Cell Parts and Their Functions

Nucleus - Large Oval body near the centre of the cell. - The control centre for all activity. - Surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Nucleoplasm - is the protoplasm in the nucleus. - contains genetic material ---> CHROMOSOMES (DNA) Nucleolus - is found in the nucleus. - contains more genetic information (RNA) Cell Membrane - the outer boundary of the cell. - it separates the cell from other cells. - it is porous ---> allows molecules to pass through. Cell Wall ( Plant Cells Only ) - non living structure that surrounds the plant cell. - protects + supports the cell. - made up of a tough fibre called cellulose. Cyto Plasm - cell material outside the nucleus but within the cell membrane. - clear thick fluid. - contains structures called organelles. Vacuoles - are clear fluid sacs that act as storage areas for food, minerals, and waste. - in plant cell the vacuoles are large and mostly filled with water. This gives the plant support. - in animal cells the vacuoles are much smaller. Mitochondria - power house of the cell. - centre of respiration of the cell. - they release energy for cell functions.

Chloro Plasts ( Plant cells only ) - contains a green pigment known as chlorophyll which is important for photosynthesis. Ribosomes - tiny spherical bodies that help make proteins. - found in the cyto plasm or attached to the endo plasmic reticulum. Endo Plasmic Reticulum ( ER ) - systems of membranes throughout the cyto plasm. - it connects the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane. - passageway for material moving though the cell. Golgi Bodies - tube like structures that have tiny sacs at their ends. - they help package protein. Lysosomes - " suicide sacs " - small structures that contain enzymes which are used in digestion. - if a lysosome were to burst it could destroy the cell.

Cell Membrane It provides shape to the cell. It is semi-permeable, regulating the entry and exit of substances, namely solutes and ions. The cell membrane is also known as the plasma membrane. It is the outermost covering of the animal cell. It protects the cell and regulates the entry and exit of substances, namely ions and solutes. Cell Wall It provides protection, shape and rigidity to the cell. It is freely permeable, allowing substances in the form of solutions to enter and leave the cell without any hindrance.The cell wall is the outermost covering of the plant cell made up of cellulose, and surrounds the cell membrane. It protects the cell, provides mechanical support and is responsible for maintaining pressure inside the cell. CentrosomeIt initiates and regulates cell division. It also helps in forming spindle fibres, with the help of asters.The centrosome of the animal cell contains one or two centrioles, and is surrounded by microtubules or the centrosphere. It initiates and regulates cell division. CytoplasmIt is the house of all metabolic activities and functions in the cell. In other words, it contains most of the cell organelles, each of which perform a specific function.The cytoplasm is composed of a mixture of water and soluble organic & inorganic compounds, and contains most of the cell organelles. It is the house of all metabolic functions and activities of the animal cell. Endoplasmic ReticulumIt provides support to the cell. It also helps in the synthesis and transport of proteins and fats.The endoplasmic reticulum consists of tubular structures (convoluted tubules) lying near the nucleus. It provides support to the plant cell and the animal cell. It is of two types, namely the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (does not have ribosomes attached to it) and the rough endoplasmic reticulum (has ribosomes attached to it) Golgi ApparatusIt synthesizes and secretes certain substances, namely hormones and enzymes. It also helps in the formation of acrosome of sperm.The golgi apparatus of the animal cell consists of flat vesicular structures placed one on top of the other. It synthesizes and secretes certain substances,

namely hormones and enzymes. LysosomeIt performs intracellular digestion. It also helps in destroying foreign substances.The lysosome of the animal cell is a membranous sac budded off from the golgi apparatus, and contains several types of enzymes. It performs intracellular digestion and destroys foreign substances.

MitochondrionIt is the site of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) synthesis. It also synthesizes respiratory enzymes.The mitochondrion of the cell has two layers of membrane, of which the inner one is folded to

form cristae. It is the site of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) synthesis. Nuclear MembraneIt is semi-permeable, allowing substances to enter and leave the nucleus of the cell. It also provides protection to the nucleus of the cell.The nuclear membrane is the covering of the nucleus of the cell, and has numerous pores. It allows substances to enter and leave. NucleolusIt synthesizes proteins by producing and storing RNA (Ribonucleic acid). At the same time, it orders ribosomes to synthesize proteins.The nucleolus is contained in the nucleus of the cell, and is round in shape. It synthesizes proteins by producing and storing RNA (Ribonucleic acid). NucleoplasmIt contains chromatin fibres, which are made up of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid). After cell division takes place, these chromatin fibres undergo certain structural changes, and are called chromosomes. These chromosomes carry the hereditary information of the genes.The nucleoplasm is a dense fluid containing chromatin fibres, which are made up of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid). After cell division takes place, these chromatin fibres undergo certain structural changes, and are called chromosomes. These chromosomes carry the hereditary information of the genes. NucleusIt controls and coordinates all the activities and functions of the cell. It plays a vital role in cell division.The nucleus is the most important part of the cell, and contains large amounts of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid). It controls and coordinates all the activities and functions of the cell. RibosomeIt is known as the 'site of protein synthesis in the cell', and synthesizes proteins. It is chiefly composed of RNA (Ribonucleic acid).The ribosome is chiefly composed of RNA (Ribonucleic acid). It synthesizes proteins. VacuoleIt helps in the storage of water and several other substances, namely food, waste products and pigments. It also provides turgidity to the cell.The vacuole of the plant cell is a very large and abundant vesicle. It is filled with fluids, and helps in the storage of water and other substances.

Parts of a Cell and What They Do Parts of a Cell Functions of Parts of a Cell The outermost covering of a cell is called the cell membrane. The cell membrane acts like a traffic police man, that regulates entry and exit of Cell Membrane substances, that is, ions and solutes. This helps in regulating the internal cell balance. Cell Wall Centrosome Chloroplast Chromoplast The outermost covering of a plant cell is called the cell wall. It is made up of cellulose and helps provide mechanical support to the cell. It surrounds the cell membrane and helps maintain the pressure within the cell. The centrosome is a part of the animal cell. An animal cell may contain one or two centrosomes that helps in mitosis. Chloroplasts are green colored plastids that are plant cell parts. They help in production of food in the presence of sunlight by photosynthesis. These are also plant cell organelles that have different colors in different cells. They contain xanthophyll and carotene that helps give the flowers and fruits their color. The mixture of water and soluble organic and inorganic compounds is called the cytoplasm. Most of the parts of a cell are suspended in the cytoplasm. All the metabolic functions and activities of an animal cell takes place here. The tubular structures that are found near the nucleus and help provide support to both plant and animal cells is called the endoplasmic reticulum. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum, the smooth reticulum without the attached ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum with the attached ribosomes. The golgi apparatus or bodies are flat vesicular structures that are stacked one above the other. They secrete and store hormones and enzymes that help in transportation out of the cell. These are plant cell organelles that are a type of colorless plastid and help in the storage of starch. This part of an animal cell that is a membranous sac. It is part of the golgi apparatus that contains different enzymes. It helps in intracellular digestion and in the elimination of foreign substances. They are also known as the 'suicide sacs' as, if one of them bursts, the entire cell will be destroyed. The mitochondria has two layers of membrane of which the inner membrane is folded to form cristae. It is the powerhouse of the cell where ATP is generated by cellular respiration. The covering of the nucleus is the nuclear membrane. It has many pores that aid in the transport of substances. The nucleoulus contains the RNA and sends out the RNS to ribosomes along with the blueprints of the protein to be synthesized.

Cytoplasm

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Bodies Leukoplasts

Lysosome

Mitochondria Nuclear Membrane Nucleoulus

Nucleoplasm

The dense fluid that contains chromatin fibers made up of DNA is called nucleoplasm. The chromatin fibers undergo a change in structure after cell division and are called chromosomes. This chromosome contains the hereditary information of genes. The brain of a cell, the cell nucleus controls all the functions occurring in the cell. It contains the blueprint of life, that is, DNA. The part of a cell that contains RNA that helps in protein synthesis. The large and abundant vesicle of a plant cell is called a vacuole. It contains fluids and helps in storage of substances, building material and water.

Nucleus Ribosomes Vacuole