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PeriodicityofSomeFundamentalProperties AtomicRadii Twofactorsmainlydetermineatomicradii: 1)Theattractionofthepositivelychargednucleusfortheelectronsthisdecreasestheatomicradius. 2)Thescreeningoftheouterelectronsfromthepositivenucleusbytheelectronsintheinnershellsthis increasestheatomicradius. Acrossaperiod,eachatomcanberegardedasbuiltupfromtheonebeforebyaddinganextraproton(+the requisitenumberofneutrons)andanextraelectron,thisaddedelectrongoingintothesameshellasthe existingelectrons.Acrossaperiod,factor1aboveoutweighsfactor2,sotheatomicradiusdecreasesacrossa period. Downagroup,ongoingfromonemembertothenext,anextrashellofelectronsisaddedeachtime.Downa groupfactor2aboveoutweighsfactor1,sotheatomicradiusincreasesdownagroup. IonisationEnergies Thefirstionisationenergyofanelementistheenergyrequiredtoremovetheoutermostelectronfromeach atominonemoleofgaseousatomstoformonemoleofgaseous1+ions.

Howfirmlyanouterelectronisheld isgovernedbytwofactors: 1)Greaternuclearchargetheelectronisheldmorefirmly. 2)Furthertheelectronisfromthenucleustheelectronisheldlessfirmly. Acrossaperiod,nuclearchargeincreasesandatomicradiusdecreases.Boththesefactorsmaketheouter electronmorefirmlyheldso,acrossaperiodtheionisationenergiesincrease. Thereareexceptions:thereisadecreaseinionisationenergyongoingfromBetoBinperiod2andfromMgto Alinperiod3.ThereasonistheunexpectedlyhighvaluesforBeandMg. ReasonconsidertheelectronicconfigurationsofBe,Mg,BandAl: Be:1s22s2Mg:1s22s22p63s2B:1s22s22p1Al:1s22s22p63s23p1 Afullssubshellhasspecialstability,sotoremoveanelectronfromBeorMgrequiresremovinganelectronfrom thesharedpairinasorbitalwhichrequiresmoreenergythanremovingthelonepelectronasinthecasesofB andAl. Downagroup,nuclearchargeincreases.Thisincreasesionisationenergybuttheelectrontoberemovedis furtherawayfromthenucleuseachtime(oneshellmoreeachtime)andthistendstodecreaseionisationenergy (theforceofattractionisinverselyproportionaltothesquareofthedistance).Factor2aboveoutweighsfactor 1so,downagroupionisationenergiesdecrease. Electronegativity Electronegativityisameasureoftheattractionofabondedatomforthepairofelectronsinacovalentbond. Thisisgovernedbytwofactors. 1)Increaseinnuclearchargethemorereadilyelectronsareattractedsothegreatertheelectronegativity. 2)Greateratomicradiusthelessreadilyelectronsareattractedsothelessertheelectronegativity. Acrossaperiod,nuclearchargeincreasesandatomicradiusdecreases.Boththesefactorscausetheelectronsto bemorereadilyattractedso,acrossaperiodtheelectronegativitiesincrease.

Downagroup,nuclearchargeincreasesleadingtoanincreaseinelectronegativitybutatomicradiusalso increasesleadingtoadecreaseinelectronegativity.Factor2aboveoutweighsfactor1so,downagroup electronegativitiesdecrease. VariationinMeltingPoints,BoilingPointsandDensitiesacrossPeriod3 Ignoringthetransitionelements,thetablebelowshowsthevariationinmeltingpoints,boilingpointsand densitiesofperiod3elementsNatoAr(no,youwillnothavetorememberthetable). SomePropertiesofPeriod3Elements Element Na Mg Al Si P(white) S() Cl Ar 0 MeltingPt/ C 97.8 550 660 1410 44.2 113 101 189 BoilingPt/0C 890 1110 2470 2360 280 445 34.7 186 Density/gcm3 0.97 1.74 2.70 2.40 1.82 2.07 1.56 8.99x105 Themeltingpointofanelementindicatesthestrengthoftheforcesholdingtheatomsormoleculestogether. Nametal,only1mobileelectroncontributingtotheseaofmobileelectronswhichholdstheionstogether. ThusNahasarelativelylowmeltingpoint. Mgmetal,has2mobileelectronscontributingtotheseaofmobileelectronsthusmagnesiumhasamuch highermeltingpointthansodium. Almetal,has3electronsintheoutershellbutnotallthreecontributetotheseaofmobileelectronssothe meltingpointofaluminiumisonlyslightlyhigherthanthatofmagnesium. Sinonmetal,usesits4outershellelectronstoformaninfinite3Darrayofatomsjoinedbystrong,single covalentbonds(comparediamond).Thusthemeltingpointofsiliconisveryhighasmeltinginvolvesthe breakingofmany,strongcovalentbonds. P+Sbothnonmetals,existasmoleculesP4andS8sotheonlyforcesholdingthemoleculestogetherarethe weakvanderWaalsforces.Thusbothphosphorusandsulfurhaverelativelylowmeltingpoints.The meltingpointofsulfurishigherthanthatofphosphorusbecauseitisalargermolecule,andasmolecular sizeincreasessodovanderWaalsforces. Clnonmetal,existsasCl2molecules.AgainonlyweakvanderWaalsforcesareholdingthesmallCl2 moleculestogethersoalowmeltingpointagasatroomtemperature. Arnonmetal,consistsofmonatomicmoleculessoagainonlyweakvanderWaalsforcesareholdingthesmall Armoleculestogethersoaverylowmeltingpointagainagasatroomtemperature. JimBaker15102011

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