I

Study and Characterization of Power

Distribution Network Reconfiguration
T. Thakur and Jaswanti

Abstract- This paper proposes a study and characterization status of switches and the normally open tie switches, requires
of distribution system network reconfiguration. This analysis of to satisfy the system requirement [1 8],[5 1]. From optimization
the various characteristics of the radial distribution network point of view, the reconfiguration method have been used loss
may help to study on a particular area of research of power
distribution system. This approach provides the power distrib- for reduction using different techniques on the other hand
ution engineer, researcher and other with several alternatives, from service restoration point of view, the reconfiguration
where qualitative, application dependent criteria can be applied allows to relocate loads by using an appropriate sequence of
following his/ her experience. switching operations with operating constraints taken into
account.
Index Terms--Combinatorial optimization, Distribution In order to deal with these problems, several evolution-
automation, Distribution systems reconfiguration (DSR). based heuristic algorithms such as Genetic Algorithm (GA),
Simulation Annealing (SA) and Tabu Search (TS) have been
I. INTRODUCTION
used for various combinatorial optimization problems.
T 1 HE electric power distribution systems consist of However, Tabu Search (TS), metaheuristic-based strategy for
groups of interconnected radial circuits and have a solving combinatorial optimization problem applied in various
number of constraints like radial configuration, all loads fields, has the capacity to obtain high quality solution within
served, co-ordinated operation of over current protective reasonable computing time [67].
devices, and voltage drop within limits etc. Each feeder in the This paper proposes a study and characterization of
distribution system has a different mixture of commercial, distribution system network reconfiguration. The effect of
residential and industrial type loads, with daily load each heuristic method is observed and examined. This
variations. approach provides the power distribution engineer, researcher
The process of reconfiguration, by operating switches to and other with several alternatives, where qualitative,
change the circuit topology of the network to reduce the application - dependent criteria can be applied following
operating costs and meeting the constraints listed above is his/her experience. Our attempt is not directed at evaluating
now the demand of the era for quality power supply to the and comparing relative performance of the existing algorithms
consumers [1]-[3]. More-over, with increasing use of the but at presenting a clear picture of what is available so that a
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System (SCADA) researcher in the area of power distribution network
and Distribution Automation Control (DAC) equipped with reconfiguration can identify problems and seek their solutions.
automated switches and remote monitoring facilities; thus, the
distribution system reconfiguration has become a more viable II. PROBLEM FORMULATION IN THE GROWING DEMAND
alternative for loss reduction resulting the distribution feeder OF POWER WITH CONSTRAINTS
reconfiguration as a planning tool as well as a real time In order to obtain problem formulation for Distribution
control tool. System Reconfiguration (DSR) problems, all the constraint
Generally, power distribution network reconfiguration should be considered together. Very often, it is observed that
provides services to as many customers as possible following electrical power utilities distribution system lacks in meeting
fault coding and during planned outage for maintenance the quality and reliability [1], firstly due to the technological
purposes with system loss minimization and load balancing of factors and
secondly due to the operating factors concerning
the network [4]-[5]. It allows the transfer of loads from deployment of electrical power distribution equipments and
heavily loaded feeders or transformers to relatively less their loads. The other major problems are:
heavily loaded feeders or transformers. Such transfers are 1. Average power transmission loss of power utilities figures
effective in terms of altering the level of loads on the feeders around 5-6% of total power demand where as 60-70% of the
being switched as well as in improving the voltage profile loss is estimated to be lost in distribution system.
along the feeders and have affecting reduction in the overall 2. Real time information communication and co-ordination of
system power losses. the protection scheme for the power distribution network
The network reconfiguration problem being a complex configuration.
non-linear combinational problem due to non-differential 3. Electrical power distribution system suffers unbalanced
feeder structure and unbalanced loading which affects
T.Thakur and Jaswanti are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, system power quality and electricity prices.
Punjab Engineering College (Deemed University), Chandigarh, India-160012 4. Distribution feeder having mixture of commercial
(e-mail: tilak2OO42005kyahoo.co.in; jaswanti98g yahoo.co.in) residential and industrial type loads with daily dissimilar
1-4244-0288-3/06/$20.00 (©2006 IEEE
 2

load variations causes the peak loads at different times (non and distribution losses are as high as 20 to 30 percent of total
coincidence of peaks). power generation. Distribution losses occur for the following
5. Requirement of efficient tools and techniques for multi- reasons:
objective and non-differential optimization problem of * Line losses on the phase conductors.
electrical distribution system. * Line losses on ground wires and ground.
* Transfer core and leakages losses.
III. CHARACTERIZATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION * Excess losses due to lack of co-ordination of VAR
RECONFIGURATION: VIS-A-VIS: SOLUTION elements.
As reported about 30-40% of total investment is for * Excess losses due to load characteristics.
distribution system in an electric power sector. Therefore, loss * Excess losses due to load impedance on the phase.
reduction in distribution system can be efficient to reduce So the loss estimation of distribution system is an
transmission loss the whole power system. With this view,
in important task for the system operation and future planning.
power utilities are especially concentrating on a loss The purpose of the loss estimation are composed of:
minimization; power quality and reliability problem using * Conductor size design;
network reconfiguration, as it does not require new equipment. * Substation expansion;
Moreover, the network reconfiguration problem is a * Rate analysis;
complex non-linear combinational problem due to non- * Loss allocation to customer;
differential status of switches and the normally open tie * Energy conversion analysis;
switches, determined to satisfy system requirement. From * Energy conservation promotion;
optimization point of view, the reconfiguration method have * Service cost calculation;
been used for loss reduction using different techniques on the * Control strategy development.
other hand from service restoration point of view, the Therefore, exploration about distribution losses is very
reconfiguration allows to relocate loads by using an important to power engineers. These losses directly effect to
appropriate sequence of switching operations with operating the power system losses. The distribution losses can be
constraints taken into account. reduced in two ways:
DSR can be seen as a combinatorial optimization problem * Installation of shunt capacitor;
for multi-objective purposes with following characteristics * Network reconfiguration that is the selection of the proper
during the normal operating conditions: topological structure of the network for minimum losses.
A. Losses reduction to reduce overall system power loss. Power utilities are especially concentrating on a loss
B. Load balancing to relieve network overloads. minimization problem using network reconfiguration because
C. Co-ordination of the protection scheme of the new it does not require new equipment. In recent years,
configuration. considerable research has been conducted for loss
D. The final network configuration is independent on the minimization.
initial states of network switches. Merlin and Back [1] first time proposed the concept of
E. Maximum reliability. power distribution system reconfiguration with a heuristic
F. For to overcome the size of network reconfiguration. method to determine the network configuration with minimum
G. Addition of automatic switches to offer flexibility in or near-minimum line losses based on a special variation of
configuration. the branch-and-bound technique. D.I..H.Sun et al. [2], S.
H. Don't demand continuous maintenance. Civanlar et al. [3] and M.E. Baran et al. [5] have presented
I. Reduce reconfiguration cost so that it will not burden over different power flow methods for loss reduction in network
planner. reconfiguration problem using branch exchange approach.
J. On line reconfiguration.
K. Minimize number of switching operation
Dariush Shirmohammadi et al. [6] have developed a heuristic
L. Easy fast solution to the problem (Algorithms). method on Merlin and Back ideas for reconfiguration network
Therefore, network reconfiguration of distribution system to reduce their resistive line losses. H.D. Chiang et al. [9], T.P.
is required for multi-objective and non-differential Wagner [13], Koichi Nara et al. [15], S.K.Goswami et al. [16],
optimization problems in the light of above considerations. Robert P.Broad Water et al. [17], G.J.Peponics et al. [21] have
also presented network reconfiguration methods for the
IV. DETAILED ANALYSIS optimization of distribution networks operation, so that
The detailed analysis of each characteristics of the RDN is variable loads are fed under minimum energy losses.
analyzed and supported by the respective researcher in the R.J.Sarfi et al. [25] have proposed a novel method and
field following the techniques applied. This approach helps Ji.Yuan Fan et al. [27] have proposed Single Loop
the researcher to find a new problem in the area of interest for Optimization technique using qualitative analysis for network
RDN and reconfiguration. reconfiguration for minimum loss as an integer optimization
problem with a quadratic objective function. Rubin Taleski et
A. Losses Reduction to Reduce Overall System Power Loss al. [29] have proposed a new method to determine the
Loss minimization in power distribution system is one of configuration with minimum energy losses for a given period.
the biggest challenges before power engineers. Transmission Basically, the method belongs to the methods known as

"branch exchange technique". L.Nepomuceno et al. [30] have
proposed an equivalent optimal power flow (EOPF) model of
both internal and external network. Hugh Rudnick et al. [31]
have reported a heuristic solution algorithm to reconfigure an
electric power distribution network under normal operating
conditions. A.Moussa et al. [37] have reported Genetic based
algorithm to determine the states of switches for minimum
loss configuration. Ying-Yi Hong et al. [41] have proposed a
new method based on fuzzy C- number (FCN) and Cluster-
Wise fuzzy regression (CWFR) analysis for developing loss
formula to estimate losses in distribution system.
Young Jao Eon et al. [44] have presented an improved
Simulating Annealing Algorithm for network reconfiguration
in large scale distribution system. Antonino Augugliaro et al.
[47] have proposed a control strategy of the open-closed status
of the tie switches in MV distribution network. S.F.Mekhamer
et al. [48] have presented a fuzzy-heuristic method for reactive
power compensation of radial distribution system. Yasuhiro
Hayashi et al. [56] have proposed an algorithm to determine
loss minimum configuration considering N-1 security of
Dispersed Generators (DGs) for a distribution system based
on Tabu Search, and strategic oscillation is introduced to
search various solutions.
Antonino Augugliaro et al. [62] have presented a heuristic
based fuzzy sets theory for optimal operation of automated
distribution network with the aims of minimizing power losses
and flattering the voltage profile. Carlos A.Dortolina et al.
[63] have proposed a top-down / bottom-up approach for
accuracy estimating technical losses in power distribution
system where a complete set of modeling data is not available.
The main feature of the approach is that it can handle varying
degrees of data availability. Flavio Vanderson Gomes et al.
[64] have presented a new heuristic methodology using branch
exchange technique. Euther Romero Ramos et al. [65] have
presented a new approach based on path to node concept for
power loss minimization of distribution system. Dulce Ferano
et al. [67] have presented a Tabu Search (TS) based approach
for reconfigure distribution networks. Ji- Pyng Chiou et al.
[68] have presented variable scaling hybrid differential
evolution (VSHDE). Hernan Prieto Schmidt et al. [70],
Alexandre C.B. Delves, [71] and Debapriya Das [72] have
proposed a methodology based on the heuristic rules and
fuzzy multiobjective approach for reconfiguring distribution
networks loss minimization.
B. Load Balancing to Relieve Network Overloads
In a distribution system, feeder reconfiguration can change
the system topology under both normal and abnormal
operating conditions to solve the overloading. Load
imbalanced and uneven load distributions among feeder are
important causes of increased system loss. Planning feeder
reconfiguration by switching operations to achieve load
balance among distribution feeders will reduce system losses
and increase the operational flexibility by evenly distributing
the capacity reserve among the main transformers. Many
approaches have been proposed to solve the load-balancing
problem from different prospective. Large numbers of work
3
have been reported in this area [4]-[5],[9]-[10],[14],[19]-[20],
[22]-[23],[30],[32],[35]-[36],[43],[45],[47],[49],[51],[54],[58].
C. Co-ordination of the Protection Scheme of the New
Configuration
In order to ensure that the protective devices are properly
coordinated in the process of new configuration, a set of rules
are implemented for co-ordination, placement and selection of
protective devices.. The coordination and selection rules have
been developed from common practice. Some of the
placement rules have been developed from common practice,
where's other have been developed time-to-time future
requirement basis.
Robert P. Broadwater [11] has presented the computer-
aided protection system design algorithm. Yuan Yih Hsu et al.
[18] have presented a heuristic algorithm for distribution
feeder reconfiguration with protective devices. In order to
ensure that the protective devices are properly co-ordinate in
the process of feeder reconfiguration, the locations of the fuses
for the distribution systems under study are determined by
using the proposed algorithm. Takanabu Asakura, et al. [51]
have proposed a methods that evaluate various item including
new equipment installation cost, equipment utilization rate,
reliability of the target distribution system by contingency
analysis, and loss minimization.
D. The Final Network Configuration is Independent on the
Initial States of Network Switches
Dariush Shirmohammadi, et al. [6] have developed a
heuristic method based on branch-and-bound technique and
Flavio Vanderson Gomes, et al. [64] have presented a new
heuristic methodology based on branch exchange technique,
which have the advantage that the final network configuration
is independent on the initial states of network switches.
E. Maximum Reliability
It has been reported that 80% of the customer service
interruption are due to failures in the distribution network. In
order to improve service reliability, in many countries,
automation by reconfiguration are applied to the distribution
network to achieve significant and immediate improvement in
reliability and hence to the electricity customers.
A. Makinen [8] have described a computer-aided method
for the reliability analysis of a distribution system. Satish
Jannavithula, et al. [24] have presented a combinatorial
optimization technique based on simulated annealing. Jen-Hao
Teng, et al. [43] have presented a Value based method to
relocate existing feeder sectionalized that lead to a reduction
in the customer interruption cost (CIC) for reliability purpose.
Teng- Fa Tsao, et al. [50] have developed an reliability
Assessment Model and Yiming Mao, et al. [52] have proposed
a graph-based algorithm for switch placement to improve
system reliability for radial distribution systems with
distributed Generation. Fangxing Li [66] have presented
reliability index assessment (RIA) and reliability based
network reconfiguration for distribution system.
 4

F. For to Overcome the Size ofNetwork Reconfiguration reliability purpose. Flavio Vanderson Gomes et al. [64] have
The most common issue in distribution system deals with presented a heuristic methodology for determine the minimum
reforcement of an existing system for growing load demand. A loss and minimum cost configuration of a radial distribution
good system management requires the operator to find system.
network configurations that lead to minimum distribution cost J On Line Reconfiguration
under secure operation standards. In normal state operation,
The main objective is to account how load varies in
configuration management deals with controlled switches to distribution systems, depending on the season, on the day, and
reduce system losses and relieve network overloads. Reported
on the hour. The switching actions to reduce losses take into
paper are [26]-[27],[40],[44].
account the time varying nature of loads. The load profiles are
G. Addition ofAutomatic Switches to Offer Flexibility in a function of customer types and they vary from one
Configuration connection point to another one all over the network. The
Automatic switches placed in distribution systems are online minimum loss calculation requires an accurate
effectively used during emergency conditions to improve representation of the external or unobservable parts of the
reliability and flexibility. New functions are needed to copy network. With reduced computational requirement and
with increased power quality requirements and to fully exploit accuracy. So online reconfiguration by minimum loss
the introduction of automation, power electronic devices and reconfiguration has been on demand in industrial and electric
distribution generation. These new function needs addition of utility applications. Several papers have been written on this
automatic switches to offer flexibility in configuration [17], subject in distribution networks [4], [5],[19],[26],[66].
[20]. K. Minimize Number ofSwitching Operation
H. Don 't Demand Continuous Maintenance The minimum number of switching operations is a mixed
It is important for optimal operation that best integer nonlinear programming problem. Several papers have
reconfiguration distribution system doesn't demand been written on this subject in distribution networks
continuous maintenance. Satish Jannavithula et al. [24] have [14],[20],[25],[38],[51],[52],[58]. All these papers present
presented a new approach for optimal network routing in methodologies for the reconfiguration of distribution networks
distribution planning. The main objective is to minimize the in order alleviate network overloads. The objective of these
total cost which is the summation of reliability costs, feeder methodologies is either to minimize line losses with network
resistive loss, investment and maintenance costs. operating limits considered as the constraints or to minimize a
function of network line loading.
I. Reduce Reconfiguration Cost so that It will not Burden
Over Planner L. Easy Fast Solution to the Problem (Algorithms)
In distribution system, one of the major concerns is to Heuristic methods, which are used for reconfiguration
increase the market value of the services they provide with purpose, are fast and near to optimal solution. These are also
adequate quality and reliability and to lower its costs of easy to understand. Numbers of papers
operation, maintenance and construction in order to provide [29],[30],[45],[49],[56],[70] proved its validity this is reason
lower rates for the customer. that these are mostly used by researcher. The details of the
A. Makinen [8] has described a computer-aided method for various types of algorithm used by researchers are discussed
the reliability analysis of a distribution system. The optimum below.
reliability level can be reached by minimizing the total costs, Considerable research has been in distribution system
including the costs of investments, losses and outages. Satish reconfiguration. Many papers have been written on this area.
Jannavithula et al. [24] have presented a simulating annealing Their approach can be classified into three main categories.
technique for optimal network routing in distribution 1) Classical methods combined with heuristic approach
planning. The main objective is to minimize the total cost where we find branch and bound and feeder pair (loop)
which is the summation of reliability costs, feeder resistive quadratic programming decomposition methods [1 ]-[4],
loss, investment and maintenance costs. Roy Billinton et al. [6],[13],[35],[40],[46],[49-50],[52]-[54],[56],[63].
[25] have also presented a simulating annealing formulation 2) Heuristic based methods, where we can find paper in
for sectionalizing device placement taking into consideration branch-exchange applications of these compensation-
outage, maintenance and investment costs. Ignacio J. Ramirej based power flow technique to Merlin and Back central
Rosado et al. [39] have presented a multi objective idea and more recently, heuristic methods that account for
optimization methodology, using evolutionary algorithms, for other practical operational constraint, like protection
finding out the best distribution network reliability while requirements and limited number of switching operations
simultaneously minimizing the system expansion costs. [5],[8],[1 1-14],[16]-[18],[22]-[23],[26],[31],[33]-[34],
Alberto Varges et al. [42] have proposed a reconfiguration [43], [45],[59]-[61],[64],[66],[70],[72].
method, based on energy cost minimization, to MV 3) Modern heuristic artificial intelligent based methods:
distribution networks. Jen-Hao Teng et al. [43] have presented * Genetic algorithm [7],[15],[37]-[38],[65],
a noval method to relocate existing feeder sectionalized that * Simulating annealing [9],[24]-[25],[44],
lead to a reduction in the customer interruption cost (CIC) for * Expert systems [53],[55],

* Artificial neural networks [1O],[20],[47],
* Fuzzy logic [38],[41]-[42],[48],[58],[69],
* Tabu Search [32],[37],[51],[56]-[57],[62],[67], and
* Evolutionary Programming [41],[53],[68],[71].
Heuristic rule produce fast and practical strategies, which
reduce the computer burden associated with an exhaustive
search of the solution space and can lead to a solution that is
near optimal. After comparing and analyzing the above
heuristic methods, it is found in [56]-[57],[67] that the
computational results of the Tabu Search is better than other
modern heuristic methods.
V. CONCLUSIONS
The study and characterization of distribution system
network reconfiguration along with algorithms used for fast
and easy operations provide the power distribution engineer
several alternatives, where qualitative, application -
dependent criteria can be applied following his experience.
The general philosophy behind the development work has
been to find out efficient and flexible tool for power engineers
to be used in network reconfiguration. Recently combined
modem heuristic artificial intelligent based methods are used
to solve multiobjective reconfiguration problem. These
methodologies lead the search towards a region of potentially
nondominated solutions with good characteristics, allowing
the decision maker to choose the best solution that achieves a
compromise among the objective functions, taking into
account his or her preferences.
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VII. BIOGRAPHIES
Dr. Tilak Thakur is born in 1963. He
graduated in Electrical engineering in
1987.and MSc Engg in Power System from
B.IT. Sindri and achieved his Ph.D in
Electronic Instrumentation from Indian
School of Mines, Dhanbad in the area of
SCADA in 1999. Presently, he is Assistant
Professor in the Department of Electrical
Engineering, Punjab Engineering College
(PEC), Chandigarh, India.. He has a teaching
experience of more than 15 years. He is involved in active Research
in Power System Automation and Control.
Mrs. Jaswanti graduated in Electrical
Engineering and post graduate from Punjab
Engineering College, Chandigarh, India. She
is currently doing her Ph.D in power system.
She is also a associate member of IEI and
ISTE. Her main research interests are power
distribution system operation, analysis and
control.