa mzard mzaobas _ daemyarebinaT SemTxveviTi seqsualuri kavSirebi. cxadia, Seicvala ara qalebis evoluciuri istoria, aramedEmaT mier seqsualuri ltolvebis gamoxatvisadmi sazogadoebis damokidebuleba. miuxedavad imisa, rom evoluciuri midgoma adamianis seqsualuri qcevis zogierT aspeqts xsnis, kritikosebi mogviwodeben, rom yuradReba mivaqcioT am qcevis kulturiT ganpirobebul variabilurobas (cvalebadobas). seqsualuri qcevis normebi Zalze mgrZnobiarea droisa da adgilis mimarT. swored am normebze visaubrebT qvemoT.
seqsualuri qcevis normebi

rogoria saSualo adamianis seqsualuri cxovreba? adamianis seqsualuri qcevis mecnierul kvlevas, romelic 1940-ian wlebSi daiwyo, pirveli mniSvnelovani biZgi alfred kinsis da misi kolegebis naSromma misca (Alfred Kinsey, 1948, 1953). maT daaxloebiT 17 aTasi amerikeli gamokiTxes maTi seqsualuri qcevis Taobaze da aRmoaCines sazogadoebisTvis gamaognebeli faqti: garkveuli qcevebi, romlebic manamde iSviaTad da paTologiuradac ki iTvleboda, realurad sakmaod farTod iyo gavrcelebuli, an, sul mcire, fiqsirdeboda, rom arsebobda. ukanasknel wlebSi mkvlevrebma Caatares gamokiTxvaTa seria seqsualuri qcevis Cveuli, didi regularobiT ganxorcielebadi formebis Sesaxeb. miRebul Sedegebs farTod da xmauriT aSuqebda masmedia. cxrilSi 12.3
seqsualuri qceva
483
cxrili
12.3
seqsualuri aqtivoba mozrdil amerikelebSi, 1994*
seqsualuri partniorebis raodenoba 18 wlis asakidan (TiToeuli kategoriaSi monacemi warmodgenilia procentebiT)
0 1 26 31 25 40 30 24 2-10 44 56 53 43 49 50 10 da meti 33 9 19 15 17 24
mamakacebi qalebi 25-29 weli 55-59 weli saSualo ganaTleba kolejis ganaTleba
3 3 2 1 3 2
seqsualuri aqtiobis sixSire bolo 12 Tvis manZilze (TiToeuli kategoriaSi monacemi warmodgenilia procentebiT)
arc erTi mamakacebi qalebi mamakacebi 25-29 weli 55-59 weli qalebi 25-29 weli 55-59 weli mamakacebi saSualo skola koleji qalebi saSualo skola koleji 11 14 16 17 38 37 36 33 10 9 15 18 34 38 41 35 5 30 10 22 38 35 47 13 7 11 15 22 31 43 47 23 14 10 weliwadSi ramdenjerme 16 18 TveSi ramdenjerme 37 36 kviraSi orjer an metjer 34 37
*monacemebi efuZneba SemTxveviTad SerCeuli 18 wlis da zemoT asakis 3432 respondentisgan Semdgari SerCevis gamokiTxvas.
Tavi 12 / motivacia
mocemulia erT-erTi farTomasStabiani gamokiTxviT miRebuli monacemebi (Michael et al., 1994). mkvlevrebi mTel rig SekiTxvebs svamdnen. cxrilSi pasuxebis mxolod mcire nawilia warmodgenili. SegiZliaT miuTiToT saintereso tendenciebze? magaliTad, Tqven SeiZleba sainteresod CaTvaloT, rom 55-59 wlis adamianebi ufro xSirad aRniSnaven, rom 18 wlis asakidan erT partniorTan arian, vidre 25-29 wlis adamianebi. aseTi Sedegi gvafiqrebinebs, rom seqsualuri qcevis normebi Seicvala ukanaskneli aTwleulebis manZilze. seqsualuri qcevis es normebi imis nawilia, rasac Tqven iTvisebT, rogorc garkveuli
seqsualuri qcevis scenarebi (Sexual scripts) _ seqsualuri pasuxismgeblobis socialurad daswavlili programa.
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kulturis wevri. Cven ukve vTqviT, rom seqsualuri qcevis zogierTi zogadi ,,qaluri~ da ,,mamakacuri~ aspeqti SeiZleba warmoadgendes adamianTa modgmis evoluciis produqts. miuxadavad amisa, sxvadasxva kulturebi gansazRvraven qcevaTa rigs, romelTac seqsualuri impulsebis gamoxatvisaTvis saTanadod da misaRebad miiCneven. seqsualuri qcevis scenarebi seqsualuri reaqciebis ganxorcielebis socialurad (sazogadoebaSi) daswavlili programebia, romlebSic Sedis (rogorc wesi, uTqmeli) miTiTebebi, Tu ra, rodis, sad da rogor unda gakeTdes; visTan da riTi unda gakeTdes; dabolos, ratom unda gakeTdes (Gegnon, 1977). am scenarebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebi Sekrebilia cxovrebis manZilze socialuri urTierTqmedebebis procesSi. seqsualuri qcevis Cveneul
scenarebSi realizebuli ganwyobebi da faseulobebi seqsualuri motivaciis garegan wyaros warmoadgens: scenari gvTavazobs qcevis tipebs, romelTa ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia an aucilebelia. scenari warmoadgens socialuri normebidan momdinare miTiTebebis (ra aris swori da miRebuli), individualuri molodinebis da warsulSi daswavlil qcevaTa prioritetuli Tanmimdevrobis kombinacias. seqsualuri qcevis Tqveneul scenarTa ricxvSi Sedis scenarebi ara mxolod imis Sesaxeb, Tu, Tqveni azriT, risi gakeTeba iqneboda misaRebi da drouli Tqveni mxridan, aramed isic, Tu ras eliT Tqveni seqsualuri partniorisgan. rodesac ar aRiareben scenarebis arsebobas, ar ganixilaven anda ar axdenen maT sinqronizacias, scenarebs Soris gansxvavebam SeiZleba gaarTulos, da problemuri gaxados partniorebis urTierTSegueba. yuradReba SevaCeroT kolejis studentebisTvis Cveul seqsualur qcevebze. mkvlevrebi xSirad interesdebian imiT, Tu ratom axorcieleben individebi riskian seqsualur urTierTobebs iseT pirobebSi, roca dafexmZimebis an veneriuli daavadebis gadadebis safrTxe arsebobs. evoluciisa da seqsualuri gansxvavebebis sakiTxebis ganxilvis fonze ar gagikvirdebaT, Tu getyviT, rom mamakacebi ufro metad axorcieleben riskian qcevas, vidre qalebi (Poppen, 1995). kolejis studentebis erT SerCevaSi ufro metma mamakacma, vidre qalma (Sesabamisad, 77% da 14%), ganacxada, rom isini barebSi savaraudo seqsualuri partnioris gacnobis mizniT Sediodnen da maT hqoniaT seqsi axlad gacnobil
gaupatiureba paemanze (Date rape) _ ewodeba iseT situaciebs, rodesac individs nacnobi adamiani aiZulebs sqesobrivi kavSiris damyarebas.
seqsualuri qceva
partniorTan (Sesabamisad, 47% da 24%). amasTan, ufro metma mamakacma aRniSna, rom hqonia seqsi yovelgvari kontracepciis gareSe (Sesabamisad, 78% da 64%). kolejis studentebis seqsualuri qcevis mkvlevrebma gamoavlines kidev erTi sfero, romelSic mamakacebisa da qalebis seqsualuri qcevis scenarebi mniSvnelovnad ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs. esaa paemanze gaupatiureba. paemanze gaupatiurebas uwodeben iseT situaciebs, rodesac individs nacnobi adamiani aiZulebs sqesobrivi kavSiris damyarebas. erT-erT gamokiTxvaSi mkvlevrebi interesdebodnen, hqondaT Tu ara respondentebs maTze mimarTuli seqsualuri agresiis gamocdileba. sul gamoikiTxa 341 qali, romelTa 78%-ma aRniSna, rom isini yofilan seqsualuri agresiis garkveuli formis msxverplni. daaxloebiT 15% aRniSnavs, rom paemnis situaciam ubiZga maT seqsualuri kavSiris damyarebisken (Muehlenhard & Linton, 1987). rodesac mamakacebs hkiTxes, Tu vin aris damnaSave paemnis situaciaSi momxdar Zaladobaze, maT, qalebTan SedarebiT, metwilad msxverpli (anu gaupatiurebuli qali) daasaxeles (Bell et al., 1994; Ryckman et al., 1998). paemanze Zaladobis kvlevebma aCvena, rom mamakacTa da qalTa seqsualuri scenarebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan simboluri winaaRmdegobis gamovlenis TvalsazrisiT. esaa qalis mier gaweuli susti winaaRmdegoba seqsualur Tavdasxmaze, sabolood jamSi sqesobrivi kavSiris daSvebis ganzraxvis miuxedavad. Zalian cota qali _ daaxloebiT 5% aRniSnavs, rom gauweviaT simboluri winaaRmdegoba, Tumca, mamakacTa 60% miuTiTebs, rom, sul mcire, erTxel mainc Sexvedria simboluri winaaRmdegobaM(Marx & Gross, 1995). am or monacems Soris arsebul gansxvavebaSi, rogorc Cans, paemanze gaupatiurebis mravali SemTxveva aisaxeba. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom zogierTi mamakaci simbolur winaaRmdegobas seqsualuri TamaSis nawilad miiCnevs da ar aRiqvams mas, rogorc qalis realuri SeSfoTebis niSans. mniSvnelovania, rom mamakacebma gaigon _ sinamdvileSi qalebi iSviaTad Tvlian amas TamaSad; maTi winaaRmdegoba realuria.
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seqsualuri motivaciis ganxilvisas Cveni yuradRebis miRma darCa seqsualuri gamocdilebis seriozuli da mniSvnelovani kategoria _ homoseqsualizmi. seqsualuri motivaciis am qveTavs homoseqsual qalebsa (lesboselebsa) da mamakacebze saubriT davasrulebT. es kidev erT saSualebas mogcemT, dainaxoT, Tu rogor marTavs seqsualur qcevas Sinagan da garegan motivaciur ZalTa urTierTqmedeba.
lebis dakmayofilebisadmi, albaT, verc iqneba SesaZlebeli homoseqsualuri SemTxvevebis raodenobis zusti Sefaseba, radgan adamianebi moeridebian mkvlevrebTan gulaxdilobas. qvemoT homoseqsualizmisa da heteroseqsualizmis wyaroebs ganvixilavT. aseve, mimovixilavT gamokvlevas, romelic homoseqsualuri qcevisadmi sazogadoebisa da pirovnul damokidebulebas Seexeba.
homoseqsualoba
Cven aqamde vsaubrobdiT motivaciaze, romlis gamoc adamianebi garkveul farglebSi axorcieleben seqsualur qcevebs. am konteqstSive SegviZlia ganvixiloT homoseqsualizmis arseboba. homoseqsualizmis, rogorc heteroseqsualobidan gadaxriT gamowveuli~ qcevebis erTobliobad warmodgenis nacvlad, seqsualuri motivaciis Cven mier warmoebulma ganxilvam unda daganaxoT, rom yvela seqsualur qcevas iwvevs~ raRac. am TvalsazrisiT, homoseqsualizmsa da heteroseqsualizms msgavsi motivaciuri Zalebi ganapirobebs. arc erTi maTgani ar warmoadgens motivirebul gadaxras meorisgan. seqsualuri qcevebis kvlevaTa umravlesobaSi homoseqsualizmis SemTxvevebis gamovlenaTa zusti raodenobis miRebas cdilobdnen. Aadreul kvlevebSi alfred kinsma aRmoaCina, rom misi SerCevis mamakacTa 37%-s hqonda homoseqsualuri gamocdilebis, sul mcire, erTi SemTxveva, xolo 4%-s _ mxolod homoseqsualuri gamocdileba (procentuli maCveneblebi qalebisTvis mcirediT naklebi iyo). SedarebiT gviandel kvlevebSi cdilobdnen, erTmaneTisgan ganerCiaT homoseqsualuri survilebi da maTi dakmayofilebisTvis ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi. maiklma da misma kolegebma (1994) aRmoaCines, rom maT SerCevaSi qalebis daaxloebiT 4%-s seqsualurad izidavda maTive sqesis warmomadgeneli, magram SerCevis mxolod 2%-s hqonda meore qalTan sqesobrivi urTierToba uaxloesi erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. aseve, maT kvlevaSi monawile mamakacTa 6%-s seqsualurad izidavda sxva mamakaci, magram kvlav SerCevis mxolod 2% aRniSnavda, rom bolo erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi hqonda realuri seqsualuri kontaqti meore mamakacTan. ramdenad marTalia es ricxvebi? sanam sazogadoeba mtrulad iqneba ganwyobili homoseqsualuri survi-
homoseqsualizmi: buneba da aRzrda

evoluciisa da seqsualuri qcevis ganxilvis Semdeg gasakviri ar unda iyos, Tu getyviT, rom kvlevebis monacemebis mixedviT, seqsualuri prioritetebi, nawilobriv genetikuradaa ganpirobebuli. rogorc xSirad xdeba, mkvlevrebma es mosazreba im kvlevebze dayrdnobiT gamoTqves, romelSic erTmaneTs adarebdnen monozigotur (genetikurad identur) da dizigotur (romelTac, da-Zmis msgavsad, genebis naxevari aqvT identuri) tyupebs. rodesac orive tyupiscals erTnairi orientacia aqvs _ homoseqsualuri an heteroseqsualuri, maTi sqesobrivi qceva Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs. Tu erT-erTi tyupiscali homoseqsualia, meore ki _ heteroseqsuali, maTi seqsualuri qcevac gansxvavebuli iqneba. homoseqsuali mamakacebisa da lesboseli qalebis Seswavlam mniSvnelovnad meti Tanxvedra aCvena monozigotur tyupebSi, vidre dizigotur tyupebSi (Bailey & Pillard, 1991; Bailey et al., 1993). am kvlevebSi eqsperimentatorebi tyupebidan moiZiebdnen calkeul homoseqsual mamakacebsa da qalebs da Semdeg maTgan iRebdnen informacias maTi tyupiscalebis an da-Zmebis seqsualuri orientaciebis Sesaxeb. Sedegebi gamaognebeli iyo. qalebSi monozigoturi tyupebis 48%-is orive tyupiscali lesboseli iyo, dizigoturis ki _ 16%-is orive tyupiscali (Bailey et al., 1993). mamakacebSi monozigoturi tyupebis 52%-is orive tyupiscali homoseqsuali iyo, dizigoturis ki _ 22%-is orive tyupiscali (Bailey &Pillard, 1991). miuxedavad imisa, rom monozigoturi tyupebi SeiZleba ufro metad msgavs pirobebSi izrdebodnen, vidre dizigoturebi, mSoblebi, SesaZloa, orives erTnairad epyrobodnen, rac seriozul safuZvels gvaZlevs vifiqroT, rom seqsualuri orientacia SeiZleba, nawilobriv, genetikurad iyos ganpirobebuli.
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Tavi 12 / motivacia
flobdnen ra aseT monacemebs, mkvlevrebma daiwyes im genebis erTobliobis moZieba, romlebic SeiZleba homoseqsualuri Tu heteroseqsualuri orientaciis warmoqmnas ganapirobebdes (Baileyet al., 1999; Hamer et al., 1993; Rice et al., 1999) amrigad, ganapirobebs Tu ara biologia Tqvens seqsualur beds? Semdgomma kvlevebma SeiZleba ganamtkicos an Seasustos gamoTqmuli hipoTeza, magram naTlad Cans, rom homoseqsualurobisa da heteroseqsualurobis zogierTi aspeqti wmindad biologiuri faqtorebis gavleniT warmoiqmneba (Glabue, 1994; LeVay, 1996). socialurma fsiqologma deril bemma (Daryl Bem, 1996; 2000) gamoTqva varaudi, rom biologia pirdapir gavlenas ar axdens seqsualur prioritetebze, Tumca, gaSualebulad moqmedebs umcrosi asakis bavSvebis temperamentsa da aqtiobebze. gavixsenoT me-11 Tavidan, rom mkvlevrebis dakvirvebiT, gogonebi da biWebi sxvadasxvagvarad TamaSoben. biWebs, magaliTad, uxeSi da aqtiuri TamaSebi ufro metad izidavT. bemis Teoriis Tanaxmad, imisda mixedviT, Tu romel _ TavianTi sqesisTvis tipur Tu atipur _ TamaSebSi monawileoben bavSvebi, isini eCvevian Tavisive an sapirispiro sqesis Tanatolebisgan sakuTari gansxvavebulobis SegrZnebas.
bemis Teoriis mixedviT, ,,egzotikuri gadaiqceva erotikulad~. sakuTari gansxvavebulobis gancda emociur aRgznebas iwvevs. droTa ganmavlobaSi es aRgzneba erotikulad gadaiqceva. magaliTad, Tu patara gogona imitom grZnobs Tavs sxva gogonebisgan gansxvavebulad, rom mas ar surs gogonebisTvis tipuri saqmianoba, droTa ganmavlobaSi misi emociuri aRgzneba homoseqsualur grZnobebad gadaiqceva. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom bemis Teoria emxroba mosazrebas, rom homoseqsualizmi da heteroseqsualizmi erTi da igive mizezebidan momdinareobs: orive SemTxvevaSi sqesi, romelsac bavSvi sakuTari sqesisgan gansxvavebulad aRiqvams, droTa ganmavlobaSi erotikul mimzidvelobas iZens. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavisi Teoriis sasargeblod bems mravali monacemi moaqvs, is jerjerobiT mainc axalia da ucnaurad gamoiyureba. momdevno ramdenime weliwadSi vnaxavT, Tu rogor warimarTeba am Teoriis bedi, rodesac mkvlevrebi Seafaseben masSi gamoTqmul sxvadasxva mosazrebebs.
sazogadoeba da homoseqsualizmi
davuSvaT, bemi marTalia, rodesac ambobs, rom bavSvobis gamocdilebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs. yvela adamiani bavSvobaSi ganmtkicebuli midrekilebebis mixedviT moqmedebs? is, rac yvelaze metad ganasxvavebs homoseqsualurobas heteroseqsualurobisgan, albaT, sazogadoebis sxvadasxva wreebSi miRebuli mudmivi mtrobaa homoseqsualurobis gamovlinebebisadmi (Herek, 1998). 363 gamokiTxuli mozardidan 68% ,,aucileblad~ an ,,nawilobriv~ daeTanxma debulebas _ ,,seqsi or mamakacs Soris aSkara garyvnilebaa~. maTi 64% ,,aucileblad~ an ,,nawilobriv~ daeTanxma debulebas _ ,,seqsi or qals Soris aSkara garyvnilebaa~ (Herek, 1994). homoseqsualebis mimarT Zalze uaryofiT damokidebulebas mkvlevrebma homofobia uwodes. bolodroindeli kvlevebi mowmobs, rom zogierTi im mamakacTagani, romelic ukiduresi homofobiuri ganwyobiT xasiaTdeba, faqtobrivad, Tavad aRigzneba homoseqsualuri xasiaTis masaliT.
487
seqsualuri qceva
saidan viciT
niRbavs Tu ara homofobia homoseqsualur interess kvlevaSi kolejis 64 mamakaci studenti monawileobda, romelTagan TiToeuli sakuTar Tavs afasebda, rogorc ,,calsaxad heteroseqsuals~. studentebma 25 debulebiani kiTxvari Seavses, romelic homofobiis xarisxs zomavda. am kiTxvaris monacemebis mixedviT, 29 studenti arahomofobikad, 35 studenti _ homofobikad miiCnies. eqsperimentis Semdeg fazaSi studentebs aCvenes heteroseqsualuri, lesbosuri da mamakacTa homoseqsualuri aqtebis videoCanawerebi. Canawerebze TiToeuli studentis reaqcia izomeboda mowyobilobiT, romelic afiqsirebda misi penisis garSemowerilobis cvlilebebs. monacemebis mixedviT, ar gansxvavdeboda heteroseqsualur da lesbosur aqtebze homofobikTa da arahomofobikTa reaqciebi, Tumca, homofobikur mamakacebs mniSvnelovnad meti aRgzneba aReniSnebodaT mamakacTa homoseqsualuri aqtebis yurebisas (Adams et al., 1996).
488
es kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom zogierTi mamakacis Zalian Zlieri uaryofiTi damokidebuleba homoseqsualurobis mimarT, nawilobriv, SeiZleba momdinareobdes iqidan, rom maT ar surT sxva mamakacebisadmi sakuTari seqsualuri ltolvebis arsebobis aRiareba. homoseqsualTa umravlesoba droTa ganmavlobaSi acnobierebs, rom isini eltvian Tavisive sqesis warmomadgenlebs sazogadoebrivi homofobiis, mtruli damokidebulebis pirobebSi, aseTma pirobebma ki SeiZleba gaarTulos am ltolvebis dakmayofileba. faqtobrivad, mravali homoseqsuali mamakaci da lesboseli qali ganicdis imas, rasac SeZenili homofobia, anu SeZenili homonegativizmi ewodeba (Allen & Oleson, 1999; Ross & Rosser, 1996; Shidlo, 1994). a s e T SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba warmoiqmnas fsiqologiuri distresi, radgan (orive sqesis) homoseqsual individs SeZenili (interiorizebuli) aqvs sazogadoebis uaryofiTi damokidebuleba.
garda amisa, homoseqsual individTa umravlesoba SfoTavs ara Tavisi homoseqsualobis, aramed imis gamo, rom mudmivad uxdebaT sakuTari seqsualuri identurobis gamovlena (saaSkaraoze gamosvla~), an dafarva (sakuTar naWuWSi jdoma~) sakuTar ojaxTan, megobrebTan da TanamSromlebTan (D,Augelli, 1993). 1973 wels amerikis fsiqiatriulma asociaciam xma misca homoseqsualizmis fsiqologiur aSlilobaTa nusxidan amoRebas; 1975 wels igive gaimeora amerikis fsiqologiurma asociaciam (Morin & Rothblum, 1991). aseTi naCqarevi nabiji im monacemebze dayrdnobiT gadaidga, romelTa mixedviTac, homoseqsualTa umravlesoba bednieri, produqtuli adamianebi iyvnen, romelTac sulac ar surdaT sakuTari seqsualuri orientaciis Secvla im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu ,,magiuri abi~ SesaZlebels gaxdida amas (Bell & Weinberg, 1978; Siegeman, 1972). am monacemebis mixedviT, homoseqsualobasTan dakavSirebuli stresi, umeteswilad, ganpirobebulia ara Tavad seqsualuri motivaciiT _ homoseqsualebisTvis sruliad misaRebia sakuTari orientacia, aramed seqsualuri motivaciis gamovlenaze sxva adamianebis reaqciebiT. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, homoseqsuali mamakacebi da lesboseli qalebi iseve fiqroben da zrunaven sasiyvarulo urTierTobebis damyarebasa da SenarCunebaze, rogorc heteroseqsualebi (DAugelli, 1993). orive sqesis homoseqsualTa ,,saaSkaraoze gamosvlisTvis~ mzaoba SeiZleba pirveli nabiji gaxdes sazogadoebis mxridan maTdami mtrobis Semcirebisken. gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom adamianTa ganwyoba homoseqsuali adamianebis mimarT gacilebiT naklebad uaryofiTia, Tu isini icnoben am jgufSi Semaval individebs. faqtobrivad, rac ufro met homoseqsuals icnobs individi saSualod, miT ufro keTilganwobilia misi damokidebuleba maTdami (Herek & Capitanio, 1996) (rodesac me-18 TavSi crurwmenebis Temas ganvixilavT, kvlav vnaxavT, Tu rogor mihyavs umciresobasTan urTierTobas adamiani maTdami gacilebiT dadebiT ganwyobamde). icnobT romelime homoseqsual mamakacs, lesbosels an biseqsuals? rogor Seicvala Tqveni ganwyobebi maTTan urTierTobis Sedegad? iqneb, Tqven Tavad xarT homoseqsuali an biseqsuali? ra gavlena moaxdina an SeiZleba moaxdinos sxvebze imis codnam, rom Tqven homoseqsuali xarT?
Tavi 12 / motivacia
homoseqsualobis es mokle mimoxilva saSualebas gvaZlevs ganvamtkicoT Cveni mTavari daskvna adamianis seqsualuri motivaciis Sesaxeb. seqsualuri qcevis zogierTi impulsi Signidan momdinareobs _ memkvidreobiT miRebuli genebi da saxeobis evolucia uzrunvelgvyofs homoseqsualuri da heteroseqsualuri qcevis Sinagani modelebiT; Tumca, garegani garemo1 aseve warmoadgens seqsualuri motivaciis wyaros. Tqven daiswavliT, rom zogierTi stimuli gansakuTrebiT mimzidvelia, xolo qcevis esa Tu is forma misaRebia socialuri kulturis farglebSi. homoseqsualobis SemTxvevaSi garegani sazogadoebrivi normebi SeiZleba Sinagani bunebis karnaxis sapirispirod moqmedebdes. axla mniSvnelovani motivaciis mesame magaliTis ganxilvaze gadavideT. vnaxoT, ra Zalebi ganawyobs individs fardobiTi warmatebisTvis an marcxisTvis.

ratom aRwevs zogierTi adamiani warmatebas, zogierTi ki warumatebelia? magaliTad, ratom SeuZliaT zogierTebs lamanSis srutis gadacurva, sxvebi ki sevdianad napiridan iqneven xels? albaT, daapirebT, rom zogierTi es gansxvaveba iseTi genetikuri faqtorebiT axsnaT, rogoricaa sxeulis wyoba da Tqven marTali iqnebiT, magram Tqven isic iciT, rom zogierTi adamiani ubralod ufro metad aris dainteresebuli lamanSis srutis gadacurviT, vidre sxvebi. amrigad, Cven vubrundebiT motivaciis kvlevis erT-erT ZiriTad mizezs. amjerad yuradReba im motivaciur Zalebze SevaCeroT, romlebic sxvadasxva adamianebs pirovnuli miRwevis sxvadasxva donisken ubiZgeben. dasawyisisTvis ganvixiloT konstruqti, romelsac miRwevis moTxovnileba ewodeba.
Sejameba
cxovelebis seqsualur qcevas, ZiriTadad, hormonebi marTavs. miuxedavad amisa, mewyvilis arCevanze gavlenas axdens garemos faqtorebi. mastersma da jonsonma pirvelebma ikvlies adamianis seqsualuri reaqciebi, romlebic SeiZleba Semdeg fazebad daiyos: agzneba, plato, orgazmi da gadawyveta. evoluciuri fsiqologebi cdiloben mamakacebisa da qalebis seqsualuri qcevebis paternebis axsnas reproduqciis realiebTan dakavSirebul, gansxvavebul strategiebze dayrdnobiT. garkeuli tipis seqsualuri qcevebi kolejis studentebs riskis winaSe ayenebs. qalis an mamakacis seqsualuri scenarebis SeuTavseblobis erT-erTi Sedegi paemanze gaupatiureba SeiZleba iyos. heteroseqsualobis msgavsad, homoseqsualoba viTardeba rogorc garegani, ise Sinagani motivaciuri Zalebis gavlenis Sedegad. mravali homoseqsuali mamakacisa da lesboseli qalisTvis yvelaze mZime tvirTs sazogadoebriv homofobiasTan gamklaveba warmoadgens.
1
miRwevis moTxovnileba
jer kidev 1938 wels henri mareim (Henry Murray) ganacxada adamianTan miRwevis moTxovnilebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. miRwevis moTxovnilebis Zala gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva adamianTan da gavlenas axdens maT mier warmatebis miRwevis da sakuTari moRvaweobis Sefasebis tendenciaze. devid maklelandma da misma kolegebma (David McCLelland, 1953) am moTxovnilebis siZlieris gazomvis meTodika SeimuSaves da sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi miRwevis motivaciis siZlieres, motivaciis
External environment igulisxmeba yvelaferi is, rac arsebobs adamianis gareT. amis sapirispiroa Sinagani garemo, anu is, rac adamianis SigniTaa (mTargmnelis SeniSvna),
489
wamaxalisebel pirobebsa da samuSao pirobebSi mis Sedegebs Soris kavSirs ikvlevdnen. miRwevis moTxovnilebis siZlieris dasadgenad maklelandi kvlevis monawileTa fantazias iyenebda. monawileebs waredginebodaT e.w. Tematuri apercepciis testis (Tat) bundovani suraTebis seria da moeTxovebodaT maT mixedviT moTxrobebis Sedgena. maT unda aReweraT, Tu ra xdeboda suraTze, savaraudod, rogor ganviTardeboda movlenebi momavalSi da rogor dasruldeboda. navaraudevi iyo, rom isini Seqmnil siuJetebSi TavianTi faseulobebis, interesebisa da motivebis proecirebas moaxdendnen. maklelandis sityvebiT: Tu gsurT, rom icodeT, ra xdeba adamianis TavSi, ar hkiTxoT mas amis Sesaxeb, radgan mas ar SeuZlia yovelTvis zustad giTxraT. dainteresdiT misi fantaziebiT da ocnebebiT. Tu amas garkveuli drois manZilze gaakeTebT, aRmoaCenT im Temebs, romelsac misi goneba kvlav da kvlav ubrundeba. am Temebis gamoyeneba misi qmedebebis asaxsnelad SeiZleba~ (David McCLelland, 1971, gv.5). im moTxrobebze dayrdnobiT, romelsac monawileni yvebodnen wardgenili Tat-is suraTebis mixedviT, maklelandma SeimuSava gazomvis erTeulebi adamianis ramdenime moTxovnilebisTvis, maT Soris Zalauflebis, afilaciisa da miRwevis moTxovnilebebisTvis. miRwevis moTxovnileba pirobiTad aRiniSneba, rogorc n Ach2. is asaxavs individualur gansxvavebebs imaSi, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania individisTvis miznis dasaxva da mis misaRwevad Sroma. suraTze 12.5. mocemul magaliTSi warmodgenilia ori siuJeti, romelic Tat-is erTi da imave suraTis mixedviT Seqmnes miRwevis maRali da dabali moTxovnilebebis mqone individebma. rogorc laboratoriulma, ise realuri cxovrebiseuli situaciebis kvlevebma daadastures am sazomis validuroba. magaliTad, n Ach maRali maCveneblebis mqone individebi ufro metad miiweven zemoT, vidre dabali maCveneblebis mqoneni. n Ach-is maRali maCveneblebis mqone vaJiSvilebi profesiul asparezze metad aRweven TavianT mamebze ufro maRal statuss, vidre is vaJiSvilebi, romlebic n Ach-is dabali maCveneblebiT xasiaTdebian (McLaland et al., 1976). n Ach-is maRali maCveneblebis
2
suraTi
12.5
Tat-is suraTis alternatiuli interpretaciebi

moTxroba, romelic miRwevis maRal moTxovnilebaze miuTiTebs
am biWunam es-es aris daamTavra violinoze dakvris gakveTili. is kmayofilia im SedegebiT, rasac ukve miaRwia da mas ukve sjera, rom misi winsvla Rirs mis mier gaRebul msxverplad. sakoncerto mevioline rom gaxdes, man unda daTmos mravali Cveulebrivi adamianuri saqmianoba, raTa yoveldRe ramdenime saaTi imecadinos. miuxedavad imisa, rom man icis _ gacilebiT met fuls iSovis mamamisis bizness Tu mihyofs xels, misTvis gacilebiT sainteresoa, rom gaxdes didi mevioline da siamovneba da sixaruli mianiWos adamianebs Tavisi musikiT. is yovelTvis ganaaxlebs Tavis mcdelobas, radac ar unda daujdes mas es.
moTxroba, romelic miRwevis dabal moTxovnilebaze miuTiTebs

biWunas xelSi uWiravs Zmis violino da surs, rom TviTonac icodes dakvra. magram icis, rom ar aqvs gakveTilebisTvis saWiro dro, energia da fuli. is wuxs Zmis gamo, radgan man uari Tqva uamrav gasarTobze, raTa emecadina, emecadina da kvlav emecadina. Zalian kargi iqneboda erT dres umaRlesi klasis musikosad gaRviZeboda, magram es ase ar xdeba. realobaa mosawyeni mecadineoba, yovelgvari mxiarulebis gareSe da didi albaToba imisa, rom iyo kidev erTi Cveulebrivi orkestranti, romelic erT-erT patara qalaqSi ukravs.
Tavi 12 / motivacia
Tematuri apercepciis testi _ Tat (Thematic Apperception Test TAT) _ proeqciuli testi, romelSic individs garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT waredgineba suraTebi (romlebic mravalgvari interpretaciis SesaZleblobas iZleva) da moeTxoveba TiToeuli maTganis mixedviT moTxrobis mofiqreba. miRwevis moTxovnileba (Need for achievement n Ach) _ savaraudod, adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnileba _ miznis miRwevisaken swrafvis _ romelic qmnis adamianis azrebisa da qcevebis farTo speqtris motivaciur safuZvels.
490
n Ach n eed for Ach ievement.
mqone qalebsa da mamakacebs 31 wlis asakSi Sromis ufro maRali anazRaureba aqvT, vidre n Achh-is dabali maCveneblebis mqone adamianebs 41 wlis asakSi (McLeland & Franz, 1992). migviTiTebs Tu ara es monacemebi imaze, rom maRali n Achis individebi yovelTvis mzad arian gulmodgine SromisTvis? cxadia, ara. Tu maRali n Ach-is mqone individebs wardgenili amocana rTulad eCvenebaT, isini maleve anebeben Tavs mis gadawyvetas (Feather, 1961). is, rac namdvilad tipuri Cans maRali n Ach-is mqone individebisTvis, efeqtianobis, Sedegianobis wyurvilia _ igive Sedegis miReba naklebi ZalisxmeviT. Tu ajobeben Tanatolebs da ukeTes Sedegebs aCveneben, es SeiZleba imitom moxdes, rom isini Zalian afaseben gaweuli Zalisxmevis ukukavSirsac, romlis mixedviTac msjeloben sakuTari warmatebulobis Sesaxeb. Sromis anazRaureba, rogorc warmatebulobis xarisxis maCvenebeli, sakmaod konkretuli sazomia (MacCleland, 161, McLeland &Franz, 1992). rogor warmoiqmneba miRwevis maRali moTxovnileba? mkvlevrebi dainteresdnen imiT, Tu ramdenad SesaZlebelia, rom mSoblebis mier gamoyenebulma aRzrdis stilma ganapirobos SvilebSi miRwevis maRali Tu dabali moTxovnilebis ganviTareba. qvemoT warmodgenilia bostoneli bavSvebis jgufis longituduri analiziT miRebuli monacemebi.
miRebasa da tualetiT sargeblobas. maklelandma da francma CaTvales, rom bavSvebi ganicdidnen Zlier zewolas miznis miRwevisTvis im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT mSoblebi sakvebis miRebasa da tualetiT sargeblobas mkacri wesebiT aswavlidnen. mTlianobaSi aRiniSneboda dadebiTi korelacia miznis miRwevisTvis bavSvobaSi gancdil Zlier zewolasa da Semdgom mozrdilobaSi maRal n Ach-s Soris. garda amisa, im bavSvebis wliuri Semosavali, romlebic miznis miRwevisTvis Zlier zewolas ganicdidnen, mozrdilobaSi daaxloebiT $10.000-iT ufro mets Seadgenda, vidre maTi Tanatolebis wliuri Semosavali, romelTac ar hqondaT bavSvobaSi aseTi gamocdileba.
es monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom Tqveni miRwevis moTxovnilebis xarisxi SeiZleba Tqveni cxovrebis pirvelive wlebSi Camoyalibebuliyo.
warmatebisa da marcxis atribucia

miRwevis moTxovnileba ar aris erTaderTi cvladi, romelic pirovnul warmatebaSi dainteresebulobaze axdens gavlenas. rom vnaxoT, ratom, ganvixiloT hipoTeturi magaliTi. warmoidgineT, rom gyavT ori megobari, romlebic erTsa da imave sagans swavloben. pirveli semestris Sualedur gamocdaSi orivem miiRo Sefaseba C~. rogor fiqrobT, erTnairad iqnebian isini motivirebulni, rom bejiTad imecadinon
saidan viciT
aRzrdis meTodebi da miRwevis moTxovnileba devid maklelandma da kerol francma (Devid McLeland & Cakol Franz, 1992) erTmaneTs Seadares, erTi mxriv, monacemebi aRzrdis meTodebis Sesaxeb, romlebic 1951 wels agrovda, rodesac kvlevaSi monawile bavSvebi daaxloebiT 5 wlisani iyvnen da, meore mxriv, monacemebi n Ach-isa da Semosavlis Sesaxeb, romlebic 1987-1988 wlebSi agrovda, rodesac kvlevis monawileni ukve 41 wlisani iyvnen. 1951 wels mSoblebs sTxovdnen, aReniSnaT, Tu rogor aswavlidnen TavianT Svilebs sakvebis
491
suraTi
12.6
qcevis Sedegebis mizezebis atribucia

oTxi SesaZlo Sedegi momdinareobs qcevis atribuciis mxolod ori wyarodan: kontrolis lokusidan da im situaciidan, romelSic qceva xorcieldeba. SesaZleblobiT atribucia ekuTvnis kombinacias Sinagani-ucvleli, ZalisxmeviT atribucia _ kombinacias Sinagani-cvalebadi; rTuli amocana (testi) _ rodesac uSveb garegani ucvleli Zalebis moqmedebas, iRbali _ kombinacias garegani-cvalebadi.
Tavi 12 / motivacia
meore semestris Sualeduri gamocdisTvis? am kiTxvaze pasuxi, nawilobriv, damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor axsnas mouZebnis TiToeuli maTgani miRebul Sefasebas. magaliTad, ganvixiloT kontrolis lokusis mniSvneloba (Rotter, 1954). orientacia kontrolis lokusze, anu imaze, Tu sad mdebareobs momxdaris mizezi _ aris warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom Tqveni moqmedebebis Sedegebi damokidebulia Tqven mierve ganxorcielebul qmedebebze (orientacia internalur, anu Sinagan kontrolze) Tu garemos faqtorebze (orientacia eqsternalur, anu garegan kontrolze). zemoT motanil magaliTSi C~-s miReba Tqvenma megobarma SeiZleba miaweros garegan (Senobis gareT mimdinare mSeneblobis xmurs gamocdis msvlelobisas) an Sinagan (sust mexsierebas) mizezs. atribucia aris msjeloba Sedegebis mizezebis Sesaxeb (atribuciis Teorias ufro vrclad me-17 TavSi ganvixilavT.) mocemul SemTxvevaSi atribuciam SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos motivaciaze. Tu Tqveni megobrebi darwmunebulni arian, rom gamocdaze miRebuli niSani SeiZleba mSeneblobis xmaurs mieweros, metad mosalodnelia,
atribucia (Attribution) _ msjeloba Sedegebis mizezebis Sesaxeb.
492
rom isini bejiTad iSromeben momdevno gamocdisTvis, xolo, Tu isini warumateblobis atribucias sust mexsierebaze axdenen, savaraudoa, rom naklebad gulmodgineni iqnebian momavalSi. kontrolis lokusi ar aris erTaderTi ganzomileba, romelzec SeiZleba varirebdes atribucia (Peterson & Selingman, 1984). Cven aseTi kiTxvac SegviZlia davsvaT: ,,ramdenad ucvleli (stabiluri) da mdgradia an cvalebadi (arastabiluri) da aramdgradia mizezobrivi faqtori droTa ganmavlobaSi?~ pasuxi gvaZlevs ganzomilebas ucvleli-cvalebadi (stabiluri-arastabiluri); an SegviZlia vikiTxoT: ,,ramdenad aris mizezobrivi faqtori Zalze konkretuli (specifikuri) da SezRuduli mkafiod gansazRvruli amocaniT an situaciiT, anda zogadi (globaluri) da farTod gamoyenebadi sxvadasxva garemoebebisa da amocanebis SemTxvevaSi?~ pasuxi gvaZlevs ganzomilebas zogadi-konkretuli (globaluri-specifikuri). 12.6 suraTze mocemulia magaliTi imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba urTierTqmedebdes kontrolis lokusi da stabiluroba. yuradReba SevaCeroT gamocdaze miRebuli Sefasebis atribuciaze. Tqvenma megobrebma miRebuli Sefasebebi SeiZleba iseTi Sinagani faqtorebis Sedegad miiCnion, rogoricaa SesaZlebloba (ucvleli pirovnuli maxasiaTebeli) an Zalisxmeva (cvalebadi pirovnuli Tviseba); anda miRebuli Sefaseba maT SeiZleba iseTi garegani faqtorebiT gamowveulad CaTvalon, rogoricaa: amocanis sirTule, sxva adamianebis moqmedeba (ucvleli situaciuri problema) an iRbali (cvalebadi garegani maxasiaTebeli). imisda mixedviT, Tu ra xasiaTis atribucia mouZebnes TavianT warmatebasa Tu marcxs, maTi emocia, savaraudod, erT-erTi im emociaTagani iqneba, romelic warmodgenilia cxrilSi 12.4. mniSvnelovani aq isaa, rom interpretaciis tipi imoqmedebs rogorc emociebze, ise Semdgom motivaciaze _ ufro bejiTad mecadineobaze, an SromisTvis Tavis danebebaze _ warmatebisa Tu marcxis realuri mizezisgan damoukideblad. aqamde ganvixilavdiT im SesaZleblobas, rodesac Tqveni orive megobari erTnairad xsnis maT mier miRebul C~ Sefasebas, magram Zalze mosalodnelia, rom isini gansxvavebul axsnebs mogvcemen. erT-erTma es SeiZleba raime garegans (,,profesorma arasamarTlianad Caatara gamocda~)
cxrili
12.4
atribuciaze damokidebuli emociuri reaqciebi

Tqveni grZnobebi warmatebasa da marcxTan dakavSirebiT damokidebulia atribuciis im stilze, romelsac axdenT Sedegebis mizezebis mixedviT. magaliTad, Tqven amayobT warmatebiT maSin, roca am warmatebas sakuTar unarebs miawerT, da daTrgunuli xarT, Tu marcxs SesaZleblobis arqonis Sedegad aRiqvamT; anda ganicdiT madlierebis grZnobas, rodesac Tqven mier miRweul warmatebas sxvaTa moqmedebas miawerT da brazobT, roca sxvebi migaCniaT Tqveni marcxis mizezad. emociuri reaqciebi atribucia SesaZlebloba warmateba kompetenturoba darwmunebuloba siamaye marcxi arakompetenturoba brZolaze uaris Tqma daTrgunuloba braleulobis gancda sircxvili SiSi brazi mrisxaneba gakvirveba gaoceba
Zalisxmeva
Semsubuqeba kmayofileba moduneba
sxvaTa moqmedeba bedi
madliereba
gakvirveba sindisis qenjna
miaweros, meorem ki _ raime Sinagans (ar var imdenad Wkviani, rom davZlio es sagani~). mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom is, Tu rogor xsnian adamianebi maT cxovrebaSi mimdinare movlenebs _ banqoSi mogebidan dawyebuli paemnis SeTavazebaze uaris TqmiT damTavrebuli _ SeiZleba maT cxovrebiseul, Cveul atribuciul stilad iqces (Haines et al., 1999). Tqveni warmatebebisa da marcxebis axsnis stilma SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos Tqvens motivaciaze, guneba-ganwyobilebasa da saTanadod moqmedebis unarzec ki. ramdenime wlis manZilze mkvlevari martin selingmeni (Martin Selingman) Seiswavlida, Tu rogor moqmedebs adamianebis axsnis stili _ maTi optimizmisa Tu pesimizmis xarisxi _ maT aqtiurobasa da pasiurobaze da imazec, Seupovrad midian miznisken isini Tu iolad nebdebian, riskaven Tu frTxilad moqmedeben (Selingman, 1991). me-15 TavSi vnaxavT, rom Sinagani-zogadiucvleli (internaluri-globaluri-stabiluri) axsnis stili (,,me arasodes viqcevi sworad~)
individs depresiis riskis winaSe ayenebs (da depresiis erT-erTi simptomia Semcirebuli motivacia). axla ki vnaxoT, rogor SeuZlia axsnis stils, rom semestris bolos Tqvenma erT-erTma megobarma A~, meorem ki _ F~ Sefaseba miiRos. selingmeni da misi gundi cdilobdnen aexsnaT, Tu ratom SeuZlia erT adamians marcxis sawinaaRmdegod moqmedeba, meores ki _ ara. aRmoCnda, rom saidumlo ingredienti nacnobi da, erTi SexedviT, martivi ram iyo _ optimizmi da pesimizmi. aRsaniSnavia, rom samyaros xedvis es ori gansxvavebuli gza gavlenas axdens motivaciaze, guneba-ganwyobasa da qcevaze. atribuciis pesimisturi stili mimarTulia marcxis Sinagani warmoSobis mizezebze. garda amisa, cudi situacia da individis roli mis gamowvevaSi ucvlelad da zogadad (stabilurad da globalurad) miiCneva: ,,me amas ver Sevcvli da es gavlenas moaxdens yvelaferze.~ atribuciis optimisturi stili marcxs garegani mizezebis Sedegad ganixilavs: ,,testi arasamarTliani iyo~, xolo movlenebi cvalebadi (arastabiluri) an modificirebadia da konkretuli (specifikuri): ,,Tu met Zalisxmeva gavwev, momavalSi ukeTesad gavarTmev Tavs da es erTi warumatebloba gavlenas ver moaxdens imaze, Tu rogor Sevasruleb CemTvis mniSvnelovan sxva davalebas~. es mizezobrivi axsnebi sapirispirod brundeba, rodesac warmatebaze vsaubrobT. optimisti iRebs srul pirovnul Sinagan-ucvlel-zogad pasuxismgeblobas warmatebaze, xolo pesimisti Tavis warmatebas garegan-cvalebad-zogad an konkretul faqtorebs miawers. vinaidan is Tvlis, rom ganwirulia marcxisTvis, pesimisti ufro cudad asrulebs davalebas, vidre mosalodnelia misi SesaZleblobebis obieqturi sazomebidan gamomdinare. ZiriTadad, kvlevebi adastureben optimizmisa da pesimizmis Sesaxeb aseTi ganzogadebis siswores. magaliTad, erTerT kvlevaSi zomavdnen 130 mamakacis axsnis stils, romlebic Sesyidvebis agentebad muSaobdnen gaerTianebuli samefos wamyvan sadezRveo kompaniaSi (Corr & GGray, 1996). aRmoCnda, rom is mamakacebi, romlebic atribuciis SedarebiT dadebiTi stiliT xasiaTdebodnen, ufro met garigebebs debdnen. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi movlenebis interpretacia gavlenas axdens optimistTa da pesimistTa samomavlo amocanebis Sesrulebis motivaciis doneze.
493
am qveTavis dasasruls ganvixiloT erT-erTi kvleva, romelic gviCvenebs mizezobrivi atribuciis gavlenas saswavlo garemoSi.
saidan viciT
atribuciis reorientacia profesiuli moRvaweobis SesaZleblobebTan mimarTebaSi rodesac kolejs amTavrebT, SeZlebisdagvarad saukeTeso samuSaos miReba gsurT, magram rogor fiqrobT, rogor moxdeba es? karg samuSaoze mowyobas Tqveni sakuTari ostatobiTa da iniciativianobiT (Sinagani atribucia) apirebT, Tu SemTxveviTi pirobebisa da kargi iRblis wyalobiT (garegani atribucia)? mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom is studentebi, romelTac sjeraT, rom Tavad ganapirobeben sakuTar profesiul warmatebas, ufro metad axorcieleben TavianT profesiul miswrafebebs. am TvalsazrisiT, ra SeiZleba gakeTdes studentebis wasaxaliseblad, rom maT garegani atribucia SinaganiT Secvalon? mkvlevarTa jgufma SeimuSava Carevis meTodi, romelsac atribuciis reorientacia uwoda. studentTa jgufs, romelTac miaCndaT, rom maTze mcire ram iyo damokidebuli karieraSi winsvlis TvalsazrisiT, ayurebinebdnen videokasetas, romelzec Cawerili iyo maTi universitetis kursdamTavrebuli qalisa da mamakacis dialogi. eqsperimentuli jgufisTvis gankuTvnili dialogi Seexeboda imas, Tu rogor miiRes maT gadawyvetileba karieris Taobaze: ,,rac ufro vizrdebodi, metad vacnobierebdi, rom nebismieri ram, rac Cemi karierisTvis mniSvnelovani da Rirebuli iqneboda, Cemgan bejiTad Sromasa da Zalisxmevas moiTxovda~ (Luzzo et al., 1996, gv. 417). sakontrolo jgufi ar iRebda aseT informacias. am xanmokle Carevis Semdeg eqsperimentuli jgufis wevrebma gamoavlines ufro metad internaluri kontrolis lokusi karieris arCevisas da, aseve, Semdgom ufro metad CaerTvnen saqmianobaSi, romelic profesiuli zrdis
SesaZleblobebs ukavSirdeboda. sakontrolo jgufs ar aReniSneboda aseTi cvlilebebi (Luzzo et al., 1996). imis gamo, rom atribucia gavlenas axdens motivaciaze, cotaodeni informaciis miwodebam karieris arCevanis Sesaxeb didi gavlena iqonia momavlis Sesaxeb studentTa mosazrebebze.
Cven vTvliT, rom fsiqologiuri kvleva am mimarTulebiT TqvenTvis sasargeblo aRmoCndeba. Tqven SegiZliaT gamoimuSaoT Tqveni warmatebisa da marcxis axsnis optimisturi stili. SegiZliaT situaciaSi SesaZlo mizezebis moZiebiT Tavidan aiciloT warumateblobebis uaryofiTi, stabiluri dispoziciuri atribucia. dabolos, nu miscemT droebiT Cavardnebs uflebas, rom SegiryioT motivacia. Tqven SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT gamokvlevebze damyarebuli es rCeva Tqveni cxovrebis gasaumjobeseblad _ rasac yovelTvis SegaxseneT am wignSi.
Sromisa da organizaciuli fsiqologia

warmovidginoT, rom Tqveni pozitiuri filosofia dagexmaraT, did korporaciaSi dagewyoT muSaoba. SegviZlia zustad viwinaswarmetyveloT, ramdenad motivirebuli iqnebiT, Tu gvecodineba Tqveni miRwevis moTxovnilebis maCvenebeli an axsnis stili? Tqveni motivaciis done, nawilobriv, damokidebuli iqneba im zogad konteqstze _ wesebsa da adamianebze, sadac muSaobT. aRiarebs ra im faqts, rom samuSao garemo rTuli socialuri sistemaa, organizaciuli fsiqologi swavlobs adamianuri urTierTobebis sxvadasxava aspeqtebs, rogoricaa: TanamSromelTa Soris informaciis gacvla, momsaxure
organizaciis fsiqologi (Organizational psychologist) _ swavlobs adamianuri urTierTobebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebs, rogoricaa: TanamSromelTa Soris informaciis gacvla, momsaxure personalis socialuri da kulturuli adaptacia, marTvis stili da unarebi, samuSaosadmi an/ da organizaciisadmi damokidebuleba da erTguleba, samuSaoTi kmayofileba, stresi da gamofitva da, aseve, samuSao pirobebSi mTlianad cxovrebis xarisxi.
494
Tavi 12 / motivacia
personalis socialuri da kulturuli adaptacia, marTvis stili da unarebi, samuSaosadmi an/da organizaciisadmi damokidebuleba da erTguleba, samuSaoTi kmayofileba, stresi da gamofitva da, aseve, samuSao pirobebSi mTlianad cxovrebis xarisxi. rogorc biznes konsultantebi, organizaciuli fsiqologebi daxmarebas uweven organizaciebs momsaxure personalis dasaqmebaSi, SerCevasa da momzadebaSi. garda amisa, isini amuSaveben rekomendaciebs samuSaos gadastruqturebis Sesaxeb, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes calkeuli TanamSromlebisadmi misi ukeT morgeba. samuSao garemos gaumjobesebis mizniT organizaciuli fsiqologebi iyeneben marTvis, gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da ganviTarebis Teoriebs. ganvixiloT ori Teoria, romelic organizaciulma fsiqologebma SeimuSaves samuSao adgilze arsebuli motivaciis gasagebad. samarTlianobis Teoria da molodinis Teoria cdiloben axsnan da iwinaswarmetyvelon, Tu rogor moiqcevian adamianebi sxvadasxva samuSao pirobebSi. am Teoriebis Tanaxmad, muSakebi dakavebulni arian garkveuli SemecnebiTi saqmianobiT, rogoricaa samarTlianobis Sefaseba sakuTari socialuri mdgomareobis sxva muSakebis socialur mdgomareobasTan Sedarebis gziT, an mosalodneli waxalisebis Sefaseba, romelic maT mier Sesrulebul samuSaos ukavSirdeba. samarTlianobis Teoria gulisxmobs, rom muSaki motivirebulia TanamSromlebTan samarTliani an Tanasworuflebiani urTierTobis SenarCunebaze (Adams, 1965). muSakebi aRniSnaven maT mier samuSaosTvis gaRebul xarjebs (SromiT
samarTlianobis Teoria (Equity theory) _ samuSao motivaciis kognituri Teoria, romlis mixedviT, muSaki motivirebulia TanamSromlebTan samarTliani an Tanasworuflebiani urTierTobis SenarCunebaze; agreTve, am Teoriis mixedviT, samarTliania is urTierTobebi, rodesac monawileTa danaxarji maTi Semosavlis proporciulia.
saqmianobasa da fulad danaxarjs) da Semosavals (rasac iReben samuSaos Sesrulebis Sedegad), Semdeg ki adareben maT TanamSromelTa xarjebsa da Semosavals. rodesac a muSakis danaxarjisa da Semosavlis Tanafardoba utoldeba b muSakis danaxarjisa da Semosavlis Tanafardobas (danaxarji a Semosavali a = danaxarji b Semosavali b), maSin a muSaki dakmayofilebulia. ukmayofileba Cndeba maSin, rodesac es proporcia irRveva. vinaidan uTanasworobis am grZnobis atana Zalian Znelia, muSakebi motivirebulni xdebian, rom aRadginon es proporcia imiT, rom saTanadod Secvalon danaxarjebi da Semosavali. es SeiZleba iyos qceviTi cvlilebebi (magaliTad, danaxarjis Semcireba SromiTi saqmianobis Semcirebis xarjze da Semosavlis gazrda Sromis anazRaurebis momatebis moTxovniT) an fsiqologiuri cvlilebebi (magaliTad, danaxarjis _ Cemi samuSao arcTu ise kargia,~ an Semosavlis _ gamimarTla, rom yoveli kviris bolos viReb xelfass, romlis imedzec SemiZlia viyo,~ Rirebulebis axleburi interpretacia). SeginiSnavT usamarTlobis, an samarTlianobis Sedegebi Tqvens samuSao situaciebSi? ganvixiloT situacia, rodesac Tqveni TanamSromeli ukeTes samuSaoze gadadis. ras ganicdiT am dros? samarTlianobis Teoriis mixedviT, Tqven SeiZleba grZnobdeT, rom usamarTlod dagtoves arasasurvel samuSaoze. faqtobrivad, rodesac muSaki ise midis samsaxuridan, rom is ukmayofilebas gamoxatavs am samuSaos mimarT, darCenili TanamSromlebi midrekilni arian naklebi produqtulobisken _ isini amcireben Sromis nayofierebas, raTa aRadginon darRveuli Tanasworoba da samarTlianoba (Sheeman, 1993). Tu Tqven xelmZRvanelis Tanamdebobaze mogiwevT muSaoba, unda ecadoT, rom Tavidan aiciloT aseTi damokidebulebis damkvidreba imiT, rom daakmayofiloT Tqveni TanamSromlebis samarTlianobis fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebi.
495
Tavi 12 / motivacia
magaliTad, ar unda dagaviwydeT saTanado axsnis~ sargeblianoba. molodinis Teoriis mixedviT, muSaki motivirebulia maSin, rodesac is elodeba, rom misi Zalisxmeva da Sroma misTvis sasurvel Sedegs gamoiRebs (Harder, 1991; Porte & Lawler, 1968; Vroom, 1964). sxva sityvebiT, adamianebi Seasruleben im samuSaos, romelsac mimzidvelad (romelsac Tan sdevs sasurveli Sedegebi) da Sesrulebadad CaTvlian. molodinis TeoriaSi aqcenti keTdeba sam komponentze, esenia: molodini, instrumentaluroba da valentoba. molodini asaxavs imis mosalodnel albaTobas, rom muSakis Zalisxmevis Sedegi iqneba mis mier samuSaos garkveuli xarisxiT Sesruleba. instrumentaluroba niSnavs, rom samuSaos Sesruleba gamoiRebs garkveul Sedegs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, Sromis anazRaureba an jildo. valentoba gulisxmobs konkretuli Sedegis mimzidvelobas muSakisTvis. konkretul samuSao situaciaSi am sami komponentisTvis sxvadasxva kombinaciis warmodgena SegiZliaT. Tqven SeiZleba gaqvT samuSao, sadac didia albaToba imisa, rom dagajildoeben warmatebuli muSaobisTvis (maRali instrumentaluroba), magram naklebia albaToba imisa, rom samuSaos warmatebulad SeasrulebT (dabali molodini), an naklebia albaToba imisa, rom miRebuli jildo Rirebuli iqneba (dabali valentoba). molodinis Teoriis Tanaxmad, muSaki afasebs am sami komponentis albaTobebs da aerTianebs maT maTi calkeuli mniSvnelobebis gadamravlebiT. yvelaze maRali donis motivacia gvaqvs maSin, rodesac didia samive komponentis albaToba, xolo dabali motivacia miiReba maSin, rodesac samidan erT-erTi komponentis albaToba nulis tolia. xedavT, rogor SeiZleba dagexmaroT molodinis Teoriis analizi, Tu xelmZRvanelis Tanamdebobaze mogiwevT muSaoba? Tqven unda iswavloT molodinis, instrumentalurobisa da valentobis naTlad warmodgena; aseve, unda SegeZloT gansazRvra _ am suraTSi yvelaferi
molodinis Teoria (Expectancy theory) _ samuSao motivaciis Teoria, romlis mixedviT, muSaki motivirebulia maSin, roca elis, rom misi Zalisxmeva da samuSaos Sesruleba sasurvel Sedegs gamoiRebs.
wesrigSia Tu romelime nawili gaumarTavia. magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom muSakebi mividnen im daskvnamde, rom maT Zalisxmevasa da amisTvis miRebul anazRaurebas Soris arasakmarisi Tanafardobaa. rogor SecvlidiT samuSao pirobebs, raTa aRgedginaT instrumentalurobis maRali Rirebuleba? winamdebare qveTavis daskvnis saxiT gTavazobT gamafrTxilebel SeniSvnas samuSao garemoSi miRwevisa da motivaciis Sesaxeb. rodesac pirovnul gadawyvetilebas iRebT, Tu ramdenad gulmodgined da dabejiTebiT SegiZliaT Sroma Tqvens profesiul asparezze, yuradRebiT gadaxedeT Tqveni cxovrebis sxva aspeqtebsac. rogorc momdevno TavSi vnaxavT, agresiulma swrafvam warmatebisken SeiZleba garkveulwilad xeli SegiSaloT xangrZlivad da janmrTelad cxovrebaSi.
Sejameba
fsiqologebi zomaven miRwevis moTxovnilebas, raTa gamoTqvan varaudebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor warimarTeba adamianis cxovreba da ra elis mas. motivaciaze gavlenas axdens mizezobrivi atribucia, romelic SeiZleba moicavdes konkretul an zogad, ucvlel an cvalebad da Sinagan an garegan faqtorebs. mkvlevrebma gansazRvres axsnis optimisturi da pesimisturi stilebi, romelic gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu rogor asruleben adamianebi dasaxul amocanebs da ramdenad dabejiTebiT akeTeben amas. organizaciuli fsiqologebis interesTa sferoSi Sedis samuSao adgilze moqmedi mamotivirebeli faqtorebi. samarTlianobis da molodinis Teoriebi aRweren, Tu rogor moqmedebs muSakis mosazrebebi samuSao situaciis Sesaxeb mis motivaciasa da Sromis Sedegebze.
moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia
bolo sam qveTavSi motivaciis specifikur tipebze da qcevis specifikur tipebze SevaCereT Tqveni yuradReba. Tavis dasasruls isev davubrundeT motivaciis ufro zogad mniSvnelobas. Cven gvsurs zogadi warmodgena SegiqmnaT
496
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
SeuZlia Tu ara fsiqologias karieris arCevaSi daxmareba

Tu Tqven odesme gqoniaT iseTi samsaxuri, romelic ar mogwondaT, albaT, bevri gecodinebaT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras niSnavs, itanjebodeT motivaciis naklebobiT: autanelia Tavad azri samsaxurSi misvlis Sesaxeb; TiToeuli wuTi saaTad geCvenebaT. warmatebuli karieris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nawilia iseTi samuSao garemos moZebna, sadac Sesasrulebeli samuSao da misTvis miRebuli anazRaureba Tqveni motivaciuri moTxovnilebebis Sesatyvisi iqneba. albaT, ar gagikvirdebaT, rom mkvlevrebi swavlobdnen profesiuli mowodebisa da adamianebis pirovnuli Tvisebebis, faseulobebsa da moTxovnilebebis urTierTTanxvedris sakiTxebs. profesiuli warmatebis miRwevis motivaciis SesanarCuneblad Tqveni interesebisa da TqvenTvis faseuli miznebis Sesatyvisi samuSao unda gqondeT. profesiuli interesis farTod gavrcelebuli sazomia strongis profesiuli interesebis kiTxvari, romelic eduard strongs (Edward Strong) ekuTvnis. testis Sesaqmnelad man gamokiTxa sxvadasxva profesiis mamakacTa jgufebi im saqmianobebs Sesaxeb, romlebic maT moswondaT, an ar moswondaT. Semdeg, skalis misaRebad, im respodentTa mier gacemuli pasuxebi, romlebic warmatebulni iyven konkretul profesiebSi, Seadara Cveulebrivi respondenti mamakacebis pasuxebs. testis Semdeg versiebs (maT Soris 1994 wels redaqtirebuls) daemata qalebisTvis relevanturi skalebi da axali profesiebi (Harmon et al., 1994). strongis profesiuli interesebis kiTxvari sakmaod warmatebiT adgens kavSirs adamianebis mier mowonebul da armowonebul saqmianobebsa da Sesabamis profesiebs Soris (Donnay &Borgen, 1996). Tu Tqven SeavsebT am tests, profesiuli konsultanti SeZlebs informaciis mowodebas im samuSaoebis Sesaxeb, romlebic tipuria Tqveni interesebis msgavsi interesebis mqone adamianebisTvis, radgan es is samuSaoa, romelic namdvilad mogewonebaT. davuSvaT, miiReT aseTi rCeva imis Taobaze, Tu ra profesias unda daeufloT. rogor unda amoirCioT is konkretuli kompania, sadac imuSavebT da rogor unda SegarCioT man Tqven? bolo periodSi kadrebis SerCevis fsiqologiis mkvlevrebma didi yuradReba dauTmes pirovnebaorganizaciis morgebis cnebas, romlis mizania adamianisa da damqiravebeli organizaciis Tavsebadobis maqsimizacia (Borman et al., 1997; Kristof, 1996; Van Vianen, 2000). erT-erTi kvleva fokusirebuli iyo TanamSromelTa pirovnuli Taviseburebebisa da organizaciis ,,kulturis~ morgebaze. magaliTisTvis aviRoT pirovnuli faqtori, romelsac TanxmobisaTvis mzaoba ewodeba. masSi moazrebuli kontiniumis ori ukiduresobaa: ,,TanamgrZnobi, keTili da mosiyvarule~ da ,,civi, kapasi da sastiki~ (ix. Tavi 14). SevxedoT organizaciebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli kulturebis kontiniumsac mxardamWeridan da jgufze orientirebulidan agresiul da Sedegebze orientirebulamde. xedavT rogor wrfivad lagdeba es maxasiaTeblebi? mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom samuSos is maZieblebi, romelTac maRali maCvenebeli aqvT TanxmobisaTvis mzaobis mixedviT, amjobineben organizaciebs, romlebic mxardamWeri da jgufze orientirebuli kulturiT gamoirCevian (Judge & Cable, 1997) am tipis kvlevebi gvTavazoben imis axsnas, Tu ratom ar aris sakmarisi martoden Cveni motivaciuri mdgomareobebi, rodesac profesiul warmatebas exeba saqme. am dros, aseve, aranakleb mniSvnelovania is, Tu ramdenad Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs miznis miRwevis Cveneuli meTodebi da organizaciis prioritetebi. sanam im samuSaoze fiqrobT, romelic miznebis miRwevis motivacias SegiqmniT, warmogidgenT kidev erT gasaTvaliswinebel faqtors: cxovrebis sxva mravali aspeqtis msgavsad, profesiul interess, rogorc Cans, genetikuri faqtoric gansazRvravs. erT-erT kvlevaSi sxvadasxva ojaxSi gazrdil identur da araidentur tyupebs sTxoves, SeevsoT (strongis profesiuli interesebis kiTxvaris msgavsi) profesiuli interesebis ori kiTxvari (Moloney et al., 1991). am kiTxvarebis monacemebis mixedviT, saSualo korelacia identuri tyupebisTvis iyo 0,38 da 0,47; araidenturi tyupebisTvis ki _ mxolod 0,05 da 0,06. gaiTvaliswineT, rom es tyupebi ar izrdebodnen erT ojaxSi! Tu Tqven gadawyvetT, rom dedis an mamis profesiul kvals mihyveT, SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom es sulac ar aris mxolod garemos Sedegi. maS ase, romeli profesiuli gza SegiqmniT warmatebis miRwevis motivacias? rogorc mravalricxovani cxovrebiseuli dilemis SemTxvevaSi, aqac Caatares fsiqologebma kvlevebi, romlebic am mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi dagexmarebaT.
moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia
497
transcendenturi moTxovnilebebi
kosmiuri daniSnulebis Secnobis sulieri moTxovnilebebi
TviTaqtualizaciis moTxovnileba
potencialis srulad gamoyenebis moTxovnileba, gansazRvruli mizenisken swrafva
esTetikuri moTxovnilebebi
mSvenierebisa da wesrigis moTxovnileba
SemecnebiTi moTxovnilebebi
codnis, gagebis, siaxlis moTxovnilebebi
pativiscemis moTxovnileba
darwmunebulobis, sakuTari Tavis faseulobisa da kompetenturobis, TviTpativiscemisa da sxvaTa mxridan pativiscemis moTxovnileba
mijaWvulobis moTxovnileba
Tanaziarobis, afilaciis moTxovnileba; moTxovnileba imisa, rom giyvardeT da uyvardeT
usafrTxoebis moTxovnileba
usafrTxoebis, komfortis, uSfoTvelobis, SiSisgan Tavisuflebis moTxovnileba
biologiuri oTxovnilebebi
sakvebis, sasmelis, Jangbadis, dasvenebis, seqsis, daZabulobis moxsnis moTxovnilebebi
suraTi
12.7
maslous moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia
Tavi 12 / motivacia
im Zalebze, romlebic, SesaZloa, warmarTavdnen Tqvens cxovrebas. humanist-fsiqologma abraham masloum (Abraham Maslow, 1970) Seqmna Teoria, romlis mixedviTac bazisuri motivebi qmnian moTxovnilebaTa ierarqias, sadac moTxovnilebebi dalagebulia martividan umaRlesisken, rogorc es naCvenebia suraTze 12.7. maslous mixedviT, unda dakmayofildes ierarqiis TiToeuli donis moTxovmoTxovnilebebis ierarqia (Hierarchi of needs) _ maslous Sexeduleba, rom bazisuri adamianuri motivebi qmnis ierarqias da, rom moTxovnileba ierarqiis TiToeul doneze garkveuli intensiobiT unda dakmayofildes, romlis Sedegadac SesaZlebeli iqneba momdevno donis miRweva. es moTxovnilebebi progresirdeba bazisuri biologiuri moTxovnilebebidan transcedenturobisaken.
498
nilebebi, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes momdevno doneze gadasvla. am ierarqiis safuZvelSi mdebareobs iseTi biologiuri moTxovnilebebi, rogoricaa: SimSili da wyurvili. sxva nebismieri moTxovnilebis amoqmedebamde jer es moTxovnilebebi unda dakmayofildes. rodesac biologiuri moTxovnilebebi daJinebiT iTxoven dakmayofilebas, sxva moTxovnilebebi SeCerebulia da isini veranairad aisaxebian Cvens qcevaze. roca biologiuri moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia, Tqvens motivacias Semdegi donis moTxovnileba qmnis _ es aris usafrTxoebis moTxovnileba. rodesac aRar SfoTavT SesaZlo safrTxis gamo, Tqveni motivaciis ganmapirobebeli mijaWvulobis moTxovnileba xdeba _ Tanaziarobis, afilaciis moTxovnileba; moTxovnileba imisa, rom giyvardeT da uyvardeT. Tu kargad gamokvebili xarT, Tavs usafrTxod grZnobT da gaqvT socialuri mikuTvnebulobis gancda, Tqven gadainacvlebT pativiscemis moTxovnilebaze _ moTxovnileba sakuTari TavSi kompetenturi da efeqturi adamianis danaxvisa, romelsac SeuZlia imis gakeTeba, rac saWiroa sxvaTa mxridan pativiscemis mosapoveblad. adamianebi moazrovne arsebebi arian, rTuli tviniT, romelic azris stimulacias saWiroebs. Tqven Zlieri SemecnebiTi moTxovnilebebi gamoZravebT: Tqveni warsulis codna, mimdinare arsebobis Tavsatexis wvdoma da momavlis winaswarganWvreta gsurT. swored am moTxovnilebebis Zala ubiZgebs mecnierebs, rom mTeli
TavianTi sicocxle siaxleebis aRmoCenas miuZRvnan. maslous ierarqiis Semdeg doneze mSvenierebisa da wesrigisken swrafva Tavsdeba, romelic warmodgenilia esTetikuris moTxovnilebis saxiT, romelic adamianis SemoqmedebiTi mxaris gamovlenis SesaZleblobas iZleva. ierarqiis mwvervalze imyofebian adamianebi _ gamokvebilni, safrTxisgan daculni, visac uyvarT da vinc uyvarT, sakuTar ZalebSi darwmunebulni, moazrovneni da Semoqmedni. es adamianebi gascdnen elementaruli adamianuri moTxovnilebebis farglebs sakuTari potencialis sruli ganviTarebisken swrafvidan, anu TviTaqtualizaciidan gamomdinare. aseTi TviTaqtualizebuli pirovneba, sxva dadebiTi Tvisebebis garda, kargad icnobs, esmis sakuTari Tavis da iseTad iRebs mas, rogoric aris; socialurad gulisxmieria, SemoqmedebiTia, Tavisufalia, Riaa siaxleebisa da gamowvevebisadmi. maslous ierarqiaSi kidev erTi safexuria, romelic scildeba individualuri potencialis sruli ganviTarebis farglebs; esaa transcedenturis moTxovnileba, romelmac adamiani SeiZleba cnobierebis umaRles mdgomareobebamde da samyaroSi sakuTari daniSnulebis kosmiur xedvamde miiyvanos. Zalze cota adamiani Tu axerxebs sakuTari me-s sazRvris gadabijebas da sulier ZalebTan aseTi erTianobis miRwevas. maslous Teoria adamianis motivaciis gansakuTrebiT popularul xedvas warmoadgens. Teoriis ZiriTad birTvs warmoadgens mosazreba, rom TiToeul adamians aqvs ganviTarebisa da sakuTari potencialis maqsimalurad realizebis
moTxovnileba. yovelTvis SegviZlia aseTi dadebiTi xedvis SenarCuneba? monacemebi cxadyofs, rom ara. maslous mier aRwerili moTxovnilebebis garda, Cven vxedavT, rom adamianebs axasiaTebT Zalauflebis gamovlenis, dominantobisa da agresiis gamoxatvis moTxovnilebebi. garda amisa, Cveni sakuTari gamocdilebidan viciT, rom maslous zusti, mkacri ierarqia SeiZleba xSirad dairRves. magaliTad, SegviZlia, rom yuradReba ar mivaqcioT SimSils maSin, rodesac ufro maRali donis moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebiT varT motivirebulni. Tumca, aseTi SezRudvebis pirobebSic ki, vimedovnebT, rom maslous sqema Tqveni mamotivirebeli swrafvebis sxvadasxva aspeqtis garkveulwilad mowesrigebaSi dagexmarebaT. Cven grZeli gza ganvvleT mas Semdeg, rac everestze rebeka stefensis usiamovnebebiT savse asvla ganvixileT. Cven aRvwereT kvebis da SimSilis fsiqologia da adamianis seqsualobis evolucia da socialuri ganzomilebebi. Cven gamovikvlieT individualuri gansxvavebebi pirovnuli miRwevebis TvalsazrisiT, avxseniT pirovnuli warmateba. am sakiTxebis ganxilvisas Tqven naxeT, Tu ra rTulad urTierTqmedeben buneba da aRzrda rogorc saxeobis, ise _ individualur doneze. am mTeli informaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, ra axali ideebi da mosazrebebi gagiCndaT rebeka stefensis qcevis Sesaxeb? xedavT Tu ara axla ufro srulad, Tu ratom xdeba, rom zogierTi adamianisTvis neka TiTis dakargva arc ise didi sazRauri SeiZleba iyos sanukvari miznis miRwevisTvis?
motivaciis cneba
motivacia dinamikuri cnebaa, romelic gamoiyeneba qcevisaTvis mimarTulebis mimcemi procesebis aRsawerad.
motivaciuri analizi gvexmareba avxsnaT, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs biologiuri da qceviTi procesebi da ratom iswrafvian adamianebi miznebisken dabrkolebebisa da araxel-
sayreli pirobebis miuxedavad. ltolvebis Teoria ayalibebs motivaciis, rogorc daZabulobis Semcirebis cnebas. adamianebi motivirebulni arian aRmZvrelebiT _ garegani stimulebiT, romlebic ar ukavSir-
499
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
debian fiziologiur moTxovnilebebs. reversiis Teoria gamoyofs metamotivaciuri mdgomareobebis opoziciur wyvilebs. instinqtebis Teoriis mixedviT, motivacia xSirad e y r d n o b a Ta n d a y o l i l stereotipul reaqciebs. socialuri da kognituri fsiqologebi xazs usvamen individis mier situaciis aRqmas, interpretaciasa da masze reaqcias.
kveba
sxeuli flobs mTel rig meqanizmebs kvebis procesis dawyebisa da SewyvetisaTvis. Tu msuqani adamiani SezRuduli mWameli xdeba, misma dietam SeiZleba wonis momateba ufro gamoiwvios, vidre _ dakleba. kvebiTi aSliloba janm r Te l o b i s T v i s d a s i cocxlisaTvis saSiSi daavadebaa, romelic SeiZleba kulturuli gavlenisa da sxeulis xatis darRveuli aRqmis Sedegad aRmocendes.
cxovelebSi seqsualuri ltolvebi mkacrad kontroldeba hormonebiT. mastersisa da jonsonis Sromam mogvawoda pirveli monacemebi qalisa da mamakacis seqsualuri reaqciebis ciklis Sesaxeb. evoluciuri fsiqologebis azriT, adamianTa seqsualuri qceva asaxavs Sewyvilebis sxvadasxva strategiebs qalebisa da mamakacebisaTvis. seqsualur scenarebSi gansxvavebebma SeiZleba seriozuli gaugebroba gamoiwvios da Zaladobamde mogviyvanos. homoseqsualizmi da heteroseqsualizmi determinirebulia rogorc genetikiT, ise pirovnuli da socialuri garemoTi.
remoSi adamianis funqcionirebaze motivaciis gavlenas.
moTxovnilebebis ierarqia
abraham maslous azriT, moTxovnilebebi SeiZleba ierarqiulad dalagdes. miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianis motivacia ufro rTulia, maslous Teoria gvawvdis samuSao CarCos motivaciuri Zalebis dasajameblad.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
anoreqsia atribucia bulimia gaupatiureba ltolvebi Tanasworobis Teoria molodinis Teoria moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia homeostazi aRmZvrelebi instinqtebi motivacia miRwevis moTxovnileba organizaciis fsiqologia mSobliuri zrunva da wvlili reversiis Teoria seqsualuri agzneba seqsualuri scenarebi socialuri daswavlis Teoria Tematuri apercepciis testi

adamianebs aqvT miRwevis mravali moTxovnileba. miRwevis moTxovnileba gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu rogor axdens adamiani warmatebisa da marcxis interpretacias. ori atribuciuri stili _ optimizmi da pesimizmi _ iwvevs gansxvavebul damokidebulebebs miRwevisadmi da gavlenas axdens motivaciaze. organizaciuli fsiqologebi swavloben samuSao ga-
seqsualuri qceva
evoluciuri Teoriidan gamomdinare, seqsi STamomavlobis producirebis meqanizmia.
396 500
Tavi 12 / motivacia
emocia,
stresi,
da
janmrTeloba
13
emociebi
bazisuri emociebi da kultura emociebis Teoriebi emociebis funqciebi

stresi Tqvens cxovrebaSi
fiziologiri reaqciebi stresze fsiqologiuri reaqciebi stresze stresis daZleva

janmrTelobis fsiqologia
janmrTelobis biofsiqo janmrTelobis profilaq mkurnaloba `profesiuli gamofitva~ da

janmrTelobis dacvis sistema
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: janmrTeli adamianebi 2010 wlisaTvis fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: axdens Tu ara gavlenas pirovnuli Tvisebebi janmrTelobaze sakvanZo sakiTxebi
socialuri modeli tika
ZiriTadi cnebebi
501
wlis biWi, venesuelis varaos kulturis warmomadgeneli, maRali sicxiTa da sasunTqi gzebis anTebiT gaxda avad. misma ojaxma es avadmyofoba hebus _ sagvareulo sulebs daukavSira. bavSvis sxeulidan hebus gansadevnad moiwvies mkurnali Samani _ visidatu. visidatum Caatara xangrZlivi rituali, romlis ZiriTad nawils ganmkurnebeli simRera warmoadgenda. qvemoT mocemulia im teqstis nawili, romelsac visidatu asrulebda: Sen (hebu) CaeWide mas, CaeWide mas, CaeWide mas TavSi, Seni cieb-cxelebiT, Seni cieb-cxelebiT, Seni sneulebebiT, Seni ZaliT, romliTac SegiZlia Wkuidan SeSalo adamiani. me var is, vinc icis patara qvebis ciebcxeleba, me var is, vinc Sen gicnobs,
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba
me var is, vinc Sen dagamSvidebs, me var is, vinc gagiSvebs aqedan. me axlave CagWideb xels da mogaqcev Cems mklavebSi. me var is, vinc CagWidebs xels. me CavWideb xels Sens sxeuls, me gagiSveb aqedan, me gagiSveb aqedan, me gagiSveb aqedan, me gagiSveb aqedan, me gagiSveb mTeli kanidan, me gagiSveb kanidan da xorcidan, me gagiSveb xorcidan, me var is, vinc gamoiyvans hebus, me var is, vinc gamoiyvans hebus, me var is, vinc gamoiyvans hebus, me var is, vinc Sen gagiSvebs. meore diliT bavSvs sicxem dauklo. ojaxi darwmunebuli iyo, rom warumatebeli mkurnalobis SemTxvevaSi bavSvi daiRupeboda (Briggs,1996).
502
Tu Tqven dasavlur kulturaSi gaizardeT, TqvenTvis Zneli dasajerebeli iqneba, rom raime kavSiri arsebobda ritualsa _ visidatus urTierTobas hebus sulebTan _ da bavSvis gamojanmrTelebas Soris. Tumca, vimedovnebT, rom am Tavis bolos SevZlebT amgvari skeptikuri damokidebulebis Semcirebas. Cven gvinda gavafarTovoT Tqveni warmodgenebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra kavSirSi arian erTmaneTTan suli da sxeuli. varaos gankurnebis ritualSi swored im Temas vxvdebiT, romelsac am TavSi gamovyofT da ganvixilavT: ra gziT SeuZlia iseT fsiqikur mdgomareobas, rogoric Zlieri emociaa, gavlena moaxdinos fizikuri janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze.
dasawyisisaTvis, gTxovT, warmoidginoT naklebad damabneveli situacia. davuSvaT, zustad am wuTs gekiTxebiT: ras grZnobT?~ rogor upasuxebdiT am SekiTxvas? arsebobs informaciis, sul mcire, sami gansxvavebuli tipi, romlis mowodebac SegiZliaT. pirveli, Tqven SegiZliaT gagvimxiloT Tqveni guneba-ganwyobileba, anu emociebi, romelsac ganicdiT: gixariaT, radgan iciT, rom am Tavis wakiTxvas moaswrebT wveulebaze wasvlamde; brazobT, radgan Tqvenma ufrosma axlaxan giyviraT telefonSi; meore, SesaZloa, ufro zogadi pasuxi gagvceT gancdili stresis siZlieris Sesaxeb: iseTi gancda gaqvT, TiTqos yvela gasakeTebeli davalebis Sesrulebas moaxerxebT, Tu grZnobT, rom gadatvir-
Tuli xarT? mesame, Tqven SeiZleba gviamboT Tqveni fsiqikuri an fizikuri janmrTelobis Sesaxeb: grZnobT, rom avad xdebiT, Tu kargad yofnis zogadi gancda geuflebaT? am TavSi ganxilulia urTierTmimarTeba pasuxis sam SesaZlo variants Soris SekiTxvaze _ `rogor grZnobT Tavs?~ pasuxebi ukavSirdeba emociebs, stress da janmrTelobas. emociebi adamianis gamocdilebis qvakuTxedia. isini adamianebTan urTierTobis process amdidreben, xolo mexsierebis Sinaarsebs Tvisobriobasa da mniSvnelobas aniWeben. am TavSi Cven ganvixilavT emociebis gancdasa da maT funqciebs, magram ra xdeba maSin, rodesac emociis moTxovnebi biologiur da fsiqikur SesaZleblobebs aRemateba? SesaZloa gadaitvirToT da veRar moaxerxoT cxovrebiseul stresorebTan gamklaveba. am TavSi aseve ganxilul iqneba, Tu ra gavlenas axdens stresi adamianze da rogor aris SesaZlebeli misi daZleva; dabolos, gavafarTovebT Cvens fokuss da ganvixilavT fsiqologiis wvlils janmrTelobisa da avadmyofobis kvlevaSi. janmrTelobis fsiqologebi ikvleven, Tu rogor axdens gavlenas avadmyofobis ganviTarebaze garemo, socialuri da fsiqologiuri procesebi. janmrTelobis fsiqologebi, aseve, iyeneben fsiqologiur procesebsa da principebs avadmyofobis mkurnalobisa da prevenciisaTvis. amave dros, SeimuSaveben pirovnuli keTildReobis gaumjobesebis strategiebs. es gza _ emociebidan, stresis gavliT, janmrTelobamde, Seqmnis konteqsts, romelSic SesaZlebeli iqneba varaos gankurnebis ritualis Zalis gageba. daviwyoT emociebis Sinaarsisa da mniSvnelobis ganxilviT.
emociebi
warmoidgineT, rogori iqneboda Tqveni cxovreba, rom SegeZloT fiqri da moqmedeba, magram ara _ grZnoba. mzad xarT, daTmoT SiSis gancdis unari satrfos kocniT gamowveuli vnebis xarjze? daTmobdiT mowyenilobas mxiarulebis xarjze? ra Tqma unda, es cudi garigeba iqneboda, romelsac maleve inanebdiT. Cven vnaxavT, rom emociebi mTel rig mniSvnelovan funqciebs asruleben. daviwyoT imiT, rom SemogTavazebT emociis gansazRvrebas da aRvwerT emociuri gamocdilebis safuZvlebs. Tqven, SesaZloa, emocia mxolod grZnobad CaTvaloT: `me vgrZnob bednierebas~, an `vgrZnob brazs,~ magram Cven am mniSvnelovani cnebis ufro mravlismomcveli gansazRvreba gvWirdeba, romelic moicavs rogorc sxeuls, ise suls. Tanamedrove fsiqologebi emocias gansazRvraven, rogorc sxeulebrivi da mentaluri cvlilebebis rTul paterns, romelic moicavs fiziologiur agznebas, grZnobebs, kognitur procesebsa da qceviT reaqciebs, romlebic pirovnulad mniSvnelovnad aRqmul situaciebze sapasuxod Cndeba. imisaTvis, rom naTeli gaxdes, risTvis aris saWiro yvela es komponenti, warmoidgineT situacia, romelSic Tavs Zalian bednierad grZnobT. Tqveni fiziologiuri agzneba gamoiemocia (emotion) cvlilebaTa rTuli paterni, romelic moicavs fiziologiur agznebas, grZnobebs, kognitur procesebsa da qcevas; warmoadgens pasuxs situaciaze, romelic pirovnulad mniSvnelovnad aris aRqmuli.
emociebi
503
xateba mSvid guliscemaSi. Tqveni grZnoba iqneba dadebiTi. emociasTan dakavSirebuli kognituri procesebi moicavs interpretaciebs, mogonebebsa da molodinebs, romlebic saSualebas gaZleven, gansazRvroT situacia, rogorc bednieri. Tqveni TvalsaCino qceviTi reaqcia, SesaZloa, iyos eqspresiuli (Rimili) an/da qcevaze orientirebuli (sayvarel adamianTan Caxuteba). emociebis Cveneul gagebaSi SevecdebiT, rom yvela es komponenti _ agzneba, grZnobebi, azrebi da qceva _ gavaerTianoT.
aris Tu ara zogierTi emociuri reaqcia Tandayolili

Tu sakiTxisadmi evoluciuri midgoma marTebulia, savaraudoa, rom mTeli msoflios bavSvebSi emociuri reaqciebis erTi da igive paternebi gamovlindeba (Izard,1994). silvan tomkinsi (Silvan Tomkins, 1962, 1981) erT-erTi pirveli fsiqologi iyo, romelmac xazi gausva uSualo, TanSobili, aradaswavlili afeqturi (emociuri) reaqciebis universalobas. man xazi gausva imas, rom Cvilebi yovelgvari winaswari swavlis gareSe Zlier xmaurs SiSiT, an sunTqvis garTulebiT pasuxoben; isini TiTqos winaswar arian mzad, rom garkveul stimulebs upasuxon emociuri reaqciiT, romelic imdenad zogadia, rom pirobebis sakmaod farTo speqtrs Seesabameba. kros-kulturulma gamokvlevebma daadastura varaudi, rom zogierTi emociuri pasuxi sakmaod msgavsia erTmaneTisagan Zalian gansxvavebuli kulturebis bavSvebTan.
bazisuri emociebi da kultura

warmoidgineT, rom erT oTaxSi gansxvavebuli kulturis warmomadgenlebi SekribeT. ra iqneba saerTo maT mier emociebis gancdaSi? Tavdapirvelad pasuxisaTvis SegviZlia mivmarToT Carlz darvinis wigns emociebis gamoxatva adamiansa da cxovelebSi (1872/1965). darvini Tvlida, rom emociebi ganviTarda adamianisaTvis da ara mxolod adamianisaTvis, damaxasiaTebeli struqturebisa da funqciebis sxva mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis ganviTarebasTan erTad. mas ainteresebda emociebis adapturi funqcia, romelic, misi azriT, warmoadgens ara gaurkvevel, araprognozirebad pirovnul mdgomareobas, aramed adamianis Tavis tvinis moqmedebis saxeobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Zalian specifikuri, koordinirebuli moqmedebis formas. darvini emociebs gansazRvravda TanSobil, specifikur mentalur mdgomareobad, romelic garemoSi ganmeorebadi situaciebis garkveul jgufTan gasamklaveblad aris mowodebuli. saxeobis ganviTarebis istoriis manZilze adamianebs Tavs esxmodnen, uyvardebodaT, uCndebodaT Svilebi, isini ebrZodnen erTmaneTs, awydebodnen partnioris Ralats, iyvnen sayvareli adamianebis sikvdilis momswreni da es yvelaferi uTvalavjer momxdara. amrigad, unda vivaraudoT, rom garkveuli tipis emociuri reaqciebi adamianis saxeobis yvela wevrTan unda aRmocenebuliyo. mkvlevrebma emociebis universalobis Sesaxeb ganacxadi axalSobilebis emociur reaqciebsa da sxvadasxva kulturebSi saxis gamometyvelebis erTgvarovnebaze dakvirvebiT Seamowmes.
saidan viciT
kros-kulturuli emociuri reaqciebi CvilebTan eqsperimenti Catarda 5 da 12 Tvis asakis iaponel da amerikel bavSvebze. eqsperimentatorebi cdis pirebs saxlebSi ewvivnen da Semdegi procedura Cautares: bavSvebs xels avlebdnen majebSi da xelebs jvaredinad abjendnen mucelze. eqsperimentatorebi videofirze iwerdnen TiToeuli bavSvis reaqcias. orive kulturis bavSvebi saxis kunTebs erTnairi paterniT amoZravebdnen, rac distresis Zalian msgavsi gamoxatviT mTavrdeboda. amerikelma da iaponelma bavSvebma gamoavlines, agreTve, negatiuri vokalizaciisa da fizikuri winaaRmdegobis erTnairi done (Carmas et al.,1992). marTalia, am eqsperimentiT dadasturda mniSvnelovani kros-kulturuli Sesabamisoba, magram ufro axalma gamokvlevebma garkveuli gansxvavebebic gamoavlina. erT-erTi gamokvlevis mixedviT, 11 Tvis Cineli bavSvebi emociurad ufro
504
nakleb eqspresiulebi iyvnen, vidre maTi iaponeli da amerikeli Tanatolebi (Carmas et al.,1998). es Sedegebi mowmobs, rom kultura sicocxlis ukve Zalian adreul etapze iwyebs moqmedebas da gavlenas axdens Tandayolil emociur reaqciebze. yuradReba miaqcieT imas, rom Cvilebs, rogorc Cans, aqvT sxvaTa saxis gamometyvelebis interpretaciis Tandayolili unaric. erT-erT eqsperimentSi 4-dan 6 Tvemde bavSvebs ganmeorebiTi prezentaciis gziT aCvevdnen garkveuli emociebis gamomxatvel saxeebs. SeCvevis faqti imiT dasturdeboda, rom bavSvebs TandaTan uqrebodaT interesi am saxeebisadmi. es saxeebi SerCeul iqna gaocebis, SiSisa da brazis gamomxatveli suraTebis seriidan (ix. Tavi 11, SeCvevis procedurebis magaliTebi bavSvebSi). Semdeg, rodesac bavSvebs gansxvavebuli emociis gamomxatvel fotos aCvenebdnen, isini ganaxlebuli interesiT pasuxobdnen masze. savaraudoa, rom es eqspresiebi maTTvis ùcnauri~ iyo da gaocebis, SiSisa da brazis eqspresiebisagan `gansxvavebulad gamoiyureboda~ aseT adreul asakSic ki (Serrano et al., 1992). aseve, aRsaniSnavia, rom bavSvebi ufro dadebiT qcevas avlenen (magaliTad, moaxloebis moZraobebi da Rimili) mxiaruli eqspresiis mimarT da ufro negatiur qcevas (magaliTad, ganridebis moZraobebi da warbebis SeWmuxna) brazis eqsperesiis mimarT. es gvaZlevs safuZvels, vivaraudoT, rom bavSvebi ara marto cnoben am gamometyvelebebs, aramed Zalian adreul asakSi xvdebian maT `mniSvnelobas~ (Serrano et al., 1995).
universaluria Tu ara emociuri eqspresiebi

rogorc vnaxeT, bavSvebi avlenen da aRiqvamen standartul emociur eqspresiebs. Tu es asea, maSin mosalodnelia, rom Zalian gansxvavebuli kulturebis zrdasrul warmomadgenlebs hqondeT msgavsi warmodgena imaze, Tu rogor xdeba emociebis gadacema saxis gamometyvelebiT. pol ekmanis (Paul Ekman) mixedviT, romelic saxis eqspresiis bunebis wamyvan mkvlevrad iTvleba, yvela adamianis `saxis ena~ garkveulwilad emTxveva erTmaneTs (Ekman, 1984,1994). ekmanma da misma TanamSromlebma daadastures is, rasac jer kidev darvini varaudobda, rom emociuri eqspresiebis garkveuli nawili adamianis saxeobisaTvis universaluria, savaraudod, imitom, rom es emociuri eqspresiebi Cveni evoluciuri memkvidreobis Tandayolil Semadgenel nawilebs warmoadgenen. sanam gaagrZelebdeT kiTxvas, daakvirdiT 13.1 suraTs. naxeT, ramdenad zustad SegiZliaT icnoT am Svidi universaluri emociis gamoxatuleba (Ekman & Friesen, 1986). arsebobs mniSvnelovani sabuTebi imisa, rom am Svid eqspresias erTnairad cnoben da avlenen mTel msoflioSi bednierebis, gaocebis, brazis, zizRis, SiSis, sevdis da siZulvilis emociebze sapasuxod. mkvlevrebi, romlebic kros-kulturul gansxvavebebs ikvleven, sTxovdnen sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebs, moexdinaT standartul fotosuraTebze mocemul eqspresiebTan
suraTi
13.1
emociuri eqspresiebis Sefasebebi

SeusabameT qvemoT CamoTvlili Svidi emociis aRmniSvneli termini aq naCveneb saxeebs: _ SiSi, zizRi, bedniereba, gaoceba, siZulvili, brazi da sevda. pasuxebi mocemulia am Tavis bolos.
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emociebi
dakavSirebuli emociebis identifikacia. adamianebs zogadad SeuZliaT Svid emociasTan dakavSirebuli eqspresiis identificireba.
saidan viciT
saxis gamometyvelebis kros-kulturuli aRqma erT-erT gamokvlevaSi axali gvineis damwerlobis armqone kulturis (fores kulturis) warmomadgenlebi, romlebsac am eqsperimentamde TiTqmis araviTari Sexeba ar hqoniaT dasavlelebTan da dasavlur kulturasTan, zustad axdendnen evropeiduli saxeebis mier gamoxatuli emociebis identifikacias (sur. 13.1). mocemuli cdis pirebi amas eqspresiis im situaciebTan dakavSirebiT axerxebdnen, romlebSic igive emocia hqoniaT gancdili. magaliTad, me5 foto (SiSi), cdis pirebis pasuxebis mixedviT, gamoxatavs situacias, rodesac gareuli taxi mogdevs da Tan ara gaqvs Subi, xolo me-6 foto (sevda) - Seni Svilis sikvdils gaxsenebs. cdis pirebi daabnia mxolod gaocebisa (me-2 foto) da SiSis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebam, radgan, rogorc Cans, am xalxs, ZiriTadad, SiSi eufleba, rodesac raime aocebT. Semdeg mkvlevrebma igive kulturis sxva warmomadgenlebs (romlebsac eqsperimentis pirvel nawilSi ar miuRiaT monawileoba) sTxoves im eqspresiebis modelireba, romlebsac isini CamoTvlilTagan eqvsi (siZulvili gamoricxes) emociis gadmosacemad iyenebdnen. rodesac amerikel studentebs aCvenes fores tomis warmomadgenlebis saxis gamometyvelebebis videoCanawerebi, maT zustad moaxerxes eqspresiebis identificireba _ erTi gamonaklisiT. ar aris gasakviri, rom amerikelebs uWirdaT erTmaneTisagan gaerCiaT fores aborigenebis mier gansaxierebuli SiSi da gaoceba, anu igive emociebi, romelic fores warmomadgenlebs dasavlelebis eqspresiaSi abnevda (Ekman & Friesen, 1971).
ufro gviandel gamokvlevebSi Seadares sxvadasxva kulturebis _ ungreTis, iaponiis, poloneTis, sumatras, amerikisa da vietnamis _ warmomadgenelTa mier saxis eqspresiebis Sefasebebi. am gansxvavebul populaciebs Soris dadasturda sakmaod didi Tanxvedra (Biehl et al., 1997). aqedan zogadi daskvna isaa, rom adamianebi mTel msoflioSi, miuxedavad kulturuli gansxvavebebisa, rasis, sqesis, an ganaTlebisa, ZiriTad emociebs daaxloebiT erTnairad gamoxataven da aqvT unari, gamoicnon, Tu ra emociebs ganicdian sxvebi, kiTxuloben ra amas maTi saxis gamometyvelebaze. gaiTvaliswineT, rom universalobis pretenzia mxolod Svid ZiriTad emocias exeba. ekmani da misi kolegebi ar amtkiceben, rom yvela saxis emociis eqspresia universaluria, an, rom sxvadasxva kulturebSi yvela emocias erTnairad gamoxataven (Ekman, 1994). ekmani (1972) Tavis Sexedulebas universalobis Sesaxeb neirokulturul Teorias uwodebs, raTa asaxos tvinisa (evoluciis produqti) da kulturis erToblivi wvlili emociis eqspresiaSi. tvini gansazRvravs, romelma saxis kunTma unda imoZraos konkretuli eqspresiis gamosavlenad, rodesac garkveuli emocia aRmocendeba. Tumca, gansxvavebuli kulturebi, universaluri biologiis miRma, emociis eqspresias Tavis daRs asvamen. Cven aRvniSneT kulturis garkveuli gavlena fores tomis warmomadgenlebisa da aSS-is studentebis pasuxebis urTierTSedarebis kvlevis aRwerisas. zemoT aRniSnuli eqvsi qveynis warmomadgenlebze Catarebulma SedarebiTma kvlevam, arsebuli zogadi Sesabamisobis garda, garkveuli gansxvavebebi gamoavlina qveynebs Soris (Biehl et al., 1997). magaliTad, iaponel mozrdilebs ufro cudad SeeZloT brazis identifikacia, vidre amerikelebs, ungrelebs, polonelebsa da vietnamel cdis pirebs. vietnamelebs ki uWirdaT zizRis identifikacia yvela sxva qveynis warmomadgenelTan SedarebiT. ratom unda Cndebodes es gansxvavebebi? axla ganvixiloT kulturis gavlena emociurobaze.
rogor zemoqmedebs kultura emociur eqspresiaze

adamianebs mTel msoflioSi SesaZloa hqondeT erTnairi genetikuri memkvidreoba, rac gansazRvravs emociuri eqspresiis garkveul erT-
506
gvarovnebas. magram, amave dros, sxvadasxva kulturebs emociebis marTvis sxvadasxva standartebi aqvT. emociuri pasuxebis zogierTi forma, saxis eqspresiebic ki, unikaluria TiToeuli kulturisaTvis. kultura awesebs socialur wesebs, Tu rodis aqvT adamianebs garkveuli emociebis gamovlenis ufleba da socialurad ramdenad Sesaferisia garkveuli tipis emociis gamovlena mocemuli kategoriis adamianisaTvis konkretul viTarebaSi (Masquita & Frijda, 1992; Ratner, 2000). ganvixiloT sami kulturis magaliTi, romelSic emociebis gamoxatva dasavluri normebisagan gansxvavebulad xdeba. daviwyoT afrikuli kulturiT. senegalis volofis tomis warmomadgenlebi cxovroben sazogadoebaSi, sadac adamianebs Soris statusisa da Zalauflebis mxriv gansxvaveba Zalian mkacrad aris gansazRvruli. am kulturis maRali kastis warmomadgenlebisagan emociebis gamoxatvis Zlier Sekavebas elian; dabali kastis warmomadgenlebisagan mosalodnelia emociaTa ufro meti cvalebadobis gamovlena, kerZod, laparakia kastaze, romelsac griotebi ewodeba. griotebi zogjer, faqtobrivad, iZulebulni arian, gamoxaton warCinebulebisaTvis `Seuferebeli~ emociebi. erT dRes qalebis jgufi (xuTi warCinebuli da ori grioti) Seikribnen qalaqis piras wyalsacavTan. am dros maT Tvalwin viRac qali wyalSi gadaxta. yvela qali Sezara aSkara TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobis danaxvam. warCinebulebma mdumared ganicades es ambavi, xolo
griotebi ki yvirodnen yvelas magivrad (Irvine, 1990, gv.146). warmoidgineT Tqveni Tavi, rogor moiqceodiT msgavs situaciaSi? albaT, ufro gagiadvildebaT Tqveni Tavis griotis adgilze dayeneba, vidre warCinebuli qalebis adgilze. pasuxi, cxadia, isaa, rom warCinebulma qalebma aiTvises emociuri eqspresiis kulturuli normebi, romelic maTgan nebismieri TvalsaCino reaqciis dafarvas moiTxovs. emociuri eqspresiis sferoSi kulturuli gansxvavebebis meore magaliTs warmoadgens SemTxveva, romelic am wignis erT-erTi avtoris cxovrebaSi moxda. igi gaaoca warmoSobiT sirieli amerikeli amxanagis panaSvidze qalebis jgufma, romelic moTqma-godebas iwyebda samZimarze misuli adamianis darbazSi Sesvlisas. am adamianis gasvlisTanave isini umalve wyvetdnen tirils da jgufur godebas xelaxla iwyebdnen, rodesac Semdegi momsvleli Semodioda. rogor SeiZleba amgvari qcevis axsna? imis gamo, rom gardacvlilis ojaxis wevrebisTvis Zalian Znelia Zlieri emociuri daZabulobis SenarCuneba panaSvidebis (sami dRe-Ramis) ganmavlobaSi, isini profesional damtireblebs qiraoben, romlebic maT nacvlad gamoxataven saTanado Zlier emociebs yovel axlad mosulTan. es gavrcelebuli praqtikaa xmelTaSuazRvisa da axlo aRmosavleTis kulturebis rig qveynebSi. mesame magaliTisaTvis saWiroa, erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavoT individualisturi da koleqtivisturi kulturebi. individualistur kulturebSi wina planzea individis moTxovnilebebi,
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emociebi
xolo koleqtivistur kulturaSi _ jgufis moTxovnilebebi (Triandis, 1994, 1995). maSin, rodesac individualistebi uSualo, gadaudebel pirovnul jildos, Tavisuflebas, Tanasworobas, pirovnul siamovnebasa da mravalferovan, amaRelvebel cxovrebas eswrafvian, koleqtivistebi upirates Rirebulebas aniWeben TviTdisciplinasa da cxovrebaSi adgilis damkvidrebas, mSoblebisa da sxva ufrosebis pativiscemas, imijis dacvasa da Sromas Soreuli miznebisTvis, romliTac mTeli jgufi isargeblebs. mkvlevrebi miiCneven, rom es kulturuli orientacia gavlenas unda axdendes emociis eqspresiaze.
saidan viciT
suraTi
13.2
emociis eqspresia individualistur da koleqtivistur sazogadoebebSi ra xdeba maSin, rodesac erTi adamiani uaryofiT emocias avlens sxva adamianis an adamianTa jgufis mimarT? xSirad situacia socialurad sakmaod uxerxul saxes iRebs. situacia nakleb problemuria, Tu saqme individualisturi sazogadoebis warmomadgenels exeba, romelic dasaSvebad miiCnevs uaryofiTi emociebis gamovlenis SesaZleblobas sakuTari damoukideblobis dasacavad, magram Tu saqme gvaqvs koleqtivisturi sazogadoebis warmomadgenelTan, maSin, SesaZloa, man Tavi Seikavos uaryofiTi emociebis gamovlenisagan, raTa Tavi aaridos jgufSi uTanxmoebis gamowvevas. am msjelobis Sesamowmeblad mkvlevrebma SearCies studenti fsiqologebi amerikisa (individualisturi kultura) da kosta-rikis (koleqtivisturi kultura) universitetebidan. isini cdis pirebs ekiTxebodnen, Tu ramdenad komfortulad igrZnobdnen Tavs garkveuli dadebiTi da uaryofiTi emociebis gamoxatvis Semdeg im adamianis mimarT, romelic `gamoiwvevda maTSi am emocias~. 13.2 suraTze warmodgenilia Sedegebi. rogorc xedavT, kulturuli gansxvaveba ar gamovlenila dadebiTi emociebis SemTxvevaSi, Tumca, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, amerikeli studentebi
emociuri eqspresia sxvadasxva kulturebSi

amerikel (individualisturi kultura) da kostarikel (koleqtivisturi kultura) studentebs sTxovdnen, aReniSnaT, ramdenad kargad igrZnobdnen Tavs dadebiTi da uaryofiTi emociebis gamoxatvis SemTxvevaSi im adamianis mimarT, romelic maTSi am emocias gamoiwvevda. studentebi pasuxebs aRniSnavdnen skalaze, romelic ranJirebuli iyo 0-dan (Zalze arakomfortulad) 5-mde (Zalze komfortulad). dadebiTi emociebis SemTxvevaSi aRmoCnda, rom individualisturi kulturis warmomadgenlebi uaryofiTi emociebis gamoxatvisas Tavs ukeT grZnobdnen, vidre koleqtivisturi kulturis warmomadgeneli studentebi.
sakuTar mdgomareobas bevrad ufro komfortulad afasebdnen uaryofiTi emociebis gamoxatvis dros, vidre kosta-rikelebi (Stephan et al.,1996). Semdgom, rodesac uaryofiT emocias gamoxatavT, magaliTad, brazs megobris mimarT, dafiqrdiT, Tu ramdenad asaxavs Tqveni damokidebuleba am SemTxvevisadmi kulturul Rirebulebebs. rodesac saqme emociuri paternebis tipebs exeba, romlebic, SesaZloa, adamianis arsebobis manZilze ganviTarda, yovelTvis unda gaxsovdeT, rom ukanaskneli sityva kulturas ekuTvnis. dasavluri warmodgenebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris aucilebeli, an gardauvali emociis eqspresiaSi, daRdasmulia amerikuli kulturiT
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iseve, rogorc sxva warmodgenebi sxva sazogadoebebis kulturebiT. rogorc xedavT, emociis eqspresiis gansxvavebul standartebs sxvadasxva kulturuli warmomavlobis adamianebs Soris gaugebrobebis warmoqmna SeuZlia. Cven vnaxeT, rom emociur situaciebze garkveuli fiziologiuri pasuxebi, rogoricaa Rimili da grimasa, SesaZloa Tandayolili iyos. axla ganvixiloT Teoriebi, romlebic cdiloben, daakavSiron erTmaneTTan sxva fiziologiuri reaqciebi da maTi fsiqologiuri interpretaciebi.
emociis Teoriebi
zogadad, emociis Teoriebi cdiloben, axsnan urTierTmimarTeba emociis gancdis fiziologiur da fsiqologiur aspeqtebs Soris. am Tavs im reaqciebis ganxilviT viwyebT, romlebsac sxeuli emociurad relevantur situaciebSi iZleva. Semdeg mimovixilavT Teoriebs, romlebic ikvleven, Tu rogor uwyoben xels es fiziologiuri reaqciebi emociis fsiqologiur gancdas.
sxeuls mosalodneli safrTxisaTvis. simpatikuri nervuli sistema pasuxismgebelia adrenalinis gamommuSavebeli jirkvlebidan hormonebis (epinerfinisa da norepinerfinis) gamoyofaze, rac, Tavis mxriv, Sinagani organoebidan sisxlis Saqris gamoyofas, sisxlis wnevis awevas iwvevs da nerwyvisa da oflis gamoyofas aZlierebs. krizisis gadavlis Semdeg dasamSvideblad parasimpatikuri nervuli sistema akavebs gamaaqtiurebeli hormonebis gamoyofas. agzneba grZeldeba Zlieri emociuri aqtivaciis gancdis Semdeg cota xnis ganmavlobaSic, radgan zogierTi hormoni agrZelebs sisxlSi cirkulacias. rogorc vnaxavT emociis konkretuli Teoriebis aRwerisas, mkvlevrebi ganixilaven sakiTxs: _ ìwvevs Tu ara konkretuli emociuri gancda avtonomiur nervul sistemaSi aqtivobis gansxvavebul paternebs?~ kros-kulturuli gamokvlevebis mixedviT, pasuxi am SekiTxvaze dadebiTia.
saidan viciT
aqvT Tu ara sxvadasxva emociebs avtonomiuri aqtivobis gansxvavebuli paternebi davuSvaT, grZnobT gaocebas, SiSs an zizRs, magram ar gindaT amis gamxela. SegviZlia Tu ara, rom gavzomoT avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis reaqcia da zustad davaskvnaT, ras grZnobT? pol ekmanma da misma kolegebma (1983) am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema SeerTebuli Statebis profesional msaxiobebze dakvirvebis gziT gadawyvites. mkvlevrebi zomavdnen iseT avtonomiur reaqciebs, rogoricaa guliscema da kanis temperatura, rodesac msaxiobebi emociebsa da emociis eqspresiebs TamaSobdnen. am gazomvebma sxvadasxva emociisaTvis gansxvavebuli paternebi gamoavlines. magaliTad, mwuxareba xasiaTdeboda guliscemis gaxSirebiT maSin, roca sixaruli, piriqiT, _ SemcirebiT; marTalia, SiSic da brazic iwvevs guliscemis gaxSirebas, magram brazis dros aRiniSneboda kanis maRali temperatura, xolo
emociis fiziologia
ra xdeba, rodesac Zlier emocias ganicdiT? guliscema xSirdeba, sunTqvis sixSire matulobs, piri giSrebaT, kunTebi iZabeba da, SesaZloa, agakankaloT kidec. garda am SesamCnevi cvlilebebisa, bevri sxva SeumCneveli cvlilebac xdeba. yvela es reaqcia emsaxureba sxeulis mobilizebas moqmedebisaTvis, raTa garkveuli zomebi iqnes miRebuli emociis wyaros mimarT. axla ganvixiloT maTi warmoSoba. avtonomiuri nervuli sistema sxeuls emociuri reaqciebisaTvis amzadebs misi rogorc simpatikuri, ise parasimpatikuri nawilebis amoqmedebiT (ix. Tavi 3). am nawilebs Soris balansi gamRizianeblis xarisxsa da intensivobazea damokidebuli. susti, usiamovno stimulaciis SemTxvevaSi ufro aqtiuria simpatikuri nawili; susti, sasiamovno stimulaciis dros _ parasimpatikuri nawili. nebismieri tipis ufro Zlieri stimulaciis SemTxvevaSi orive nawili ufro Zlierad aris CarTuli. fiziologiurad Zlieri emociebi, rogoricaa SiSi an brazi sxeulis saswrafo reagirebis sistemas aaqtiurebs, romelic swrafad da SeumCnevlad amzadebs
emociebi
509
SiSis SemTxvevaSi _ kanis dabali temperatura. ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli am monacemebis sxvadasxva kulturebze ganzogadeba? mkvlevarTa igive jgufma Caatara sxva kvleva, romelSic amerikeli qalebi da kacebi Seadares minankabus kacebs dasavleT sumatradan. am kulturis warmomadgenlebisTvis socialuri norma uaryofiTi emociebis dafarvaa. mkvlevrebs ainteresebdaT, eqnebodaT Tu ara maTac iseTive bazisuri avtonomiuri paterni negatiuri emociebisaTvis, rogoric amerikel mamakacebs im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac Zalian mcire gamocdileba hqondaT emociebis gamoxatvisa? miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT, am or kulturas Soris msgavsebis maRali done gamovlinda. aman mkvlevrebi miiyvana im azramde, rom avtonomiuri aqtivobis paternebi `Cveni saerTo biologiuri memkvidreobis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani nawilia~ (Levenson et al., 1992, gv. 986)
am eqsperimentebis mixedviT, sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi swavloben sxvadasxva Ria reaqciebis SemuSavebas erTi da igive bazisuri sxeulebrivi gamocdilebisaTvis _ yviriT Tu Cumad itanjebiT, rodesac brazobT? axla avtonomiuri nervuli sistemidan centralur nervul sistemaze gadavinacvloT. agznebis orive (hormonaluri da nervuli) aspeqti hipoTalamusis da limburi sistemis mier kontroldeba. isini warmoadgenen makontrolebel sistemebs emociebisa da Tavdasxmis, Tavdacvisa da gaqcevis paternebisaTvis. neiroanatomiuri kvleva gansakuTrebiT fokusirebulia amigdalaze, rogorc limburi sistemis nawilze, romelic moqmedebs, rogorc emociebis karibWe da rogorc mexsierebis filtri. amigdala yovelive amas SegrZnebebis gziT miRebuli informaciisaTvis mniSvnelobis miniWebiT akeTebs. is gansakuTrebiT Zlierad moqmedebs uaryofiTi gancdebisaTvis mniSvnelobis miniWebisas. magaliTad, rodesac adamianebi SeSinebuli saxis
amigdala (Amygdala) _ limburi sistemis nawili, romelic akontrolebs emocias, agresiasa da emociuri mexsierebis formirebas.
gamometyvelebis amsaxvel suraTebs uyureben, marcxena amigdala (tvinis TiToeul nawils calke amigdala aqvs) gaZlierebul aqtivobas avlens eqspresiis intensivobis zrdasTan erTad da, piriqiT, mxiaruli saxis gamometyveleba igive struqturis naklebad gaaqtiurebas iwvevs (Morris et al., 1996). ganvixiloT erTi qalbatonis, d.ris magaliTi, romelsac epilefsiuri gulyrebis gakontrolebis mcdelobisas marcxena da marjvena amigdala dauzianes. operaciis Sedegi is iyo, rom d.r-s Zalian uWirda SiSisa da brazis emociebis aRqma, rodesac es emociebi saxis gamometyvelebiT, an xmis intonaciiT gamoixateboda (Scott et al., 1997). warmoidgineT, rogori iqneboda Tqveni cxovreba, rom aRar SegeZloT adamianebis gageba, rodesac isini uaryofiTi emociebis gadmocemas cdiloben. emociur gancdaSi korteqsi Tavisi Sida nervuli qselebiT da sxeulis sxva nawilebTan kavSirebiT monawileobs. korteqsi uzrunvelyofs asociaciebisa da mogonebebis gamowvevas da maTTvis mniSvnelobebis miniWebas, rac aerTianebs fsiqologiur gamocdilebasa da biologiur pasuxebs. kvlevebSi, romlebSic tvinis skanirebis teqnikas iyeneben, sxvadasxva emociebTan garkveuli reaqciebis dakavSireba daiwyes. magaliTad, PET-skanireba (ix. Tavi 3) gamoyenebul iqna imis sademonstraciod, rom sixaruli da mwuxareba ar aris korteqsis erTsa da imave nawilSi aRmocenebuli urTierTsapirispiro reaqciebi. metic, es urTierTsapirispiro emociebi tvinis gansxvavebul nawilebSi Zlier aqtivacias iwvevs (George et al.,1995). PET-skanireba, aseve, gamoyenebul iqna emociuri gancdis Sedegad tvinSi mimdinare
510
procesebis Sesaswavlad, romlebic Sinagan stimulaciaze sapasuxod Cndeba (emociebiT datvirTuli mogonebebis aqtivacia), garegani stimulaciisagan gansxvavebiT (emociurad datvirTuli movlenebis Semcveli filmebis yureba) (Reiman et al., 1997). skanirebis es meTodi mkvlevrebs tvinis im ubnebis identificirebis saSualebas aZlevs, romlebic emociuri stimulaciis wyarosagan damoukideblad aqtivirdeba, im garkveuli ubnebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelTa aqtivacia mkacradaa SeWiduli konkretuli reaqciis gamomwvev konkretuli tipis stimulTan. magaliTad, amigdalaSi ufro meti aqtivoba dadasturda filmisagan aRZruli emociebis SemTxvevaSi, vidre mogonebebiT aRZruli emociebisas. mkvlevrebi dRemde cdiloben axsnan, Tu ratom Cndeba es gansxvavebebi _ PET-skanirebis teqnika uamrav faqts iZleva da es faqtebi gamaerTianebel Teorias elian. amrigad, vnaxeT, rom sxeuli uzrunvelyofs reaqciebs situaciebze, romlebSic emociebi relevanturia, magram saidan viciT, romeli grZnoba romel fiziologiur reaqcias ukavSirdeba? axla ganvixilavT sam Teorias, romelic am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas cdilobs.
rad ufro adre aristotele amtkicebda, rom es Tanmimdevroba sapirispiroa _ grZnoba Cndeba sxeulis reaqciis Semdeg; jemsma es azri ase Camoayaliba: `mowyenilebi varT, radgan vtiriT; vbrazobT, radgan Tavs vesxmiT; SeSinebulni varT, radgan vkankalebT~ (James, 1890/1950, gv. 450). mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom emocia sxeulebrivi ukukavSiris Sedegia, jems-langes emociis Teoriis saxelwodebiT gaxda cnobili (karl lange iyo danieli mecnieri, romelmac, jemsis msgavsad, igive ideebi wamoayena imave wels). am Teoriis mixedviT, stimulis aRqma iwvevs avtonomiur fiziologiur agznebas da sxva sxeulebriv reaqciebs, rasac specifikuri emociis gancdamde mivyavarT (ix. suraTi 13.3). jems-langes Teoria periferiul Teoriad iTvleba, radgan yvelaze mniSvnelovan rols aniWebs emociis jaWvSi visceralur reaqciebs, anu avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis aqtivobas, rac periferiulia centralur nervul sistemasTan SedarebiT.
kenon-bardis centraluri nervuli procesebis Teoria

fiziologma uolter kenonma (Walter Canon, 1927, 1929) uaryo periferiuli Teoria, centraluri nervuli sistemis moqmedebisadmi centralisturi midgomis sasargeblod. kenonma da sxva kritikosebma wamoayenes mTeli rigi SeniSvnebisa jems-langes Teoriis mimarT (Leventhal, 1980). isini aRniSnavdnen, magaliTad, rom visceraluri moqmedeba irelevanturia emociis gancdisaTvis: eqsperimentSi cxovelebs (mas Semdeg, rac visceras qirurgiulad acalkevebdnen centraluri nervuli sistemisagan) SeeZloT gamRizianebelze emociuri pasuxebis gacema. isini, aseve, amtkicebdnen, rom avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis reaqciebi, rogorc wesi, Zalian nelia imisaTvis, rom wamis measedebSi swrafad aRmocenebuli emociebis wyaros warmoadgendnen. kenonis mixedviT, emocia moiTxovs, rom tvinma iSuamdgomlos Semosul stimulaciasa da masze miRebul
jems-langes emociis Teoria (Jame-Lange theory of emotion) _ emociis periferiuli ukukavSiris Teoria, romlis Tanaxmad, gamRizianebeli iwvevs qceviT reaqcias, romelic agzavnis sxvadasxva sensorul da motorul ukukavSirs Tavis tvinSi da am gziT qmnis specifikuri emociis grZnobas.
emociebi
jems-langes sxeulebrivi reaqciis Teoria

erTi SexedviT TiTqos aSkaraa da yvela daeTanxmeboda im azrs, rom emociebi win uswrebs reaqciebs: magaliTad, viRacas uyviriT (reaqcia), radgan gabrazebuli xarT (emocia). 100-ze meti wlis win uiliam jemsi (William James), xolo bev-
511
jems-langes Teoria
kenon-bardis Teoria
kognituri Sefasebis Teoria
gamRizianebeli
gamRizianebeli
gamRizianebeli
gaRizineba
moqmedeba
tvinis aqtivacia da gadamuSaveba
fiziologiuri agzneba
aRqmuli agzneba, moqmedebis interpretacia
gaRizineba
moqmedeba
emociuri gancda emociuri gancda
agznebisa da stimulis Sefaseba situaciis konteqstis mixedviT
emociuri gancda
suraTi
13.3
sami Teoriis Sedareba

emociis klasikuri Teoriebi emociis sxvadasxva komponentebs exeba. am TeoriebSi, aseve, gansxvavebulad ganixileba procesis mimdinareoba stimulidan emociis gancdamde. jems-langes TeoriaSi movlena amoqmedebs rogorc avtonomiur agznebas, ise, bihevioralur aqtivobas, Semdeg xdeba maTi aRqma, rac bolos specifikuri emociuri gancdis saxiT vlindeba. kenon-bardis TeoriaSi xdeba stimulis gadamuSaveba tvinis sxvadasxva nawilebSi, rac Semdeg warmarTavs agznebis, qcevisa da emociuri gamocdilebis simultanur reaqciebs. kognituri Sefasebis TeoriaSi rogorc sastimulo movlenebi, ise fiziologiuri agzneba kogniturad fasdeba situaciis gasaRebisa da konteqstis faqtorebis mixedviT. emociuri gancda aRmocendeba agznebis donisa da kognoturi Sefasebis xasaiTis urTierTqmedebis safuZvelze.
reaqcias Soris. Talamusidan wamosuli signalebi iyofa da miemarTeba korteqsis erT nawilSi emociuri grZnobis, xolo meore nawilSi _ emociuri eqspresiis aRmosaceneblad. kidev erTma fiziologma, filip bardma (Philip Bard), aseve, daaskvna, rom visceraluri reaqciebi ar uswrebs win emociis gancdas; ufro zustad, emociis gamomwvev stimuls aqvs ori simultanuri efeqti: erTi mxriv, is iwvevs sxeulebriv agznebas simpatikuri nervuli sistemis gavliT da, meore mxriv, dasabams aZlevs emociis subieqtur gancdas korteqsis gavliT. am ori fiziologis Sexedulebebi gaerTianda kenon-bardis emociis Teoriis saxelwodebiT, romelic amtkicebs, rom emociis stimuli iwvevs or gansxvavebul reaqcias _
kenon-bardis emociis Teoria (Cannon-Bard theory on emotion) _ am Teoriis mixedviT, emociuri stimuli iwvevs or erTdroul reaqcias _ agznebasa da emociis gancdas, romlebic erTmaneTs ar ganapirobeben.
fiziologiur agznebasa da emociis gancdas, romlebic erTmaneTs ar ganapirobeben (ix. suraTi 13.3). Tu raime iwvevs TqvenSi gabrazebas, guliscema gagixSirdebaT da, amave dros, Sesabamisi azric giCndebaT _ `rogor gamabrazes!~ _ magram sxeuli da goneba ar karnaxoben erTmaneTs, rogori unda iyos TiToeuli maTganis reaqcia. kenon-bardis Teoria sxeulebrivi da fsiqikuri reaqciebis erTmaneTisgan damoukideblobaze saubrobs. qvemoT vnaxavT, rom emociis Tanamedrove Teoriebi uaryofen debulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom es reaqciebi aucileblad damoukidebelia erTmaneTisagan.
emociis kognituri Sefasebis Teoriebi

imis gamo, rom agznebis simptomebi da Sinagani mdgomareobebi bevri sxvadasxva emociisaTvis msgavsia, arsebobs maTi aRrevis SesaZlebloba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac maTi gancda
512
orazrovan, araerTmniSvnelovan, an axal situaciaSi xdeba. stenli Saxteris (Stanley Schachter) mixedviT (1971b), emociis gancda warmoadgens fiziologiuri agznebisa da kognituri Sefasebis erToblivi moqmedebis Sedegs. orive komponenti aucilebelia emociis aRmocenebisaTvis. savaraudoa, rom yvela agzneba zogadi, aradiferencirebuli da pirveli nabijia emociis mimdinareobaSi. Cven vaxdenT fiziologiuri agznebis Sefasebas, raTa ganvsazRvroT, Tu ras vgrZnobT, romeli emociis iarliyia yvelaze Sesaferisi da ras niSnavs Cveni reaqcia im konkretul situaciaSi, romelSic agznebis gancda Cndeba. riCard lazarusi (Richard Lazarus, 1991, 1995; Lazarus & Lazarus, 1994) kognituri Sefasebis modelis erT-erTi wamyvani avtori, amtkicebs, rom èmociuri gancda SeuZlebelia gagebul iqnes, rogorc mxolod pirovnebaSi, an Tavis tvinSi mimdinare procesi. is moicavs mimdinare transaqciebs garemosTan, romlis Sefasebac xdeba~ (Lazarus, 1984a, gv. 124). lazarusi, aseve, xazs usvams imas, rom Sefaseba xSirad cnobieri gaazrebis gareSe Cndeba. Tu arsebobs warsulis gamocdileba, romelic emocias situaciasTan akavSirebs (ìsev es usiamovno tipi modis, romelsac adrec Sevxvedrivar~), agznebis interpretaciisaTvis aRar aris saWiro damatebiT garegani pirobebis sagangebod Zebna. es Tvalsazrisi cnobili gaxda, rogorc emociis kognituri Sefasebis Teoria (ix. suraTi 13.3). am Teoriis Sesamowmeblad eqsperimentatorebi qmnidnen situaciebs, romlebSic mocemuli iyo miniSnebebi garemodan, romlebsac, Tavis mxriv, unda uzrunveleyoT individis mier agznebis etiketireba.
kreatulobaze da xidis gadalaxvis Semdeg cdis pir mamakacebs mokle moTxrobis daweras sTxovda orazrovani suraTis Sesaxeb, romelSic qali figurirebda. eqsperimentatori damatebiT sTavazobda cdis pirebs, Tu survili eqnebodaT, daerekaT masTan gamokvlevis Sesaxeb ufro meti informaciis misaRebad. cdis pirebi, romlebmac saxifaTo xidze gaiares, ufro meti seqsualuri saxeebis Semcvel moTxrobebs werdnen da am jgufidan oTxjer meti cdis piri urekavda eqsperimentators, meore jgufis cdis pirebTan (anu, vinc usafrTxo xidze gaiara) SedarebiT. imis saCveneblad, rom agzneba damoukidebeli cvladi iyo, romelic gavlenas axdenda mcdar emociur interpretaciaze, mkvlevarTa jgufma gamoyo mamrobiTi sqesis cdis pirebis kidev erTi jgufi, romelsac saSiS xidze gavlidan 10 wT-is an meti drois Semdeg gasaubreba utardeboda. es dro sakmarisia fizikuri agznebis simptomebis Sesasusteblad. damSvidebuli cdis pirebis es jgufi ar avlenda seqsualuri reaqciebis niSnebs, agznebuli cdis pirebisagan gansxvavebiT (Dutton & Aron, 1974).
am situaciaSi mamrobiTi sqesis cdis pirebi midiodnen emociur daskvnamde (`me mainteresebs es qali~), romelic emyareboda agznebis wyaros mcdar atribucias (àRmagznebs qali da ara saxifaTo xidi~). msgavs eqsperimentSi studentebs orwuTiani aerobikis varjiSis Semdeg unda aReweraT sakuTari mdgomareoba. rodesac cdis
kognituri Sefaseba (Cognitive appraisal) _ emociebTan mimarTebaSi procesi, romlis meSveobiTac fiziologiuri agzneba gaiazreba im konkretul garemoebaTa mixedviT, romelSic is iyo gancdili. agreTve, stresoris amocnoba da Sefaseba, raTa dadgindes safrTxis sidide da misi daZlevisaTvis saWiro resursebi da Sesatyvisi daZlevis strategiebi. emociis kognituri Sefasebis Teoria (Cognitive appraisal theory of emotion) _ am Teoriis mixedviT, emociis gancda warmoadgens fiziologiuri agznebisa da kognituri Sefasebis erTobliv Sedegs. kognituri Sefaseba emsaxureba imas, Tu rogor moxdeba gaurkveveli, orazrovani Sinagani mdgomareobis ètiketireba~.
emociebi
saidan viciT
agzneba da mcdari emociuri interpretacia mkvlevari qali vankuverSi (kanada) intervius iRebda mamakacebisgan, romlebmac es-es iyo gaiares ori xididan erT-erTze. erTi xidi usafrTxo da myari iyo, meore _ saxifaTo da moryeuli. eqsperimentators viTom ainteresebda peizaJis gavlena
513
514
pirebi sakuTar mdgomareobas uSualod varjiSis damTavrebis Semdeg aRwerdnen, naklebad aRniSnavdnen Zlieri emociebis arsebobas. am SemTxvevaSi maT ufro advilad SeeZloT sakuTari agzneba daekavSirebinaT da aexsnaT varjiSiT, vidre emociuri mdgomareobiT, xolo, rodesac cdis pirebi sakuTar emociur mdgomareobas varjiSis damTavrebidan garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg aRwerdnen, ris gamoc varjiSi naklebad relevanturad eCvenebodaT gaxangrZlivebul agznebasTan mimarTebaSi, isini Zlieri emociebis arsebobas aRniSnavdnen (Sinclair et al., 1994). kognituri Sefasebis Teoriis zogierTi aspeqti mecnierebma eWvis qveS daayenes. magaliTad, Tqven zemoT SeityveT, rom agznebis mdgomareobebi _ avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis aqtivoba _ romelic Tan axlavs sxvadasxva emociebs, erTmaneTis identuri ar aris (Levenson et al., 1992). amrigad, zogierTi emociuri gancdisaTvis interpretacia, SesaZloa, arc iyos aucilebeli; garda amisa, Zlieri agznebis gancda yovelgvari aSkara mizezis gareSe ar iwvevs neitralur, aradiferencirebul mdgomareobas, rogorc es Teoriis mixedviT iTvleba. erTi wamiT SeCerdiT da warmoidgineT, rom zustad axla guliscema uecrad gagixSirdaT, sunTqva zedapiruli da xSiri gagixdaT, gulmkerdis kunTebi dageZabaT da xelisgulebi gagiofliandaT. rogor interpretacias gaukeTebdiT am simptomebs? SesaZloa, ucnaurad mogeCvenoT, magram Turme adamianebi, sazogadod, gaurkvevel fizikur agznebas xsnian, rogorc uaryofiTs, rogorc niSans, rom raRac ar aris wesrigSi. dabolos, adamianebis mxridan amgvari axsnis mcdeloba mimarTulia imaze, rom moxdes stimulis dadgena, romelic axsnis, an daadasturebs am negatiur interpretacias (Marshal & Zimbardo, 1979; Maslach, 1979). kognituri Sefasebis Teoriis kidev erTi kritika robert zaioncs (Robert Zajonc) ekuTvnis, romelmac aRwera iseTi pirobebi, romelSic SesaZlebelia raRacisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba msjelobis gareSe da grZnobis gancda misi mizezis gacnobierebis gareSe (Zajonc, 1980, 2000). wamieri eqspoziciis efeqtis eqsperimentebis seriaSi cdis pirebs aCvenebdnen sxvadasxva stimuls, rogoricaa ucxo sityvebi, iaponuri ieroglifebi, ricxvebis seriebi da ucxo saxeebi. es stimulebi imdenad swrafad miewodebodaT cdis pirebs, rom maTi cnobieri aRqma SeuZle-
beli iyo. cdis pirebs ki mainc SeeZloT upiratesobis miniWeba zogierTi stimulisaTvis, am arCevanis mizezis gacnobierebis gareSe. stimulebi, romlebsac yvelaze xSirad imeorebdnen prezentaciis dros, met mowonebas imsaxurebda. amrigad, naCveneb iqna, rom es gaZlierebuli mowoneba Tavs iCenda stimulebis cnobieri cnobis gareSe. amrigad, umjobesi iqneba davaskvnaT, rom kognituri Sefaseba emociuri gancdis mniSvnelovani, magram ara _ erTaderTi, procesia (Izard, 1993). mTel rig pirobebSi Tqven, SesaZloa, marTlac daakvirdeT garemos (aracnobierad mainc), raTa axsnaT Tqveni grZnobebi. zog SemTxvevaSi ki Tqveni emociuri gancda SesaZloa evoluciis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli Sinagani kavSirebis kontrols eqvemdebarebodes. fiziologiuri pasuxi, am SemTxvevaSi, ar saWiroebs interpretacias. gansxvavebuli gzebis arseboba, romlebsac emociur gancdamde mivyavarT, gvafiqrebinebs, rom emociebi mTel rig funqciebs asruleben. axla es funqciebi ganvixiloT.
emociis funqciebi
risTvis gvaqvs emociebi? ra funqcias asruleben emociebi CvenTvis? am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemaSi, SesaZloa, dagvexmaros Cveni cxovrebidan erTi dRis gaxseneba da imis warmodgena, Tu ramdenad gansxvavebuli iqneboda Cveni cxovreba emociebis gancdis, an gagebis unaris gareSe. axla ganvixiloT emociis zogierTi funqcia, romelsac is, mkvlevarTa azriT, Cvens cxovrebaSi asrulebs.
motivacia da agzneba
warmoidgineT aseTi SemTxveva: pirvelad CaicviT axali svitri da misi nakeri mxarze irRveva. ratom mibrundebiT maRaziaSi da moiTxovT kompensacias? me-12 Tavis Tanaxmad, es SemTxveva unda ganvixiloT, rogorc sakiTxi motivaciis Sesaxeb. Tu am moqmedebis Tqveneuli pasuxi iqneba: `radgan me Zalian gavbrazdebi~, an `radgan sasowarkveTa dameufleba~, aqedan naTeli xdeba, rom emociebi xSirad iZlevian impulss moqmedebisaTvis; emociebs aqvT motivaciuri funqcia, iwveven ra adamianSi moqmedebis ganxorcielebisaken swrafvas garkveuli realurad gan-
cdili, an warmosaxuli movlenebis sapasuxod. amis Semdeg emociebi warmarTaven qcevas garkveuli miznebisaken. sxva adamianis siyvarulisaTvis, SesaZloa, gaakeToT yvelaferi, raTa moxibloT, iyoT masTan axlos da daicvaT igi. sakuTar principebs, an qveynis siyvaruls, SesaZloa, sicocxlec SeswiroT. axla ganvixiloT SemTxvevebi, rodesac emocias Tqvenze gabatoneba da gakontroleba xelewifeba. yofilxarT odesme iseTi gabrazebuli, rodesac gigrZvniaT, rom ar SegwevT raime moqmedebis Sesrulebis unari? rogorc ukve vnaxeT, emociur situaciebze fiziologiuri agznebiT pasuxobT. mecnierebi varaudoben, rom agznebasa da raime moqmedebis Sesrulebas Soris mimarTeba gadmobrunebuli laTinuri U-s formis funqcias () mihyveba (Hebb, 1955). es mrudi winaswarmetyvelebs, rom Zalian sustma, an Zalian Zlierma agznebam SeiZleba daaqveiTos moqmedebis Sesrulebis xarisxi. zedmetad susti fiziologiuri stimulaciis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa, ver moaxerxoT Tqveni qcevis efeqturad organizeba (Bexton et al., 1954). zedmetad Zlieri stimulaciis dros, SesaZloa, emociam gadafaros kognicia. suraTze 13.4 naCvenebia mimarTeba agznebasa da Sesrulebas Soris. suraTze, aseve, gansazRvrulia optimaluri agznebis donis cneba moqme-
debis saukeTeso SesrulebisaTvis. zogierTi davaleba ukeT sruldeba, rodesac agznebis maRali done gvaqvs, zogierTi ki SedarebiT saSualo dones saWiroebs. zogierTi amocanis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac agzneba SedarebiT dabalia, davalebis Sesruleba maqsimaluria, agznebis donis gasaRebi amocanis sirTulea. Zneli an rTuli amocanebis warmatebiT gadaWrisaTvis saWiro agznebis optimaluri done kontiniumis dabal mxares mdebareobs. sirTulis Semcirebasa da amocanis gamartivebasTan erTad davalebis Sesrulebis optimaluri done _ done, romelic saWiroa yvelaze efeqturi SesrulebisaTvis _ matulobs. am mimarTebas ierks-dodsonis kanoni (Yerkes-Dodson Law) ewodeba, romlis mixedviTac, rTuli amocanebis Sesrulebis efeqturoba mcirdeba agznebis matebasTan erTad maSin, roca martivi amocanebis Sesrulebis efeqturoba izrdeba agznebis matebasTan erTad (Yerkes & Dodson, 1908). amrigad, emociis mniSvnelovan funqcias warmoadgens moqmedebisTvis impulsis micema, rac mniSvnelovani miznebisaken moZraobis dawyebas niSnavs. fiziologiuri agzneba, romelsac emociuri situaciebi iwvevs, saWiroa optimaluri Sesrulebis gansaxorcieleblad, magram sifrTxiierks-dodsonis kanoni (Yerkes-Dodson law) _ korelacia amocanis Sesrulebasa da agznebis optimalur dones Soris.
suraTi
13.4
emociebi
ierks-dodsonis kanoni
Sesruleba varirebs agznebis donisa da amocanis sirTulis mixedviT. advili, an martivi amocanebis SemTxvevaSi agznebis SedarebiT ufro maRali done zrdis Sesrulebis efeqturobas maSin, roca rTuli da Zneli amocanebisaTvis agznebis ufro dabali done aris optimaluri. agznebis saSualo done. zogadad, yvelaze ukeTesia saSualo sirTulis amocanebisaTvis. gadmobrunebuli laTinuri U-s formis funqciebi gviCvenebs, rom Sesruleba yvelaze uaresia agznebis rogorc yvelaze dabal, ise _ yvelaze maRal wertilebze.
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lea saWiro, raTa emociebs ar mivceT imdenad gaZlierebis saSualeba, rom davalebis Sesruleba mrudis qvemoT daSvebul mxareze moxvdes.
negatiur guneba-ganwyobilebas Txovnis formulirebaze.
saidan
emociebis socialuri funqciebi
viciT
socialur doneze emociebi socialuri interaqciebis regulatoris funqcias asruleben. rogorc dadebiTi socialuri makavSirebeli, isini gvaaxloeben zogierT adamianTan, xolo rogorc uaryofiTi socialuri gamRizianeblebi, gvaSoreben zogierT adamians. Cven ganveridebiT mas, vinc ganrisxebulia; Cven vuaxlovdebiT adamians, romelic RimiliT, gafarToebuli gugebiT da gamamxnevebeli mzeriT gvagrZnobinebs, rom mzadaa Cven misaRebad. SesaZloa, davfaroT sxva adamianis mimarT Zlieri negatiuri emociebi misi statusis, an Zalauflebis gamo. gavixsenoT d.r., romelmac dakarga amigdalas funqcia da, masTan erTad, brazisa da SiSis aRqmis unari (Scott et al., 1997). rodesac adre ganvixileT d.r-is SemTxveva, gTxoveT, warmogedginaT, rogori iqneboda cxovreba, rom ar SegeZloT adamianebis gageba, rodesac isini uaryofiTi emociebis gadmocemas cdiloben. magaliTad, ra moxdeba, rom ar gqondeT sxvebisagan imis gagebis unari, rom situacia saSiSia? an, rom Tqvenma qcevam sxvaSi brazis reaqcia gamoiwvia? d.r-ma amigdalaSi garkveuli funqciis dakargvasTan erTad Tavis socialur garemoSi srulyofilad funqcionirebis unaric dakarga. gancdil emociebs Zlieri gavlena aqvs imaze, Tu rogor moqmedebT socialur viTarebebSi. ganvixiloT, ra gavlena aqvs pozitiur, an guneba-ganwyobileba gavlenas axdens metyvelebaze eqsperimentis monawileebi uyurebdnen moklemetraJian filmebs, romlebic maT ayenebda mxiarul, neitralur an sevdian guneba-ganwyobilebaze. mas Semdeg, rac guneba-ganwyobileba SeeqmnebodaT, eqsperimentatori TiToeul cdis pirs kvlevis sastimulo masalis Canaweris motanas avalebda asistentisagan, romelic gverdiT oTaxSi imyofeboda. iwerdnen mimarTvebs, romlebsac cdis pirebi asistentisadmi Txovnis Camosayalibeblad iyenebdnen. Semfaseblebi (romlebmac ar icodnen, romeli cdis piri rogor gunebaze iyo) TiToeul Txovnas Tavazianobis mixedviT afasebdnen. rogorc 13.5 suraTzea naCvenebi, guneba-ganwyobilebas didi zegavlena hqonda Tavazianobaze _ mowyenili cdis pirebi yvelaze Tavazianebi iyvnen; isini yvelaze TavSekavebulebi aRmoCndnen sxvebis mimarT kategoriuli (potenciurad araTavaziani) moTxovnebis wayenebaSi (Forgas, 1999).
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daakvirdiT Tqvens sakuTar cxovrebas: ufro riskianebi xarT socialur situaciebSi, rodesac
eubnebodnen, maTi kargi megobari, ojaxis wevri, an romantikuli partniori iyo. is, Tu rogor grZnobT Tavs, mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia imaze, ramdenad SegiZliaT Tqveni socialuri valdebulebebis Sesruleba.
emociebis gavlena kognitur aqtivobaze

emociebi kognitur funqciebs emsaxureba imiT, rom gavlenas axdens Tqveni yuradRebis velSi moxvedril nebismier obieqtsa Tu movlenaze; imaze, Tu rogor aRiqvamT sakuTar Tavs da sxvebs da rogor xsniT da ixsenebT cxovrebiseuli situaciebis sxvadasxva Taviseburebebs. mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom emociur mdgomareobebs swavlaze, mexsierebaze, socialur msjelobaze, daskvnasa da kreatulobaze SeuZliaT zemoqmedeba (Bredley 1994; Forgas, 1995, 2000). emociuri reaqciebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis organizebasa da kategorizaciaSi. informaciis gadamuSavebaSi emociebis rolis kvleva gordon bauerma (Gordon Bower, 1981, 1991) da misma studentebma daiwyes. baueris Teoriis mixedviT, rodesac adamiani garkveul emocias ganicdis garkveul situaciaSi, es emocia mexsierebaSi inaxeba mis Tanmxleb sxva movlenebTan erTad, rogorc imave konteqstis nawili. mexsierebis reprezentaciis es paterni ganapirobebs guneba-ganwyobilebis kongruentul gadamuSavebas da masze damokidebul mexsierebas. guneba-ganwyobilebis Sesabamis (kongruentul) gadamuSavebasTan maSin gvaqvs saqme, rodesac adamiani SerCeviTad mgrZnobiarea imis mimarT, rom gadaamuSaos da aRadginos informacia, romelic mis mimdinare guneba-ganwyobilebas Tanxvdeba. masalas, romelic dominirebuli gunebaganwyobilebis Sesabamisia, ufro metad amCneven da aqceven yuradRebas; ufro Rrmad da Sinaarsianad gadaamuSaveben (Giligan & Bower, 1984). gunebaganwyobilebaze damokidebuli mexsiereba exeba pirobebs, romelSic adamians uadvildeba informaciis gaxseneba; rodesac misi guneba gaxsenebis momentSi Tanxvdeba im gunebas, romelic mas informaciis damaxsovrebis dros hqonda (Eich, 1995; Eich & Macaulay, 2000). axla ganvixiloT kvleva, romelSic mocemulia rogorc guneba-ganwyobilebis Sesabamisi gaxsenebis, ise masze damokidebuli damaxsovrebis magaliTebi.
suraTi
13.5
guneba-ganwyobilebis gavlena Tavazianobaze

mxiarul, neitralur da cud gunebaze myofi cdis pirebi TxovniT mimarTavdnen ucnobs. Semfaseblebi adgenen TiToeuli Txovnis Tavazianobis xarisxs 1-dan (araTavaziani) 7 _ (Tavaziani) safexurian skalaze. cud, mowyenil gunebaze myofi cdis pirebis Txovna ufro Tavaziani aRmoCnda (magaliTad: `fails xom ver momcemdiT?~ da ara _ `stimulis faili mWirdeba!~).
karg, mxiarul gunebaze xarT? ufro frTxilebi xarT cud, mowyenil gunebaze? mkvlevrebi emociis gavlenaze saubrisas prosocialuri qcevis stimulirebazec miuTiTeben (Hoffman, 1986; Isen, 1984; Schroeder et al., 1995). rodesac adamianebs Tavs kargad agrZnobineben, maSin ufro mosalodnelia, rom isini CaerTon sxvadasxva altruistul qcevaSi (Carlson et al., 1988). rodesac erT-erT gamokvlevaSi cdis pirebs garkveul danaSaulSi damnaSaved agrZnobinebdnen Tavs, isini momavalSi daxmarebis gawevis mzaobas gamoTqvamdnen, savaraudod, sakuTari danaSaulis Sesamsubuqeblad (Carlsmit & Gross, 1969). amis msgavsad, is, Tu rogor grZnobs Tavs adamiani, damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad prosocialuri iyo misi qceva. magaliTad, rodesac adamianebi ixsenebdnen iseT situaciebs, romelSic uari uTxres sxvas daxmarebis gawevaze, maT guneba ufuWdebodaT (Williamson et al., 1996). es, ZiriTadad, maSin xdeboda, rodesac adamiani, romelsac uars
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emociebi
saidan viciT
guneba-ganwyobileba da avtobiografiuli mexsiereba am kvlevaSi iyenebdnen ori tipis musikas _ mxiarulsa da mowyenils _ sasiamovno da usiamovno guneba-ganwyobilebis Sesaqmnelad. mas Semdeg, rac cdis pirebs Sesabamis gunebas Seuqmnidnen, maT awvdidnen 16 neitralur sityva-gamRizianebels da sTxovdnen, rom am sityvebze sapasuxod gaexsenebinaT SemTxvevebi sakuTari cxovrebidan. magaliTad, cdis pirs aCvenebdnen sityvas `vardi~ da mas rac SeiZleba swrafad unda gaexsenebina raime sakuTari cxovrebidan. monacemebma aCvena guneba-ganwyobilebis Sesabamisi gaxsenebis arseboba: karg, sasiamovno gunebaze myofi cdis pirebis mogonebebis 72% Sefasebul iqna, rogorc dadebiTi mogonebebi, xolo cud, usiamovno gunebaze myofi cdis pirebisa _ mxolod 52%. guneba-ganwyobilebaze damokidebuli mexsierebis Sesaswavlad igive cdis pirebi ori dRis Semdeg kvlav Sekribes laboratoriaSi da isev musikiT Seuqmnes gunebaganwyobileba. cdis pirTa erT nawils eqsperimentis orive nawilSi erTnairi guneba-ganwyobileba Seuqmnes (magaliTad, orive cdaSi sasiamovno gunebaze daayenes); cdis pirTa meore nawils ki sxvadasxva guneba-ganwyobilebas uqmnidnen (magaliTad, pirvel cdaSi usiamovno gunebaze ayenebdnen, meoreSi _ sasiamovnoze). Tu mexsiereba marTlac guneba-ganwyobilebaze iyo damokidebuli, cdis pirebi, romlebsac orive cdaSi erTnair gunebas uqmnidnen, ufro met informacias unda ixsenebdnen, vidre cdis pirebi, romlebsac gansxvavebul gunebas uqmnidnen. miRebuli monacemebiT swored aseTi paterni gamovlinda: cdis pirebi, orive cdaSi erTnairi guneba-ganwyobilebiT, ixsenebdnen wina cdaSi gaxsenebulis 35%-s, xolo gansxvavebuli gunebis mqone cdis pirebi _ wina cdis mogonebebis mxolod 26%-s (Eich et al., 1994).
gaixseneT Cveni diskusia kodirebis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb (me-8 Tavi). guneba-ganwyobilebasTan dakavSirebul am monacemebs mivyavarT im azramde, rom mogonebebis kodirebisaTvis mniSvnelovan konteqstualur TvisebaTa nusxaSi saWiroa emociebis damateba. dabolos, ukanaskneli SeniSvna guneba-ganwyobilebasa da kognicias Soris urTierTmimarTebasTan dakavSirebiT. mkvlevrebma Tanmimdevrulad aCvenes, rom dadebiTi afeqti _ sasiamovno guneba-ganwyobileba _ azrovnebisa da problemis gadawyvetis met efeqturobasa da kreatulobas ganapirobebs (Isen et al., 1987). ganvixiloT kvleva, romelSic eqimebs sTxovdnen problemebis gadaWras, rac kreatulobis garkveul dones moiTxovda. cdis pirebs, romlebic zomierad sasiamovno gunebaze daayenes (eqsperimentatori cdis pir eqimebs kanfetebs Cuqnida), sagrZnoblad ukeTesi Sedegi hqondaT kreatulobis testSi, vidre sakontrolo jgufis eqimebs (anu maT, vinc winaswar ar iRebda saCuqars) (Estrada et al., 1994). Tqven SegiZliaT am tipis aRmoCenebis uSualod gamoyeneba. Tqven ufro efeqturad da kreatulad SegiZliaT saSinao davalebis Sesruleba, Tu kargi guneba-ganwyobilebis SenarCunebas SeZlebT. Tqven, SesaZloa, gagiCndeT azri: `rogor unda SevinarCuno kargi gunebaganwyobileba, roca amdeni saqme maqvs gasakeTebeli?~ axla SevexebiT stress da imas, Tu rogor SegviZlia masTan gamklaveba. agreTve, vnaxavT, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli sakuTari grZnobebis kontroli kogniciiT.
Sejameba
Carlz darvinma wamoayena idea, rom emociebi garkveuli kategoriis ganmeorebad situaciebze sapasuxod ganviTarda. kros-kulturulma gamokvlevebma ganamtkica evoluciuri midgoma, uzrunvelyo ra is faqtebiT, rom saxis eqspresiebi da maTi cnoba universaluria. miuxedavad amisa, kulturebs aqvT gansxvavebuli normebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor da sad aris SesaZlebeli emociebis gamovlena. avtonomiuri nervuli sistema, limburi sistema da korteqsis nawilebi garkveul rols TamaSoben emociis fiziologiaSi. emociis Teoriebi cdiloben, gansazRvron kauzaluri urTierTkavSiri fiziologiur
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agznebasa da individis emociur gancdebs Soris. Tanamedrove Teoriebi ufro da ufro xSirad aRniSnaven, rom kognicia, Sefasebis saxiT, garkveul rols TamaSobs grZnobebis interpretaciaSi. emociebi xSirad adamianebis motivirebas emsaxurebian; isini, aseve, asruleben garkveul rols socialuri urTierTobebis regulaciasa da kognituri procesebis Sinaarsisa da efeqturobis gansazRvraSi.

davuSvaT, gTxovT, gaixsenoT, rogor `grZnobdiT Tavs~ dRis ganmavlobaSi. Tqven SeiZleba gviTxraT, rom drodadro sixaruls, sevdas, brazs, gakvirvebas da a.S. ganicdidiT; magram aris kidev erTi grZnoba, romelsac adamianebi xSirad adareben erTgvar xmaurs, romelic fonad gasdevs maTi yoveldRiuri gancdebis umetesobas da es aris stresi (Sapolsky, 1994). Tanamedrove industriuli sazogadoeba cxovrebis swraf, cvalebad temps amkvidrebs. adamianebi xSirad iZulebulni arian, erTdroulad bevri ram akeTon; isini wuxan, rom maTi momavali bundovania da rom ojaxisa da garTobisaTvis dro ar rCebaT. viqnebodiT ki ukeT stresis gareSe? ustreso cxovreba gamowvevebs ar gvTavazobs _ arc dasaZlev sirTuleebs, arc dasapyrob sferoebs da arc raime saWiroebas, rom davxvewoT goneba da ganvaviTaroT Cveni SesaZleblobebi. yoveli organizmi gare sinamdvilidan da sakuTari moTxovnilebebidan momdinare gamowvevebs awydeba. organizmma es problemebi aucileblad unda gadaWras, raTa gadarCes da ganviTardes. stresi aris organizmis mier ganxorcielebul reaqciaTa paterni im mastimulirebeli movlenis mimarT, romelic urRvevs wonasworobas, gamocdas uwyobs mas, an aRemateba misi daZlevis unars. mastimulirebeli movlenebi moicavs mravalferovan garegan da Sinagan viTarebebs, romelTa krebiTi saxelwodebaa stresorebi. stresori aris mastimulirebeli movlena, romelic organizmisgan garkveul adaptaciur reaqcias moiTxovs. magaliTad, Tqveni manqanis win velosipedisti zigzagebiT moZraobs, profesorma semestruli gamocdis TariRi gadmogiwiaT, klasis prezidentis arCevnebSi sakuTari kan-
stresi (Stress) _ specifikuri da araspecifikuri reaqciebis paterni, ganxorcielebuli organizmis mier mastimulirebeli obieqtis mimarT, romelic arRvevs mis wonasworobas, gamocdas uwyobs, an aRemateba misi daZlevis unars. stresori (Stressor)_ Sinagani an garegani movlena an stimuli, romelic iwvevs stress.
didaturis wardgenas gTxoven. aseT SemTxvevebSi individis reaqcia cvlilebis ganxorcielebis moTxovnaze ramdenime doneze mimdinare _ fiziologiur, qceviT, emociur da kognitur _ reaqciaTa sxvadasxva kombinaciiT iqmneba. rogori reaqcia SeiZleba gqondeT zemoT CamoTvlil TiToeul stresorze? 13.6 suraTze mocemulia stresis mimdinareobis elementebi. am qveTavSi SevecdebiT, naTeli wamodgena SegiqmnaT suraTze mocemul yvela maxasiaTebelze. daviwyebT stresorebze zogadi fiziologiuri reaqciebis ganxilviT; Semdeg
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suraTi
13.6
stresis modeli
stresuli situaciis kognituri interpretacia-Sefaseba urTierTqmedebs stresorTan da masTan dasapirispireblad arsebul fizikur, socialur da pirovnul resursebTan. sxvadasxva safrTxeze individi gansxvavebul doneebze reagirebs: fiziologiur, qceviT da kognitur doneebze. zogierTi reaqcia adaptaciuri bunebis mqonea, zogierTi ki _ araadaptaciuri da xSirad momakvdinebelic ki SeiZleba aRmoCndes.
aRvwerT sxvadasxva kategoriis stresorTa calkeul efeqtebs. dabolos, ganvixilavT sxvadasxva meTods, romelTa gamoyenebiTac SegiZliaT Tavi gaarTvaT stresebs Tqvens cxovrebaSi.
fiziologiuri reaqciebi stresze

rogori iqneba Tqveni reaqcia, rodesac SedixarT klasSi da moulodnelad igebT, rom
mwvave stresi (Acute stress) _ agznebis gardamavali mdgomareoba, Cveulebriv, dawyebisa da dasrulebis aSkarad gamoxatuli paternebiT. qronikuli stresi (Chronic stress) _ agznebis xangrZlivi mdgomareoba, romlis drosac individi aRiqvams, rom misadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi aRemateba Sinagan da garegan resursebs, romlebsac igi flobs am movlenebTan dasapirispireblad.
sakontrolo wera gaqvT? albaT, TqvenSi es garkveul stress gamoiwvevs, magram ras unda niSnavdes es Tqveni sxeulebrivi reaqciebisaTvis? im fiziologiur reaqciaTagan, riTac emociur situaciebs aRvwerT, bevri maTgani stresis yoveldRiur magaliTebsac Seesabameba. agznebis iseTi droebiTi mdgomareobebi, romlebic naTlad gamoxatuli dasawyisiT da dasasruliT xasiaTdeba, mwvave stresis magaliTebs warmoadgens. qronikuli stresi ki, piriqiT, agznebis droSi ganfenili mdgomareobaa, sadac wayenebuli moTxovnebi, individis aRqmiT, aRemateba mis xelT arsebul stresTan gasamklaveblad saWiro Sinagan da garegan resursebs. qronikuli stresis magaliTi SeiZleba iyos mudmivi frustracia imis gamo, rom ver axerxebT gamonaxoT dro, raTa gaakeToT yvelaferi is, rac gsurT. modiT, vnaxoT, rogor reagirebs sxeuli am gansxvavebuli tipis stresebze.
520
damxmare reaqciebi mwvave safrTxeze

1920-ian wlebSi uolter kenonma pirvelad aRwera mecnierulad, Tu rogor reagireben cxovelebi da adamianebi safrTxeze. man aRmoaCina, rom nervul qsovilebsa da jirkvlebSi aqtivoba garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT xorcieldeba, raTa sxeuli moemzados garkveuli reaqciisaTvis _ TavdacvisaTvis da brZolisaTvis, an usafrTxo adgilisken gaqcevisaTvis. kenonma am ormag stresul reaqcias brZola an gaqcevis reaqcia uwoda. am stresuli reaqciis centri hipoTalamusSi mdebareobs, romelic mraval emociur reaqciaSi monawileobs. hipoTalamuss zogjer stresis centrad miiCneven sagangebo viTarebebSi Sesrulebuli ormagi funqciis gamo: _ (1) is akontrolebs avtonomiur nervul sistemas (ans) da (2) axdens hipofizis jirkvlis aqtivirebas. ans sxeulis organoTa moqmedebas aregulirebs. stresul viTarebaSi sunTqva xSirdeba da Rrmavdeba, guliscema xSirdeba, sisxlZarRvebi viwrovdeba da sisxlis wneva zemoT iwevs. am Sinagan cvlilebebTan erTad farTovdeba yelisa da cxviris sasunTqi gzebi, raTa filtvebs meti haeri miewodos da, amave dros, saxeze Zlieri emociis eqspresia Cndeba. gluv kunTebs miewodeba signalebi zogierTi iseTi sxeulebrivi funqciis SesaCereblad, rogoricaa, magaliTad, saWmlis moneleba, rogorc sagangebo viTarebisaTvis mzadebis situaciis Seusabamo moqmedeba. avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis kidev erT funqcias stresis dros adrenalinis gamoyofa warmoadgens. is signals awvdis Tirkmelzeda jirkvlebis Sida nawils, adrenalur medulas (mogrZo tvini), romelic gamoyofs or hormons _ epinefrinsa da norepinefrins, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, signals awvdian mTel rig organoebs, raTa Seasrulon sakuTari specializebuli funqciebi. elenTa gamoimuSavebs ufro met wiTel burTulebs (raTa Wrilobis SemTxvevaSi sisxlis Sededebas Seuwyos xeli), xolo Zvlis tvini stimulirdeba, gamoimuSavos ufro meti TeTri burTulebi (raTa SeebrZolos SesaZlo infeqcias); RviZli stimulirdeba, gamoimuSavos meti Saqari sxeulis energiiT mosamarageblad. hipofizi hipoTalamusidan mosul signalebze ori hormonis gamoyofiT reagirebs, romlebsac sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvT stresze reaqci-
isaTvis. tiroTropuli hormoni (tTh) astimulirebs farisebr jirkvals, romelic organizms meti energiiT uzrunvelyofs; adrenokortikotrofuli hormoni (akth), romelic cnobilia, rogorc `stresis Hhormoni, astimulirebs Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis garegan nawils, rasac mohyveba metaboluri procesebis makontrolebel hormonTa gamoyofa da Saqris gadasvla RviZlidan sisxlSi. akth sxvadasxva organoebsac awvdis signalebs, rom gamoiyos daaxloebiT 30 sxvadasxva dasaxelebis hormoni, romelTagan TiToeuli garkveul rols asrulebs sxeulis brZolisTvis momzadebaSi. sxeulis fiziologiuri reaqcia stresze naCvenebia 13.7 suraTze. janmrTelobis fsiqologiis warmomadgenlis Seli teilorisa (Shelley Taylor) da misi kolegebis bolodroindeli analizi (2000) aCvenebs, rom stresze fiziologiur reaqciebs, SesaZloa, gansxvavebuli Sedegebi hqondes mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi sqesis arsebebisaTvis. teilori da misi kolegebi gamoTqvamen varauds, rom qalebi ar ganicdian brZolas an gaqcevis reaqcias; metic, am mkvlevarTa Tanaxmad, ufro savaraudoa, rom stresorebi qalebs zrunvisa da movlis reaqciis gamovlenisaken ubiZgeben: stresis dros qalebi uzrunvelyofen Tavisi Svilebis usafrTxoebas maTi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebaze zrunviT; qalebi uvlian Tavisi socialuri jgufis wevrebs imave mizniT _ Semcirdes maTi STamomavlobis mowyvladoba. albaT, SeamCnevT, rom stresze reagirebis sqesobrivi gansxvavebebis es analizi esadageba adamianis qcevis Cven mier zemoT ganxilul evoluciur Tvalsazriss. magaliTad, rodesac me-12 TavSi adamianis seqsualur qcevas ganvixilavdiT, aRvniSneT, rom gansxvavebrZola an gaqcevis reaqcia (Fight-or-flight response) _ Sinagan aqtivobaTa Tanmimdevroba, romelic amoqmeddeba, rodesac organizmi safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndeba; amzadebs sxeuls brZolisa da SetevisaTvis an usafrTxo adgilas gaqcevisaTvis. bolodroindeli monacemebis Tanaxmad, es reaqcia mxolod mamrobiTi sqesisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. dacvisa da zrunvis reaqcia (Tend-and-befriend response) _ stresorze reaqcia, romelic, savaraudod, tipuria mdedrobiTi sqesisaTvis. stresorebi ubiZgeben mdedrs daicvas Svilebi da SeuerTdes socialur jgufebs mowyvladobis Sesamcireblad.
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suraTi
13.7
sxeulis reaqcia stresze

stresi mTel rig fiziologiur cvlilebebs iwvevs Tqvens sxeulSi.
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bulia qalisa da mamakacis dawyvilebis strategiebi, nawilobriv, im fardobiTi rolebis gamo, rasac qalebi da mamakacebi evoluciis manZilze bavSvis aRzrdaSi asrulebdnen. aq mocemuli azric arsebiTad igivea _ Svilis aRzrdaSi qalebisa da mamakacebis gansxvavebuli evoluciuri rolebis gamo stresze pirveladi fiziologiuri reaqciebi maTSi sruliad gansxvavebul qcevas iwvevs. samwuxarod, rogorc reaqcia `brZola an gaqceva~, ise reaqcia _ `zrunva da movla~, naklebad gamosadegia Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi. mravali stresori, romlis zemoqmedebas yoveldRiurad ganicdian rogorc qalebi, ise kacebi, stresze fiziologiur reaqcias sruliad araadaptaciurs xdis. warmoidgineT, magaliTad, rom rTul gamocdas abarebT da dro swrafad garbis. garda gamaxvilebuli yuradRebisa, rac stresze Tqveni reaqciebidan marTlac Rirebulia, sxva danarCen fiziologiur cvlilebebs kargi araferi moaqvs: ar arsebobs is, visac unda SeebrZoloT, an viszec unda izrunoT da a.S. reaqciebi, romlebic saxeobebs CamouyalibdaT
garedan wamosuli safrTxis dasaxvedrad, amJamad ukve kontrproduqtulia, anu mavne Sedegebis momtania mravali Tanamedrove tipis fsiqologiuri stresorebis SemTxvevaSi. es marTlac asea. rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT, bevri adamiani cxovrebas qronikuli stresis pirobebSi atarebs.
zogadi adaptaciuri sindromi (zas) da qronikuli stresi

pirveli Tanamedrove mkvlevari, romelmac sxeulze xangrZlivi, Zlieri stresis moqmedebis efeqtebi ikvlia, kanadeli endokrinologi hans selie (Hans Selye) iyo. 1930-iani wlebis meore naxevridan selie aRwerda laboratoriuli cxovelebis rTul reaqciebs iseT mavne agentebze, rogoricaa: baqteriuli infeqciebi, toqsinebi, travma, moZraobis SezRudva, sicxe, sicive da a.S. selies stresis Teoriis Tanaxmad, mraval sxvadasxva saxis stresors SeuZlia erTnairi reaqciis, anu zogadi sxeulebrivi reaqciis gamowveva. yoveli stresori moiTxovs adaptacias _ organizmma unda SeinarCunos, an aRidginos
zogadi adaptaciuri sindromi (General adaptation syndrome - GAS) _ araspecifikur adaptaciur fiziologiur meqanizmTa paterni, romelic vlindeba TiTqmis yovelgvari seriozuli stresoris xangrZlivi muqaris sapasuxod. fsiqosomaturi darRvevebi (Psychosomatic disorders) _ fizikuri darRvevebi, romlebic mZafrdeba, an imTaviTve miewereba xangrZliv moqmed stress Tu sxva fsiqologiur mizezebs, an Zlierdeba maTi zegavleniT.
umniSvnelovanesi cxovrebiseuli movlenebi

cxovrebiseul situaciaSi momxdari umniSvnelovanesi cvlilebebi mravali adamianisaTvis stresis safuZvels warmoadgens. iseTi sasurveli movlenebic ki, rogoricaa, magaliTad, latariaSi
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integrirebuloba da janmrTeloba. stresorebze reaqcia seliem aRwera, rogorc zogadi adaptaciuri sindromi (zas), romelic moicavs sam stadias: gangaSis reaqcias, winaaRmdegobis stadiasa da gamofitvis stadias (Selye, 1976a, 19976b). gangaSis reaqciebi sxeulebrivi agznebis xanmokle periodebia, romlebic sxeuls energiuli aqtivobisaTvis amzadeben. Tu stresori droSia ganfenili, sxeuli gadadis winaaRmdegobis stadiaze _ zomieri agznebis mdgomareobaSi. winaaRmdegobis stadiis ganmavlobaSi organizms SeuZlia erTxans kidev aitanos da winaaRmdegoba gauwios gaWianurebuli stresorebis damangrevel moqmedebas, magram Tu stresori sakmaod xangrZlivi da intensiuria, xdeba sxeulis resursebis amowurva da organizmi gamofitvis stadiaze gadadis. es sami stadia gamosaxuli da ganmartebulia 13.8 suraTze. seliem daadgina ramdenime safrTxe, romelic gamofitvis stadias ukavSirdeba. gavixsenoT,
magaliTad, rom akth monawileobs stresze xanmokle reaqciaSi, magram xangrZlivi moqmedebis pirobebSi is amcirebs bunebrivi mkvleli ujredebis unars, mospos kibos ujredebi da sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi sxva infeqciebi. roca sxeuli qronikulad stresis mdgomareobaSia, `stresis hormonebis~ Warbi gamomuSaveba safrTxes uqmnis imunuri sistemis integrirebulobas. zogadi adaptaciuri sindromis amgvari gageba Rirebuli aRmoCnda fsiqosomaturi darRvevebis asaxsnelad _ daavadebebisa, romlebic mxolod fizikuri mizezebiT ver aixsneba, im eqimebis gasakvirad, romlebic stress arasdros miiCnevdnen daavadebis mizezad. is, rac kargad emsaxureba sxeuls mwvave stresTan Sesagueblad, asustebs qronikul stresze sxeulis reaqcias. selies gamokvleva daavadebas warmogvidgens, rogorc gardauval reaqcias stresze. Tumca, mogvianebiT vnaxavT, rom Tqveni fsiqologiuri interpretacia _ Tu ra aris stresuli da ra ara, Tu rogor afasebT potenciurad stresul movlenebs _ gavlenas axdens sxeulis fiziologiur reaqciaze. sxeulze stresis gavlenis Sesaxeb sruli warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad saWiroa selies fundamenturi fiziologiuri Teoriis kombinireba fsiqologiuri faqtorebis Sesaxeb mogvianebiT Catarebul gamokvlevebTan.
fsiqologiuri reaqciebi stresze

fsiqologiuri reaqcia stresze avtomaturi, winaswargansazRvruli, Tandayolili reaqciaa, rac, Cveulebriv, ver kontroldeba cnobierad. miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri fsiqologiuri reaqcia naswavlia, an SeZenilia, isini damokidebulia samyaros aRqmasa da interpretaciaze. am qveTavSi ganvixilavT fsiqologiur pasuxebs stresorebis iseT kategoriebze, rogoricaa: mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli cvlilebebi da travmatuli movlenebi.
suraTi
13.8
zogadi adaptaciuri sindromi

stresoris gamoCenis Semdeg sxeulis winaaRmdegoba mcirdeba, sanam gangaSis saTanado reaqciis fiziologiuri cvlilebebi ar daabrunebs mas normalur doneze. Tu stresoris moqmedeba grZeldeba, gangaSis reaqciis sxeulebrivi niSnebi, faqtobrivad qreba; konkretuli stresoris mimarT winaaRmdegoba iwvevs normaze maRla, magram ecema sxva danarCeni stresorebis mimarT. es adaptaciuri winaaRmdegoba sxeuls funqcionirebis normalur doneze abrunebs. stresoris xangrZlivi zemoqmedebis Semdeg adaptacia irRveva, gangaSis niSnebi xelaxla iCens Tavs. stresorebis zegavlena Seuqcevadia da individi xdeba avad da SeiZleba daiRupos kidec.
mogeba an samsaxurSi dawinaureba, SeiZleba cxovrebis Cveuli msvlelobis Zireul cvlilebas da axal moTxovnebTan adaptacias moiTxovdes. gavixsenoT, ojaxuri bednierebis paterni, romelic me-11 TavSi aRvwereT. marTalia, bavSvis dabadeba daqorwinebuli wyvilis cxovrebaSi erTerTi yvelaze sasurveli cvlilebaa, magram, amasTanave, es movlena Zlieri stresis wyarocaa, vinaidan, garkveulad, aqveiTebs qorwinebiT gamowveul kmayofilebas (Cowan & Cowan, 1988; Levenson et al., 1993). amrigad, rodesac cdilobT, stresi Tqvens cxovrebaSi momxdar cvlilebebs daukavcxovrebiseuli cvlilebis erTeulebi (Lifechange units - LCUs) _ stresis gamokvlevebSi gamoyenebuli stresis donis sazomi, romelsac iwvevs drois mocemul monakveTSi gancdili sxvadasxva tipis cvlileba.
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SiroT, saWiroa rogorc pozitiuri, ise negatiuri cvlilebebis gaTvaliswineba. cxovrebiseuli movlenebis gavlena fsiqikur da fizikur janmrTelobaze seriozuli kvlevis sagnad iqca. kvleva 1960-ian wlebSi daiwyo, rodesac socialuri readaptaciis Sefasebis skala _ SRRS (Social Readjustment Rating Scale) SeimuSaves. esaa sakmaod martivi instrumenti adaptaciis donis Sesafaseblad, romelic moiTxovs adamianis cxovrebaSi momxdari sxvadasxvagvari _ rogorc sasiamovno, ise usiamovno _ cvlilebebis ranJirebas. es skala SemuSavda sxvadasxva profesiis, socialuri mdgomareobis da a.S. zrdasrul adamianTa pasuxebis safuZvelze, romlebsac sTxoves, mieTiTebinaT cxovrebiseul movlenaTa nusxidan romeli exeboda piradad maT. es mozrdili adamianebi TiToeuli cvlilebisaTvis saWiro
cxrili
13.1
stresis skala studentebisaTvis

stresis skala studentebisaTvis warmoadgens Hholmsisa da raihis socialuri readaptaciis Sefasebis skalis adaptirebul variants. yovel movlenas eniWeba qula, romelic warmoadgens readaptaciis sidides, rac cxovrebiseuli cvlilebis sapasuxod unda ganaxorcielos pirovnebam. isini, vinc 300 da met qulas agroveben, janmrTelobis mxriv maRali riskis mqoneni arian. 150-300 qulis mqoneTa Sansi _ ganicadon janmrTelobis mdgomareobis seriozuli cvlileba ori wlis ganmavlobaSi _ aris 50/50.
cxovrebiseuli cvlilebis erTeulebi
movlena
ojaxis wevris sikvdili uaxloesi megobris sikvdili mSobelTa ganqorwineba patimroba sxeulis seriozuli dazianeba, an avadmyofoba daqorwineba samsaxuridan daTxovna mniSvnelovan saganSi CaWra ojaxis wevris janmrTelobis mdgomareobis Secvla orsuloba seqsualuri problemebi seriozuli uTanxmoeba axlo megobarTan finansuri statusis Secvla specializaciis ZiriTadi sagnis Secvla problemebi mSoblebTan axali partniori _ `gerlfrend~, an `boyfriend~ saswavlo datvirTvis gazrda gansakuTrebuli piradi miRwevebi pirveli kursis pirveli semestri kolejSi sacxovrebeli pirobebis Secvla seriozuli uTanxmoeba maswavlebelTan mosalodnelze dabali niSnebis miReba Zilis Cvevebis Secvla socialur aqtivobaTa Secvla kvebis Cvevebis Secvla manqanasTan dakavSirebuli qronikuli problemebi ojaxuri Sexvedrebis sixSiris Secvla Zalian bevri gacdenili mecadineoba kolejis gamocvla erTze meti Caubarebeli sagani moZraobis wesebis umniSvnelo darRvevebi Cemi pirveli monacemi sul ................................... (TariRi) Cemi meore monacemi sul .......................................... (TariRi) Cemi mesame monacemi sul .......................................... (TariRi)
100 73 65 63 63 58 50 47 45 45 44 40 39 39 39 38 37 36 35 31 30 29 29 29 28 26 26 26 24 23 20
saidan viciT
saqmis gadadebisaTvis janmrTelobiT gadaxdili safasuri rodesac profesori sakurso naSroms gaZlevT, rac stresuli movlenaa yoveli studentis cxovrebaSi, rogor iqceviT: _ maSinve iwyebT mis Sesrulebaze zrunvas
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readaptaciis sidides afasebdnen qorwinebasTan mimarTebaSi, romelsac pirobiTad mieniWa cxovrebiseul cvlilebaTa 50 erTeuli. Semdeg mkvlevrebma gamoTvales individis mier gancdil cxovrebiseul cvlilebaTa erTeulebis jami, rac individis mier gancdili stresis odenobis sazomad gamoiyenes (Holms & Rahe, 1967). 1990-ian wlebSi SRRS-ma modernizeba ganicada. mkvlevrebma gamoiyenes igive procedura: sTxoves monawileebs, SeefasebinaT cxovrebiseuli movlenebiT gamowveuli stresi qorwinebasTan mimarTebaSi (Miller & Rahe, 1997). modernizebul variantSi LCU-is Sefasebebi 45%-iT gaizarda Tavdapirvel maCveneblebTan SedarebiT, anu 1990-iani wlebis gamokvlevaTa monawileebi ambobdnen, rom mTlianobaSi isini ganicdidnen stresis gacilebiT maRal donebs, vidre 1960-iani wlebis gamokvlevaTa monawileebi. amave dros, 1990-iani wlebis gamokvlevebSi monawile qalebi cxovrebaSi meti stresis gancdas aRniSnavdnen, vidre mamakacebi. cxrili 13.1 warmoadgens am skalis modificirebul variants kolejis studentebisaTvis. sanam mas waikiTxavdeT, SeCerdiT da SeamowmeT Tqveni stresis done studentebisaTvis gansazRvrul stresis skalaze. rogoria Tqveni LCU-is qulebi. mkvlevrebma mravali xerxi aRmoaCines cxovrebiseul movlenebsa da janmrTelobis mdgomareobas Soris mimarTebis gamosavlenad. erTerT gamokvlevaSi monawile moxaliseebi nebayoflobiT Tanxmdebodnen surdos gamomwvevi virusiT inficirebaze. is monawileebi, romlebsac negatiur cxovrebiseul movlenaTa koeficienti jgufis saSualosTan mimarTebaSi ufro maRali aRmoaCndaT, 10%-iT meti albaTobiT surdoTi marTlac avaddebodnen (Cohen et al., 1993). moifiqreT msgavsi kvleva, romelsac uSualo kavSiri eqneba Tqven mier mecadineobis dagegmvis mizniT gakeTebul arCevanTan.
suraTi
13.9
saqmis gadadebisaTvis janmrTelobiT gaRebuli safasuri

mkvlevrebma daadgines, rom arsebobs studentTa ori kategoria: saqmis gadamdeblebi da saqmis argadamdebeli studentebi. studentebs sTxoves, ecnobebinaT, semestris dasawyisSi da semestris bolos fizikuri daavadebis ramdeni simptomi hqondaT. semestris bolosaTvis yvela students simptomTa mateba aReniSneboda, magram rogorc vvaraudobdiT, saqmis gadadebis moyvarulebi aRniSnavdnen gacilebiT met simptoms, vidre maTi saqmis argadamdebi Tanatolebi.
Tu bolo wuTisaTvis gadadebT mas? fsiqologebma SeimuSaves sazomi instrumenti _ saqmis gadadebis zogadi skala (Lay, 1986), raTa ganesxvavebinaT erTmaneTisagan isini, vinc, Cveulebriv, bolo wuTisaTvis moitoveben saqmes _ `saqmis gadamdeblebi~ da vinc amas arasodes akeTebs _ `saqmis argadamdeblebi~. mkvlevrebma es skala studentebs Seavsebines, romlebic janmrTelobis fsiqologiis kurss gadiodnen da romlebsac sakurso naSromi unda warmoedginaT semestris bolos. am studentebs sTxoves, aReniSnaT, semestris dasawyisSi da semestris bolos fizikuri daavadebis ramden simptoms ganicdidnen. ar yofila moulodneli, rom `saqmis gadamdeblebi~ abarebdnen Tavis naSroms ufro gvian, vidre `saqmis argadamdeblebi~ da uares niSnebsac iRebdnen. 13.9 suraTi asaxavs saqmis gadadebis gavlenas fizikur janmrTelobaze. rogorc vxedavT, `saqmis gadamdeblebi~ semestris dasawyisSi aRniSnavdnen avadmyofobis nakleb, xolo semestris bolos _ met simptoms, vidre maTi `saqmis argadamdebeli~ Tanatolebi (Tice & Baumeister, 1997). am gamokvlevidan Cans, rom yvela cxovrebiseuli movlena adamianebze erTnair zegavlenas ar axdens. `saqmis argadamdeblebi~ saqmes dauyovnebliv iwyeben da, amdenad, stress da avadmyofobis simptomebs semestris dasawyisSi ganicdian. magram `saqmis gadamdeblebis~ mier
semestris dasawyisSi stresisagan Tavis aridebas semestris bolosaken fizikur daavadebaTa mkveTri zrda mosdevs. gamodis, rom isini, savaraudod, cudad grZnoben Tavs swored im momentSi, roca janmrTelad yofna esaWiroebaT, raTa yvela dawyebuli saqme warmatebiT daasrulon! kargad daufiqrdiT am Sedegebs, rodesac TiToeuli semestrisaTvis moqmedebis sakuTar gegmas SeimuSavebT. Tu migaCniaT, rom saqmes, Cveulebriv, bolosaTvis itovebT, sasurvelia, konsultacia miiRoT fsiqologTan, an saswavleblis konsultantTan, rom qceva SeicvaloT. Tqveni niSnebi da janmrTeloba sasworze devs!
katastrofuli da travmuli movlenebi

movlena, romelic negatiuria da, amasTanave, umarTavi, moulodneli da gaugebari, gansakuTrebiT Zlier stress iwvevs. yvela es piroba gansakuTrebiT TvalnaTliv Cans katastrofuli movlenebis SemTxvevaSi. fil zimbardo ixsenebs, rom igi 1989 wels beisbolSi msoflios Cempionats eswreboda, rodesac katastrofuli miwisZvra moxda: `davikaveT Tu ara me da Cemma samma Svilma adgilebi san-franciskos qendelstik parkSi, orkestrma dakvra daiwyo. uecrad mTelma stadionma ryeva daiwyo, sinaTle yvelgan gamoirTo da tablo Cabnelda. 6 000 mayurebeli sruliad dadumda. swored am wuTebSi Zlieri miwisZvra moxda. Cvens gverdiT mjdom kacs por-
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tatuli televizori aRmoaCnda, romelSic sxvadasxva adgilebSi gaCenil xanZars, Cangreul xidebs, gzebze momxdar avariebs da uamrav daRupul adamians aCvenebdnen.~ miwisZvridan sul mokle xanSi fsiqologTa gundi Seudga imis Seswavlas, Tu rogor umklavdeboda xalxi katastrofas. san-franciskos katastrofaze adamianTa reaqciebis ganzogadeba daexmara fsiqologebs axali katastrofis _ oklahoma sitis dabombvis _ Sedegebis SemsubuqebaSi (Krug et al., 1996; Parson, 1995).
saidan viciT
miwisZvris fsiqologiuri Sedegebi gamokvlevisTvis daaxloebiT 800 respondenti SemTxveviTobis principiT SearCies san-franciskos zonidan da ramdenime moSorebuli qalaqidan. respondentebs interviu utardebodaT miwisZvridan 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 16, 28, an 50 kviris Semdeg. isini aTwuTian satelefono gamokiTxvaSi saubrobdnen sakuTari gancdebis, socialuri qcevisa da janmrTelobis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. san-franciskos mkvidrTa Soris dadginda stresze reaqciis sami gansxvavebuli faza: sagangebo viTarebis fazaSi (pirveli samioTxi kvira) socialuri kontaqti, SiSi da miwisZvris Sesaxeb akviatebuli azrebi gaizarda; Sekavebis faza (samidan rva kviramde) xasiaTdeboda miwisZvris Sesaxeb fiqrisa da laparakis uecari SemcirebiT, magram, samagierod, xdeboda stresTan dakavSirebuli iseTi arapirdapiri reaqciebis gazrda, rogoricaa miwisZvrasTan dakavSirebuli sizmrebi da uneblie azrebi; adaptaciis fazaSi (ori Tve da meti) katastrofis fsiqologiurma efeqtma TiTqos gadaiara adamianTa umravlesobaSi, Tumca, san-franciskos mcxovrebTa 20%-ze meti miwisZvridan erTi wlis Semdegac kvlav distress ganicdida (Pennebaker & Harber, 1993). gaupatiurebisa da incestis msxverplni, TviTmfrinavisa da seriozuli saavtomobilo katas-
trofebis dros gadarCenilebi, omis veteranebi da sxvebi, romelTac matravmirebeli movlenebi piradad ganicades, SeiZleba emociurad reagirebdnen posttravmuli stresis aSlilobiT (PTSD). posttravmuli stresis aSliloba stresze reaqciaa, romlis drosac individi itanjeba matravmirebeli movlenis mudmivi, akviatebuli gancdiT, magaliTad, e.w. `fleSbekebis~, anu warsuli mogonebebis uecari gacocxlebis, an Ramis koSmarebis formiT (DSM-IV, 1994). es adamianebi emociurad indiferentulni xdebian yoveldRiur movlenaTa da sxva adamianTa mimarT. sabolood, am reaqciiT gamowveul emociur tkivils SeuZlia gamoiwvios sxvadasxvagvar simptomTa mateba, rogoricaa: Zilis problemebi, gadarCenis gamo danaSaulis gancda, yuradRebis koncentraciis daqveiTeba da Zalze Zlieri SekrTomis reaqcia. seqsualuri Zaladobis msxverplni xSirad avlenen posttravmuli stresis mraval niSans (Acierno et al., 1999). gaupatiurebidan 2 kviris Semdeg Catarebul gamokiTxvebSi gaupatiurebis msxverplTa 94%-s daesva posttravmuli stresis diagnozi; Zaladobidan 12 kviris Semdeg msxverplTa 51%-is mdgomareoba kvlav am diagnozs Seesabameboda (Foa & Riggs, 1995). qvemoT mocemuli nawyveti kolejis ori studentis saubridan gaupatiurebis Semdgomi Sokis Sesaxeb metad Zlier da xanier emociebs gvacnobs. elisi: SokSi karga xnis manZilze viyavi, SemeZlo laparaki faqtze, rom gaupatiurebis msxverpli var, magram emociebma Tavi mxolod erTi Tvis Semdeg iCina. beTi: pirveli ori kviris manZilze CemTan iyo xalxi, vinc SerCeuli myavda Cemi ambis mosayolad da romlebmac Zalze, Zalze didi mxardaWera aRmomiCines; ori kviris Semdeg ki maT TiTqos aseTi ram sTqves: `Zalian kargi, is ukve gamovida mdgomareobidan da Cven SegviZlia wavideT~, magram mere da
posttravmuli stresis aSliloba (Posttraumatic stress disorder - PTSD) _ SfoTviTi aSliloba, romelic xasiaTdeba matravmirebeli movlenis mudmivad ganmeorebadi gancdiT _ Semawuxebeli mogonebebis, sizmrebis, halucinaciebis da disociaciuri `gamonaTebebis~ saxiT; viTardeba gaupatiurebis, sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi movlenebis, Zlieri dasaxiCrebis, an bunebrivi katastrofebis pasuxad.
527
mere grZnob, rom kidev ufro meti mxardaWera gWirdeba, radgan drois gasvlasTan erTad metad acnobiereb Sens emociebs da imasac, rom saWiroa maTTan gamklaveba. elisi: aris momenti, roca uaryof, rom es moxda. Sen TiTqos mTlianad iviwyeb amas. beTi: es imdenad ararealuria, ar ginda daijero, rom es marTla moxda, an, rom es SeiZleba momxdariyo; Semdeg SiSis da brazis xangrZlivi periodi modis. elisi: Zalian meSinoda, rom kvlav sirbili unda damewyo (elisi sirbilSi varjiSis dros gaaupatiures). mas Semdeg, rac gamaupatiures, sruliad Sevwyvite yovelgvari fizikuri varjiSi. am meoTxedSi isev daviwye, magram yovelTvis, roca gavdivar sarbenad, SiSi ar mSordeba. guliscema miormagdeba. cxadia, marto ukve aRar davrbivar, magram SiSi dRemde mainc mudmivad Tan mdevs. beTi: kidev iseTi grZnoba gaqvs, TiTqos yvela Senma megobarma giRalata. vnaxulob xolme sizmars, rom Cemi oTaxis gareT maupatiureben. sizmarSi yvelani iyurebian TavianTi fanjrebidan. saxeebs Zalian naTlad vxedav. yvela Cemi megobari gamofenilia fanjaraSi sayureblad, zogierTi Cemgan sul or nabijzea. yvela xedavs ra xdeba, magram saqmeSi aravin ereva. viRviZeb da usazRvro martoobas ganvicdi (Stanford Daily, 1982).
aSlilobebi aReniSnebaT (Zeiss & Dickman, 1989). es monacemebi amtkicebs, rom zogierTi saxis mwvave stresisgan yvela rodi ìkurneba~ (Wortman & Silver, 1989; Wortman et al., 1993).
qronikuli stresorebi
stresze fiziologiuri reaqciebis ganxilvisas gavmijneT, erTi mxriv, mwvave, mkveTrad gamoxatuli dasawyisisa da dasasrulis mqone da, meore mxriv, qronikuli, anu droSi ganfenili stresorebi. rac Seexeba fsiqologiur stresorebs, aq mkveTri zRvaris gavleba yovelTvis ar aris ioli. warmoidgineT, magaliTad, rom velosipedi mogpares. es namdvilad aris stresis mwvave wyaro, magram Tu mudmivad daiwyebT Relvas, rom axal velosipedsac mogparaven, am movlenasTan dakavSirebuli stresi SeiZleba qronikuli gaxdes. mkvlevrebma es paterni daadgines adamianebTan, romlebic seriozuli daavadebebiT, magaliTad, kiboTi arian avad (Anderson et al., 1994). kibos diagnoziT da mkurnalobiT gamowveuli SfoTvis daZlevasTan dakavSirebul qronikul stress SeuZlia janmrTelobis ufro swrafad gauareseba, vidre sakuTriv daavadebas. mravali adamianisTvis qronikuli stresi sazogadoebrivi viTarebebiT da garemo pirobebiTaa gamowveuli. ra kumulaciuri efeqti aqvs Tqvenze mosaxleobis siWarbes, kriminals, ekonomikur pirobebs, haeris dabinZurebas, Sidsisa da terorizmis safrTxes? rogor zemoqmedeben aRniSnuli da garemos sxva stresorebi Tqvens fsiqologiur kargad yofnaze? adamianTa zogierTi jgufi Tavisi socialur-ekonomikuri statusis an rasobrivi identobis gamo ganicdis qronikul stress, rasac aSkara gavlena aqvs zogadad kargad yofnaze (Contrada et al., 2000; Stone, 2000; Williams, 1999). afro-amerikelebs, magaliTad, gul-sisxlZarRvTa daavadebebis gacilebiT ufro maRali koeficienti aqvT, vidre TeTrkanian amerikelebs. gamokvlevebi cxadyofs, rom amis ZiriTadi mizezi ar aris genetikuri gansxvavebebi. sisxlis maRali wneva (hipertenzia) afroamerikelTa Soris, rogorc Cans, qronikuli stresis Sedegia, romelsac iwvevs maT mimarT arsebuli diskriminaciuli rasobrivi crurwmena _ dabalstatusiani samuSao, SezRuduli ganaTleba, samuSaos uSedego Zebna da dabali so-
posttravmuli stresis emociuri reaqciebi SeiZleba mwvave formiT gamovlindes uSualod katastrofis Semdeg da ramdenime TveSi Semcirdes. am reaqciebma SeiZleba, aseve, ganagrZon arseboba da Camoyalibdnen qronikul sindromad, romelsac rezidualuri (narCeni) stresis paterni ewodeba (Silver & Wortman, 1980). es SeiZleba Tveebis da wlebis manZilzec gagrZeldes. klinikosebi dResac xvdebian meore msoflio omisa da koreis omis veteranebs, romlebsac narCeni, anu rezidualuri posttravmuli stresis
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rezidualuri (narCeni) stresis paterni (Residual stress pattern) _ qronokuli sindromi, romelSic posttravmuli emociuri reaqciebi grZeldeba xangrZlivi drois manZilze.

zimbardo ფსიქოლოგია და ცხოვრება - ნაწილი 3

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zimbardo ფსიქოლოგია და ცხოვრება - ნაწილი 3

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wyvilebs (Denton & Zarbatany, 1996).

Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

fizikuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

fizikuri ganviTareba saSvilosnoSi

ganviTareba Canasaxisa da adreuli bavSvobis periodSi

fizikuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

adamianis tvinis ganviTareba

Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

bavSvebi momarTulni arian gadarCenisaTvis

fizikuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

sicocxlis pirveli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi zrdis modeli

zrda da momwifeba bavSvobaSi

fizikuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

moZraobis unars ganviTarebis Tanmimdevroba

Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

fizikuri ganviTareba mozardobaSi

fizikuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

fizikuri cvlilebebi mozrdilobaSi

Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

reproduqciuli da sqesobrivi funqcionireba

kognituri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

piaJes aRmoCenebi kognituri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb

kognituri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

asakobrivi cvlilebebis elementebi

kognituri ganviTarebis stadiebi

Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

piJes kognituri ganviTarebis safexurebi

maxasiaTeblebi da ZiriTadi miRwevebi

konkretuli operaciebis (7-11)

formaluri operaciebis (11!)

kognituri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

adreuli kognituri ganviTarebis Tanamedrove midgomebi

bavSvis ganviTarebis sensomotoruli stadiis gadaxedva

SeCvevisa da testuri movlenebis sqematuri reprezentacia

bavSvebis sayrdeni Teoriebi

bavSvis ganviTarebis winaoperaciuli stadiis gadaxedva

kognituri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

socialuri da kulturuli gavlena kognitur ganviTarebaze

kognituri ganviTareba mozrdilobaSi

kognituri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

kognituri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

sityvebisa da metyvelebis aRqma

originaluri varianti: bin _ pin

Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

sityvebis mniSvnelobaTa daswavla

bavSvis leqsikonis gamdidreba

Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

socialuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

eriksonis fsiqosocialuri stadiebi

socialuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

qmnadoba1 uZraobis2 winaaRmdeg

mTlianoba3 sasowarkveTis winaaRmdeg

Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

Generativity. Stagnation ego-integrity

socialuri ganviTareba bavSvobaSi

socialuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

mSoblebis mier gamoyenebuli aRzrdis stilebi da dadgenili qcevis wesebi