PHYS 510 A: Mathematical Methods of Physics Homework #1 Kristin Kathleen Creech Lassonde

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1.1

Vector Analysis
Denitions, Elementary Approach

Exercise 1.1 Show how to nd A and B, given A + B and A B. Answer To nd A simply sum them and divide by two componentwise. To nd B simply subtract them and divide by two componentwise. Dene the vectors C and D:

C=A+B D=AB Then:

A= = = = =

C+D 2 (A + B) + (A B) 2 A+B+AB 2 A+A+BB 2 2A 2

=A Also:

B= = = = =

CD 2 (A + B) (A B) 2 A+BA+B 2 AA+B+B 2 2B 2

=B

Exercise 1.4 The velocity of sailboat A relative to sailboat B, vrel , is dened by the equation vrel = vA vB , where vA is the velocity of A and vB is the velocity of B. Determine the velocity of A relative to B if

vA = 30 km/hr east vB = 40 km/hr north. Answer See Figure.

We have vA = 30i and vB = 40j, so that vrel = vA vB = 30i 40j. Now, we nd the magnitude of vrel :

vrel = =

302 + (40)2

900 + 1600 = 2500 = 50 km/hr

We then nd the angle:

sin =

vB vrel 40 = 50 4 5

= = sin1

0.9272 Radians 53.1 South of East

Answer: vrel = 50 km/hr 53.1 south of east.

Exercise 1.8 A triangle is dened by the vertices of three vectors, A, B, and C that extend from the origin. In terms of A, B, and C, show that the vector sum of the successive sides of the triangle (AB + BC + CA) is zero, where the side AB is from A to B, etc. Answer See Figure.

Let AB be the vector from A to B, BC the vector from B to C, CA be the vector from C to A. Then,

A + AB = B = AB = B A B + BC = C = BC = C B C + CA = A = CA = C B

Then

AB + BC + CA = (B A) + (C B) + (A C) =BA+CB+CB =AA+BB+CC =0

Exercise 1.9 A sphere of radius a is centered at a point r1 . (a) Write out the algebraic equation for the sphere.

Answer

For r1 = (x1 , y1 , z1 ), then the sphere is:

(x x1 )2 + (y y1 )2 + (z z1 )2 = a2 (b) Write out a vector equation for the sphere.

Answer r = r1 + a

(r r1 )2 = a2 = r r1 = a = r = r1 + a

a takes on all directions but has a xed magnitude, a.

1.2

Advanced Denitions

Exercise 2.1 (a) Show that the magnitude of a vector A, A = (A2 + A2 ) 2 is independent of the y x orientation of the rotated coordinate system, (A2 + A2 ) 2 = (A x + A y ) 2 x y independent of the rotation angle . This independence of angle is expressed by saying that A is invariant under rotations.
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Answer See Figure.

First, x = x cos + y sin y = x sin + y cos

Then, Ax = Ax cos + Ay sin Ay = Ax sin + Ay cos

Squaring Ax and Ay , we obtain:

(Ax )2 = (Ax cos + Ay sin )2 = (Ax cos + Ay sin )(Ax cos + Ay sin ) = A2 cos2 + 2Ax Ay cos sin + A2 sin2 x y

(Ay )2 = (Ax sin + Ay cos )2 = (Ax sin + Ay cos )(Ax sin + Ay cos ) = A2 sin2 2Ax Ay sin cos + A2 cos2 x y Then, adding them together:

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(Ax )2 + (Ay )2 = (A2 cos2 + 2Ax Ay cos sin + A2 sin2 ) x y + (A2 sin2 2Ax Ay sin cos + A2 cos2 ) y x = A2 cos2 + A2 sin2 + A2 sin2 + A2 cos2 x y x y = (A2 sin2 + A2 cos2 ) + (A2 sin2 + A2 cos2 ) y x x y = A2 (sin2 + cos2 ) + A2 (sin2 + cos2 ) x y = A2 + A2 x y = (Ax )2 + (Ay )2 = A2 + A2 x y

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(b) At a given point (x, y) A denes an angle relative to the positive x-axis and relative to the positive x -axis. The angle from x to x is . Show that A = A denes the same direction in space when expressed in terms of its primed components, as in terms of its unprimed components; that is, = . Answer See Figure above. Again, begin with:

x = x cos + y sin y = x sin + y cos

Then, Ax = Ax cos + Ay sin Ay = Ax sin + Ay cos

Ax Ay

cos

sin

Ax Ay

sin cos

Now, we will need to use:

Ax Ay

A cos A sin

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Ax Ay

= = = =

cos

sin

Ax Ay

sin cos cos sin

A cos A sin

sin cos

A cos cos + A sin sin A cos sin + A sin cos A(cos cos + sin sin )

A(cos sin + sin cos ) A cos( ) = A sin( ) A cos = A sin = =

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1.3

Scalar or Dot Product

The vector r, starting at the origin, terminates at and species the

Exercise 3.3

point in space (x, y, z). Find the surface swept out by the tip of r if (a) (r a) a = 0, The vector a is constant (constant in magnitude and direction)

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(b) (r a) r = 0. The vector a is constant (constant in magnitude and direction).

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1.4

Vector or Cross Product

Exercise 4.2 Prove the law of cosines starting from A2 = (B C)2 . Answer See Figure below.

A2 = (B C)2 = A A = (B C) (B C) = A2 = B B B C C B + C C A2 = B B B C B C + C C A2 = B B 2B C + C C A2 = B B + C C 2B C A2 = B 2 + C 2 2BC cos

where is the angle between B and C.

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Exercise 4.5 Given the three vectors: P = 3i + 2j k, Q = 6i 4j + 2k, R = i 2j k, nd two that are perpendicular and two that are parallel or antiparallel. Answer To nd two vectors that are perpendicular, we simply nd two with a dot product of zero: Perpendicular P R

P R = (3)(1) + (2)(2) + (1)(1) =34+1 =0

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To nd two vectors that are parallel or antiparallel, we simply nd two that are a scalar multiple of one another: Parallel or Antiparallel P Q

They are antiparallel since the scalar multiple is negative, so the vectors are in opposite directions.

(2)P = (2)(3i + 2j k) = 6i 4j + 2k =Q

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Exercise 4.7 Prove that (A B) (A B) = (AB)2 (A B)2 Answer Begin with the denition of cross product that A B = AB sin , where is the angle between A and B. We will also use the denition of dot product that A B = AB cos , where is the angle between A and B, and Pythagorean Identity sin2 + cos2 = 1 in the form sin2 = 1 cos2 .

(A B) (A B) = (A B)2 = (AB sin )2 = (AB)2 sin2 = (AB)2 (1 cos2 ) = (AB)2 (AB)2 cos2 = (AB)2 (AB cos )2 = A2 B 2 (A B)2

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Exercise 4.10 If four vectors a, b, c, and d all lie in the same place, show that (a b) (c d) = 0 Hint: Consider the directions of the cross-product vectors. Answer Let e = a b and f = c d. It is given that e f = 0. To have this, ef sin = 0, then the angle between e and f , must be either 0 or 180 . Then, it follows that e a and f a. Thus, we have that e and f must be either parallel or antiparallel.

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Exercise 4.16 The magnetic induction B is dened by the Lorentz force equation F = q(v B) Carrying out three experiments, we nd that if F = 2k 4j q F v = j, = 4i k q F v = k, = j 2i q v = i, From the results of these three separate experiments, calculate the magnetic induction B.

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1.5

Triple Scalar Product, Triple Vector Product

Exercise 5.2 Verify the expansion of the triple vector product A (B C) = B(A C) C(A B) by direct expansion in cartesian coordinates. Answer i j k

B C = Bx By Bz Cx Cy Cz =i By Bz Cy Cz j Bx Bz Cx Cz +k Bx By Cx Cy

=i(By Cz Bz Cy ) j(Bx Cz Bz Cx ) + k(Bx Cy By Cx ) =i(By Cz Bz Cy ) + j(Bz Cx Bx Cz ) + k(Bx Cy By Cx )

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i A (B C) = Ax

j Ay

k Az

(By Cz Bz Cy ) (Bz Cx Bx Cz ) (Bx Cy By Cx ) =i Ay Az j Ay Ax Az

(Bz Cx Bx Cz ) (Bx Cy By Cx ) +k Ax

(By Cz Bz Cy ) (Bx Cy By Cx )

(By Cz Bz Cy ) (Bz Cx Bx Cz ) =i[Ay (Bx Cy By Cx ) Az (Bz Cx Bx Cz )] j[Ax (Bx Cy By Cx ) Az (By Cz Bz Cy )] + k[Ax (Bz Cx Bx Cz ) Ay (By Cz Bz Cy )] =i[Ay Bx Cy Ay By Cx Az Bz Cx + Az Bx Cz ] j[Ax Bx Cy Ax By Cx Az By Cz + Az Bz Cy ] + k[Ax Bz Cx Ax Bx Cz Ay By Cz + Ay Bz Cy ] =i[Ay Bx Cy Ay By Cx Az Bz Cx + Az Bx Cz ] + j[Ax Bx Cy + Ax By Cx + Az By Cz Az Bz Cy ] + k[Ax Bz Cx Ax Bx Cz Ay By Cz + Ay Bz Cy ]

A C = Ax Cx + Ay Cy + Az Cz

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B (A C) =Bx (Ax Cx + Ay Cy + Az Cz )i + By (Ax Cx + Ay Cy + Az Cz )j + Bz (Ax Cx + Ay Cy + Az Cz )k =(Ax Bx Cx + Ay Bx Cy + Az Bx Cz )i + (Ax By Cx + Ay By Cy + Az By Cz )j + (Ax Bz Cx + Ay Bz Cy + Az Bz Cz )k

A B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz

C (A B) =Cx (Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz )i + Cy (Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz )j + Cz (Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz )k =(Ax Bx Cx + Ay By Cx + Az Bz Cx )i + (Ax Bx Cy + Ay By Cy + Az Bz Cy )j + (Ax Bx Cz + Ay By Cz + Az Bz Cz )k

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B (A C) C (A B) =(Ax Bx Cx + Ay Bx Cy + Az Bx Cz )i + (Ax By Cx + Ay By Cy + Az By Cz )j + (Ax Bz Cx + Ay Bz Cy + Az Bz Cz )k + (Ax Bx Cx Ay By Cx Az Bz Cx )i + (Ax Bx Cy Ay By Cy Az Bz Cy )j + (Ax Bx Cz Ay By Cz Az Bz Cz )k =(Ay Bx Cy + Az Bx Cz )i + (Ax By Cx + Az By Cz )j + (Ax Bz Cx + Ay Bz Cy )k + (Ay By Cx Az Bz Cx )i + (Ax Bx Cy Az Bz Cy )j + (Ax Bx Cz Ay By Cz )k =(Ay Bx Cy + Az Bx Cz Ay By Cx Az Bz Cx )i + (Ax By Cx + Az By Cz Ax Bx Cy Az Bz Cy )j + (Ax Bz Cx + Ay Bz Cy Ax Bx Cz Ay By Cz )k

Now, comparing the two:

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A (B C) =i[Ay Bx Cy Ay By Cx Az Bz Cx + Az Bx Cz ] + j[Ax Bx Cy + Ax By Cx + Az By Cz Az Bz Cy ] + k[Ax Bz Cx Ax Bx Cz Ay By Cz + Ay Bz Cy ]

B (A C) C (A B) =(Ay Bx Cy + Az Bx Cz Ay By Cx Az Bz Cx )i + (Ax By Cx + Az By Cz Ax Bx Cy Az Bz Cy )j + (Ax Bz Cx + Ay Bz Cy Ax Bx Cz Ay By Cz )k

A (B C) = B (A C) C (A B)

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Exercise 5.5 The angular momentum L of a particle is given by L = r p = mr v, where p is the linear momentum. With linear and angular velocity related by v = r, show that: L = mr2 [ ( )] rr Here is a unit vector in the r direction. For r = 0 this reduces to L = I, with r the moment of inertia I given by mr2 . In section 4.6 this result is generalized to form an inertia tensor. Answer L=rp = r mv = m[r v] = m[r r]

From the previous problem, we have:

A (B C) = B (A C) C (A B) Here, we have A = r, B = , and C = r. Applying the property, we get:

r ( r) = (r r) r (r ) So we have: 27

L = m[r r] = m[ (r r) r (r )] = m[ r2 r (r )] = m[ r2 r (r )] r r = m[ r2 r2 ( )] r r = mr2 [ ( )] r r

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Exercise 5.6 The kinetic energy of a single particle is given by T = 1 mv 2 . For 2 rotational motion this becomes 1 m(r )2 . Show that: 2 1 T = m[r2 2 (r )2 ] 2 For r = 0 this reduces to T = 1 I 2 with the moment of inertia I given by mr2 . 2 Answer 1 T = m(r )2 2 1 = m(r sin )2 2 1 = m(r)2 sin2 2 1 = m(r)2 (1 cos2 ) 2 1 = m[(r)2 (r)2 cos2 ] 2 1 = m[(r)2 (r cos )2 ] 2 1 = m[(r)2 (r )2 ] 2 1 = m[r2 2 (r )2 ] 2

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Exercise 5.7 Show that a (b c) + b (c a) + c (a b) = 0. Answer From the previous problem, we have:

A (B C) = B (A C) C (A B) This gives us that:

a (b c) = b (a c) c (a b)

b (c a) = c (b a) a (b c), and,

c (a b) = a (c b) b (c a). Then,

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a (b c) + b (c a) + c (a b) =(b (a c) c (a b)) + (c (b a) a (b c)) + (a (c b) b (c a)) =(b (a c) c (a b)) + (c (a b) a (b c)) + (a (b c) b (a c)) =(b (a c) b (a c)) + (c (a b) c (a b)) + (a (b c) a (b c)) =0

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1.6

Gradient
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Exercise 6.1 If S(x, y, z) = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 , nd (a) S at the point (1, 2, 3);

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(b) the magnitude of the gradient of S, | S| at (1, 2, 3); and

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(c) the direction cosines of

S at (1, 2, 3).

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Exercise 6.4 If a vector function F depends on both space coordinates (x, y, z) and time t, show that dF = (dr )F + F dt. t

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