In many insects, wing mutations which prevent flight

are selected against. In 4 of the environments below,

this would be true, but one environment would select
FOR the flightless condition. Which one?

A) An island with strong winds that blow some flying

insects out to sea, never to return
In many insects, wing mutations which prevent flight
are
B) selected
A swampagainst.
full of frogs
In 4 that
of the
can
environments
see & catch below,
flying
this wouldinsects
be true,
better
but one
thanenvironment
crawling insects
would select
FOR the flightless condition. Which one?
C) A forest full of bats that catch & eat insects in flight
A) An island with strong winds that blow some flying
D) A cage insects
with noout
predators,
to sea, never
in which
to return
food is provided
in high dishes
B) A swamp full of frogs that can see & catch flying
E) A cageinsects
with slippery
better than
wallscrawling
that prevent
insects
climbing, &
an electrified bug-zapper at the top which kills insects
C) A forest full of batson that
contact
catch & eat insects in flight

D) A cage with no predators, in which food is provided

in high dishes

E) A cage with slippery walls that prevent climbing, &

an electrified bug-zapper at the top which kills insects
on contact
E) A cage with slippery walls that prevent climbing, &
an electrified bug-zapper at the top which kills insects
on contact

E) A cage with slippery walls that prevent climbing, &

an electrified bug-zapper at the top which kills insects
on contact
Which of the following did Darwin NOT understand
about natural selection?

A) Variation is common in a population

B) The source of that variation

C) Competition exists in populations

D) Populations overproduce offspring

Which of the
E) following didbecome
Darwin extinct
NOT understand
Organisms
about natural selection?

A) Variation is common in a population

B) The source of that variation

C) Competition exists in populations

D) Populations overproduce offspring

E) Organisms become extinct

B) The source of that variation

B) The source of that variation

 The gene pool can best be described as the

A) Genes found only in isolated populations

B) Group of genes responsible for polygenic traits

C) Total number of gene loci that occur in each species

D) Total aggregate of genes in a population at any

given time
The gene pool can than
best 1beofdescribed as the
E) More these
A) Genes found only in isolated populations

B) Group of genes responsible for polygenic traits

C) Total number of gene loci that occur in each species

D) Total aggregate of genes in a population at any

given time

E) More than 1 of these

D) Total aggregate of genes in a population at any
given time

D) Total aggregate of genes in a population at any

given time
 Which of the following is/are likely to have been
produced by sexual selection?

A) Different sizes of male & female cones in pines

B) Bright colors in female flowers

C) Male lion's mane

D) A, B, and C
Which of the following is/are likely to have been
E) A & C only
produced by sexual selection?

A) Different sizes of male & female cones in pines

B) Bright colors in female flowers

C) Male lion's mane

D) A, B, and C

E) A & C only
C) Male lion's mane

C) Male lion's mane

Most copies of harmful recessive alleles in a population
are carried by individuals that are

A) Heterozygous

B) Homozygous

C) Polyploidy

D) Haploid
Most copies of harmful recessive alleles in a population
E) Polymorphic
are carried by individuals that are

A) Heterozygous

B) Homozygous

C) Polyploidy

D) Haploid

E) Polymorphic
A) Heterozygous

A) Heterozygous
An African butterfly species exists in 2 striking different
color patterns, each of which resembles other species
distasteful to birds

A) A random selection

B) Directional selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

An African butterfly
D) Stabilizing
species exists
selection
in 2 striking different
color patterns, each of which resembles other species
E)
distasteful
Sexual selection
to birds

A) A random selection

B) Directional selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

D) Stabilizing selection

E) Sexual selection
C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

Peacocks with more eyes in their tails mate more often
than those with fewer eyes

A) A random selection

B) Directional selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

D) Stabilizing selection
Peacocks with more eyes in selection
their tails mate more often
E) Sexual
than those with fewer eyes

A) A random selection

B) Directional selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

D) Stabilizing selection

E) Sexual selection
E) Sexual Selection

E) Sexual Selection
Most Swiss starlings produce 4-5 young in each clutch

A) A random selection

B) Directional selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

D) Stabilizing selection

E) Sexual selection
Most Swiss starlings produce 4-5 young in each clutch

A) A random selection

B) Directional selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

D) Stabilizing selection

E) Sexual selection
D) Stabilizing selection

D) Stabilizing selection
Pathogenic bacteria in many hospitals are antibiotic
resistant

A) A random selection

B) Directional selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

D) Stabilizing selection
Pathogenic bacteria in many hospitals are antibiotic
E) Sexual selection
resistant

A) A random selection

B) Directional selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

D) Stabilizing selection

E) Sexual selection
B) Directional selection

B) Directional selection
 In a species of snail, cream & brown morphs are
common, while intermediate coloration is relatively rare

A) A random selection

B) Directional selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

D) Stabilizing selection
In a species ofE)
snail, cream & brown morphs are
Sexual selection
common, while intermediate coloration is relatively rare

A) A random selection

B) Directional selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

D) Stabilizing selection

E) Sexual selection
C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

From the fossil evidence, it appears that horses have
increased in size over time

A) A random selection

B) Directional selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

D) Stabilizing selection
From the fossil evidence, it selection
appears that horses have
E) Sexual
increased in size over time

A) A random selection

B) Directional selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

D) Stabilizing selection

E) Sexual selection
B) Directional selection

B) Directional selection
The average birth weight for humans is 7 pounds

A) A random selection

B) Directional selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

D) Stabilizing selection

E) Sexual selection
The average birth weight for humans is 7 pounds

A) A random selection

B) Directional selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

D) Stabilizing selection

E) Sexual selection
D) Stabilizing selection

D) Stabilizing selection
When we say that 1 organism has greater fitness than
another, we specifically mean that it

A) Lives longer than others of its species

B) Competes for resources more successfully than

others in its species

C) Mates more frequently than others of its species

When we saymore
that 1viable
organism has greater fitness than
D) Leaves offspring than others of its
another, we specifically
species mean that it
A) LivesE)longer
Morethan
thanothers of its species
1 is correct
B) Competes for resources more successfully than
others in its species

C) Mates more frequently than others of its species

D) Leaves more viable offspring than others of its

species

E) More than 1 is correct

D) Leaves more viable offspring than others of its
species

D) Leaves more viable offspring than others of its

species
What evidence supports the idea that the earth has had
a rich & varied fauna & flora?

What evidence supports the idea that the earth has had
a rich & varied fauna & flora?
Fossil record

Fossil record
 Define evolution by natural selection as a biologist
would. Then, explain to a 12 year old what evolution is.

Define evolution by natural selection as a biologist

would. Then, explain to a 12 year old what evolution is.
 Biologist explaination:

Evolution occurs when natural selection causes

changes in relative frequencies of alleles in the gene
pool.

12yr old explaination:

organisms that are better for surviving will survive

Biologist explaination:

Evolution occurs when natural selection causes

changes in relative frequencies of alleles in the gene
pool.

12yr old explaination:

organisms that are better for surviving will survive

 Darwin proposed his theory of evolution by natural
selection based on several observations & inferences.
Name 2 of these.

Darwin proposed his theory of evolution by natural

selection based on several observations & inferences.
Name 2 of these.
- similiar adaptations in different parts of the world

- Beetles around the world differ

- Overproduction of offspring

- Finches on some islands were better capable of

surviving

- species similarities and differences

- similiar adaptations in different parts of the world
- gradualism
- Beetles around the world differ
- competition
- Overproduction of offspring

- Finches on some islands were better capable of

surviving

- species similarities and differences

- gradualism

- competition
Why was the work of Miller(/Urey) important to the work
of Orgle & Fox? What is the importance of experiments
by these men?

Why was the work of Miller(/Urey) important to the work

of Orgle & Fox? What is the importance of experiments
by these men?
 The work of Miller(/Urey) helped lead Orgle & Fox to
discovering how the genetic system could have
originated.

The experiments of these men are important because

they show us the steps in the rise from an abiotic world
to the cell.

The work of Miller(/Urey) helped lead Orgle & Fox to

discovering how the genetic system could have
originated.

The experiments of these men are important because

they show us the steps in the rise from an abiotic world
to the cell.
What are the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg
equillibrium model?

What are the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg

equillibrium model?
 > Large population

> No gene flow

> Random mating

> No mutation (net)

> No natural selection (stable environment)

> Large population

> No gene flow

> Random mating

> No mutation (net)

> No natural selection (stable environment)

Name 3 ways in which all cells are ALIKE.

Name 3 ways in which all cells are ALIKE.

 -genetic material

-metabolize

-cell membrane

-use ATB

-repoduce by some mechanism

-genetic material

-metabolize

-cell membrane

-use ATB

-repoduce by some mechanism

What is the unit of evolution?

What is the unit of evolution?

population

population
In a population that is in H-W equilibrium, the frequency
of an allele (1 of 2 morphs) is 0.3. What % of the
population is heterozygotic for this gene?

In a population that is in H-W equilibrium, the frequency

of an allele (1 of 2 morphs) is 0.3. What % of the
population is heterozygotic for this gene?
 Formula:

2*(freq 1 allele)(freq 2 allele)

Answer:

2*(0.3)(0.7)=0.42=42%

Formula:

2*(freq 1 allele)(freq 2 allele)

Answer:

2*(0.3)(0.7)=0.42=42%
Briefly characterize the 3 domains of life.

Briefly characterize the 3 domains of life.

 Archaea> all prokaryotic and live in extreme
environments

Eukarya> true nucleus, prokaryotes, eukaryotic cells

Bacteria> unicellular, prokaryotes, live in extreme

environments

Archaea> all prokaryotic and live in extreme

environments

Eukarya> true nucleus, prokaryotes, eukaryotic cells

Bacteria> unicellular, prokaryotes, live in extreme

environments
In a population of 1000, 160 have AA blood type, 480
are AB and 360 are BB.

a) What are the frequencies of A and B?

b) What percent of the population is type O?

c) If 4000 children are produced by this generation,

how many would you expect to be type AB?

In a population of 1000, 160 have AA blood type, 480

are AB and 360 are BB.

a) What are the frequencies of A and B?

b) What percent of the population is type O?

c) If 4000 children are produced by this generation,

how many would you expect to be type AB?
 a) A=(160/1000)=sqrt(0.16)=0.4

B=(360/1000)=sqrt(0.36)=0.6

b) There are no individuals that carry the O allele.

c) 480(# of children for one thansound yrs) * 4

(thousands of yrs) = 1920 type AB children

a) A=(160/1000)=sqrt(0.16)=0.4

B=(360/1000)=sqrt(0.36)=0.6

b) There are no individuals that carry the O allele.

c) 480(# of children for one thansound yrs) * 4

(thousands of yrs) = 1920 type AB children
What are the sources of variation within a population?
(list 3)

What are the sources of variation within a population?

(list 3)
 Mutation

Crossing over

Independent assorment of chromosomes

Random fertilization

Mutation

Crossing over

Independent assorment of chromosomes

Random fertilization
Place these events in the most likely sequence (earlier
-> later) of when they appear to have happened on
Earth

A) appearance of photosynthesis

B) first cells

C) multicellular organisms
Place these events in the most likely sequence (earlier
-> later) of whenD)they
eukaryotic
appear to cells
have happened on
Earth
E) reducing atmosphere
A) appearance of photosynthesis
F) formation of heterotrophic organisms
B) first cells

C) multicellular organisms

D) eukaryotic cells

E) reducing atmosphere

F) formation of heterotrophic organisms

 E-B-F-A-D-C

(F and A possible at same time)

E-B-F-A-D-C

(F and A possible at same time)

Would the biological species concept be applicable to
an asexual species?

Would the biological species concept be applicable to

an asexual species?
No, because there is no interbreeding

No, because there is no interbreeding

Compare & contrast allopatric & sympatric speciation.

Compare & contrast allopatric & sympatric speciation.

 Ways similiar:

- Both result in ability to interbreed

- They result in 2 species other than one

Ways different:

- In allopatric speciation, a new species forms while

geographically isolated from its parent population.
Ways similiar:
- In sympatric speciation, a reproductive barrier isolates
a subset of- aBoth
population
result inwithout
ability to
geographic
interbreedseparation.

- They result in 2 species other than one

Ways different:

- In allopatric speciation, a new species forms while

geographically isolated from its parent population.

- In sympatric speciation, a reproductive barrier isolates

a subset of a population without geographic separation.
Compare & contrast polyphyletic classification with
monophyletic classification.

Compare & contrast polyphyletic classification with

monophyletic classification.
 Similiar: both attempt to explain the relationships of
organisms

Different:

- Monophyletic consists of grouping the ancestral

species and all its descendants.

- Polyphyletic consists of grouping several species that

lack a common ancestor.

Similiar: both attempt to explain the relationships of

organisms

Different:

- Monophyletic consists of grouping the ancestral

species and all its descendants.

- Polyphyletic consists of grouping several species that

lack a common ancestor.
How would you respond to the statement that mutation
must be nonrandom- look at the results (e.g., sickle
cell)?

How would you respond to the statement that mutation

must be nonrandom- look at the results (e.g., sickle
cell)?
 -> Mutations are always random

-> Mutations produce errors in genetic code

-> Mutations occur spontanously

-> Mutations are always random

-> Mutations produce errors in genetic code

-> Mutations occur spontanously

homology

homology
Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared
ancestry.

Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared

ancestry.
analogy

analogy
 Similarity between two species that is due to
convergent evolution rather than to descent from a
common ancestor with the same trait.

Similarity between two species that is due to

convergent evolution rather than to descent from a
common ancestor with the same trait.
taxon

taxon
 (plural, taxa)

The named taxanomic unit at any given level of

classification.

(plural, taxa)

The named taxanomic unit at any given level of

classification.
population

population
A localized group of individuals that belong to the same
biological species (that are capable of interbreeding
and producing fertile offspring).

A localized group of individuals that belong to the same

biological species (that are capable of interbreeding
and producing fertile offspring).
bottleneck effect

bottleneck effect
 Genetic drift resulting from the reduction of a
population, typically by a natural disaster, such that the
surviving population is no longer genetically
representative of the original population.

Genetic drift resulting from the reduction of a

population, typically by a natural disaster, such that the
surviving population is no longer genetically
representative of the original population.
founder effect

founder effect
 Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals
become isolated from a larger population, with the
result that the new populations gene pool is not
reflective of the original population.

Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals

become isolated from a larger population, with the
result that the new populations gene pool is not
reflective of the original population.
geographic variation

geographic variation
Differences between the gene pools of seperate
populations or population subgroups.

Differences between the gene pools of seperate

populations or population subgroups.
Darwinian fitness

Darwinian fitness
The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool
of the next generation, relative to the contributions of
other individuals.

The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool

of the next generation, relative to the contributions of
other individuals.
relative fitness

relative fitness
The contribution of one genotype to the next generation
compared to that of alternative.

The contribution of one genotype to the next generation

compared to that of alternative.
neutral variation

neutral variation
Genetic diversity that confers no apparent selective
advantage.

Genetic diversity that confers no apparent selective

advantage.
polyploidy

polyploidy
 A chromosomal alteration in which the organism
possesses more than two complete chromosome sets.

A chromosomal alteration in which the organism

possesses more than two complete chromosome sets.
microevolution

microevolution
Evolutionary change below the species level; change in
the genetic makeup of a population from generation to
generation.

Evolutionary change below the species level; change in

the genetic makeup of a population from generation to
generation.
macroevolution

macroevolution
Evolutionary change above the species level, including
the appearance of major evolutionary developments,
such as flight, that we use to define higher taxa.

Evolutionary change above the species level, including

the appearance of major evolutionary developments,
such as flight, that we use to define higher taxa.
maximum parsimony

maximum parsimony
A priciple that follows we should first investigate the
simplest explanation that is consistent with facts.

A priciple that follows we should first investigate the

simplest explanation that is consistent with facts.
systematics

systematics
The analytical study of the diversity and relationships of
organisms, both present-day and extinct.

The analytical study of the diversity and relationships of

organisms, both present-day and extinct.
molecular clock

molecular clock
 An evolutionary timing method bases on the
observation that at least some regions of genomes
evolve at constant rates.

An evolutionary timing method bases on the

observation that at least some regions of genomes
evolve at constant rates.
reproductive isolation

reproductive isolation
 The existence of biological factors (barriers) that
impede members of two species from producing viable,
fertile hybrids.

The existence of biological factors (barriers) that

impede members of two species from producing viable,
fertile hybrids.
monophyletic

monophyletic
Pertaining to a grouping of species consisting of an
ancestral species and all its descendents; a clade.

Pertaining to a grouping of species consisting of an

ancestral species and all its descendents; a clade.
polyphyletic

polyphyletic
Pertaining to a grouping of species derived from two or
more different ancestral forms.

Pertaining to a grouping of species derived from two or

more different ancestral forms.
paraphyletic

paraphyletic
Pertaining to a grouping of species that consists of an
ancestral species and some, but not all, of its
descendents.

Pertaining to a grouping of species that consists of an

ancestral species and some, but not all, of its
descendents.