CS 414

Wireless Propagation Basics

CS 414

Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay

Last Lecture

Radio waves

3KHz to 300 Ghz Bandwidth and Data Rate

Analog and Digita data and signals

CS 414

Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay

Last Lecture

db

relative measure db = 10 log10 (ratio) 10mW ~ 0 db 1 mW ~ -10 db 100 mW ~ 10 db 1000 mW ~ 20 db absolute measure
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay

if Ps = 10 mW and Pr =

dbm, dbv, dbi, dbW ...

CS 414

dbW, dbm, dbi, dbv ...

db = relative maginutes Fix reference for to initial signal for absolute compariton dbm = 10 log (PowermW/ 1mW)

1 mW = 0 dbm 10 mW = 10 dbm 30 dbm = ?

If P1 P2 = 10 dbm then, absolute difference is ? 1 dbW = ? dbm

Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay

CS 414

Antennas

Essential wireless propogation component Entry and end-points of RF signals Two funtions

Transmission

Converts electric energy to electro-magnetic Converts received electro-magnetic energy to electric signal

Receiver

Passive element

CS 414

Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay

Antenna Types

Omni-directional

radiation in all directions

Directional

Focuses (more) power in certain direction Does not amplify

CS 414

Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay

Types of Antennas
Half-wave Dipole /2 /4 /4 Quarter-wave Antenna

Parabolic Antenna

www.cellamericas.com

CS 414

Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay

Antenna Gain

Isotropic Antenna

Idealized omni-directional antenna Tranmits power in all directions uniformly ratio of transmit/receive power in a particular direction w.r.t to an isotropic antenna G = Pdirection/Pisotropic Measure of reception/tranmission strength of antenna Transmit Gain = Receive Gain Typical units: dBi (dB gain w.r.t to isotropic)
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay

Antenna Gain (G)

CS 414

Antenna Gain

Isotropic

G = 1 in all directions

Non-uniform/Directional

Ga = ? Gb = ? Gc = ?
C

A B

CS 414

Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay

Antenna Parameters

Radiation Pattern

Spread of transmitter power

(Half-power) Beam width

Angle between half power point (direction) and the point (direction) of maximum power Assumption: Reception beyond beam width is poor and unreliable
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay

CS 414

Antenna Parameters

Antenna Polarization

Orientation/plane of the electric field (E-plane)

w.r.t earth's surface

Vertically polarized

Horizontally polarized
image source: wikipedia

CS 414

Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay

RF Propagation

Questions: Relation between RF propogation &

distance different environments quantification metrics

Goals: Provide connectivity, Estimate link quality (Is this link good?) Solution Design:

Antenna placement Link quality mapping and monitoring Tranmist power, antenna height

CS 414

Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay

Propagation Phenomena

CS 414

Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay

Path Loss Estimation

Isotropic Antenna

Free space loss

P density =

Pt 4 d
2

P r =P density Effective Antenna Area

d Pt Aeff = product of physical area (mW/m2) and conversion efficiency

Pt

2 Aeff = 4
Pr Free Space Path Loss= = P t 4d

P r =P t 4 d

P r dbm =P t dbm [ 20log f 20log d32.5 ]

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d in Km and f in MHz

Free Space Loss

With antenna gains Gt and Gr

P r =P t GtGr

c =P t Gt Gr 4d 4d f

P r dbm = P t dbm Gt dbGr db [ 20log f 20 log d32.5 ]

Effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) Free Space Loss

EIRP regulations to control radiated power

CS 414

Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay

Path Loss Example

Pt = 50 mW, f = 2.4 Ghz, d = 2Km, Pr = ?

Gt = 24 dBi, Gr = 24 dBi, Pr = ?

CS 414

Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay

Next Class

Loss proportional to d2

... in reality ?

Reading The Mistaken axioms of wireless-network research, D. Kotz, C. Newport, C. Elliott http://pdos.csail.mit.edu/decouto/papers/kotz03.pdf Most research on ad-hoc wireless networks makes
simplifyingassumptions about radio propagation. The Flat Earth model of the world is surprisingly popular: all radioshave circular range, have perfect coverage in thatrange, and travel on a twodimensional plane. ... We then present a set of 802.11 measurements that clearly demonstrate that these axioms are contrary to fact.

CS 414

Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay