DCs (1880s) Industrial revolution (E.g.

Europe) City became growth poles (scientific, technological and medical discoveries made in core city areas) = 1. Job opportunities with higher pay (industries) 2. Convenience (automobiles and greater accessibility to amenities. E.g. education, entertainment and healthcare) 3. Health standards Cities are perceived as places for social and economic development Attracted migrants (who also had high BR agrarian mindset) (1920s 1960s) level of urbanization (Population rates in cities outstripped rural areas) Diseconomies of scale sets in ( traffic jams, rent and cost of living, pollution and crime rates) City life no longer attractive + efficient infrastructure and technology has made amenities in cities accessible even in suburban areas. Office workers no longer have to be physically present for work (internet) Suburbanization and counter urbanization

LDCs Colonial occupation - Cities used primarily to serve needs of colonial masters - Restrictions on locals by colonial governments on residence in city areas Independence after WW2 - World economy picked up, inducing same growth-pole effects - Rapid industrial build-up Trends observed in DC from 1880s but at a more rapid rate because: 1. Rapid technological = rapid industrialization + globalization = needs for migrants at city area where industrialization is most active 2. Infrastructural developments facilitates rapid migration

Some cities in LDCs are larger than their counterparts in DCs because these cities absorb most of limited economic resources and consequently, more rural-urban migration (primate cities: Mexico City, Lima, Calcutta). Whereas in DCs, a more extensive network of cities and relatively even economic growth reduce this imbalance. (e.g. cities in America balanced growth average city size: 500,000) Reasons accounting for different levels of urbanization 1. Different historical precedents (colonial masters countries vs. colonized countries) 2. Dominant primary industries low-skilled labour necessitate high rural populations (Vietnam, India and China dominant agricultural industries) 3. House owning culture (American prefers big houses with their own backyards such culture spurs them to suburbanize) Reasons accounting for different rates of urbanization (urban growth) Deals with fundamental disparities between urban and rural regions: 1. Economic factors employment, cost of living, hub-status (e.g. bright light phenomenon) 2. Social factors traditional class divide (e.g. Chinas hukou system) 3. Political factors forced migration (20 million people had to migrate back to the rural areas during when industrialization failed in China) 4. Environmental factors noise, atmosphere, climate (pollution deters urbanization)

Sub-urbanization is the movement from the city centre to city edge (suburbs). It
is usually within commuting range. The ultimate goal is higher quality of living. It consists (i) planned growth and (ii) uncontrolled growth - urban sprawl. (e.g. Las Vegas, Bangkok)