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 INTRODUCTION

BASIC IDEA:

Interest in digital image processing methods stems from two principal application ·
areas:
( 1) Improvement of pictorial information for human interpretation and
(2) Processing ofimage data for storage, transmission .and representation for
autonomous machine perception.

An image may be defined as a two-dimensional function, f(x,y), where x andy are

spatial (plane) coordinates, and the amplitude off at .<:ury pair of coordinates (x,y) is
called the "intensity" or "gray level" of the image at that point. When x,y and the
( amplitude values of fare all fmite, discrete quantities, we call the image a "digital
image". The field of "digital image processing" refers to processing digital images by
means of a digital computer. A digital image is composed of a firi.ite number of elements,
each of which has a particular location and value. These elements are reffered to as
"picture eJements, image elements, pels and pixels". "pixel" is the tem1 most widely
used to c\enote the elements of a digital image.

WHY DIGfiAL IMAGE PROCESSING?

Vision is the most advanced of our senses, so it is not su11)1i.sing that images play the
single most important role in human perception. However, unlike humans, who are
litnited to the visual band of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum, imaging machines cover
ahnost the entire EM. spectmm, ranging from gamma to radio waves. They can operate on
images generated by sources that humans are not accustomed to associating with images .
These include ultl'asound, electron microscopy and computer-generated intagcs. Thus,
digital image processmg encompasses a wide and varied field of applications. The area of
image analysis (image understanding) is in between image processing and computer
c V1Sl0ll.

TYPES OF TivlAGE PROCESSING:

There are 3 types of computerized processes:

.... .
1. Low level processing: It invoh,es primitive operations such as image pre-
processing to reduce noise, contrast enhancement and image sharpening. A low
level process is characterized by the fact that both ·its inputs and outputs are
images.

2. Mid level processing: It involves tasks such as segmentation ( pattitioning an

image into regions or objects), descri1)tion of those objects to reduce them to a /

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 form suitable for computer processing and classification (recognition) of individual
objects. A mid level process is characterized by the fact that its inputs generally are
images and its outputs are attributes extracted from those images (ex: edges,
contours and the identity of individual objects).

3. High level processing: It involves "making sense" of an ensemble of recognized

objects, as an linage analysis and at the far end of the continuum, performing the
cognitive functions nonnally associated with vision.

WHAT WE CALL AS DIGITAL Il'v1AGE PROCESSING?

A logical place of overlap between image processing and image analysis is the area
of recognition of .individual regions or objects .in an image.

"Digital linage processing" encompasses processes whose inputs and outputs are
images and in a(\l\ition encompasses processes that extract attributes from images up to
() and including the recognition of individual objects.

APPLICATIONS:

The ((cligital image processing" is develope(\ because of its wide range of

applications. s'o the origin of "digital linage processing" is its applications.

• News paper industry

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• ivfedic:i11e ..
• ; Astrology ,
• Archeology
• For geograpP,ers
• Defense
• Biological sciences
• Typical problems'in ma~:;hine perception that routinely utilize image processing
techniques are automatic character recognition, industrial machine vision for
() product assembly and inspection, military recognizance, automatic processing
of fmgetprints, screening of X .:.rays and blood samples, and machine processing
of aerial and satellite imagery for weather prediction and envil;onmental
assessment.

• One of the simplest ways to develop a basic understanding of the extent of

image processing applications is to categorize images according to their source.

Sources of linages:

• The principal energy source for linages in use today is the

eleclromagnetic energy spectmm.
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l. Gamma-ray imaging
2. X-ray imaging
3. Imaging in the Ultraviolet band
4. Imaging in the visible and Infi·ared bands
5. Imaging in the microwave hand
6. lmagi.Ug in the radio band

• Other important sources include acoustic, ultrasonic

•'
and electronic.

FUNDAMENTAL STEPS IN DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING:

An organization shown in fig: 1 supports methods whose input ancl output are images
and methods whose inputs may be images, but whose outputs are attributes extracted
from those images.

Image acquisition: It is the fu·st process shown in ftg: L The image acquisition. stage
involves preprocessing, such as scaling.
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Image enhancement: It is among the simplest and most appealing areas of digital image
processing. Ba~Jica1ly, the idea behind enhancement techniques is to bring out detail that
is obscured, or simply to highlight certain features of interest in an image . It i.~ a very
subjective area of image processing.

Image restoration: lt is an area that also deals with improving the appearance of an image.
However, unlike enhancement, which is subjective, image restoration is objective, in the
sense that restoration techniques tend to be based on mathematical or probabilistic
models of image degradation. Enhancement, on the other hand_, is based on htunan
subjective preferences reganling what constitutes a "good" enhancement result.

Color image processing: It is an area that has been gaining in i.ntportance because of the
significant increase in the use of digital images over the Internet. Color is used as the
basis for extracting features of interest in ;m image.

Wavelets: They are the foundation for representing images in various degrees of
resolution. In particular, this material is used for image data compression and for
pyramidal representation, in which images are subdivided successively into smaller
1·egzons.

C ompression: As the name implies, deals with techniques for reducing the storage
required to save an irnage, or the band width required to transmit it. Image compression is
familiar to most users of computers in the fonn of image ftles extensions, such as the jpg
file extension used in the JPEG (Joint Photograpluc Experts Group) image compression
standard.

Morphological processing: It deals with tools for extracting image components that are
u seful in the representation and description of shape.
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Segmentation procedures: They partition an image into its constituent parts or objects. In
general, autonomous segmentation is one of the most difficult tasks in digital image
processing. ln general, the more accurate the segmentation, the more likely recognition is
to succeed.

Representation and description: It almost always follow the out put of a segmentation
stage , wlticlt is usually raw pixel data , constituting eitlter the bounder of a region or all
the points in the region itself. Choosing a representation is only part of the solution for
transform ring raw data into a form suitable for subsequent computer processing.
Description ,also called feature selection deals with extracting atttibutes that result in
some quantitative infonnation of interest or are basic for differentiating one class of
objects from another.

Recognition : I t is the process that assigns a label to an object based on its descriptors

COMPONENTS OF AN IIvlAGE I-'ROCESSING SYSTEJvl :

Fig 2 shows the basic components comprising a typical general pwpose system
used for digital image processing
With reference to sensing, two elements are required to acquire digital images.
The ftrst is a physical device that is sensitive to the energy radiated by the object we
wish to image. The second ,a digitizer ,is a device for conveti ring the output of t1te
physical sensing device into digital form .

FUNCTION OF EACH COMPONENT:

Specialized image processing hardware: It usually consists of the digitizer & hardware
that pe1fmms other lJrimitive 01,erat.ions such as an ALU, which pe1fmms arithmetic &
logical operations in parallel on entire itnages. This type ofhardware is called o FRONT
END SUBSYSTEM, and it s most distinguishing is speed.

(_ ) Computer: 1be computer in an image processing system is a general pmvose computer

and can range from a PC to a supercomputer. In dedicated applications, sometimes
specially designed computers are used to achleve a required level of petformance.

Software: Software for image processing consists of specialized modules that perf(nm
speciftc tasks. A well-designed package also includes the capability for the user to write
code that, as a minimum, utilizes the specialized modules.

Mass storage: Mass storage capability i"' a must in image processing applications. Digital
storage for image processing applications t1lls into three principal categories: (1) short-
tenn storage for use during processing, (2) on-line storage for relatively fast recall and (3)
archival storage, characterized by infrequent access. Storage is mea."!ured in bytes,
Kbytes, lvlbytes, G bytes and T bytes.
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Image displays: They are in use today are mainly color TV monitors. Monitors are driven
by the outputs of image and graphics display cards that are an integral patt of the
computer system.

Hardcopy: These devices for recording images inclucte laser lJrinters, film cameras, heat-
sermitive devices, in.kjet units and digital units, such as optical and CD-ROM disks.

Netwodd.ng: It is almost a default function in any computer system in use today. Because
of the large amount of data inherent in image processing applications, the key
consideration in ll.nage transmission is bandwidth.

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