International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No.

3, 2011

Logical Approach to Detect the Negative Sequence Currents during Faults over Full Cycle in Six Phase System
G.Chandra Sekhar1 , P.S.Subramanyam2 , B.V.Sanker Ram3
1

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology,Dept.Of EEE, Aushapur, Ghatkesar(M),R.R (Dt), A.P.,INDIA chandu_vbit@yahoo.com Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Dept.Of EEE, Aushapur,Ghatkesar M), R.R (Dt), A.P.,INDIA subramanyamps@gmail.com J.N.T.U.College of Engineering, Dept.Of EEE ,Kukaptpally, R.R (Dt), A.P, India bvsram4321@yahoo.com

Abstract
The demand for power is increasing day to day and is becoming prime requirement. Multi phase system plays an important role in this regard and Six phase system is the most feasible alternative solution as it can increase the power transfer capability by 1.732 times with existing corridor and right-of-way and with the same phase voltage in addition to many more advantages like greater reliability, higher efficiency and better regulation etc. In this paper the authors proposed a scheme to detect the negative sequence currents in any instant of a cycle for three phase system and extended the same to six phase system. From the waveforms of negative sequences currents it is observed that at no time do all the three phase currents are positive or negative. Simultaneous positive and simultaneous negative occurrence of negative sequence three phase currents can be done by shifting any one phase by 1800. This scheme was simulated using MATLAB. The results obtained in this simulation are up to the expectations. Negative sequence relay is suggested to protect the Six phase system, since in our earlier studies of fault analysis on six phase system it had been observed that in certain cases of six phase faults involving ground, the zero sequence currents were found to be absent which prevents the operation of earth fault relays. Except for symmetrical faults all other faults do possess negative sequence currents which can be used for protection.

Keywords: six phase, logic based detection, Negative sequence currents. 1.Introduction
The demand for electric power is increasing day by day and requires additional energy sources and additional transmission lines. Also laying of additional transmission lines requires additional transmission corridor which is difficult to acquire in addition to additional cost of other components required. As an alternative the feasibility of converting the existing three phase double circuit lines into six phase lines of the same phase voltage had been studied and reported in the literature. Conversion of existing three phase double circuit lines into six phase lines leading to additional advantages like increased power transmission capacity to 3 times for the same line with greater efficiency, regulation and reliability [1] is gaining ground on economic considerations.

2. Absence of Zero sequence currents in Ground faults of six phase system:

It was observed that in certain cases of faults [2,3] like ground faults having fault impedance or not, the zero sequence component of the fault current is absent in spite of it being a ground fault.

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International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2011 Hence it may be noted that if only zero sequence currents are used to relay ground faults, the protection scheme fails to act in such cases. By keeping this in mind, the authors took interest on negative sequence relay for protection scheme, because except for six phase faults all other faults including ground faults are bound to exhibit negative sequence currents which if properly used can help protection against all the faults. The six phase system shown in fig.1 consisting of lines A, B, C, D, E, F can be treated as two mutually coupled three phase systems a, b, c and a, b, c which are in phase opposition as shown in the figure 1.[2,3].Thus helps in the analysis of six phase systems on familiar lines of analyzing three phase systems.

Fig 1.Six phase system

3. Fault analysis of Six phase power system:

In a power system the faults occur because of insulation failure in plant which may be caused by a system over-voltage such as a switching surge or a lightning strike, or may be due to broken insulators or conductors and various other causes on the transmission lines. The most common and dangerous fault that occurs in a power system is the short circuit fault with or without ground. The six phase faults can be analyzed using either the b operator having the value of 1600 or using a operator having the value of 11200 when the six phase system is treated as two mutually coupled three phase systems in Dual Three phase Transformation Method (DTPT)[4,2,3]. P.S.Subramanyam et al have suggested conversion of existing three phase double circuit line into six phase line of the same line voltage having each three phase system on either side of the tower as an effective alternative to increasing the Voltage level of the existing double circuit line in the present scenario for economy[2] .On the other hand for new six phase lines a scheme of having compact six phase line with spacing between conductors being considerably less[1,5] had been proposed. In the case of compact six phase lines the possibility of having ground faults exhibiting no net zero sequence currents is much more compared to the case of conversion of existing double circuit lines into six phase lines with each three phase system on either side of the tower. G.Chandra Sekhar et al have discussed the importance of negative sequence currents to protect six phase transmission line from negative sequence for six phase system[7].In that paper the negative sequence currents are detected during the positive half cycles only without using discrete monostable block. K.Ramesh Reddy et al have highlighted the absence of zero sequence currents in faults with ground in the case of six phase faults[6]. For example faults like A,D-G i.e faults on lines A and D (or on a and a in DTPT analysis) involving ground, on CEFB-G i.e C ,E ,F and B with ground (or b, c, b, c g) do not exhibit the presence of zero sequence currents even though the faults involve ground. This can be visualized easily in the case of DTPT analysis because the two mutually coupled three phase system a b c and a b c are in phase opposition to each other and naturally the zero sequence current components Ia0 and Ia0 will be in phase opposition and get cancelled exhibiting no net zero sequence currents leading to failure of ground fault relay operation. However such faults being unsymmetrical faults will necessarily have negative sequence currents flowing. Except symmetrical six phase faults all other faults involving ground or not will necessarily exhibit negative sequence currents. Hence the use of negative sequence relay is called for.

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4. Principle of operation of Logic Based Negative Sequence Relay:

Before going into the scheme of protection of six phase system using Logic Based Negative Sequence Relay, the principle of operation of a three phase Logic Based Negative Sequence Relay is being presented here. The phase sequence of a three phase system is the order in which the individual phase voltages attain their maximum values. The positive sequence of the three phase system ABC is represented as Phase sequence ABC meaning phase A reaches its maximum value first, phase B reaches its maximum value at 1200 after the phase A reaches its maximum value and Phase C reaches its maximum value at 1200 after the phase B reaches its maximum value or at 2400 after the phase A reaches its maximum value. The Negative sequence is represented as ACB and is represented as Phase sequence ACB meaning phase A reaches its maximum value first, phase C reaches its maximum value at 1200 after the phase A reaches its maximum value and Phase B reaches its maximum value at 1200 after the phase C reaches its maximum value or at 2400 after the phase A reaches its maximum value. The Current Phasors and the current waveforms for Positive sequence and Negative sequences are given in fig.2& fig 3 respectively.

Fig.2 Sequence current phasors for three phase system

Fig.3 Sequence current wave forms for three phase system From the waveforms for positive and negative sequences given in fig.2& fig.3 it is observed that at no time do all the three phase currents are positive or negative. This does not help in visualizing the presence of negative sequence currents. In order to detect the presence of negative sequence currents in the system three schemes are proposed. 1. The wave forms a, c, b (Creating the phase shift of 1800 to phase A) is not considered because in this scheme the earliest occurrence of simultaneous positive values can be only at after 1800, meaning that the detection of the presence of negative sequence current can take place only after one half cycle, which leads to the delay in the action of protection scheme. 2. The wave forms a, c, -b (Creating the phase shift of 1800 to phase B) are compared to detect the presence and duration of simultaneous positive values of all the three wave forms. 3. The wave forms a, -c, b(Creating the phase shift of 1800 to phase C) are compared to detect the presence and duration of simultaneous positive values of all the three wave forms as shown in fig.4.

Fig.4. Current Wave forms after phase C is reversed

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5. Choice of one of the above three schemes:

For the above proposed schemes of three phase system, a table showing duration and earliest occurrence of all positive values is given in table No.1. TableNo.1. gives the nature of input phases, earliest occurrence and duration of simultaneous positive values.

Table.No.1
S. No Phase Sequence -a, c, b a, c, -b a, -c, b Width ( Degrees) 54 72 54 Early Occurrence ( in Degrees) 252 126 18

1 2 3

From the above table it can be observed that the scheme a, -c, b can be considered as best scheme to detect the negative sequence current and to pass the trip signal to the circuit breaker as simultaneous positive occurrence takes place earlier for quick detection.

6.Detection of Negative sequence currents for three phase system :

To detect the negative sequence currents for a three phase system SIMULINK platform of MATLAB is used in this proposed scheme. The authors converted the sine wave into square wave by using the blocks available in SIMULINK platform and the outputs are given to logic gate AND to detect the simultaneous positive and negative values of three phases. The SIMULINK diagram proposed to detect the negative sequence currents for the scheme a, -c, b and its wave forms showing presence of negative sequence currents in both positive and negative cycles are shown in fig.5 & 6 respectively. The output Logic 1 indicates the presence of Negative sequence.

Fig.5. simulation diagram for detection of simultaneous occurrence during positive and negative half cycles using discrete monostable block.

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Fig.6 .Out put wave form for the proposed scheme . It is to be noted that the NOT operation for Phase C is used in the detection scheme shown in fig.5 is only for the purpose of simulation to detect negative sequence occurrence with the three positive sequence wave forms as input. The Discrete monostable block is used to get continuous output for the presence of negative sequence currents. In the actual scheme the NOT operation for phase C is not necessary because the three phase input will themselves exhibit negative sequence currents under fault conditions. This is explained in fig.7 & 8 for the three phase current input under normal conditions and three phase negative sequence currents under fault conditions.

Fig.7. Negative Sequence detection for normal and fault conditions. Fig.7 shows two sets of inputs for Normal and Fault conditions. 1. Actual negative sequence detector for normal conditions (Phases a, b, c under no fault conditions).2. Negative sequence input (Phases a c b under Fault Conditions). Fig.8.gives input and corresponding outputs under Normal and Fault conditions.

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Fig.8 Positive and negative sequence current outputs under Normal and Fault conditions. From the figure.8 it can be observed that the negative sequence detector gives an output only if the three phase input wave form has negative sequence.

7. Detection of Negative sequence currents for six phase system :

The above said principle of detection of negative sequence currents had been extended to six phase system by considering the six phase system as two mutually coupled three phase systems. The three phase scheme a, -c, b is treated as circuit 1 and the scheme a, -c, b is treated as circuit 2.The outputs of two schemes is given to the logic OR gate to detect the negative sequence current for the six phase system, because if any one of the three phase sub systems possesses the negative sequence, the six phase system also should possess the same. The SIMULINK diagram to detect the negative sequence currents and its output wave form is depicted in the fig.9&10 respectively. Note: One of the phases is reversed and shown to obtain negative sequence input for each three phase subsystems of the six phase system.

Fig.9 SIMULINK diagram for the scheme a,-c, b and a, -c, b (or ABCDEF) for six phases.

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Fig.10.Output wave forms to detect negative sequence for six phase system. Both the individual subsets of six phase system will exhibit negative sequence currents. For any ground faults of two three phase subset systems also this scheme will work because of the logic OR gate is used in the final stage. For any six phase unsymmetrical faults with or without ground this scheme for detection of negative sequence will work.

Conclusions:
1. In addition to Over current relay earth fault relays are also used in the general protection for faults in the case of three phase systems. 2. In the case of three phase system, for all types of faults including ground or not also the above scheme works satisfactorily. 3. But in the case of six phase systems it had been observed that for certain types of faults involving ground ,the zero sequence currents are found to be absent. Hence the earth fault relay cannot detect such faults. 4. A novel based scheme has been proposed in this paper to detect negative sequence currents in the case of three phase system instead of using conventional bridge circuit for negative sequence relay. 5. The above scheme had been extended in this paper to detect such ground faults in six phase system which does not exhibit any zero sequence currents. 6. The occurrence of negative sequence currents in both positive and negative cycles of fault current have been tested using Simulink platform of MATLAB software. 7. Presence of Negative sequence currents plays an important role in the detection of a fault in any system or equipment in three phase , six phase or any multiphase system having more than six phases like 12 phase, 24 phases etc. 8. A scheme of detection of negative sequence currents in three phase system and extension of it to six phase system on similar lines to three phase systems have been presented, because six phase system can be considered as two mutually coupled three phase systems.

References:
H.C. Barnes, L.O. Barthold, High phase order power transmission, Presented by Cigre Sc.Electra No.24, 1973, pp. 39-153. [2] P.S.Subramanyam, Contributions to the analysis of six phase system Ph.D. Thesis, IIT, Madras, March 1983. [3] P.S.Subramanyam, A. Chandra Sekharan, S.Elangovan, Dual three phase transformation for comprehensive fault analysis of as six phase system, Electric power systems research, 1997, Paper No. EPSR 1113. [1]

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[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2011 S.S. Venkata, W.C. Guyker, W.H. Booth, L. Kondragunta, N.K. Saini, E.K. Stanek, 138kV six phase transmission system-Fault analysis, IEEE Trans. On PAS, Vol.101, No.5, May 1982, pp.1203-1218. J.R. Stewert, D.D. Willems, High phase order transmission- A feasibility analysis part-I steady state considerations, Part-II- Over voltages and insulation requirements, IEEE Trans.On PAS, Vol.91No.6, Nov/Dec.1978,pp.2300-2317. K.Ramesh Reddy, P.S. Subramanyam, T, Krishna Parandhama, Fault analysis through fault impedances on six phase transmission system, Proc. Tenth National Convention of Electric Engineers, Sep.1994, Institution of Engineers(India),pp.32-42. G.Chandra Sekhar, P.S.Subramanyam, B.V.Sanker Ram, Logic based detection of Negative sequence currents for six phase system International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, ISSN 0973-4562, Vol 6 ,Number 6(2011) ,pp.1311-1322.

Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the managements of Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar Mandal, Hyderabad-501301, Andhra Pradesh, India, for providing facilities and to publish this work.
First G.Chandra Sekhar received his B.E(EEE) in the year 1998 from Andhra University and M Tech in High Voltage Engineering in the year 2001 from JNTU College of Engineering, Kakinada, E.G(Dt), AP,India.He is Pursuing Ph.D from JNTU, Kukatpally, Hyderabad. He published three papers in international journals. His area of interest includes Electrical Power systems, Electrical Machines,Electricl Circuits and Multiphase transmission systems.Mr. Chandra Sekhar is life member of Indian Society for Technical Education(ISTE) and Member of IEEE.

Second P S Subrahmanyam received his Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical & Electronics Engineering In the year 1960 & Masters Degree in Electrical Power Systems from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University in the year 1977. He received his PhD from IIT Madras in the year 1983. He published a number of papers in National and International Journals and several text books. Basically from Electrical Engineering discipline, he crosses migrated to the field of Computer Science and Engineering. His areas of interest include Fault analysis & diagnosis of six phase system & six phase induction motors. Dr. Pisupati Sadasiva Subramanyam is a fellow of The Institution of Engineers (India), Fellow of National Federation of Engineers, Senior Member of IEEE, Member of Computer Society of India, and Member of Indian Society for Technical Education. Third B.V.Sanker Ram received his Bachelor of Engineering in 1982 and Master of Technology(Power systems) in 1984 from Osmania University.He received Ph.D in 2003 from JNTU,Kukatpally, Hyderabad.He published more than 60 papers in National and international Journals. His area of interest is Power electronics, FACTS, Reliability Engineering and Control Systems. Sanker Ram is life member of Indian Society for Technical Education(ISTE).

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