An Abridged Guide to APA Referencing An Author-Date System

based on
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. The full guide is available on
http://www.library.cqu.edu.au/resources/cro/technical/infolitapa.htm

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Edition 2007 Produced and printed by the Division of Teaching & Learning Services Central Queensland University Rockhampton, Queensland COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 WARNING This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of Central Queensland University pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice. CQU CRICOS Codes: 00219C - Qld; 01315F - NSW; 01624D - Vic

DEVELOPED BY
The Communications Learning Centre
Division of Teaching and Learning Services Central Queensland University Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia

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Using this guide

Disclaimer:

This guide has been produced in good faith and is based on the American Psychological Association (APA) style manual 5th edition published in 2001. While it will serve as a guide, and the principles of APA referencing style have been applied to some examples that traditionally do not appear in the hard copy APA manual, students with queries should consult the APA manual 5th ed. or their lecturers for clarification. The following points may be helpful to you when preparing citations or reference lists. Paraphrasing or referring to an idea contained in another work The manual states, Authors are not required to provide a location reference (e.g., page number or paragraph number). Nevertheless, authors are encouraged to do so, especially when it would help an interested reader to locate the relevant passage in a long or complex text (APA, 2001, p. 121, Section 3.39). Use of quotation marks Double quotation marks are used around direct quotes of less than 40 words (APA, 2001, p. 117, Section 3.34). Quotations of 40 or more words should be formatted as a freestanding block of typewritten lines using no quotation marks indenting the block 5 spaces from the left margin using double line spacing using the same font as the text. (APA, 2001, p. 117, Section 3.34) Use of city, state, country location information Provide city and state for US publications (e.g., Princeton, NJ) Provide city, state, and country for non-US publications (APA, 2001, pp. 217218, Section 4.03). The following can be used without providing state or country location details: Baltimore Amsterdam Boston Jerusalem Chicago London Los Angeles Milan New York Moscow Philadelphia Paris San Francisco Rome Stockholm
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Tokyo Vienna Quoting incorrect spelling, punctuation or grammar from an original source The manual states, insert the word sic, italicised and bracketed, immediately after the error in the quotation. For example, . . . even when reel [sic] drugs . . . (APA, 2001, p. 118, Section 3.35). How to reference an example not covered by the APA manual This will happen rarely, but should it happen to you, this is what the manual has to say, Because one purpose of listing references is to enable readers to retrieve and use the sources, each entry usually contains the following elements: author, year of publication, title, publishing data all information necessary for unique identification and library search (APA, 2001, p. 232, Section 4.16). The reference list Journals and periodicals The volume number of a work will follow the title as an italicised number: Author, A. A. (YYYY). Article title. Name of Journal, 7, 2345. Issue numbers will follow the volume number in parentheses: Author, A. A. (YYYY). Article title. Name of Journal, 7(2), 223245. If the journal does not have a volume number, provide the week, month, or season with the year: Author, A. A. (YYYY, May). Article title. Name of Journal, May 30, 2345. (APA, 2001, p. 227, Section 4.11) Using URL references Be aware that most word processing packages will automatically underline the Internet address the examples in the APA manual are not underlined (do not have a hyperlink) so remove the underline.

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What follows is a set of guidelines on which you may model future referencing. You may find that the examples given do not always reflect exactly the details for a resource which you wish to reference. In this case, use your common sense to adapt the reference include the details you consider would be needed to locate that resource. If you are concerned, check with your lecturer.

Please Note: Use of inverted commas is essential around words that are directly quoted from a resource.

Books
One author
Give page number if direct quote or specific information is given in an indirect quote. See notes 1, 2, & 3.

In-text referencing
Elder (1995, p. 14) found that . . . . OR . . . as suggested in the literature (Elder, 1995). Note: If the quote marks come at the end of the sentence, place the full stop within the quotation marks; otherwise the full stop goes after the in-text reference/citation.

Model to follow in a reference list

Elder, B. (1995). The magic of Australia. Sydney, NSW, Australia: Beaut Books.

Two authors

A recent study (Yeric & Todd, 1989) predicted that ... OR Some locations do not require a state, province or Yeric and Todd (1989, p. 17) pointed out that . . . country cited. See note 5. . Use an ampersand (&) within the parentheses, but use and in your sentence.

Yeric, J., & Todd, J. (1989). Public opinion: The visible politics. Chicago: Peacock.

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Books
Three authors to five authors First entry uses all the authors surnames and then et al. is used for subsequent entries.

In-text referencing
A recent study (Yeric, Todd, Mason, & Muller, 1999) highlighted that . . . OR Yeric, Todd, Mason, and Muller (1999, p. 28) stated that . . . . Subsequent entries (Yeric et al., 1999, p. 33) OR Yeric et al. (1999) The comprehensive study (Jones et al., 1999) highlighted that . . .

Model to follow in a reference list

Yeric, J., Todd, J., Mason, S., & Muller, P. (1999). Political perspectives. Chicago: Peacock.

Six or more authors Use et al. from the very first entry in text.

Jones, P., Smith, A., Hudson, T., Etherton, J., Connelly, W., & Gardener, J., et al. (1999). Business management for the new era. Adelaide, SA, Australia: Wyland.

Multiple works by the same author

University research (Brown, 1982, 1988) has indicated that . . .

Brown, P. (1982). Corals in the Capricorn group. Rockhampton, QLD, Australia: Central Queensland University, School of Biomedical and

Place chronologicallyoldest reference first.

Environmental Sciences.

Brown, P. (1988). The effects of anchors on corals. Rockhampton, QLD, Australia: Central Queensland University, School of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences.

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Books

In-text referencing

Model to follow in a reference list

Napier, A. (1993a). Fatal storm. Sydney, NSW, Australia: Allen & Unwin.

Multiple works published In recent reports (Napier, 1993a, 1993b) . . . in the same year by the OR same author Ideas by Napier (1993b) were implemented . . . Add a, b, c, and so on to differentiate between works in the same year alphabetically by title of article, chapter or complete work. Works by different authors with the same name A report (Smith, 1998) showed that . . . Smith (1999, pp. 4750) found that . . . . The year of publication will differentiate between the two authors.

Napier, A. (1993b). Survival at sea. Sydney, NSW, Australia: Allen & Unwin.

Smith, J. (1998). The worlds polluted oceans. Sydney, NSW, Australia: Pacific.

Smith, R. (1999). Evolution and religion. Adelaide, SA, Australia: Firth.

Works by different authors with the same name, in the same year

A. Carter (1999) proposed that class size seriously limited creativity in the lower school. Further investigation proved there were notable weaknesses in this claim (T. Carter, 1999).

Carter, A. (1999). Issues in Australian education. Brisbane, QLD, Australia: Cherokee. Carter, T. (1999). Creativity in the classroom. Darwin, NT, Australia: Watkins & OHara.

Second or later edition with an author

Johnston (1993, p. 5) stated that . . . . OR The latest theory (Johnston, 1993) on group dynamics . . .

Johnston, K. (1993). Surviving the first year experience (2nd ed.). Melbourne, VIC, Australia: Macmillan.

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Books
Several sources are cited at once

In-text referencing
Babbie (1982, 1989), Cascio (1995), and Swarbrooke and Horner (1999) all agree . . .

Model to follow in a reference list

Babbie, E. (1982). Social research for consumers. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Recent studies (Babbie, 1982, 1989; Cascio, 1995; Babbie, E. (1989). The practice of social research. Belmont, CA: NB: Do not overdo this Swarbrooke & Horner, 1999) agree . . . cite only the most Wadsworth. relevant sources. Cascio, W. F. (1995). Managing human resources (4th ed.). Sydney, NSW, Australia: McGraw Hill. Swarbrooke, J., & Horner, S. (1999). Consumer behaviour in tourism, Boston: Butterworth/Heinemann. Each source cited in text should appear as a separate entry in the reference list.

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Books
No authors name appears but there is a sponsoring body, newspaper or title

In-text referencing
A study (Australian Defence Force, 1996) has suggested . . . OR A study by Education Queensland (Morning Bulletin, 16 August 1998, p. 3) concluded . . . . OR A study (Family Policies, 1996) showed that . . . Cite the sponsoring organisation, the newspaper or the title.

Model to follow in a reference list

Australian Defence Force. (1996). The boat people issue. Canberra, ACT, Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.

Morning Bulletin. (1998, August 16). Families of today. p. 3.

Family policies. (1996). Canberra, ACT, Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.

No author and 2nd or later edition

A study (Practical Design, 1992) showed that . . .

Practical design (2nd ed.). (1992). Adelaide, SA, Australia: South Australian Design Press.

Edited work in which the role of the editor is more significant than that of individual authors (e.g., a collection of essays compiled by the editor)

Danaher (1998, p. 87) indicated that . . . . OR Related essays edited by Danaher (1998) suggested . . . OR Related essays (Danaher, 1998) suggested . . .

Danaher, P. (Ed.). (1998). Beyond the Ferris wheel. Rockhampton, QLD, Australia: CQU Press.

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Books
Chapter in edited work

In-text referencing
According to Byrne (1995, p. 84), . . . .

Model to follow in a reference list

Byrne, J. (1995). Disabilities in tertiary education. In L. Rowan & J. McNamee (Eds.), Voices of a margin (pp. 8184). Rockhampton, QLD, Australia: CQU Press.

One volume of multivolume work

Dawson and Browning (1986) highlighted a case where. . .

Dawson, P., & Browning, M. C. (Eds.). (1986). The world at war: Vol. 3, The Asian conflict. Hammondsport, NY: Penguin.

One issue in a series The study concluded . . . (Healey, 1999, p. 4). that does not have regular publication dates

Healey, K. (Ed.). (1999). Issues in society: Recycling. 114. Wentworth Falls, NSW, Australia: Spinney Press.

No date can be established

Lansdowne (n.d.) found that . . . OR It was found (Lansdowne, n.d.) that . . .

Lansdowne, M. (n.d.). Bridging courses. Rockhampton, QLD, Australia: Central Queensland University.

The date can be established but only approximately

In a draft policy release, the Queensland Education Queensland Education Department. (c. 1995). Draft policy on school Department (c. 1995) suggested that . . . discipline. Gladstone, QLD, Australia: Author.

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Books
Referring to an author (primary reference) read about in another publication (secondary reference) Note: Try to locate the primary source if possible.

In-text referencing
Simpson (1975, as cited in Cole, 1992, p. 71) stated that . . . . OR Simpsons observations in 1975 (as cited in Cole, 1992) led to . . . OR Learning is a process of association and development (Simpson, 1975, as cited in Cole, 1992, p. 71) whereby students progress by incremental steps . . . OR Cole (1992, p. 71), in reporting Simpsons study, stated . . . . Cole is the author of the secondary source, so her name will appear in the reference list.

Model to follow in a reference list

Cole, P. (1992). Teaching and learning. Yeppoon, QLD, Australia: Capricorn Press.

Referring to two primary references within a secondary reference

Heath (1989) and Johnson (1972) (as cited in Morris, 1998, p. 25) stated that . . . . Morris is the author of the secondary source so his name will appear in the reference list.

Morris, M. (1998). Critical reflection on distance education. Brisbane, QLD, Australia: Goprint.

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Journals Print
No author

In-text referencing
Recent theories suggest solar power may be competitive (Building theories on sand, 1999). Peterson and Schmidt (1999) maintain that . . .

Model to follow in a reference list

Building theories on sand. (1999). Science, 285, 521.

One or more authors

Peterson, J., & Schmidt, A. (1999). Widening the horizons for secondary schools. Journal of Secondary Education, 3(8), 89106. Note: 3 refers to volume and the (8) to the number or issue.

No volume number or issue number

Growth at all costs is no longer a viable option (Sprague & Shameen, 1999, p. 50).

Sprague, J., & Shameen, A. (1999, July). Boosting growth, courting disasters? Asiaweek, July 31, 5051.

University materials
Study Guide (author known)

In-text referencing
Similarly, Hallinan (2000, p. 66) reported that . . . .

Model to follow in a reference list

Hallinan, P. (2000). EDED 10400Development and disability: Study guide. Rockhampton, QLD, Australia: Central Queensland University. Note: For the year of the Study Guide, CQU uses a combination of the year and the term number, for example, 2072, so the year is 2007.

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University materials
Study Guide (author unknown)

In-text referencing
A recent report (Central Queensland University, 2000) has suggested that . . .

Model to follow in a reference list

Central Queensland University (CQU). (2000). EDED 10400Development and disability: Study guide. Rockhampton, QLD, Australia: Author.

Text reprinted in a book of selected readings for distance education students

In a review of the situation, Buggy (1999, p. 29) suggested that . . . .

Buggy, T. (1999). Look Im on TV. Teaching Exceptional Children, 31(4), 27 30. Reprinted in Central Queensland University, 2000, EDEC12347 Inclusive Educational Strategies: Resource materials, Reading 2 17, pp. 14. Rockhampton, QLD, Australia: Author.

Tutorial/Workshop Handout (unpublished)

The importance of aerobic exercise (The respiratory system, 2000) . . .

The respiratory system. Tutorial handout distributed in the course HMSC 11005Human Anatomy, at Central Queensland University, Gladstone, QLD, Australia, on March 2, 2000.

Lecture notes (unpublished)

It is expected that the first teaching day may result in mixed emotions (Thompson, 2001).

Thompson, R. (2001). The first day experience. Lecture notes distributed in the course EDFE 11010Professional Practice III, at Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia, on April 21, 2001.

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University materials
Lecture materialnonprint (e.g., whiteboard notes, OHT notes, lecturers statements) Published conference paper Cite year of publication.

In-text referencing

Model to follow in a reference list

In a lecture (SCIE11007 Introductory Science) presented at Central Queensland University, Mackay, on April 17, 2001, Dr J. Watson suggested that . . . Edwards and Graham (1993, p. 77) contend that . . . .

This should not be included in the reference list. Edwards, K., & Graham, R. (1992). The all female expedition: A personal perspective. In Gender on Ice. Proceedings of a Conference on Women in Antarctica (pp. 7581). Canberra, ACT, Australia: Australian Antarctic Foundation.

Unpublished paper presented at a meeting Cite year the paper was written.

The problems caused by salinity include . . . (Smith Smith, J., & Jones, P. (1999, February). Salinity issues facing Australian & Jones, 1999). farmers. Paper presented at the meeting of the Australian Farmers Federation AWA Scandal, Perth, WA, Australia.

Note: As this paper is unpublished, the papers title rather than the event title is italicised..

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University materials
iBrainz presentation

In-text referencing
The structure of the academic paper . . . (Central Queensland University Communications Learning Centre, 2007).

Model to follow in a reference list

Central Queensland University Communications Learning Centre. (2007). Academic writing skills [iBrainz presentation]. Retrieved July 19, 2007, from http://clc.cqu.edu.au/FCWViewer/view.do?page=862

Podcast

The importance of using technology to engage students cannot be . . . (Alcock, 2007).

Alcock, R. (2007). Using technology to engage students [Podcast]. Take 5. Retrieved July 19, 2007, from http://fahe.cqu.edu.au/FCWViewer/view.do;jsessionid=8a4d0571ce a69f2ca675e334d9b95fdafc7f162cdb9.e3qMb3iTbNmPe3aTaxiTc3 0Te6fznA5Pp7ftolbGmkTy?page=2301

Government & Legislation

In-text referencing

Model to follow in the reference list

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Government publication

A recent government study (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 1999) reported that . . .

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (1999). Regional statistics. (Cat. No. 1313.8.) Canberra, ACT, Australia: Author.

Government report Common title/acronym must also be added.

A government report (Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody [RCADC], 1990) found that . . . . It was further suggested (RCADC, 1990) at an investigation that . . . Subsequent entries use only the common title/acronym.

Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (RADC). (1990). Report of the inquiry into the death of Ronald Mack, by Commissioner D. J. OShea. Canberra, ACT, Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.

Standards

This complies with AS4458-1997 (Standards Association of Australia, 1997).

Standards Association of Australia. (1997). Australian standard: Pressure equipmentmanufacture (AS4458-1997). North Sydney, NSW, Australia: Standards Australia.

Patent

Tan and Arnold (1993) formalised and protected their ideas . . .

Tan, I. S., & Arnold, F. F. (US Air Force). (1993). In situ molecular composites based on rigid-rod polyamides. US patent 5 247 057.

Legislation

It must be realised that intent must be established before a prosecution can proceed concerning underage drinking (Queensland State Liquor Act 1962, s12(5)).

Queensland State Liquor Act 1962 (QLD).

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Specialised sources
Brochure where the author is also the publisher

In-text referencing
Guidelines, such as those drawn up by the Research and Training Centre of Independent Living (RTCIL, 1993), have become standard procedures.

Model to follow in a reference list

Research and Training Centre of Independent Living. (1993). Guidelines for reporting and writing about people with disabilities [Brochure]. New York: Author.

Pamphlet

Centrelink (1999) suggested that . . .

Centrelink. (1999). Bonus for working seniors. Brisbane, QLD, Australia: Author.

Magazine

Increase in the rate of youth suicide is of great concern to those employed in the social welfare sector (McVeigh, 2001, p. 20).

McVeigh, T. (2001, May 1213). Death wish. Weekend Australian Magazine, p. 20.

Newspaper article with an author

Condren (1999) reported that . . .

Condren, P. (1999, July 3031). Swiss prepare charges. Weekend Australian, p. 1.

Daily newspaper article with no author

In a recent review of the class size situation (New Drug, 1993), Education Queensland concluded that . . .

New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Morning Bulletin, p. 12.

Video recording

Similarly, in The Hollywood Sound (Adams & Peters, 1995), . . .

Adams, K. (Producer), & Peters, J. (Director). (1995). The Hollywood sound [Video recording]. New York: Sony Classical Film and Video.

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Television broadcast

The idea was first presented in the segment Emission Impossible (Carmichael, 1999).

Carmichael, A. (Executive Producer). (1999, November 8). Emission impossible. Four corners [Television broadcast]. Sydney, NSW, Australia: ABC Television.

Television advertisement

Coke adds life (Coca-Cola Amatil, 1986), the catch cry for Coca-Cola . . .

Coca-Cola Amatil. (1986). Coca-Cola at the beach [Television advertisement]. Brisbane, QLD, Australia: Cruise Advertising.

Interview on radio

Norris (1997) described the melting of the ice packs in the Antarctic . . .

Norris, D. (1997, January 6). The greenhouse report [Radio broadcast]. ABC Radio National.

Movie

The theory (Hanks & Martin, 1976) was challenged Hanks, T. (Director), & Martin, S. (Producer). (1976).The reluctant mountain ... [Motion picture]. Sydney, NSW, Australia: Australian Instructional Films for Peko-Wallsend.

Microfiche (without a reference number)

Mundy (1980, p. 42) explained that . . .

Mundy, G. (1980). Ideology and the mass media [Microfiche]. Canberra, ACT, Australia: The Library, Social Sciences and Humanities Division, Australian National University.

Microfiche (with a reference number)

Rallis (1995, p. 11) believes that . . .

Rallis, S. F. (1995). Dynamic teachers: Leaders of change [Microfiche] (ERIC document no. ED 388626). London: Sage.

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Audio Cassette

In Plum Blossom (1990), it is claimed that entertainers live a very complex life.

Plum blossom. (1990). [Cassette Recording No. WS8871]. Hakodate, Japan: White Swan Audio and Video Publishing House. Note: Use the same style of format for a CD and a DVD.

Encyclopdia (with editor)

Sadie (ed. 1980) defined the term as . . .

Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove encyclopdia of music and musicians (6th ed., vols. 120) London: Macmillan.

Entry in an Encyclopdia

Bergmann (1993) indicated that . . .

Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new Grove encyclopaedia of music and musicians (vol. 26, pp. 501508). London: Macmillan.

Atlas (with an editor)

The position of the new city is to be in south east Queensland (Eales, 2003, Map 34).

Eales, S. (Ed.). (2003). The Jacaranda atlas (3rd ed.). Brisbane, QLD, Australia: John Wiley & Sons.

Dictionary

The Australian concise Oxford dictionary (1999, p. 1425) defines a throw-away society as one which . ..

The Australian concise Oxford dictionary (3rd ed.). (1999). Melbourne, VIC, Australia: University Press.

The Bible

These particular lines (Psalms 23: 68) refer the reader to . . .

References to the Bible and other classical works are not usually included in a reference list because they can be readily sourced.

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Personal Communications

In a telephone conversation on 17 July 1999, Petty ... OR Evidence given (H. Petty, personal communication, July 17, 1999) . . . OR In an email communication on 10 June 1995, Wren . . . The discovery was first announced on 4BU News (February 14, 2000).

Personal communications such as conversations, letters and personal email messages, are not usually included in a reference list because they are classed as unrecoverable data unless specifically requested by your lecturer. News broadcasts are not usually included in a reference list.

News broadcast on radio

Unpublished sources
Thesis (unpublished)

In-text referencing
Herbert-Cheshire (1997) argues that . . .

Model to follow in a reference list

Herbert-Cheshire, L. (1997). Living by the sea. Unpublished honours thesis, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia.

Electronic sources

In-text referencing

Model to follow in a reference list

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Electronic sources

In-text referencing

Model to follow in a reference list

Brown, H. (1994). Citing computer references. Retrieved April 3, 1995, from http://neal.ctstateu.edu/history/cite.html Queensland Pineapple Growers Corporation. (1998). Growing pineapples. Gardenbed special. Retrieved December 4, 1999, from http://www.gardenbed.com/plant/gbd_p_apl1.cfm Notice that the web addresses are not underlined

Document on the World Brown (1994) noted that . . . Wide Web (dated and OR author or sponsor given) Referencing electronic sources needs further attention (Brown, 1994). The idea was highlighted by the Queensland Pineapple Growers Corporation (1998).

Document on the World Wide Web (author or sponsor given but not dated)

United States Department of Agriculture (n.d.) recommends the observing of the five food groups diet is important for childhood health. OR Adherence to the five food groups (United States Department of Agriculture, n.d.) . . . As stated in Harvard Style (2003), Always check the validity of a site that has no author or sponsor. The use of such sites is discouraged.

United States Department of Agriculture. (n.d.). What's in this booklet for me? Retrieved June 15, 1999, from http://www.pueblo.gsa.gov/cic_text/food/food-pyramid/main.htm

Document on the World Wide Web (no author/sponsor)

Harvard Style. (2003). Citing or referencing electronic sources of information. Retrieved June 3, 2003, from the University of South Australia Web site: http://www.library.unisa.edu.au/internet/intguide/cite.htm#harvard

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Electronic sources
Online Journal

In-text referencing
As Von Urff noted (1996), the information superhighway . . .

Model to follow in a reference list

Von Urff, C. (1996). Information systems: Agents for change. Journal of Excellence in Higher Education, 8(1). Retrieved July 3, 1996, from http://204.17.16.101/Journal/Summer96/paper1.htm

Government Report

The success of new teaching techniques in engineering laboratories has been documented (Engineering Education Steering Committee, 1996).

Engineering Education Steering Committee. (1996). Educating engineers for a changing Australia. Draft report. Retrieved August 28, 1995, from The Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs Web site: http://www.deetya.gov.au/index.htm.

Conference Proceedings

The interactive classroom is becoming the primary learning and teaching interface in primary schools all over Australia (Willis, 1996).

Willis, S. (1996). Interface into interactivity: Technologies and techniques. Paper presented at the Australian Computers in Education Conference. Retrieved August 28, 1996, from http://www.spirit.com.au/ACE96/papers/canberra.htm

Online Newspaper with author

The banking industrys vital networks have collapsed due to a software problem (Davies, 1996).

Davies, P. (1996, June 18). Key mistake wreaks havoc. The Australian. Retrieved August 12, 1997, from http://www.australian.aust.com/hied/columns/dav18jn.htm

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Electronic sources
Online Newspaper with no author

In-text referencing
A report in The Australian (September 1, 1996) revealed that the economic situation was responsible for the . . .

Model to follow in a reference list

The Australian. (September 1, 1996). Babies born and not raised. Retrieved September 18, 1996, from http://www.australian.aust.com/australian/cgi-bin/news

Online Radio Transcript

According to Smith (1998), the healing properties of lavender . . .

Smith, H. (1998). Medicine in Chaucers time. Ockhams razor. ABC Radio National Transcripts. Retrieved September 1, 1998, from http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ockham/or110898.htm

Email messages, conversations via bulletin boards or electronic discussion groups Encyclopdia entry on CD-ROM (no author)

In an email from J. Henderson (personal communication, June 19, 1999), the findings of the report were . . . Note: Cited as personal communication in-text. This is NOT included in the reference list. As noted in Acid Rain (1996), . . . Acid rain. (1996). Microsoft Encarta 96 encyclopdia [CD-ROM].

Note: Treat sections within the CD-ROM like chapters in an edited book.

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Electronic sources
Encyclopdia entry on CD-ROM (with an author)

In-text referencing
Harrison (1996) suggests that , . . .

Model to follow in a reference list

Harrison, A. (1996). Global warming. Microsoft Encarta 96 encyclopdia [CD-ROM].

Note: Treat sections within the CD-ROM like chapters in a book. Internet article based on Mulgan (2000, p. 10) recommends that . . . . a print source OR The idea (Mulgan, 2000) was tabled at . . . Mulgan, R. (2000). Perspectives on the public interest [Electronic version]. Canberra Bulletin of Public Administration, 95, 512.

Article in an Internetonly journal

Speer, Cook, Mcmahon, & Clark (2007) argue that ...

Speer, L. L., Cook, A. E., Mcmahon, W. M., & Clark, E. (2007). Face processing in children with autism. Autism, 11(3), 265277. Retrieved July 17, 2007, from PsycARTICLES database.

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Electronic sources
Document available on university program or department website

In-text referencing
Council of Australian Governments (2000) . . .

Model to follow in a reference list

Council of Australian Governments. (2000). A national action plan for salinity and water quality. Retrieved July 17, 2007, from Central Queensland University e-Courses Web site: http://ecourses.cqu.edu.au/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab=courses&url=/ bin/common/course.pl?course_id=_4972_1

Computer Software

Millar (1993) designed a simulation. . .

Miller, M. E. (1993). The Interactive Tester (Version 4) [Computer software]. Westminister, CA: Psytrek Services.

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