Applications of Derivatives

Theory with problems

Vidyalankar Institute

IIT JEE

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Monotonocity Concavity & Point of inection

Outline

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Monotonocity Concavity & Point of inection

Monotonocity at a point Graphs presenting Monotonocity at a point Monotonocity in an interval Monotonocity using derivatives

Outline
1

Monotonocity Monotonocity at a point Graphs presenting Monotonocity at a point Monotonocity in an interval Monotonocity using derivatives Concavity & Point of inection Concavity Point of inection Types of inection points

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Monotonocity Concavity & Point of inection

Monotonocity at a point Graphs presenting Monotonocity at a point Monotonocity in an interval Monotonocity using derivatives

Monotonocity
Denition A function if increasing in its entire domain OR if decreasing in its entire domain, then its called monotone function. e.g. e x , e x , x + sinx are monotonic function (increasing and decreasing respectively) Fact So functions that are both increasing and decreasing in its entire domain are called non-monotonous. e.g. e x + e x , sinx are not monotonic on R

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Monotonocity Concavity & Point of inection

Monotonocity at a point Graphs presenting Monotonocity at a point Monotonocity in an interval Monotonocity using derivatives

Monotonic at a point x = a
A function is monotonic at a point then either its monotonically increasing or monotonically decreasing, So Denition f is monotonically increasinga at point x = a if for smallest possible positive h f (a h) < f (a) < f (a + h) And f is monotonically decreasing at point x = a if for smallest possible positive h f (a h) > f (a) > f (a + h)
a This denition holds irrespective of the function is continous or not

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Monotonocity Concavity & Point of inection

Monotonocity at a point Graphs presenting Monotonocity at a point Monotonocity in an interval Monotonocity using derivatives

Outline
1

Monotonocity Monotonocity at a point Graphs presenting Monotonocity at a point Monotonocity in an interval Monotonocity using derivatives Concavity & Point of inection Concavity Point of inection Types of inection points

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Monotonocity Concavity & Point of inection

Monotonocity at a point Graphs presenting Monotonocity at a point Monotonocity in an interval Monotonocity using derivatives

Graphs of Monotonocity at a point

Monotonocity at a point x = a can be seen distinctly using the following graphs with the following categories 1 Graphs - Dierentiable at point x = a 2 Graphs - Not dierentiable at point x = a but continuous 3 Graphs - Not continuous at x = a (Removable discontinuity) 4 Graphs - Not continuous at x = a (Non-Removable)

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Monotonocity Concavity & Point of inection

Monotonocity at a point Graphs presenting Monotonocity at a point Monotonocity in an interval Monotonocity using derivatives

Graphs-Dierentiable at x = a
Monotonic at a point

Monotonic Increasing
concave upwards at concave downwards

Monotonic Decreasing
concave upwards at concave downwards

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Monotonocity Concavity & Point of inection

Monotonocity at a point Graphs presenting Monotonocity at a point Monotonocity in an interval Monotonocity using derivatives

Monotonic at a point

Graphs-Not dierentiable but continuous at x = a

Monotonic Increasing

Monotonic Decreasing

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Monotonocity Concavity & Point of inection

Monotonocity at a point Graphs presenting Monotonocity at a point Monotonocity in an interval Monotonocity using derivatives

Not Continuous at x = a (Removable)

Monotonic at a point

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Monotonocity Concavity & Point of inection

Monotonocity at a point Graphs presenting Monotonocity at a point Monotonocity in an interval Monotonocity using derivatives

Not Continuous at x = a (Non-Removable)

Monotonic at a point

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Monotonocity Concavity & Point of inection

Monotonocity at a point Graphs presenting Monotonocity at a point Monotonocity in an interval Monotonocity using derivatives

Not Continuous at x = a (Non-Removable)

Monotonic at a point

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Monotonocity Concavity & Point of inection

Monotonocity at a point Graphs presenting Monotonocity at a point Monotonocity in an interval Monotonocity using derivatives

Problems

Example Check if the following functions are monotonic at x = a

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Monotonocity Concavity & Point of inection

Monotonocity at a point Graphs presenting Monotonocity at a point Monotonocity in an interval Monotonocity using derivatives

Outline
1

Monotonocity Monotonocity at a point Graphs presenting Monotonocity at a point Monotonocity in an interval Monotonocity using derivatives Concavity & Point of inection Concavity Point of inection Types of inection points

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Monotonocity Concavity & Point of inection

Monotonocity at a point Graphs presenting Monotonocity at a point Monotonocity in an interval Monotonocity using derivatives

Monotonicity in an interval

Increasing/Decreasing function i.e. Non-decreasing/Non-increasing function

Increasing function/Decreasing function on an interval [a, b] A function f is monotonically increasinga if x1 < x2 = f (x1 ) f (x2 ), x1 , x2 [a, b] and f is monotonically decreasing function if x1 < x2 = f (x1 ) f (x2 ), x1 , x2 [a, b]
a A function increasing is also meant by function
is non-decreasing

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Monotonocity Concavity & Point of inection

Monotonocity at a point Graphs presenting Monotonocity at a point Monotonocity in an interval Monotonocity using derivatives

Monotonocity in an interval
Strictly increasing/decreasing functions

Strictly Increasing/Decreasing function on an interval [a, b] A function f is strictly monotonically strictly increasing if x1 < x2 = f (x1 ) < f (x2 ), x1 , x2 [a, b] and f is monotonically strictly decreasing if x1 < x2 = f (x1 ) > f (x2 ), x1 , x2 [a, b]
Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute Applications of Derivatives

Monotonocity Concavity & Point of inection

Monotonocity at a point Graphs presenting Monotonocity at a point Monotonocity in an interval Monotonocity using derivatives

Outline
1

Monotonocity Monotonocity at a point Graphs presenting Monotonocity at a point Monotonocity in an interval Monotonocity using derivatives Concavity & Point of inection Concavity Point of inection Types of inection points

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Monotonocity Concavity & Point of inection

Monotonocity at a point Graphs presenting Monotonocity at a point Monotonocity in an interval Monotonocity using derivatives

Monotonicity using Derivatives

Denition
A function is increasing if f (x ) 0 i.e. f (x ) > 0 or f (x ) = 0 on an interval of the Domain A function is decreasing if f (x ) 0 i.e. f (x ) < 0 or f (x ) = 0 on an interval of the Domain

Denition

Denition

A function is strictly increasing if f (x ) 0 i.e. f (x ) > 0 on an interval or f (x ) = 0 at discrete or countable number of points

Denition

A function is strictly decreasing if f (x ) 0 i.e. f (x ) < 0 on an interval or f (x ) = 0 at a discrete or countablea number of points
Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute Applications of Derivatives

Monotonocity Concavity & Point of inection

Monotonocity at a point Graphs presenting Monotonocity at a point Monotonocity in an interval Monotonocity using derivatives

Problems
Examples 1 Check if the function (x ) = x + sinx is monotonic or not? 2 Find the interval where f (x ) = x 2 e x is monotonic? 3 Find the interval in which function f (x ) = x x is monotonic 4 Determine the interval of monotonocity of f (x ) = 2x 2 lnx 5 Prove tanx > x + x 3 /3 for x (0, /2) 6 Which of e and e are greater 7 Use the function (sinx )sin x , x (0, ) to determine the bigger of the two numbers (1/2)e and (1/e 2 )

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Monotonocity Concavity & Point of inection

Concavity Point of inection Types of inection points

Outline
1

Monotonocity Monotonocity at a point Graphs presenting Monotonocity at a point Monotonocity in an interval Monotonocity using derivatives Concavity & Point of inection Concavity Point of inection Types of inection points

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Monotonocity Concavity & Point of inection

Concavity Point of inection Types of inection points

Concavity
Denition A curve is concave upwards in (a, b) i f (x ) > 0 and concave downwards in (a, b) i f (x ) < 0 Radius of curvature For a curve given by y = f (x ) R=
[1 + (dy /dx )2 ]3/2 |d 2 y /dx 2 |

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Monotonocity Concavity & Point of inection

Concavity Point of inection Types of inection points

Outline
1

Monotonocity Monotonocity at a point Graphs presenting Monotonocity at a point Monotonocity in an interval Monotonocity using derivatives Concavity & Point of inection Concavity Point of inection Types of inection points

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Monotonocity Concavity & Point of inection

Concavity Point of inection Types of inection points

Point of Inection
Denition Point of inection is the point where the concavity of the curve changes direction, from concave upward to downward or viceversa Equivalent denitions,
Point of inection is the point where the second order derivative changes sign (if it exists) OR Is a point where the tangent crosses the curve at that point For x (a, b), f ( a + (1 )b) > f (a) + (1 )f (b) = concave upwards and respectively concave downwards
Types of inection point

1 2

Saddle point or stationary point of inection : is a inection point at which

f (x ) = 0

Non-stationary point of inection : is a point where

f (x ) = 0

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Monotonocity Concavity & Point of inection

Concavity Point of inection Types of inection points

Outline
1

Monotonocity Monotonocity at a point Graphs presenting Monotonocity at a point Monotonocity in an interval Monotonocity using derivatives Concavity & Point of inection Concavity Point of inection Types of inection points

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Monotonocity Concavity & Point of inection

Concavity Point of inection Types of inection points

Point of Inection

Stationary Point of Inection

f (x ) changes sign at x = a and f (a) = 0

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Monotonocity Concavity & Point of inection

Concavity Point of inection Types of inection points

Point of Inection

Non-Stationary Point of Inection

f (x ) changes sign at x = a but f (a) = 0

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Point of Inection
Some counter examples showing converse might not be true f (c ) is not a good criterion to decide point of inection though most of the points of inection occurs at point where f (x ) = 0 f (c ) = 0 = c is point of inection e.g. f (x ) = x 4 f (c ) is undened still c is a point of inection e.g. f (x ) = x 1/3

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Continuous functions Extrema

Point of Inection
Some counter examples showing converse might not be true f (c ) is not a good criterion to decide point of inection though most of the points of inection occurs at point where f (x ) = 0 f (c ) = 0 = c is point of inection e.g. f (x ) = x 4 f (c ) is undened still c is a point of inection e.g. f (x ) = x 1/3 Examples
Find the points of inection for the following functions and state if the its a stationary or non-stationary inection point

1 2 3

f (x ) = x 3 x 2 + x g (x ) = x 3 x + 1 Does function h has an inection point?

sign about that point of zero?

Is there a point where the

second derivative becomes zero, and does the second derivative changes

h(x ) = x 4 x

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Continuous functions Extrema

Local extrema - First derivative test Second Derivative test Parametric form Types in Continuous but not dierentiable

Outline

Continuous functions Extrema Local extrema - First derivative test Second Derivative test Parametric form Types in Continuous but not dierentiable

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Continuous functions Extrema

Local extrema - First derivative test Second Derivative test Parametric form Types in Continuous but not dierentiable

Local Maxima & Local Minima

Continuous functions-First derivative test(Existence of Extremum)

Theorem For a continuous function the necessary condition for existence of extremum at x = c is f (c ) = 0 or f (c ) does not exist. Sucient condition is that f (x ) changes sign about point x = c i.e. f (x ) is positive for x < c and negative for x > c OR f (x ) is negative for x < c and positive for x > c What if f (x ) does not change sign about point x = c ? Then the function does not attain extremum at x = c, this point is point of inection provided f (c ) exists (i.e. in present case only when f (c ) = 0 )
Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute Applications of Derivatives

Continuous functions Extrema

Local extrema - First derivative test Second Derivative test Parametric form Types in Continuous but not dierentiable

Local Maxima & Local Minima

Continuous functions-First derivative test

Denition
Critical points : Points where Working Rule In problem solving, for given

f (x ) is zero or f (x ) is undened

f (x )

1 2 3

Find critical points rst, nd all doesn't exist

x = c such that f (c ) = 0 or f (c )

f (x ) for x < c and x > c If f (x ) > 0 for x < c and f (x ) < 0 for x > c then c is point of local
Check to the left and right for change of sign in maxima (and correspondingly for local minima)

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Continuous functions Extrema

Local extrema - First derivative test Second Derivative test Parametric form Types in Continuous but not dierentiable

Local Maxima & Local Minima

Continuous functions-First derivative test

Denition
Critical points : Points where Working Rule In problem solving, for given

f (x ) is zero or f (x ) is undened

f (x )

1 2 3

Find critical points rst, nd all doesn't exist

x = c such that f (c ) = 0 or f (c )

f (x ) for x < c and x > c If f (x ) > 0 for x < c and f (x ) < 0 for x > c then c is point of local
Check to the left and right for change of sign in maxima (and correspondingly for local minima)

Example
Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute Applications of Derivatives

Using the rst derivative test, nd the extrema of f (x ) = 3 3 x 2 x 2

Continuous functions Extrema

Local extrema - First derivative test Second Derivative test Parametric form Types in Continuous but not dierentiable

Outline

Continuous functions Extrema Local extrema - First derivative test Second Derivative test Parametric form Types in Continuous but not dierentiable

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Continuous functions Extrema

Local extrema - First derivative test Second Derivative test Parametric form Types in Continuous but not dierentiable

Local Maxima & Local Minima

Continuous functions-Second derivative test(Existence of extremum)

If a function f (x ) is dierentiable twice then for extremum to exist Theorem For a twice dierentiable function, the necessary condition for existence of extremum at x = c is f (c ) = 0 or f (c ) does not exist. Sucient condition is that f (c ) < 0 implies c is point of local maxima and f (c ) > 0 implies c is point of local minima.

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Continuous functions Extrema

Local extrema - First derivative test Second Derivative test Parametric form Types in Continuous but not dierentiable

Local Maxima & Local Minima

Continuous functions-Second derivative test(Existence of extremum)

Extension of the theorem in case of f (c ) = 0 What if f (c ) = 0 then we follow the following generalized process, If f (c ) = f (c ) = f (c ) = = f (n1) (c ) = 0 but f (n) (c ) = 0 then n is even and f (n) (c ) < 0 = c is point of maxima f (n) (c ) > 0 = c is point of minima n is odd then there is no extremum at x = c

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Continuous functions Extrema

Local extrema - First derivative test Second Derivative test Parametric form Types in Continuous but not dierentiable

Outline

Continuous functions Extrema Local extrema - First derivative test Second Derivative test Parametric form Types in Continuous but not dierentiable

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Continuous functions Extrema

Local extrema - First derivative test Second Derivative test Parametric form Types in Continuous but not dierentiable

Local Maxima & Minima

Continuous functions- Second derivative test for functions represented parametrically

y = f (x ) is represented as y = (t ) and x = (t ) then ( and are twice dierentiable) dy dy /dt (t ) = = = 0 = (t ) = 0 (say t = t0 ) dx dx /dt (t ) d 2y d (t ) d (t ) 1 = = 2 dx dx (t ) dt (t ) dx /dt (t ) (t ) (t ) (t ) = ( (t ))3

d 2y dx 2

(t ) = sign of (t )2

d 2 y is same as sign of (t ) dx 2
Applications of Derivatives

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Continuous functions Extrema

Local extrema - First derivative test Second Derivative test Parametric form Types in Continuous but not dierentiable

Problems

First and second derivative test

Examples
1 2 3 4 5 6

f (x ) = x 4 e x 2 for extrema 1 2 Investigate the function f (x ) = x + x2

Investigate the function Discuss the extremum of

f (x ) = 3x 4 + 8x 3 1018x 2 + 60 f
: true or false.

Between any two maxima there is a minima and between any two minima there is a maxima is true for any given function Discuss the extrema for The function

y = f (x ) is represented parametrically x = (t ) = t 5 5t 3 20t + 7 and y = (t ) = 4t 3 3t 2 18t + 3, (|t | < 2) then nd the maximum and minimum values fo the functions y = f (x )
Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute Applications of Derivatives

f (x ) = sin x (1 + cos x ) where x (0, ) 2

Continuous functions Extrema

Local extrema - First derivative test Second Derivative test Parametric form Types in Continuous but not dierentiable

Outline

Continuous functions Extrema Local extrema - First derivative test Second Derivative test Parametric form Types in Continuous but not dierentiable

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Continuous functions Extrema

Local extrema - First derivative test Second Derivative test Parametric form Types in Continuous but not dierentiable

Continuous but not dierentiable

Continuous but not dierentiable, can be of two types

derivative to left and right of two gures

x = a are both non-zero - top

One of left or right derivative is zero at gures

x = a - bottom two

Treat rst with rst derivative test, i.e. change of sign is extrema Treat second with basic denition

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Discontinuous functions - Extrema Global Maxima and Minima

Continuous but not dierentiable

Problems

Discuss extrema in the following functions 2 sin x ,x 0 1 f (x ) = 1 x cos ,x < 0 2 x2 ,x 0 2 f (x ) = tan x , x < 0 Try these problems 1 f (x ) = 2x + 3x 2/3 , discuss extrema, and explain the strategy
you took!

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Discontinuous functions - Extrema Global Maxima and Minima

Types of Discontinuity Denition Removable Discontinuity Unremovable discontinuity Summary

Outline
4

Discontinuous functions - Extrema Types of Discontinuity Denition Removable Discontinuity Unremovable discontinuity Summary Global Maxima and Minima On a Closed interval On an open interval

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Discontinuous functions - Extrema Global Maxima and Minima

Types of Discontinuity Denition Removable Discontinuity Unremovable discontinuity Summary

Local Maxima & Local Minima

Discontinuous functions

Local Maxima, Minima for Discontinuous functions Discontinous function can be divided into 1 Removable discontinuity at x = a 2 Non-Removable discontinuity at x = a

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Discontinuous functions - Extrema Global Maxima and Minima

Types of Discontinuity Denition Removable Discontinuity Unremovable discontinuity Summary

Outline
4

Discontinuous functions - Extrema Types of Discontinuity Denition Removable Discontinuity Unremovable discontinuity Summary Global Maxima and Minima On a Closed interval On an open interval

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Discontinuous functions - Extrema Global Maxima and Minima

Types of Discontinuity Denition Removable Discontinuity Unremovable discontinuity Summary

Local Maxima & Local Minima

Discontinuous functions For discontinuous we will go to the denition of local maxima and local minima,

Denition

h > 0 and small

Denition

For local maxima to exist at

x = a, f (a h) < f (a) and f (a + h) < f (a) for all x = a, f (a h) > f (a) and f (a + h) > f (a) for all

h > 0 and small.

For local maxima to exist at

At any point as seen earlier, we have f is monotone or

attains an extremum

So this helps our thought, absense of monotonicity is presence of extremum in discontinuous cases.

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Discontinuous functions - Extrema Global Maxima and Minima

Types of Discontinuity Denition Removable Discontinuity Unremovable discontinuity Summary

Outline
4

Discontinuous functions - Extrema Types of Discontinuity Denition Removable Discontinuity Unremovable discontinuity Summary Global Maxima and Minima On a Closed interval On an open interval

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Discontinuous functions - Extrema Global Maxima and Minima

Types of Discontinuity Denition Removable Discontinuity Unremovable discontinuity Summary

Discontinuous functions
Extrema-Removable

Denition If f is removably discontinuous at x = a, then we go by monotonocity or denition Note

In this case we never apply the change sign of derivative, from rst derivative test, since that may not work correctly

, <0 2 has change of sign, from negative to positive at

f (x ) = 3

tan x

1 cos x

,x > 0 ,x = 0

x = 0 (point of discontinuity)

implying there is a local minima but it attains a local maxima.

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Discontinuous functions - Extrema Global Maxima and Minima

Types of Discontinuity Denition Removable Discontinuity Unremovable discontinuity Summary

Graphs-Discontinuous functions
Extrema-Removable

At a point x = a, having removable discontinuity we always attain extrema, as shown in the adjoining cases. Since any function will satisfy one of the cases of extrema 1 f (a) > f (a + h) and f (a) > f (a h) 2 f (a) < f (a + h) and f (a) < f (a h)
Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Discuss extrema in f (x ) = 5 2sinx

Applications of Derivatives

x 2

,x < 0 ,x = 0 ,x > 0

Discontinuous functions - Extrema Global Maxima and Minima

Types of Discontinuity Denition Removable Discontinuity Unremovable discontinuity Summary

Outline
4

Discontinuous functions - Extrema Types of Discontinuity Denition Removable Discontinuity Unremovable discontinuity Summary Global Maxima and Minima On a Closed interval On an open interval

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Discontinuous functions - Extrema Global Maxima and Minima

Types of Discontinuity Denition Removable Discontinuity Unremovable discontinuity Summary

Graphs-Discontinuous functions
Extrema-Unremovable :

f (a) equals LHL or RHL

Denition If f has non-removable (LHL = RHL at x = a) discontinuity at x = a they we check extrema at a by Denition of extrema or monotonocity Here we exemplify, rst category, f (a) = LHL or f (a) = RHL
Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute Applications of Derivatives

Discontinuous functions - Extrema Global Maxima and Minima

Types of Discontinuity Denition Removable Discontinuity Unremovable discontinuity Summary

Graphs-Discontinuous functions
Extrema-Unremovable :

f (a) not equal to both LHL or RHL

As dened in previous slide, we go by denition here too. Here,

f (a) = LHL or f (a) = RHL

A point is nicely exemplied that if

1 2 3

f (a) > max (LHL, RHL) then we have a local f (a) < min(LHL, RHL) then we have a local
minima else maxima

x = a is a monotonic point.

discuss extrema

1 f (x ) = |x | , x = 0 and f (x ) = 0 for x = 0 then

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Discontinuous functions - Extrema Global Maxima and Minima

Types of Discontinuity Denition Removable Discontinuity Unremovable discontinuity Summary

Outline
4

Discontinuous functions - Extrema Types of Discontinuity Denition Removable Discontinuity Unremovable discontinuity Summary Global Maxima and Minima On a Closed interval On an open interval

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Discontinuous functions - Extrema Global Maxima and Minima

Types of Discontinuity Denition Removable Discontinuity Unremovable discontinuity Summary

Summary
Function Continuous at x = a Discontinuous at x = a

Differentiable at x = a

Not differentiable at x = a

Removable Non Removable Failure to apply 1st and 2nd derivative test

If twice differentiable 2nd Derivative test 1st derivative Test

Not Monotone means extremum or Denition One of LHD or RHD is zero

Neither of LHD or RHD nonzero

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Discontinuous functions - Extrema Global Maxima and Minima

Types of Discontinuity Denition Removable Discontinuity Unremovable discontinuity Summary

Problems
1
Investigate the extrema of

1 2 3

f (x ) = f (x ) =

x2 + 3 ,x = 0 4 ,x = 0 2 ,x < 2 7x If f (x ) = then f (x ) has (A) local maxima at x = 0 11 x ,x 2 (B) local maxima at x = 2 (C) local maxima at x = 11 (D) None of
2 these

2x 3x + 5

,x < 0 ,x 0

2 3

The point of inexion of

(x 5)55 (x 6)66
2 1/ 2 3

is (A) 0 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D)

660 121

Does the function

f (x ) =

x = 0?

,x > 0 ,x 0

has a min or maximum at

and does change of sign of derivative justify the outcome.

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Discontinuous functions - Extrema Global Maxima and Minima

Types of Discontinuity Denition Removable Discontinuity Unremovable discontinuity Summary

Prove that the function the point

x0 = 0 (though not a strict minimum)

2 2 f (x ) = x sin (1/x ) , x = 0 0 ,x = 0

has a minimum at

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Discontinuous functions - Extrema Global Maxima and Minima

On a Closed interval On an open interval

Outline
4

Discontinuous functions - Extrema Types of Discontinuity Denition Removable Discontinuity Unremovable discontinuity Summary Global Maxima and Minima On a Closed interval On an open interval

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives

Discontinuous functions - Extrema Global Maxima and Minima

On a Closed interval On an open interval

Global Maxima and Global Minima

Continuous functions - Denition & Closed interval

Global Maxima/Minima of f : Df R Global Maxima/Minima is dened as the maximum/minimum value taken by f (x ) for all x Df Global Maxima/Minima of f : [a, b] R Global Maxima/Minima of a function f from [a, b] R R represented as M (Global maxima) and m(Global minima) is given as M = max {f (a), f (c1 ), f (c2 ), . . . , f (cn ), f (b)} m = min{f (a), f (c1 ), f (c2 ), . . . , f (cn ), f (b)} where c1 , c2 , . . . , cn are the critical points and a and b are end points of the domain.
Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute Applications of Derivatives

Discontinuous functions - Extrema Global Maxima and Minima

On a Closed interval On an open interval

Outline
4

Discontinuous functions - Extrema Types of Discontinuity Denition Removable Discontinuity Unremovable discontinuity Summary Global Maxima and Minima On a Closed interval On an open interval

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Discontinuous functions - Extrema Global Maxima and Minima

On a Closed interval On an open interval

Global Maxima and Global Minima

Continuous functions - Open interval

Global Maxima/Minima of f : (a, b) R Global Maxima/Minima of a function f from (a, b ) R R represented as M

(Global maxima) and m(Global minima) is given as

M = max {f (c1 ), f (c2 ), . . . , f (cn )} m = min{f (c1 ), f (c2 ), . . . , f (cn )} where c1 , c2 , . . . , cn are the critical points and
1 2
Else

M > max m < min

x a + x a +
lim

lim

f (x ), x lim f (x ) b

and

f (x ), x lim f (x ) b

if any of conditions (1) and (2) fails then there doesn't exist global maxima or minima for f
Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute Applications of Derivatives

Discontinuous functions - Extrema Global Maxima and Minima

On a Closed interval On an open interval

Problems

Absolute or global extrema

Find the greatest and least values of the following functions on the indicated intervals 1 f (x ) = 2x 3 3x 2 2x + 1 on [2, 5/2] 2 f (x ) = xe x on [1, e ] 3 f (x ) = x + x on [1,4] 4 f (x ) = 4 x 2 on [-2,2] 2 2 2x + 2 , x [2, 2] {0} 5 f (x ) = x 1 ,x = 0

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Discontinuous functions - Extrema Global Maxima and Minima

On a Closed interval On an open interval

Problems
1

Absolute or global extrema

Do the following functions have the greatest and the least values on the indicated intervals? 1 f (x ) = cos x for x [/2, ) 2 f (x ) = sin1 x for x (1, 1) ax + b Find the local, global extrema for f (x ) = cx + d 1 2 sin |x | , x = 0 x Show that f (x ) = has a minimum 0 ,x = 0 at x = 0 but is not monotonic either on the left or on the right of x = 0 Tangents and Normals
Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute Applications of Derivatives

Discontinuous functions - Extrema Global Maxima and Minima

On a Closed interval On an open interval

Tangents and Normal

Denition Equation of Tangent at (x1 , y1 ) on the curve y = f (x ) is y y1 = dy dx
(x1 ,y1 )

(x x1 )

Denition Equation of the normal at point P (x1 , y1 ) on the curve y = f (x ) is y y1 = dy dx

1 (x1 ,y1 )

(x x1 )

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Discontinuous functions - Extrema Global Maxima and Minima

On a Closed interval On an open interval

Subtangent & Subnormal

Denition

y Subtangent length = NT = y Subnormal length = NG = yy PG= y 1 + y 2 and y PT = 1+y 2 y ds = dx 2 + dy 2

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Discontinuous functions - Extrema Global Maxima and Minima

On a Closed interval On an open interval

Problems
Examples
1 2 3

Find all the tangents to the curve y = cos(x + y ), 2 x 2 that are parallel to the line x + 2y = 0 Find the equation of the normal to the curve y = (1 + x )y + sin1 (sin2 x ) at x = 0 The curve y = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + 5 touches the x axis at P (2, 0) and cuts the y axis at a point Q where the gradient is 3. Then nd the values of a, b, c Show that the subtangent at any point on the curve x a y b = c a+b varies as the abscissa

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Applications of Derivatives

Discontinuous functions - Extrema Global Maxima and Minima

On a Closed interval On an open interval

Intersection of two curves

Denition
Angle of intersection of two curves is dened as angle between tangents to the curves at the point of intersection.

Examples
1 2

The equation of the two curves are y 2 = 4ax and x 2 = 32ay then nd the angle of intersection of the curves Equation of the tangents to the curve (1 + x 2 )y = 1 at the points of its intersection with the curve (x + 1)y = 1 are given by
1 2 3 4

x + 2y = 1; y = 1 x + 2y = 2; x = 1 x + 2y = 2; y = 1 x + 2y = 1; x = 1
Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute Applications of Derivatives

Discontinuous functions - Extrema Global Maxima and Minima

On a Closed interval On an open interval

Problems
Examples
1

The curve y = ax and y = bx intersect at an angle of ln(a/b) tan1 above statement is 1 + ln a ln b 1 true 2 false 3 can not say anything If the parametric equation of a curve is given by x = e t cos t and y = e t sin t then the tangent to the curve at the point t = /4 makes with axis of x the angle (a) 0 (b) /3 (c) /4 (d) /2 The length of the subtangent to the curve x + y = 3 at the point (4, 1) is
(a)2 (b) 1 2 (c)-3 (d)None of these

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Applications of Derivatives

Discontinuous functions - Extrema Global Maxima and Minima

On a Closed interval On an open interval

References

Lecture @Vidyalankar Institute

Applications of Derivatives