SPM Form 4 Terminology and Concepts: Chemical Formulae and Equations (Part 3) Empirical and Molecular Formulae 1.

. Empirical (simplest ratio of atoms of each element that present in the compound) and molecular formulae (actual number of atoms of each element that are present in one molecule of the compound) indicate:

the types of the elements the symbols of the elements and the ratio of atoms or moles of atoms of each element in a compound.

2. Molecular formula = (empirical formula)n n is a positive number Compound Carbon dioxide Ethane Propene Glucose Quinine Molecular formula CO2 CH3 CH2 CH2O C10H12NO n 1 2 3 6 2 Empirical formula (CO2) = CO2 (CH3)2 = C2H6 (CH2)3 = C3H6 (CH2O)6 = C6H12O6 C20H24N2O2

3. Chemical formulae for covalent compounds. Name Chemical formula Nitrogen gas N2 Oxygen gas O2 Ammonia NH3 Water H2O Number of each element 2 nitrogen atoms 2 oxygen atoms 1 nitrogen atom and 3 hydrogen atoms 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom

4. Cations are positively-charged ions. Charge +1 +1 * +1 +1 +1 * Cations Ammonium ion Copper(I) ion Hydrogen ion Lithium ion Nickel(I) ion Formula NH4+ Cu+ H+ Li+ Ni+

+1 +1 +1 +2 +2 +2 * +2 * +2 * +2 +2 * +2 +2 * +2 +3 +3 * +3 * +4 * +4 *

Potassium ion Silver ion Sodium ion Barium ion Calcium ion Copper(II) ion Iron(II) ion Lead(II) ion Magnesium ion Manganese(II) ion Nickel(II) ion Tin(II) ion Zinc ion Aluminium ion Chromium(III) ion Iron(III) ion Lead(IV) ion Tin(IV) ion

K+ Ag+ Na+ Ba2+ Ca2+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Pb2+ Mg2+ Mn2+ Ni2+ Sn2+ Zn2+ Al3+ Cr3+ Fe3+ Pb4+ Sn4+

* refer to the Roman numerals 5. Anions are negatively-charged ions. Charge -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -2 -2 -2 Anions Bromide ion Chloride ion Chlorate(V) ion Ethanoate ion Fluoride ion Hydride ion Hydroxide ion Iodide ion Manganate(VII) ion Nitrate ion Nitrite ion Oxide ion Carbonate ion Chromate(VI) ion Dichromate(VI) ion Formula BrClClO3CH3COOFHOHIMnO4NO3NO2O2CO32CrO42Cr2O72-

-2 -2 -2 -2 -3 -3 -3

Sulphide ion Sulphate ion Sulphite ion Thiosulphate ion Nitride ion Phosphate ion Phosphite ion

S2SO42SO32S2O32N3PO43PO33-

6. Chemical formulae for ionic compounds Name Zinc chloride Copper(II) sulphate Aluminium sulphate Chemical formula ZnCl2 CuSO4 Al2(SO4)3 Number of cation 1 Zn2+ 2 Cu2+ 2 Al3+ Number of anion 2 Cl2 SO423 SO42-

7. Meaning of prefixes Prefix MonoDiTriTetraPentaHexaHeptaOctaNonaDecaMeaning 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

8. Naming of chemical (non-metal) compounds with Greek numerical prefixes. Non-metal compound Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Sulphur dioxide Sulphur trioxide Carbon tetrachloride (tetrachloromethane) Chemical formula CO CO2 SO2 SO3 CCl4

Form 4 Terminology and Concepts: Chemical Formulae and Equations (Part 4) Chemical Equation 1. Importance of chemical equation: The types of reactants; the physical conditions; the quantity of reactants and products and stated in moles. nA + nB > pC + pD 2. Reactants are written in the left side of the reaction and products are written in the right side of the reaction.

Example 1: Word equation: Sodium hydroxide + sulphuric acid > sodium sulphate + water Chemical equation: NaOH + H2SO4 > Na2SO4 + H2O Balancing equation: 2NaOH + H2SO4 > Na2SO4 + 2H2O Complete chemical equation: 2NaOH + H2SO4 > Na2SO4 + 2H2O Example 2: Word equation: Aluminium + copper(II) oxide > aluminium(III) oxide + copper Chemical equation: Al + CuO > Al2O3 + Cu Balancing equation: 2Al + 3CuO > Al2O3 + 3Cu Complete chemical equation: 2Al + 3CuO > Al2O3 + 3Cu Example 3: Word equation: Nitrogen + hydrogen <> ammonia Chemical equation: N2 + H2 <> NH3 Balancing equation: N2 + 3H2 <> 2NH3 Complete chemical equation: N2 + 3H2 <> 2NH3

3. Information obtainable from chemical equations.

i) mass of reactants ii) volume of reacting gas iii) mass of products formed iv) volume of gas produced Example: 2 cm3 of lead (II) nitrate solution is added to excess of potassium iodide solution. How many molecules of potassium nitrate will be formed? [Relative atomic mass: N, 14; O, 16; K, 39; I, 127; Pb, 207; Avogadro's constant: 6.02 x 1023 mol-1]

Step 1: Write a complete chemical equation.

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) > PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq) From the equation, 1 mole of Pb(NO3)2 reacts with 2 moles of KI formed 1 mole PbI2 of and 2 moles of KNO3.

Step 2: Convert to moles.

No. of moles of Pb(NO3)2 = Mass of Pb(NO3)2 / Relative molecular mass = 2 / [207 + 2(14 + 3 x 16)] = 6.04 x 10-3 mol

Step 3: Ratio of moles.

Number of moles of KNO3/ Number of moles of Pb(NO3)2 = 2/1 Number of moles of KNO3 = (2 x 6.04 x 10-3) / 1 = 12.08 x 10-3 mol

Step 4: Convert to the number of molecules of potassium nitrate.

Number of molecules of KNO3 = 12.08 x 10-3 x 6.02 x 1023 = 7.27 x 1021