May.6"1.

2Q05- AnswenKeys

PROBABILITY
1 What is the probability of getting at least one six in a single throw of three unbiased dice?
(1) 1 / 6 (2) 125/216 (3) 1/36 (4) 91/216
Correct Answer - (4)
Solution:
Every die has got six sides. Each of the sides is numbered from 1 to 6. When a single unbiased die is thrown you can
have six possible outcomes. When two dice are thrown simultaneously, the total number of outcomes will be 6 * 6 = 36.
Similarly, when three dice are thrown simultaneously, the total number of outcomes will be 6*6*6=21 6. We need to find
out the number of cases in which at least one of the facing sides shows 6. At least one means - either one side or two sides
or all three.
Case 1: Let us take the easiest case first - all three dice showing '6' - There is only one such possibility. Case 2: The
number of cases in which two of the dice show 6 and one of them is a different number. For eg an event like 6 6 5 will be
one of the outcomes for case 2, As two of the dice show '6' , it can happen in only oneway. The third die shows a different
number, a number other than 6, and it can be any of the 5 other numbers. Therefore, there will 5 possible options i.e.
(1, 6,6), (2, 6, 6), (3,6, 6), {4,6, 6), (5,6, 6). However, each of these possibilities can have three different arrangements
depending upon where the third different digit appears. For example take (1, 6, 6) case - it will have three options (1, 6, 6),
(6, 1, 6), (6, 6, 1), Therefore, the total number of events in which 2 of the dice will show '6' and one will show a different
number = 5*3 = 15 cases. Case 3: When only one of the die shows '6' and the other two show numbers other than '6'. The
die showing '6' has only one option. The other two dice can have any of the '5' options. Therefore, the total number of
possibilities = 1*5*5 = 25. However, the die showing '6' can either be the first die or the second die or the third die.
Therefore, there are a total of 25 * 3 = 75 possibilities. Total possible outcomes where at least one die shows '6' = Case 1
+

Case 2 + Case 3 = 1 + 15 +75 = 91. Therefore, the required probability = *<l

Alternate JBfiTfiach;.
Find the number of cases in which none of the digits show a '6'. i.e. all three dice show a number other than '6', 5* 5 *5 =
125 cases. Total possible outcomes when three dice are thrown = 216.
The number of outcomes in which at least one die shows a '6' = Total possible outcomes when three dice are thrown-
Number of outcomes in which none of them show '6'. -> 216- 125 = 91.
91
The required probability = 216

What is the probability that a two digit number selected at random will be a multiple of '3-' and not a multiple of '5'? (1)
2/ 15 (2) 4 / 1 5 (3) 1/15 (4) 4 / 9 0 Correct Answer - (2) Solution:
There are a total of 90 two digit numbers. Every third number will be divisible by '3'. Therefore, there are 30 of those
numbers that are divisible by '3', Of these 30 numbers, the numbers that are divisible by '5' are those that are multiples
of '15'. i.e. numbers that are divisible by both '3' and '&'. There are 6 such numbers - 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90. We need to
find out numbers that are divisible by '3' and not by '5', which will be 30 - 6 = 24. 24 out of the
24 ,^_
6
90 numbers are divisible by '3' and not by '5' The required probability is therefore, 9* ^

A man bets on number 16 on a roulette wheel 14 times and losses each time. On the 15lh span he does a quick
calculation and finds out that the number 12 had appeared twice in the 14 spans and is therefore, unable to decide
whether to bet on 16 or 12 in the 15* span. Which will give him the best chance and what are the odds of winning
on the bet that he takes? (Roulette has numbers 1 to 36)
(1) 16;22:14 (2) 12; 72:1 (3) 12; 7 : 1 {4} Either; 35 : 1
Correct Answer - (4)
Solution:
Each of the span is an independent event and the outcome of the 15th span will not depend on the outcome of the
earlier spans.

Two squares are chosen at random on a chessboard. What is the probability that they have a side in common? (1) 1/18
(2) 64/4032 (3) 63/ 64 (4) 1 / 9 Correct Answer -(1) Solution:
The number of ways of choosing the first square is 64. The number of ways of choosing the second square is 63. There
are a total of 64 * 63 = 4032 ways of choosing two squares. If the first square happens to be any of the four corner ones',
the second sqtiarecan be chosen in 2 ways. If the first square happens to beany of the 24 squares on the side of the
chess board, the second square can be chosen in 3 ways. If the first square happens to be any of the 36 remaining
squares, the second square can be chosen in 4 ways. Hence the desired number of combinations
224 _ 1
= (4 * 2) •+• (24 * 3) + (36 * 4) = 224. Therefore, the required probability = 4Q32 18

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