599179029

COMP5111
by Eric Lo, Hong Kong Polytechnic University 2 Tables and SQL
Expected Outcome
Know
how to use SQL to
Create
a database of tables Manipulate and query a database of tables

Know
all the key terms
Relation Schema Keys

2
Representing Data
A
set of tables Formally, a set of relations Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) Other methods?
OODBMS ORDBMS XMLDB
3
A Relation is a Table
Attributes (column headers) Title Star War Tuples (rows) Kingless Speech Year 1977 2010 Length 124 90 Genre sciFi Fiction
Relation name
4
Relation Movies
Schemas
Relation
list.
schema = relation name and attribute
Optionally:
types of attributes. Example: Movie(title, year, length, genre) or Movie(title: string, year: integer, ) No tuples
Database
schema = set of all relation schemas in the database. Database = collection of relations.
5
Our Running Example

Movies(title, year, length, genre, studio, prod-id) MovieStar(name, address, gender, birthdate) StarIn(movietitle, movieYear, starName) MovieStaff(name, address, id, revenue) Studio(name, address)
Underline
A
= key (tuples cannot have the same value in all key attributes).
key is a constraint.
SQL
Structured
Query Language Co-invented by Don Chamberlin Pronounce it Sequel A declarative language for managing relational data
You
say what you want You dont explicitly tell how the database returns the query result
7
Declarative vs. others

Imperative
You
Language
explicitly tell what the computer should do Every instructions are actually given you OO Language (e.g., C++, Java) Procedural Language (e.g., C)
Declarative Language
A user query: Give me all the movies (their title only) which were produced before 2000 How to do that? -Up to the specific DBMS product -E.g., Oracle scans the table from the beginning -E.g., SQL Server scans the table from the end -Each DBMS actually invents their best methods to handle the same SQL query -Thats why some DBMS are faster (more expensive) and some are slower Title Star War Kingless Speech
9
Year 1977 2010
Length Genre 124 90 sciFi
StudioName Disney
prod-id p1 p2
Fiction Dreamwork
SQL
Primarily
Data
a query language, for getting information from a database.

Manipulation Language (DML)
But
also includes a part for specifying the database schema

Data
Definition Language (DDL)
10
Creating (Declaring) and Destroying a Relation form is: Simplest

CREATE TABLE <name> ( <list of elements> ); To delete a relation: DROP TABLE <name>;
11
Example: Create Table

CREATE TABLE Movies ( title VARCHAR(100), year INT, length INT, genre VARCHAR(10), studioName VARCHAR(30), prod-id INT );
12
SQL Data Types

Integers Reals Strings NULL DATE TIME
yyyy-mm-dd
DATE 2007-09-30
Example: Example:
13
hh:mm:ss
TIME 15:30:02.5 = two and a half seconds after 3:30PM.
Declaring Keys
An
attribute or list of attributes may be declared PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE. Either says that no two tuples of the relation may agree in all the attribute(s) on the list.
14
Declaring Single-Attribute Keys

Place
PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE after the type in the declaration of the attribute. Example: CREATE TABLE Studio ( name CHAR(20) UNIQUE, address CHAR(20) );
15
Declaring MultiAttribute Keys

CREATE TABLE Movies ( title VARCHAR(100), year INT, length INT, genre VARCHAR(10), studioName VARCHAR(30), prod-id INT PRIMARY KEY (title, year) );
16
Who decides which attribute(s) form the key?

Up
to you!
Database
users Database designer Database application developer

Anything
Talk
can help you?
to the end users (the one who pays your salary) ER diagram (sketchbook)
17
PRIMARY KEY vs. UNIQUE

1. 2. 3.
There can be only one PRIMARY KEY for a relation, but several UNIQUE attributes. No attribute of a PRIMARY KEY can ever be NULL in any tuple. But attributes declared UNIQUE may have NULLs, and there may be several tuples with NULL.
18
Exercise 2.3.1
Use
SQL to create tables
19
Expected Outcome
Know
how to use SQL to
Create
a database of tables [done!] Manipulate and query a database of tables

Know
all the key terms
Relation
[done!] Schema [done!] Keys [done!]

20
SELECT-FROM-WHERE
SELECT [tablename].desired attributes FROM one or more tables WHERE condition about tuples of the tables
21
What is the result of this query?

SELECT * FROM Movies;
Title Star War Kingless Speech
Year 1977 2010
StudioName Disney
prod-id p1 p2
22
Fiction Dreamwork

SELECT title, year FROM Movies;
Title Star War Kingless Speech
Year 1977 2010
StudioName Disney
prod-id p1 p2
23
Fiction Dreamwork

SELECT title, length*0.16667 AS lengthInHours FROM Movies;
Title Star War Kingless Speech Year 1977 2010 Length Genre 124 90 sciFi StudioName Disney prod-id p1 p2
24
Fiction Dreamwork
Projection in SQL
Specifying
attributes in the SELECT clause projects only the selected attributes in the result * means all attributes are of interest AS is a reserved word for renaming
25

SELECT * FROM Movies WHERE studioName =Disney AND year = 1990;
26
Fiction Dreamwork

SELECT * FROM Movies WHERE studioName =Disney AND year < 1990;
27
Fiction Dreamwork

SELECT * FROM Movies WHERE studioName LIKED%
28
Fiction Dreamwork

SELECT * FROM Movies WHERE year <>1977
29
Fiction Dreamwork

SELECT * FROM Movies WHERE year = 1977 OR length < 100;
30
Fiction Dreamwork

SELECT title AS name FROM Movies WHERE year = 1977 OR length < 100;
31
Fiction Dreamwork
Selection in SQL
Quite confusing here:

Projecting some interesting attributes SQL: SELECT clause Selecting some interesting tuples SQL: WHERE clause
In the WHERE clause

Number comparison operator =, <>, <, >, <=, >= String pattern matching LIKE pattern % is a wildcard of a string of arbitrary length _ is a wildcard of a character Support usual arithmetic operators +, -, *,
/
32

SELECT Movies.title FROM Movies WHERE (length+20) < 120
33
Fiction Dreamwork
Ordering the result

SELECT desired attributes FROM one or more tables WHERE condition about tuples of the tables ORDER BY <list of attributes> [ASC/DESC]
34

SELECT * FROM Movies WHERE length < 220 ORDER BY length
35
Fiction Dreamwork

SELECT * FROM Movies WHERE length < 220 ORDER BY length, year DESC
36
Fiction Dreamwork
Exercise
Based
on our running movie database example, write SQL queries to: 1) Find Jim Careys birthdate 2) Find all stars that appeared either in a movie made in 2000 or a movie with Story in the title 3) Find all stars who either are female or live in Hong Kong
37
SQL
Data
Definition Language Data Manipulation Language

SELECT-FROM-WHERE JOIN,
UNION, INTERSECTION, DIFFERENCE [Now!] Subqueries DINTINCT Grouping and Aggregation Inserting, Deleting, and Updating Tuples
38
Querying multiple tables

Movies(title, year, length, genre, studio, prod-id) MovieStar(name, address, gender, birthdate) StarIn(movietitle, movieYear, starName) MovieStaff(name, address, id, revenue) Studio(name, address) Query: Display the title and studio address of the movies
39
Which tables should be involved?

40
Which tables should be involved?

41
Joining the tables

Movies(title, year, length, genre, studio, prod-id) Studio(name, address)
Title Year Length Genre StudioName prod-id
Name DreamWork Disney EricStudio
Address CA NY HK
Star War
1977
124
sciFi
Disney
p1
Kingless Speech
2010
90
Fiction
Dreamwork
p2
Query: Display the title and studio address of the movies

42
Movies(title, year, length, genre, studio, prod-id) Studio(name, address)

Title Year Length Genre StudioName prod-id Star War 1977 124 sciFi Disney p1
Address CA NY HK
Kingless Speech
2010
90
Fiction
Dreamwork
p2
SELECT * FROM Movies, Studio

43

Year Length Genre StudioName prod-id 1977 124 sciFi Disney p1
Title
Address CA NY HK
Star War
Kingless Speech
2010
90
Fiction
Dreamwork
p2
Title Star War Star War Star War Kingless Speech Kingless Speech
Year 1977 1977 1977 2010 2010 2010
Length 124 124 124 90 90 90
Genre sciFi sciFi sciFi Fiction Fiction Fiction
StudioName Disney Disney Disney Dreamwork Dreamwork Dreamwork
prod-id p1 p1 p1 p2 p2 p2
Name DreamWork Disney Eric Studio DreamWork Disney Eric Studio
Address CA NY HK CA NY HK
44
Kingless Speech
This is called Cartesian Product (Denoted by a sign)

Title
Address CA NY HK
Star War
Kingless Speech
2010
90
Fiction
Dreamwork
p2
Title Star War Star War Star War Kingless Speech Kingless Speech
Year 1977 1977 1977 2010 2010 2010
Length 124 124 124 90 90 90
Genre sciFi sciFi sciFi Fiction Fiction Fiction
StudioName Disney Disney Disney Dreamwork Dreamwork Dreamwork
prod-id p1 p1 p1 p2 p2 p2
45
Kingless Speech
This is called Cartesian Product (Denoted by a sign)

Title
Address CA NY HK
Star War
Kingless Speech
2010
90
Fiction
Dreamwork
p2
Is this what you want?

Title Star War Star War Star War Kingless Speech Kingless Speech Year 1977 1977 1977 2010 2010 2010 Length 124 124 124 90 90 90 Genre sciFi sciFi sciFi Fiction Fiction Fiction StudioName Disney Disney Disney Dreamwork Dreamwork Dreamwork prod-id p1 p1 p1 p2 p2 p2
46
Kingless Speech

Title Year Length Genre StudioName prod-id
Address CA NY HK
Star War
1977
124
sciFi
Disney
p1
Kingless Speech
2010
90
Fiction
Dreamwork
p2
Title Star War
Year 1977
Length 124
Genre sciFi
StudioName Disney
prod-id p1
Name DreamWork
Address CA
Star War

Star War
1977

1977
124

124
sciFi

sciFi
Disney

Disney
p1

p1
Disney

Eric Studio
NY

HK
Kingless Speech

Kingless Speech
2010

2010 2010
90

90 90
Fiction
Dreamwork

Fiction Fiction Dreamwork Dreamwork
p2

p2 p2
DreamWork

Disney Eric Studio
CA

NY HK
47
Kingless Speech
Title Star War
Year 1977
Length 124
Genre sciFi
StudioName Disney
prod-id p1
Name DreamWork
Address CA
Star War

Star War
1977

1977
124

124
sciFi

sciFi
Disney

Disney
p1

p1
Disney

Eric Studio
NY

HK
Kingless Speech

Kingless Speech
2010

2010 2010
90

90 90
Fiction
Dreamwork

p2

p2 p2
DreamWork

Disney Eric Studio
CA

NY HK
48
Kingless Speech
SELECT * FROM Movies, Studio WHERE Movies.StudioName = Studio.Name
Title Star War
Year 1977
Length 124
Genre sciFi
StudioName Disney
prod-id p1
Name DreamWork
Address CA
Star War

Star War
1977

1977
124

124
sciFi

sciFi
Disney

Disney
p1

p1
Disney

Eric Studio
NY

HK
Kingless Speech

Kingless Speech
2010

2010 2010
90

90 90
Fiction
Dreamwork

p2

p2 p2
DreamWork

Disney Eric Studio
CA

NY HK
49
Kingless Speech
SELECT * FROM Movies, Studio WHERE Movies.StudioName = Studio.Name
Title
Year
Length
Genre
StudioName
prod-id
Name
Address
Star War

Kingless Speech

1977

2010

124

90

sciFi

Disney

p1

p2

Disney

DreamWork

NY

CA

Fiction
Dreamwork

50
SELECT Title, Address FROM Movies, Studio WHERE Movies.StudioName = Studio.Name
Title
Year
Length
Genre
StudioName
prod-id
Name
Address
Star War

Kingless Speech

1977

2010

124

90

sciFi

Disney

p1

p2

Disney

DreamWork

NY

CA

Fiction
Dreamwork

51
Joining
The
above process is called Joining (two tables) Without specifying , the SQL statement is doing a (stupid) Cartesian Product Movies.StudioName and Studio.Name are called the join keys SELECT * FROM Movies, Studio WHERE Movies.StudioName = Studio.Name
52
Exercise
Movies(title, year, length, genre, studio, prod-id) MovieStar(name, address, gender, birthdate) StarIn(movietitle, movieYear, starName) MovieStaff(name, address, id, revenue) Studio(name, address) Query: Display the movie title, the names of the star(s) in the movie, and the birthdate of those star(s)
53
Query: Display the movie title, the names of the star(s) in the movie, and the birthdate of those star(s) Movies(title, year, length, genre, studio, prod-id) MovieStar(name, address, gender, birthdate) StarIn(movietitle, movieYear, starName) MovieStaff(name, address, id, revenue) Studio(name, address)
SELECT title, starName, birthdate FROM Movies, MovieStar, StarIn WHERE Movies.title = StarIn.movietitle and Movies.year = StarIn.movieYear and StarIn.starName = MovieStar.name
54
Exercise
Movies(title, year, length, genre, studio, prod-id) MovieStar(name, address, gender, birthdate) StarIn(movietitle, movieYear, starName) MovieStaff(name, address, id, revenue) Studio(name, address) Query: Display the movie title, the names of the star(s) in the movie, and the birthdate of those star(s), but only show those female star(s)
55
Query: Display the movie title, the names of the star(s) in the movie, and the birthdate of those star(s) Movies(title, year, length, genre, studio, prod-id) MovieStar(name, address, gender, birthdate) StarIn(movietitle, movieYear, starName) MovieStaff(name, address, id, revenue) Studio(name, address)
SELECT title, starName, birthdate FROM Movies, MovieStar, StarIn WHERE Movies.title = StarIn.movietitle and Movies.year = StarIn.movieYear and StarIn.starName = MovieStar.name and gender = `female
56
Multi-Table Queries
Join
is the most common type of queries when querying multiple tables But some other types do exist
INTERSECTION UNION DIFFERENCE
57
INTERSECTION
Movies(title, year, length, genre, studio, prod-id) MovieStar(name, address, gender, birthdate) StarIn(movietitle, movieYear, starName) MovieStaff(name, address, id, revenue) Studio(name, address) Query: Display the names and addresses of all female movie stars who are also movie staffs with revenue over 1,000,000
58
Query: Display the names and addresses of all female movie stars who are also movie staffs with revenue over 1,000,000
(SELECT name, address FROM MovieStar WHERE gender = Female ) INTERSECT (SELECT name, address FROM MovieStaff WHERE revenue > 1000000 )
59
We cant intersect two result sets that are in different lists of attributes
(SELECT name, address FROM MovieStar WHERE gender = Female ) INTERSECT (SELECT name, address, id FROM MovieStaff WHERE revenue > 1000000 )
ERROR!
60
DIFFERENCE
Movies(title, year, length, genre, studio, prod-id) MovieStar(name, address, gender, birthdate) StarIn(movietitle, movieYear, starName) MovieStaff(name, address, id, revenue) Studio(name, address) Query: Display the names and addresses of movie stars who are not movie staffs
61
Query: Display the names and addresses of movie stars who are not movie staffs
(SELECT name, address FROM MovieStar ) EXCEPT (SELECT name, address FROM MovieStaff )
62
UNION
Movies(title, year, length, genre, studio, prod-id) MovieStar(name, address, gender, birthdate) StarIn(movietitle, movieYear, starName) MovieStaff(name, address, id, revenue) Studio(name, address) Query: Display the names and years of all movies - Given that some movies may record in StarIn only - Very possible Human input error, etc.
63
Query: Display the names and years of all movies (duplicated removed)
(SELECT title, year FROM Movie) UNION (SELECT movietitle AS title, movieYear as year FROM StarIn )
64
INTERSECT, DIFFERNECE, and UNION

(A
intersect B) = ? (A except B) = ? (A union B) = ?
B
C
65
SQL
Data

UNION, INTERSECTION, DIFFERENCE Subqueries [Now!] DINTINCT Grouping and Aggregation Inserting, Deleting, and Updating Tuples
66
Subqueries
In
SQL, one query can be nested inside another query You have seen some examples already
Subquery 1 (SELECT title, year FROM Movie) UNION (SELECT movietitle AS title, movieYear as year FROM StarIn Subquery 2 )
67
More subqueries
A
subquery that returns a single value
68
Query: Display the producer name of Star Wars
Answer 1: SELECT name FROM Movies, MovieStaff WHERE title =`Star Wars AND prod-id = MovieStaff.id
69
Query: Display the producer name of Star Wars
Answer 2: SELECT name FROM MovieStaff WHERE id = (SELECT prod-id FROM Movies WHERE title = Star Wars);
70
Caveat
Same
query can be expressed by different SQL statements Exam-oriented

Same
question More than one (SQL) answers T_T
71
More subqueries
A
subquery in FROM clause
72
Query: Display the producers of Tony Leungs movies
73
Query: Display the producers of Tony Leungs movies
SELECT name FROM MovieStaff, ( SELECT prod-id FROM Movies, StarsIn WHERE title =movietitle AND year = movieYear AND starName = `Tony Leung ) Prod WHERE id = Prod.prod-id
74
SQL
Data

UNION, INTERSECTION, DIFFERENCE Subqueries DINTINCT [Now!] Grouping and Aggregation Inserting, Deleting, and Updating Tuples
75
Eliminating Duplicates
INTERSECT,
EXCEPT, and UNION by default eliminates duplicates Other by default preserves the duplicates To remove duplicates in SELECT: SELECT DISTINCT title FROM Movies
76
Preserving Duplicates
To
preserve duplicates in INTERSECT, EXCEPT, and UNION
(SELECT title, year FROM Movie) UNION ALL (SELECT movietitle AS title, movieYear as year FROM StarIn )
77
SQL
Data

UNION, INTERSECTION, DIFFERENCE Subqueries DINTINCT Grouping and Aggregation [Now!] Inserting, Deleting, and Updating Tuples
78
Grouping and aggregation

We
can group tuples and for each group calculates an aggregated value For example
GROUP
BY movie genre For each movie genre, COUNT how many movies in that group
Sci-fict Love Action 2345 789 1234
79

For
example
GROUP
BY movie genre For each movie genre, COUNT how many movies in that group
SELECT genre, COUNT(*) FROM Movies GROUP by genre Sci-fict Love Action 2345 789 1234
80

Without
grouping, the whole relation is one big group

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Movies;
SELECT AVG(revenue) FROM MovieStaff; SELECT SUM(revenue) FROM MovieStaff;
SELECT MAX(revenue) FROM MovieStaff; SELECT MIN(revenue) FROM MovieStaff;

81
Query: Display the sum of the lengths of all movies for each studio
82
Query: Display the sum of the lengths of all movies for each studio
SELECT studio, SUM(length) FROM Movies GROUP by studio
83
Exercise
Movies(title, year, length, genre, studio, prod-id) MovieStar(name, address, gender, birthdate) StarIn(movietitle, movieYear, starName) MovieStaff(name, address, id, revenue) Studio(name, address) Query: Display a table listing each producers total length of film produced.
84
Exercise
Movies(title, year, length, genre, studio, prod-id) MovieStar(name, address, gender, birthdate) StarIn(movietitle, movieYear, starName) MovieStaff(name, address, id, revenue) Studio(name, address) SELECT name, SUM(length) Query: Display a table listing each producers total length of film produced.
85
FROM MovieStaff, Movies WHERE prod-id = id GROUP BY name;
Filtering some groups

Use
the HAVING clause to filter some groups The WHERE clause can filter tuples only
86
Query: Display the sum of the lengths of all movies for studios which the sum of the lengths is > 1000 minutes
87
Query: Display the sum of the lengths of all movies for studios which the sum of the lengths is > 1000 minutes
SELECT studio, SUM(length) FROM Movies GROUP by studio HAVING SUM(length) > 1000
88
SQL
Data

UNION, INTERSECTION, DIFFERENCE Subqueries DINTINCT Grouping and Aggregation Inserting, Deleting, and Updating Tuples [Now!]
89
Insert a new movie

INSERT INTO Movies VALUES (KungFuPanda2, 2011, 91, Dreamwork, Disney, Jennifer Yuh)
90
INSERT
INSERT INTO R(A1, A2, , An) VALUES (v1, v2, , vn);
Movies(title, year, length, genre, studio, prod-id)
INSERT INTO Movies VALUES (KungFuPanda2, 2011, 91, Dreamwork, Disney, Jennifer-Yuh) vs. INSERT INTO Movies (year, title, length, genre, prodid, studio) VALUES (2011, KungFuPanda2, 91, Dreamwork, JenniferYuh, Disney)
91
Suppose we want to add the the relation Studio all movies that are mentioned in Movies
INSERT INTO Studio (name) SELECT DISTINCT studio FROM Movies WHERE studio NOT IN (SELECT name FROM Studio);
92
If address is not specified, and if that field can be null (i.e., not a primary key), then by default NULL is inserted
Delete a movie
DELETE FROM Movies WHERE title like KungFuPanad%
93
DELETE
DELETE FROM R WHERE condition;
94
Update a stars address

UPDATE MovieStar SET address = HungHom WHERE name = Tony Leung
95
UPDATE
UPDATE R SET <new-value-assignments> WHERE <tuples-to-be-updated>;
96
Declaring Referential Integrity Constraints

Constraints:
Specify
some constraints on the relation to restrict the data to be stored Primary Key constraint: that attribute value cannot be duplicated (otherwise I cant distinguish two tuples easily) Data type is also a constraint: ensure Gender contains only 0 or 1, but not 0, 1, and 2!
97
Declaring Referential Integrity Constraints

Assert
that a value in one tuple must also appear in another tuple E.g.,
CourseEnroll(course-id,
student-id) Course(couse-id, coursename.) Student(student-id, studentname, )

A
referential integrity constraint on course-id A referential integrity constraint on student-id

98
Specifying constraints in SQL

You
know this for PRIMARY KEY To specify referential constraints, we use the keyword REFERENCES in SQL E.g.,
CREATE TABLE Movies ( title , studio VARCHAR(255) REFERENCES Studio(name) );
Movies(title, year, length, genre, studio, prod-id) MovieStar(name, address, gender, birthdate) StarIn(movietitle, movieYear, starName) MovieStaff(name, address, id, revenue) 99 Studio(name, address)
Maintaining Referential Integrity

Now, you cant insert a tuple to Movies with a studio name not exist in Studio table (e.g., NULL is not allowed now) Now, you cant update a tuple in Movies whose studio name is not in Studio table
CREATE TABLE Movies ( title , studio VARCHAR(255) REFERENCES Studio(name) ON DELETE SET NULL / CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE ); Movies(title, year, length, genre, studio, prod-id) MovieStar(name, address, gender, birthdate) Or otherwise return ERROR!StarIn(movietitle, movieYear, starName) MovieStaff(name, address, id, revenue) 100 Studio(name, address)

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COMP5111

by Eric Lo, Hong Kong Polytechnic University 2 Tables and SQL

how to use SQL to

a database of tables Manipulate and query a database of tables

all the key terms

Relation Schema Keys

schema = relation name and attribute

Our Running Example

Declarative vs. others

Year 1977 2010

Length Genre 124 90 sciFi

a query language, for getting information from a database.

also includes a part for specifying the database schema

Definition Language (DDL)

Creating (Declaring) and Destroying a Relation form is: Simplest

Example: Create Table

SQL Data Types

TIME 15:30:02.5 = two and a half seconds after 3:30PM.

Declaring Single-Attribute Keys

Declaring MultiAttribute Keys

Who decides which attribute(s) form the key?

users Database designer Database application developer

can help you?

PRIMARY KEY vs. UNIQUE

SQL to create tables

how to use SQL to

a database of tables [done!] Manipulate and query a database of tables

all the key terms

[done!] Schema [done!] Keys [done!]

What is the result of this query?

Title Star War Kingless Speech

Year 1977 2010

Length Genre 124 90 sciFi

What is the result of this query?

Title Star War Kingless Speech

Year 1977 2010

Length Genre 124 90 sciFi

What is the result of this query?

What is the result of this query?

What is the result of this query?

What is the result of this query?

What is the result of this query?

What is the result of this query?

What is the result of this query?

Quite confusing here:

In the WHERE clause

What is the result of this query?

Ordering the result

What is the result of this query?

What is the result of this query?

Definition Language Data Manipulation Language

Querying multiple tables

Which tables should be involved?

Which tables should be involved?

Joining the tables

Name DreamWork Disney EricStudio

Query: Display the title and studio address of the movies

Query: Display the title and studio address of the movies

Movies(title, year, length, genre, studio, prod-id) Studio(name, address)

Name DreamWork Disney EricStudio

SELECT * FROM Movies, Studio

Query: Display the title and studio address of the movies

SELECT * FROM Movies, Studio