Physics Reviewer First Grading

Study the : Unit Circle I COMMIT MYSELF to be... Activity Papers Greek Alphabets Review all * in this reviewer, it may come out in T/F or multiple Concept Map 1 and 2 choices. Parts of Vernier Caliper and Conversion Micrometer Caliper Physics - Bottom-line of science. - Can explain almost everything that you can see - Study of the basic interactions between matter & energy and the foundation of the universe. - Microscopic and macroscopic. The 4 Habits of the Mind 1. What do we know? 3. Why do we believe? 2. How do we know? 4. What is the evidence of believing? *1&2 - practical application 3&4 - validity Greeks - started science Socrates - become renowned for his contribution to the field of ethics Plato - student of Socrates, famous philosopher. Aristotle - proposed a finite, spherical universe, with the earth at its center. - central region is made up of four elements: earth, air, fire, and water. Precursor of Matter's Phases Earth - Solid Fire - Gas Air - Gas Water - Liquid Alexander The Great - student of Aristotle and became one of the greatest military geniuses of all time. He was the King of Macedonia. Ptolemy - Roman citizen of Egypt who wrote in Greek. - gave the Ptolemaic Theory or the Geocentric Theory. Geocentric Theory - Earth is stationary and at the center of the universe. Nicolaus Copernicus - Polish Priest, astronomer who debunked Ptolemaic Theory thru his heliocentric theory. Heliocentric Theory - Sun is the center of the universe. Why was his theory published late? Copernicus was afraid of persecution. He can't explain the moving earth. Under Copernicus there goes: Johannes Kepler (Danish) o Law of Planetary Motion - planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbit. Galileo Galilei - Agreed with the Copernican view that Earth moved around the sun. - He debunked Aristotle's falling body hypothesis when he coined the term Friction and Inertia. * Objects of different weights, when released at the same time and at the same elevation, would fall and hit the ground at the same time, except when there air resistance is present. Sir Isaac Newton (*Dec. 25, 1642 - 1727) -English physicist, mathematician, and natural philosopher, formulated laws of universal gravitation and motion.

- wrote *Principia Mathematica Philosiphiae Naturalis and Opticks Universal Law of Gravitation - explain how objects move on Earth as well as through the heavens. *FG= G(m1m2/d2) * The higher the mass the higher the inertia. Famous Scientists and their contributions in Physics 1. Benjamin Franklin - electric charge 7. Michael Farraday & Joseph Henry magnetic field produces or induces 2. Charles Coulomb - electrostatic electrical current force 8. James Maxwell - electromagnetism 3. Alessandro Volta - electric battery 9. Gregorio Zara - airplane engine 4. Georg Ohm - details of electric that runs on alcohol, 2-way circuit television telephone 5. Robert Millikan - e-; charges come 10. Diosdado Banatao - advanced chip in packet designs. 6. Hans Christian Oersted - current 11. Amador Muriel - turbulence produces magnetic field Attitudes that Physicist should possess: 1. Curiosity 4. Open Mindedness 7. Responsibility 2. Creativity 5. Intellectual 3. Critical Honesty Mindedness 6. Humility *For Newton light was a form of particle while for Thomas Young light was a wave but actually light was a form of electromagnetic wave which was from Einstein. Explanation: The particles-like features are called photons - are different from particles of matter. When light bends slightly as it passes around a corner, it shows wavelike behavior. The waves associated with light are called electromagnetic waves because they consist of changing electric and magnetic fields. Albert Einstein (1879 -1955) - *E-mc2 - Discussed the Theory of Relativity, Photoelectric effect of light, Massenergy equivalence. Theory of Relativity - bodies that are moving fast in outer space (seeing things in a different perspective according to the reference point.) *Speed of light is traveling ahead of it, with it and before it. ( C=3x108 m/s). *Light of the sun reaches the earth within 8 minutes. Major Branches of Physics Quantum Physics - study of the inside of an atom (quarks, leptons) * The ultimate goal of Physics is to know how the universe works and to understand it completely. Rule of the Universe: "The more you know the less you need to know" 1. Astrophysics - nature of celestial 6. Electrodynamics - interactions bodies between electric current and magnetic field. 2. Physical Chemistry - combined principles of physics and chemistry 7. Particle Physics - elementary particles 3. Geophysics - dynamic changes on Earth lithosphere, hydrosphere, 8. Mechanics - behavior of physical atmosphere & magnetosphere systems 4. Biophysics- principles of physics to 9. Nuclear physics - structure of the study of biology atomic nuclei 5. Atomic Physics - properties and structure of atoms

10. Optics - generation, transmission,

detection of electromagnetic radiation Stephen Hawkins - greatest astrophysicist. Magnetosphere - study of magnetosphere

11. Thermodynamics - mechanical

properties of matter: energy transformation

4 Laws of Thermodynamics: 1. Energy can't be created nor destroyed. 2. The degree of disorder in any isolated system can only increase or remain the same. 3. Heat flows from hot to cold. 4. 0 K is impossible to achieve. Kinematics - motion in terms of math or mathematical expression of motion. Scalar - magnitude only Time Volume Speed Temperature Distance Mass Vector - magnitude plus direction Velocity Force or Weight Acceleration Displacement * Everything moves because everything is relative therefore motion is relative. Motion - is the change in the position of a body with respect to a frame or reference. Speed - measure of how quickly an event occurred. Distance -actual length from one point to another. d/s Displacement - shortest distance between the starting point at the end point. Instantaneous Speed - speed of vehicle the very moment one takes a look at the speedometer. - total distance over time. Mechanics: Static - Force + equilibrium o no movement or no change in momentum Dynamic - Force + Motion Kinematics Significant Figures - readable numbers from scales of measuring instruments. Rules: 1. All nonzero digits are always significant. 2. A zero between nonzero digits is always significant. 3. A trailing zero after a decimal point is significant. 4. A zero used to fix decimal point in a number less than 1 is not significant. 5. A zero ending a number more than 1 may or may not be significant. Measurement - process of comparing a specific quantity of matter with an agreed standard. Fundamental Quantities - can be measured directly. Derived Quantities - need to be solve using formulas based on the fundamental measurement. Precision - group answers together have values which are near Accurate - the answer is near the true value. MKS - SI CGS - SI FPS - English system Length meter m centimeter foot ft

Mass Time

second second s s Temperature Kelvin K Kelvin rankine R K Pound (lb) - came from the word Libra which means balance. Velocity - is the rate at which an object changes position both magnitude and direction. -Displacement over time. Acceleration - velocity changes. Zero - uniform motion & at rest. Non zero - variable acceleration Non zero - constant acceleration Rectilinear Motion - motion in straight line, 1 dimension. 2 dimension - Projectile and Circular Motion. * When there is lurching, there is acceleration. Force - push, pull and twist. Microscopic Force - to small to be felt Gravitational Force - ( mass of the object) : attraction Electromagnetic Force - (charge of the object) : attraction or repulsion Strong Nuclear Force - keeps proton inside nucleus. Weak Nuclear Force - radiation, radioactivity. Macroscopic Force - large enough to be felt Contact Force Friction Force - opposing force Support Force - normal force Action at a distance Inertia - is the resistance of a body to any change in state of rest or in its state of motion. Net Force - sum of all the forces acting on a body. 1st Law of Motion: An object continues in its state of motion or in state of motion at a constant speed in a straight line unless net force acts on it. * Earth's revolution is geosynchronous. * Every 8km - 5km earth curves. * If acceleration is 0 then it is constant, unbalance forces means a change in motion. *Constant velocity means no change in speed and direction. 2nd Law of Motion: Acceleration is directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to the mass. *Greater mass means greater force. *Air resistance is an opposing force therefore it is friction. *If there is net force then there is acceleration. *Weight is always going down. Friction - reduce net force and reduce resulting to acceleration. What causes friction: Irregularity of the surface Material How much they are pressed together. Kinds of Friction 1. Static Friction - frictional force that exists between their contact surfaces.

kilogram kg second

c gram s

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sg

*Friction does not depend on speed. *Friction does not depend on area in contact. *Friction is always parallel to the surface. Traction - adhesive friction that enables them to grip the road. Equilibrium - state of rest or of no activity in a system produced by a balance of forces or energy. Free fall - any object that is influenced by gravity. Projectile- any object thrown into the air. 3rd Law of Motion: For every action there is an opposite, equal in magnitude reaction. Momentum - inertia in motion Impulse - product of the net force and time interval KRB - ask permission

2. Kinetic Friction - when one surface slides over another. 3. Rolling Friction - weakest frictional force