Understandingpopula0ongrowth

SpeciesandPopula/on
Organism Species:gene/callysimilarorganismsthat reproduce Popula/on:allmembersofaspeciesinan area

Population Growth and Natural Hazards

In question: Population growth as a cause for natural disasters Under debate: Population as a direct trigger for some natural disasters, e.g., floods, landslides In certainty: Population growing into danger zones, e.g., floodplains In quest: Artificially controlling some natural hazards

Populations

What is a population?

A group of organisms of the same species that live in a specific geographical area and interbreed. usually breed with members of their own population.

When we talk about The group in general and the size of populations what the population, or the number of in general do we individuals in it. mean?

Properties of Populations

What properties are used to describe populations and predict changes within them?

Size, density, dispersion, and other properties Density is the number of individuals of the same species in that live in a given unit of area. Dispersion is the pattern of distribution of organisms in a population. A populations dispersion may be even, clumped, or random.

What is Density?

What is Dispersion?

What factors affect the size of a population?

How does a population change?

Births, Deaths, Immigration and Emigration Immigration- individuals move into a population Emigration- Individuals leave a population Populations grow when there are more births than deaths or when individuals move into the population Populations decline when there are more deaths than births or when individuals leave the population .

Fer/lityandBirthRates
CrudeBirthRateNumberofbirthsinayearper thousand.(Notadjustedforpopula/on characteris/cs) TotalFer/lityRateNumberofchildrenborntoan averagewomaninapopula/onduringherlife. ZeroPopula/onGrowthOccurswhenbirthsplus immigra/oninapopula/onjustequaldeathsplus emigra/on.

What is growth rate?

Growth rate is an expression of the increase in the size of an organism or population over a given period of time. Growth rate = birth rate - death rate. Growth rates can be positive, negative, or zero

Overtime, the growth rates of populations change because birth rates and death rates increase or decrease.

What must occur for the growth rate equal zero?

For

What does zero population growth mean? Write an Example:

How does negative population growth occur?

the growth rate to be zero, the average number of births must equal the average number of deaths. A population would remain the same size. If each pair of adults produced exactly 2 offspring, and each of those offspring survived to produce 2 offspring. If the adults in a population are not replaced by new births, the growth rate will be negative and the population will shrink.

 Populations

usually stay about the same size from year to year because various factors, like competition and predation kill many individuals before they can reproduce. These factors control the sizes of populations. In the long run, the factors also determine how the population evolves.

MortalityandDeathRates
CrudeDeathRateNumberofdeathsper thousandpersonsinagivenyear. Poorcountriesaverageabout20while wealthiercountriesaverageabout10. Somerapidlygrowingcountrieshave verylowcrudedeathratescomparedto slowergrowingcountries,duetoa higherpropor/onofyoungpeopleinthe popula/on.

Popula/onGrowthRates
NaturalIncrease
(CrudeBirthRateCrudeDeathRate)

TotalGrowthRate
Includesimmigra/onandemigra/on

HumanPopula/onHistory

DYNAMICSOFPOPULATIONGROWTH
Exponen/alGrowthGrowthataconstantrate ofincreaseperunit/me.(Geometric) Arithme/c(Logis/c)GrowthGrowthata constantamountperunit/me.

What is Exponential growth?

Give an Example.

Exponential growth is where population numbers increase by a certain factor in each successive time period. Occurs in nature only when populations have plenty of food and space, and have no competition or predators. For example, population explosions occur when bacteria or molds grow on a new source of food.

Exponential Growth

Draw the graph. In exponential growth, a large number of individuals is added to the population in each succeeding time period.

Logistic Growth

What Limits Population Growth?

Natural conditions are neither ideal nor constant, populations cannot grow forever. Eventually, resources are used up or the environment changes, and deaths increase or births decrease.

Envronmental impact of a populaton

In the early 1970s, Paul Ehrlich and John Holdren developed a model summarized as: Impact = Population * Affluence * Technology

Theworldpopula0onincreasedfrom3billionin1959to6billionby1999,adoublingthatoccurredover40years.TheCensus Bureau'slatestprojec0onsimplythatpopula0ongrowthwillcon0nueintothe21stcentury,althoughmoreslowly.Theworld popula0onisprojectedtogrowfrom6billionin1999to9billionby2044,anincreaseof50percentthatisexpectedtorequire45 years

Popula0onOscilla0ons

What is carrying capacity?

Why are carrying capacities difficult to predict or calculate?

How is carrying capacity estimated?

Carrying capacity is the largest population that an environment can support at any given time. A population may increase beyond this number but it cannot stay at this increased size. Because ecosystems change over time therefore the population also changes By looking at average population sizes or by observing a population crash after a certain size has been exceeded.

Carrying Capacity

Resource Limits
A species reaches its carrying capacity when it consumes a particular natural resource at the same rate at which the ecosystem produces the resource.

What is a limiting resource or factor? What does the supply of the most severely limited resource determine?

That natural resource is then called a limiting resource. Limited resources determines the carrying capacity of an environment for a particular species at a particular time.

GrowthtoaStablePopula0on
Logis/cGrowthGrowthslowsasthepopula0on approachescarryingcapacity.

CarryingCapacityofEarth
SolarEnergyabout10,000/mes globalenergyuse Globalenergyuse=sunlighton 20,000squaremiles Globallyabout1/3ofarablelandis usedforcrops IfU.S.(5%ofpopula/on)uses25%of resources,willtake5/mesearths resourceoutputtoraiseeveryoneto ourlevel

Limi/ngFactors
EnvironmentalResistance
DensityDependentFactorsMortalityrates increaseasthedensityofthepopula/on increases.
Disease,Stress,Preda/on

DensityIndependentFactorsEectonmortality rateisindependentofpopula/ondensity.
Abio/ccondi/ons.

Popula/onGrowth
Formostofhumanhistory,humanshavenot beenverynumerouscomparedtoother species.
Ittookallofhumanhistorytoreach1billion. 150yearstoreach3billion. 12yearstogofrom5to6billion.
Humanpopula/ontripledduringthetwen/eth century.

Two Types of Population Regulation

Density

independent factors are factors that affect all populations regardless of their size ex. Unusual weather Natural disasters Seasonal cycles Human activities Cutting down forests, damming rivers, etc.

Two Types of Population Regulation

Density

dependant factors are those factors that limit or decrease a population due to the number of individuals in a population Examples: Competition Predation Parasitism Disease

Population Regulation
When

a cause of death in a population is density dependent, deaths occur more quickly in a crowded population than in a sparse population. This type of regulation happens when individuals of a population are densely packed together. Limited resources, predation and disease result in higher rates of death in dense populations than in sparse populations.

Population Regulation
When a cause of death is density independent, a certain proportion of a population may die regardless of the populations density. This type of regulation affects all populations in a general or uniform way. Severe weather and natural disasters are often density independent causes of death.

POPULATIONGROWTH
Un0ltheMiddleAges,humanpopula0onswere heldincheckbydiseases,faminesandwars,and thusgrewveryslowly.