2.3.

5
Hap phu
Gii thieu
- Nhieu chat thai cong nghiep co cha cac
chat hu c rat kho hoac tham ch khong
the x ly bang cac qua trnh x ly sinh hoc
truyen thong (ABS va mot vai chat hu c
a vong). Cac chat nay co the c x ly
de dang nh qua trnh hap phu. Chat hap
phu thong dung nhat la than hoat tnh.
- Hap phu (Adsorption) la mot qua trnh truyen
khoi ma trong o cac phan t chat ban
trong pha long chuyen dch en be mat pha
ran va c lien ket vao pha ran.
- Chat ban (chat b hap phu) tham nhap vao
cac mao quan cua chat ran (chat hap phu)
nhng khong tham nhap vao cau truc mang
tinh the chat ran.
- S lien ket gia chat b hap phu va chat
hap phu co the la lien ket vat ly hay hoa
hoc:
Lien ket vat ly c ac trng chu yeu bi cac
lc hut tnh ien;
Con lien ket hoa hoc la lien ket tao nen do tng
tac hoa hoc gia chat ran va chat long.
- Hap phu co the dien ra be mat phan chia
pha gia hai pha kh ran hoac long ran.
Trong x ly nc thai, ch xet en 2 pha
Gii thieu
ac ac trng cua qua trnh
hap phu
- Hap phu la mot qua trnh thuan nghch. Qua
trnh thuan goi la qua trnh hap phu va qua
trnh nghch goi la giai hap phu.
- hi so phan t b hap phu len be mat chat
hap phu bang so phan t di chuyen ngc
lai t be mat chat hap phu vao dung dch,
th nong o chat ban hoa tan trong dung dch
se la const va c goi la nong o can
bang.
ac ac trng cua qua trnh
hap phu
- Bng cong ti han (breakthrough cuver) la
ng bieu dien s thay oi nong o chat
ban con lai trong nc thai ra khoi cot hap
phu theo the tch tch luy cua dong ra;
- Bieam ti han (break point) la iem ma tai o
dien ra s tang vot nong o chat ban trong
dong ra: cot hap phu khong con kha nang
hap phu.
%hiet ke he thong hap phu
- Trong cac cot hap phu vi chat hap phu la
than hoat tnh dang hat, dung lng lam viec
cua than hoat tnh la mot ham cua mc o
phc tap cua chat thai. Mot chat hu c n
le, chang han nh Dichloroethane, se tao ra
mot ng cong "ti han (breakthrough cuver)
doc ng, trong khi o nc thai hoa dau a
thanh phan se tao ra ng cong breakthrough
co o doc "lai hn, tng ng vi hieu qua
hap phu kem hn:
%hiet ke he thong hap phu
Bng cong ti han cua cot hap phu than hoat tnh lien tuc
%hiet ke he thong hap phu
- Tuy thuoc vao ban chat cua nc thai ma
mot trong so cac cach thiet ke cot hap phu
than hoat tnh co the c ng dung:
Bau vao
Bau
ra
Than
hoat
tnh hat
Bau
ra
Bau
vao
Hap
phu
vi
Ip di
ong
Hap phu nhieu
bac xuoi dong
%hiet ke he thong hap phu
Bau
vao
Bau ra
Bau
vao
Bau
vao
Bau ra
Than
hoat tnh
hat
Hap phu song song
xuoi dong
Hap phu nhieu bac
ngc dong
%hiet ke he thong hap phu
- He thong cot hap phu noi tiep dong
chay xuoi (DownfIow). Bay la mot loat cac
cot hap phu noi tiep nhau vi cac lp vat
lieu hap phu at co nh trong moi cot. hi
hien tng breakthrough dien ra trong cot sau
cung, th cot au tien can bang vi nong
o au vao (C
o
): chat hap phu at c mot
dung lng hap phu ln nhat. hi chat hap
phu trong cot th nhat c thay the (hoac
hoan nguyen), th cot nay tr thanh cot sau
cung trong he thong cac cot hap phu noi
tiep.
%hiet ke he thong hap phu
- He thong cot hap phu dong chay xuoi
Iam viec song song (MuItipIe Units): Cac cot
c van hanh song song va nc thai au
ra c cho hoa tron vi nhau e at c
chat lng cuoi cung theo yeu cau. Loai nay
thch hp vi nc thai co t so dung lng
hap phu lam viec/dung lng hap phu toan
phan 1.
- ot hap phu dong chay ngc (UpfIow).
Cac lp chat hap phu b trng phong len
khi cac chat l lng hien dien trong nc thai
au vao hoac khi hoat tnh sinh hoc dien ra
trong lp vat lieu hap phu.
%hiet ke he thong hap phu
- He thong cot hap phu noi tiep dong
chay ngc. Bo la cot hoac cac lp co
gian vi chat hap phu mat hoat tnh t ay
cot (can bang vi nong o hoa tan trong
nc thai au vao) c a i hoan
nguyen. Do thiet ke nay khong the ra
ngc nen lng chat hu c co kha nang
phan huy sinh hoc trong dong vao phai rat
thap e tranh tat ngen cot. Chat hap phu
a c hoan nguyen c nap vao pha
tren cua cot.
%hiet ke he thong hap phu
- Bohart va Adams a phat trien mot moi tng
quan da tren ly thuyet van toc phan ng
be mat, ma no co the c s dung e
d bao hieu suat cua cac cot hap phu
bang than hoat tnh:
V >> 1, do o phng trnh tren co the
viet lai
t KC e
C
C
v
X KN
B
0
0
1 ln 1 ln
0

'
+

'

=
'
+

'

v
X KN
e
0

'
+

'

= 1 ln
0
0 0
0
B
C
C
KN
v
X
v C
N
t
1)
)
%hiet ke he thong hap phu
Trong o:
t Thi gian phuc vu
v Toc o dong chay dai
X Be day cua lp hap phu
Hang so van toc
N
0
Dung lng hap phu
C
0
Nong o au vao
C
B
Nong o au ra co the chap nhan
c.
%hiet ke he thong hap phu
- Be day lp hap phu, theo ly thuyet la va
u e ngan nga s tham nhap nong o
vt qua C
B
thi iem zero, c xac nh
nh la be day lp hap phu ti han va c
xac nh t phng trnh (2) khi t = 0:
- T phng trnh (2) co the nhan thay rang:
dung lng hap phu N
0
co the c xac nh
t o doc cua o th t = f(X).

'
+

'

= 1 ln
0
0
0
B
C
C
KN
v
X
%hiet ke he thong hap phu
- Hang so van toc c tnh t khoang
cach t goc toa o en giao iem cua o
th nay vi truc tung:
- Tren c s nghien cu thc nghiem vi 3
cot hap phu e thu thap cac so lieu can
thiet, Hutchins a a ra mot s cai tien
phng trnh Bohart Adams.

'
+

'

= 1 ln
1
0
0 B
C
C
K C
b
%hiet ke he thong hap phu
- !hng trnh Bohart Adams co the c bieu
dien dang:
t = aX + b
Trong o: a = o doc = N
0
/C
0
v
b = tung o = (1/C
0
) L ln(C
0
/C
B
1)
%hiet ke he thong hap phu
) 1 / ln
) 1 / ln
1

1
1

=
B
F
C C
C C
C
C
b b
Trong o: C
F
va C
B
la cac nong o au ra
C
2
va C
1
.
-Neu mot gia tr cua a c xac nh cho
mot toc o dong chay, th cac gia tr cua a
oi vi cac toc o khac co the c tnh
toan bang cach nhan o doc nguyen thuy
vi ty so cua toc o dong chaya cu va
mi. S thay oi gia tr b la khong quan trong
ve phng dien thay oi cac toc o dong
chay:

1
1
"
"
, , =
Hoan nguyen chat hap phu
- Hoan nguyen (hay con goi la giai hap phu)
la qua trnh tach cac chat ban a c hap
phu tren be mat chat hap phu e phuc hoi
dung lng cua chat hap phu;
- Yeu to au tien can phai can nhac trong
viec quyet nh phng an hoan nguyen la
phan tch tnh kha thi ve mat kinh te;
Hoan nguyen chat hap phu
- Cac bien phap hoan nguyen co the c
s dung:
!hng phap hoan nguyen bang nhiet;
!hng phap hoan nguyen bang hi;
!hng phap hoan nguyen bang cach trch ly vi
dung moi thch hp;
!hng phap hoan nguyen bang cach x ly vi
acid hoac kiem;
!hng phap hoan nguyen bang oxy hoa hoa hoc.
Cac phng phap sau thng c a chuong
khi co kha nang ng dung v no co the tien
hanh tai cho, tuy nhien viec hoan nguyen
se khong at hieu qua cao khi dung chat
Hoan nguyen chat hap phu
- Trong a so cac trng hp x ly nc thai
bang bien phap hap phu, hoan nguyen
bang nhiet c oi hoi;
- Hoan nguyen bang nhiet la qua trnh ot
nong, phan huy nhiet, x ly bang nhiet
nhiet o cao (650 980
0
C oi vi than hoat
tnh) vi s hien dien cua mot lng han
che nc boc hi, kh thai va oxygen. Cac lo
ot nhieu buong ot hoac cac lo tang soi
thng c s dung.
- S co mon va oxy hoa than dan en s mat
mat khoi lng than khi hoan nguyen (5
10%). Ngoai ra than hoan nguyen thng b
giam dung lng hap phu do nhng thay oi
2.3.5
xi hoa hoa
hoc
Gii thieu
- X ly nc thai bang phng phap hoa
hoa hoc co the c ng dung e oxy hoa
cac chat o nhiem, cac chat oc thanh cac
san pham cuoi cung hoac cac san pham
trung gian t oc hn, hoac co kha nang phan
huy sinh hoc, hoac thuan li cho qua trnh
hap phu:
- Cac san pham khong
oc hoac t oc hn;
- Cac san pham co kha
nang phan huy sinh hoc;
- Cac san pham thuan li
cho viec x ly bang hap
phu
Cac chat o
nhiem oc
hai, kho co
kha nang
x ly sinh
hoc hoac
hoa ly

hoa
hoa
hoc
Gii thieu
- Cac chat o nhiem trong nc thai thng
oi hoi phai x ly bang phng phap oxy
hoa hoa hoc :
!henol va cac dan xuat ;
Cac hp chat sulfur hu c ;
Cyanide ;
!esticide,.
- Cac chat oxy hoa thong dung:
Ozone O
3
) ;
Chlorine Cl

) ;
Hydro peroxide H

) ;
Kali permanganate KMnO
4
) ;
- Qua trnh oxy hoa hoa hoc thng phu thuoc
ro ret vao pH va s hien dien cua cac
one hoa
- nhiet o va ap suat bnh thng, ozone
la chat kh;
- Giong nh O
2
, o hoa tan cua O
3
phu thuoc
vao nhiet o va ap suat rieng phan cua
O
3
trong pha kh, va ong thi cung la mot
ham cua pH pha long;
- O
3
la chat khong ben va toc o t phan
huy tang len theo s gia tang cua nhiet o
va pH;
- S phan huy c xuc tac bi ion hydroxide
(OH

), cac san pham phan huy goc cua O

3
,
cac san pham phan huy dang hu c hoa
tan, va bi nhieu chat khac nh cac chat
one hoa
- Di cac ieu kien thc te, s pha huy
hoan toan cac hp chat khong co kha
nang phan ng, chang han nh cac
hydrocarbon no va cac hp chat beo a
c halogen hoa, khong the dien ra ch
vi mot mnh O3. Tuy nhien, khi co mot
nguon nang lng bo sung (bc xa mat
tri, tia t ngoai) th O3 co the pha huy
cac chat tren.
- C che cua qua trnh ozone hoa cac chat
hu c:
1. Oxy hoa cac alcohol thanh cac aldehyde va sau
o thanh cac acid hu c:
2. Thay the mot nguyen t oxy bang mot vong thm
#C #C

PF P
3

one hoa
- Ozone c tao ra t khong kh kho hoac
oxygen bang cach phong ien cao tan. Ve
mat ly thuyet, e tao ra 1058 g ozone can
tieu ton 1 h ien nang, tuy nhien tren thc
te, 1 h ch co the tao ra 150 g ozone;
- Ozone hoa co the c ng dung e kh
mau va cac chat hu c kho x ly con lai
trong cac dong thai;
- Trong mot so trng hp, ozone hoa lam
giam TOC trong dong ra cuoi cung a c
loc, nhng BOD lai tang len (t 10 en 40
mg/l) do s chuyen hoa cac chat hu c kho
co kha nang phan huy sinh hoc thanh cac
chat co kha nang phan huy sinh hoc;
one hoa
- S oxy hoa cac chat beo khong no hoac
cac hp chat thm gay nen mot phan ng
vi nc va oxygen tao thanh cac acid, xeton
va ru. pH > 9 vi s hien dien cua cac
muoi kh nh Fe, Mn va Cu, cac hp chat
thm co the tao thanh mot so cau truc
phenolic ma chung co the gay oc. Nhieu
san pham phu cua qua trnh ozone hoa de
co kha nang phan huy sinh hoc.
- Viec kh chat hu c c cai tien vi s
bc xa tia t ngoai. Ngi ta tha nhan rang
tia t ngoai (UV) hoat hoa O
3
phan t va
cung co the hoat hoa chat nen;
one hoa
- O
3
-UV hieu qua oi vi s pha huy cac
loai thuoc tr sau thanh cac san pham
cuoi cung la CO
2
va H
2
O.
- !henol co the b ozone hoa thanh 22 san
pham trung gian gia phenol va CO2 va H2O.
!han ng la bac nhat oi vi phenol va
dien ra pH = 8 - 11; tieu thu O3 vao khoang
4 - 6 mol cho moi mol phenol c oxy hoa. Nhu
cau nay vao khoang 25 mol/mol oi vi
phenol trong pha kh.
xy hoa bang Hydro peroxide
- H
2
O
2
vi s hien dien cua xuc tac sat tao
ra hydroxyl hoat hoa (
*
OH) ma no phan ng
vi cac chat hu c va cac hp chat kh
bang cach tng t nh ozone:
Fe
2+
+ H
2
O
2
Fe
3+
+ OH

+
*
OH
Fe
3+
+ H
2
O
2
Fe
2+
+
*
HO
2
+ H
+
*
OH + RH R
*
+ H
2
O
R* + H
2
O
2
ROH +
*
OH
*
OH + Fe
2+
OH

+ Fe
3+
xy hoa bang Hydro peroxide
- H
2
O
2
c s dung e oxy hoa sulfide:
p acid hoac trung tnh:
H
2
O
2
+ H
2
S F 2H
2
O + S
Thi gian phan ng: 15 45 phut
Co uc tac Fe
2+
:
pH = 6.0 7.5
Thi gian phan ng: vai giay
p baz:
4H
2
O
2
+ S
2
F SO
4
2
4H
2
O
Thi gian phan ng: 15 phut
xy hoa bang Hydro peroxide
- Cyanide cung c oxy hoa bi H
2
O
2
:
CN

+ H
2
O
2
F CNO

+ H
2
O pH = 9.5 10.5
CNO

+ OH

+ H
2
O F CO
3
2
+ NH
3
- Cac nc thai oc hai cung co the c
x ly bang H
2
O
2
e kh ca oc tnh lan
thanh phan hu c;
- Oxy hoa bang H
2
O
2
phan ln dien ra pH 3.5
tng ng vi t le goc t do ln nhat c
tao thanh trong he H
2
O
2
-Fe
2+
khi Fe
2+
(tac chat
Fenton) c s dung nh la mot chat xuc
tac;
xy hoa bang Hydro peroxide
- TOC va COD bieu th lng chuyen oi sau
cung (TOC) va mc o oxy hoa (COD). Trang
thai oxy hoa trung bnh (OX) cua carbon hu c
trong hon hp nc thai co the bieu dien
nh sau:
- T so COD/TOC co the c s dung nh la
mot thong so can ban e xac nh pham vi
cua toan bo phan ng
%C
C %C

) (
=
4
xy hoa bang hIorine
- Chorine co the s dung nh la mot chat oxy
hoa hoa hoc. Trong cac phan ng vi cac
chat hu c thng tao thanh cac
hydrocarbon a c chlorine hoa;
- Qua trnh chlorine hoa kiem c dung e oxy
hoa cyanide bang cach cho them chlorine.
!han ng au tien tao thanh cyanogen
chloride (CNCl); phan ng nay dien ra tc thi
tat ca cac mc pH:
NaCN + Cl
2
F CNCl + NaCl
xy hoa bang hIorine
- Mot phan cua cyanide oi hoi 2.73 phan
chlorine. Cyanogen chloride c tao thanh trong
phan ng tren de bay hi, oc va co mui.
hi co mat kiem, sodium cyanate c tao
thanh t cyanogen chloride:
CNCl + 2NaOH F NaCNO + H
2
O + NaCl
- Toc o cua phan ng nay phu thuoc vao
pH va cham khi pH < 8.0. hi pH > 8.5, phan
ng hoan tat trong 30 phut. !han ng con
phu thuoc vao nhiet o va co the tang
cng bang cach s dung 1 lng tha
chlorine. Lng kiem c oi hoi la 1.13
phan cho mot phan Cl
2
.
- Cyanate se b oxy hoa tiep thanh carbon
dioxide va nitrogen khi cho them chlorine:
xy hoa khong kh t
- Oxy hoa khong kh t (AO) c ng dung
thanh cong trong mot so ng dung e kh
cac chat hu c;
- AO da tren c s phan ng trong pha long
gia chat hu c trong nc thai va oxygen
c cung cap bi may nen kh;
- !han ng dien ra trong bnh kn vi ap suat
va nhiet o cao (khoang 136 atm va 288
0
C);
- He thong nhiet o c bat au bang viec
khi ong noi nau va c duy tr nh s t
ot chay bang nhiet cua cac chat hu c
mot khi phan ng bat au.
xy hoa khong kh t
- Hieu qua qua trnh AO cua mot so chat
hu c am ac
Chat hu c Bau
vao
Bau ra % giam
!henol tong so,mg/l 28.700 66 99,77
Sulfur hu c, mg/l 3.010 180 94,02
Sulfide sulfur, mg/l 333 1 99,70
Cyanide, mg/l 25.400 82 99,70
!esticides (malathion,
carbaryl, mrthoxychlor,
dinoseb), mg/l
169 0.93 99,45
COD tong cong 76.000 2.500 96,70
2.5
X Iy nc thai cong
nghiep
bang phng phap sinh
hoc
A
Cac qua trnh x ly sinh hoc hieu kh
.ac qua trnh x Iy sinh hoc
hieu kh
Nhom qua trnh VSV l lng (Suspended
Growth):
- Aeroten thong thng ;
- Aeroten xao tron hoan toan ;
- Aeroten ket hp lang ;
- Mng oxy hoa.
Nhom qua trnh VSV dnh bam (Attached Growth
) :
- Be loc sinh hoc cac loai;
- Be sinh hoc tiep xuc quay (RBC).
B
Cac qua trnh x ly sinh hoc k kh
Gii thieu
- !han huy k kh (Anaerobic Decomposition) la
qua trnh phan ra cac chat thai hu c
thanh chat kh (CH
4
va CO
2
) trong ieu kien
khong co oxy;
- Cac ong lc cua qua trnh k kh va cac
can bang vat chat noi chung la tng t nh
cac he thong hieu kh, tuy nhien co mot vai
khac biet can c can nhac;
- Viec chuyen hoa cac acid hu c thanh kh
methane san sinh ra mot t nang lng. Lng
chat hu c chuyen hoa thanh kh vao
khoang 80 90%;
Gii thieu
- Hieu qua x ly phu thuoc nhieu vao nhiet
o nc thai va viec s dung cac bnh
phan ng c ham nong. Tuy nhien kh
methane sinh ra t bnh phan ng co the c
s dung e cung cap nhiet;
- Nc thai co nong o BOD hoac COD thap
se khong cung cap u methane cho viec lam
nong, khi o can phai bo sung them nguon
cung cap
- u iem noi bat cua qua trnh x ly k kh la
lng bun san sinh ra rat thap, v the chi ph
cho viec x ly bun thap hn nhieu so vi
cac qua trnh x ly kieu kh.
2.Mot so qua trnh x Iy kh
thong dung
Cong nghe x ly k
kh
Sinh trng l lng Sinh trng dnh
bam
Xao
tron
hoan
toan
Tiep
xuc k
kh
UAS
B
Loc
k kh
Tang
l lng
Vac
h
nga
n
a) Qua trnh k kh tiep xuc
(naerobic contact process):
- Qua trnh nay cung cap viec phan ly va
hoan lu cac VSV giong, do o cho phep van
hanh qua trnh thi gian lu t 6 12 gi;
- Can co mot thiet b kh kh (Degasifier) e
giam thieu tai trong chat ran bc phan
ly;
- Be x ly mc o cao, thi gian lu chat
ran c xac nh la 10 ngay nhiet o
32
0
C; neu nhiet o giam i 11
0
C, thi gian lu
oi hoi phai tang len gap oi;
- Nghien cu thc nghiem cho thay, nc thai
cong nghiep che bien tht ong hop nhiet
o 30 35
0
C c x ly tai trong 2,5 kg
COD/m
3
.ngay vi thi gian lu nc 13,3 gi
at hieu qua kh COD 90%.
b) Qua trnh Ioc k kh
(naerobic fiIter process):
- Loc k kh gan s tang trng cac VSV k kh
tren cac gia the. Be loc co the c van
hanh che o dong chay ngc hoac
xuoi;
- Gia the loc, trong qua trnh lu gi cac chat
ran sinh hoc tren no cung co kha nang
phan ly cac chat ran va kh san sinh ra trong
qua trnh tieu hoa;
- Cac nghien cu thc nghiem cho thay, nc
thai cong nghiep Dc pham co the x ly
bang qua trnh nay nhiet o 37
0
C va
tai trong 3,5 kg COD/m
3
.ngay at hieu qua x
ly 97% COD; hoac 80% COD c kh oi vi
nc thai cong nghiep hoa chat hu c
tong hp tai trong 0,56 kg COD/m
3
.ngay
(35
0
C) vi thi gian lu nc 36 gi.
c) U$(UpfIow anaerobic sIudge bIanket):
- Nc thai c a trc tiep vao pha di
ay be va c phan phoi ong eu
o, sau o chay ngc len xuyen qua lp
bun sinh hoc dang hat nho (bong bun) va
cac chat ban sinh hoc c tieu thu o;
- Cac bot kh methane va carbon dioxide noi len
tren va c thu bang cac chup thu kh e
dan ra khoi be;
- Nc thai tiep theo o chuyen en vung
lang cua be va tai o se dien ra s phan
tach 2 pha long va ran. !ha long sau o tiep
tuc i ra khoi be, con pha ran th hoan lu lai
vung lp bong bun;
- S tao thanh cac hat bun va duy tr c no
la vo cung quan trong khi van hanh UASB;
c) U$(UpfIow anaerobic sIudge bIanket):
- Thng cho them vao be 150 mg/l Ca
2+
e
ay manh s tao thanh hat bun va 5 10
mg/l Fe
2+
e giam bt s tao thanh cac si
bun nho;
- Be duy tr lp bong bun trang thai l lng,
toc o dong chay thng lay khoang 0.6
0.9 m/h;
- S on nh chat thai dien ra ong thi vi
viec chuyen dch chat thai xuyen qua lp
bun, vi nong o chat ran trong lp bun la
100 150 mg/l;
- Boi vi mot so loai nc thai, tai trong x
ly co the len en 96 kg COD/m
3
.ngay em.
Nc thai cong nghiep che bien ng co
the x ly bang UASB at hieu qua kh COD
d) FBR (Fluidized bed reactor):
- Nc thai c bm vao be t di len
xuyen qua lp cat ma o cac VSV c
phat trien. Nong o sinh khoi co the vt
qua 30.000 mg/l;
- Nc thai ra khoi be c hoan lu mot
phan e hoa tron vi nc thai au vao
tuy thuoc vao o am ac cua nc thai
va van toc loc;
- Hieu qua kh chat hu c co the at 80%
tai trong 4 kg COD/m
3
.ngay em oi vi
nc thai tng oi loang.
3. che cua s Ien men yem kh
(naerobic Fermentation):
- Trong qua trnh len men yem kh, thng co
4 nhom VSV phan huy vat chat hu c noi
tiep nhau:
1) Cac VSV thuy phan (hydrolytic) phan huy cac
chat hu c dang polymer nh cac polysaccharide
va protein thanh cac monomer. et qua cua s
"be gay mach carbon nay cha lam giam COD;
2) Cac monomer c chuyen hoa thanh cac acid
beo (VAF) vi mot lng nho H
2
. Cac acid chu
yeu la Acetic, !ropionic va Butyric vi nhng lng
nho cua acid Valeric. giai oan acid hoa nay,
COD co giam i oi chut (khong qua 10%);
3) Tat ca cac acid co mach carbon dai hn acid acetic
c chuyen hoa tiep thanh Acetac va H
2
bi
cac VSV acetogenic, chang han nh s chuyen hoa
cua acid propionic dien ra theo phng trnh:
C
3
H
5
COOH + 2 H
2
O F C
2
H
4
O
2
+ CO
2
+ 3H
2
3. che cua s Ien men yem
kh
(naerobic Fermentation):
Trong phan ng nay, viec giam COD c bieu
hien thong qua s xuat hien H
2
. !han ng nay se
ch dien ra neu nh nong o H
2
rat thap.
S phan huy cac acid hu c thanh CH
4
va CO
2
c minh hoa nh s o hnh ve sau:
Carbonhydrate
H
2
O
cetic acid,
propionic acid,
va cac acid
khac
Cac chat
beo
H
2
O
Cac
protein
H
2
O
CH
4
, CO
2
H
2
O
Vi khuan
Methane
3. che cua s Ien men yem
kh
(naerobic Fermentation):
4 )Acid acetic va H
2
b chuyen hoa thanh CH
4
bi
cac VSV methanogenic:
cetic acid:
C
2
H
4
O
2
F CO
2
+ CH
4
CH
3
COO

+ H
2
O F CH
4
+ HCO
3
2
drogen:
HCO
3
2
+ 4H
2
F CH
4
+ OH

+ 2H
2
O
- Trong ieu kien nhiet o va ap suat tieu
chuan, 0.454 kg COD hoac BOD sau cung c
kh trong qua trnh se san sinh ra 0.16 m
3
methane.
3. che cua s Ien men yem
kh
(naerobic Fermentation):
- Trong ieu kien nhiet o va ap suat tieu
chuan, 0.454 kg COD hoac BOD sau cung c
kh trong qua trnh se san sinh ra 0.16 m
3
methane.
- Lng te bao c san sinh ra trong qua trnh
len men methane tuy thuoc vao o am ac
cua chat thai, ac tnh cua chat thai, va s
duy tr cac te bao trong he thong.
3. che cua s Ien men yem
kh
(naerobic Fermentation):
- Cung giong nh trong mot he thong hieu kh,
mot phan te bao c san sinh ra se b tieu
diet bi s trao oi chat noi sinh. Cac phng
trnh sau ay thng c s dung e anh
gia lng te bao c san sinh ra:
Cac amino acid va cac acid beo : A = 0.054F
0.038M
Cac carbonhdrate : A = 0.46F 0.088M
Cac chat dinh dng : A = 0.076F 0.014M
Trong o: A = Cac chat ran sinh hoc c tch luy
F = VSS cua chat long hon hp
M = COD c tieu thu
.ac yeu to anh hng en
viec van hanh qua trnh
- Qua trnh k kh se hoat ong hieu qua 2
khoang nhiet o: t 29 38
0
C va t 49
57
0
C. Mac du toc o phan ng rat cao
khoang nhiet o cao, tuy nhien viec duy tr
nhiet o cao thng khong kinh te;
- Cac vi khuan methane hoat ong khoang pH
= 6.6 7.6 (pH toi u 7.0). hi toc o tao
thanh acid vt qua toc o phan huy thanh
methane, qua trnh tr nen mat can bang va
khi o pH giam xuong, viec san sinh ra kh tut
xuong va nong o CO
2
trong hon hp kh
tang len;
.ac yeu to anh hng en
viec van hanh qua trnh
- Viec kiem soat pH la rat can thiet e am
bao toc o san sinh methane cao. Voi thng
c s dung e nang pH cua mot he
thong k kh no b mat can bang, tuy nhien
can phai than trong v lieu lng voi s
dung tha se dan en s ket tua canxi
carbonate. Natri bicarnonate hoan toan co the
c s dung e ieu chnh pH. Bo kiem
bicarbonate can c ieu chnh trong khoang
t 2500 en 5000 mg/l e tao kha nang em;
- Cac muoi vo c nong o thap co the
kch thch qua trnh, tuy nhien nong o cao,
chung co the tr nen oc va km ham qua
trnh. Trong mot so trng hp, s thch nghi
.ac yeu to anh hng en
viec van hanh qua trnh
- S hien dien cua cac ion oi co the lam
giam ro hieu qua kiem che cua cac cation
ac trng. Ammonia oc nong o > 3000
mg/l va gay c che nong o > 1500 mg/l.
Tnh oc co lien quan en pH, ma no ch ra
rang co bao nhieu ammonia hien dien trong
pha kh. h ammonia gay c che nhieu hn so
vi ion ammonium;
- Nong o toi a khong gay oc cua sulfide
hoa tan trong mot he thong k kh la 200 mg/l.
V rang sulfide hien dien dang H
2
S (kh), HS

va sulfide ket tua, nen nong o sulfide tong

cong co the cao hn. Viec mat sulfide do i
vao dong kh cung co the cho phep nhng
.ac yeu to anh hng en
viec van hanh qua trnh
- Cac kim loai nang nh Cu, Zn, va Ni la oc
nhng nong o thap. Tuy nhien khi co mat
cac sulfide, mot so kim loai nay b ket tua.
Boc tnh oi vi cac VSV lien quan en nong
o cua chung trong ban than thiet b phan
loai;
- hi co s hien dien cua cac kim loai oc,
chung can phai c loai bo trc khi x ly
sinh hoc k kh hoac phai c pha loang cho
thap hn ngng gay oc.
- Be tranh s tut giam pH, can phai am bao
u o kiem e bu tr cho s hao hut do
thanh phan CO
2
cao. Neu nh thanh phan
.ac yeu to anh hng en
viec van hanh qua trnh
- Lng methane san sinh ra co the c xac
nh theo cong thc:
G = 0.351 (S
r
1.42X
v
)
Trong o: G = Lng CH
4
san sinh ra moi
ngay, m
3
/ngay ;
S
r
= Lng BOD c kh, kg/ngay;
X
v
= Lng VSS san sinh ra, kg/ngay
5.Mo hnh ong hoc s dung cho qua trnh
x Iy k kh :
Bac 1
Grau va cong s
Monod
Contois
Chen & Hashimoto
d
o
k
S S
kS

=
kS
dt
dS
=
c
o
k 1
S
S
+
=
d
o
m
k
S
S

=
o
m
YS
XS
dt
dS
=
c m
c d o
) k 1 ( S
S

+
=
d
S
m
k
S
S

=
) S ( Y
XS
dt
dS
S
m
+

=
) 1 k
) k 1 ( S
S
d m c
c d o

+
=
d
m
k
S BX
S

=
) S BX ( Y
XS
dt
dS
m
+

=
) 1 k ) k 1 ( BY
) k 1 ( BYS
S
d m c c d
c d o
+ +
+
=
d
o
m
k
S ) 1 ( S
S

=
) YS X (
XS
dt
dS
m
+

=
c m c d
c d o
) k 1 )( 1 (
) k 1 ( S
S
+ +
+
=
5.Mo hnh ong hoc s dung cho qua trnh
x Iy k kh :
Trong o:
- Toc o sinh trng rieng, 1/TG;
2 - Toc o sinh trng rieng toi a, 1/TG;
$ - Ham lng c chat gii han sinh trng trong
dung dch, L/TT;
$ - Hang so ban van toc, ham lng c chat
toc o sinh trng = m, L/TT;
7 - Toc o sinh trng cua vi khuan, L/TT/TG;
- He so san lng te bao, mg/mg (t so khoi
lng te bao hnh thanh/khoi lng c
chat s dung, c xac nh trong bat
c thi gian cua pha logarithmic);
78: - Toc o s dung c chat, L/TT/TG;
- He so s dung c chat toi a;
'7 - The tch be aeroten, TT;
. - Thi gian lu bun, TG;