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Engineering Systems
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Imagine the EXCITEMENT of working at the frontiers of MACROSCOPIC ENGINEERING the domain of larger and larger and more and more COMPLEX SYSTEMS for ENERGY, the ENVIRONMENT, communications, HEALTH CARE, MANUFACTURING , and LOGISTICS.
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CHALLENGES
What MIT is good for: a dose of reality-based hope that we can help address in a real way the most serious of the worlds great challenges.
Susan Hockeld, President, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Highways, electrication, computers, ber optics, the Internet, and health technologies are listed by the National Academy of Engineering as among the greatest achievements of the 20th century. Engineering advances produce better medicines, provide heat and air conditioning, enhance food production, supply a bounty of affordable products on store shelves, and speed emergency communicationsimproving the lives of billions of people throughout the world.
These benets, however, were not delivered by the technological achievements alone, but rather by complex, intertwined engineering systemssystems that integrate technology, people, and services.
Many of the new challenges involving these big, messy systems stem from the interactions of people, organizations, and technologyleading to emergent properties over time. Strains of growth materialize at the nexus of changing social norms, shifting regulations, and new enterprise architectures. Breakdowns make the headlines, pointing to the enormity of the analytical, management, and design challenges: Blackouts Cause North America Chaos (BBC, 2003); As More Toys Are Recalled, Trail Ends in China (The New York Times, 2007); Nine Thought Dead as Minneapolis Bridge Collapses (MSNBC, 2007), Report Finds a Heavy Toll from Medication Errors (The New York Times, 2006). Tackling engineering systems challenges requires an engineering problem-solving mind-set, as well as new framing and modeling methodologieswhat we call engineering systems approaches. These approaches combine perspectives from engineering, management, and social sciences to explore the fundamental structures underlying engineering systems and to frame and model problems so that they can be rigorously addressed.
The simplicity of the single windmill in Zaragoza, Spain, belies the complexity of achieving energy securityone of the four problem domains addressed by ESD researchers. Image courtesy of Acciona
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ESD Vision
The fundamental principles and properties of engineering systemsthe complex socio-technical constructs that are the foundation of modern societyare well-understood, so that these systems can be modeled, designed, and managed effectively.
ESD Mission
To solve previously intractable engineering systems problems by integrating approaches based on engineering, management, and social sciences, using new framing and modeling methodologies. To facilitate the beneficial application of engineering systems principles and properties by expanding the set of problems addressed by engineers. To position our graduates as tomorrows system thinkers and leaders in tackling societys challenges.
ESD Values
We are committed to scholarship that addresses significant global problems by investigating the many ways in which engineering systems behave and interact with each other. We develop and evaluate system-level solutions that are sustainable in terms of social equity, economic development, and environmental impact. We value and accept intellectual risk. This means tackling issues that appear, at least in part, to be nonquantifiable or vague. We have deep respect for all the disciplines we bring together and build upon, including engineering, social sciences, and management.
The MIT Engineering Systems Division works with faculty across the Institutein engineering, management, and the social sciencesto collaborate on research that takes a holistic approach to tackling complex problems. Image courtesy of Alex Budnitz
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A class of systems
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Engineering systems are characterized by a high degree of technical complexity, social intricacy, and elaborate processes, aimed at fullling important functions in society.
CHALLENGES
WHAT IS ENGINEERING SYSTEMS?
Engineering systems is an emerging eld of scholarship that seeks solutions to important, multifaceted socio-technical problems.1 Applying approaches from engineering, the social sciences, and management, engineering systems scholarship explores multiple stakeholder perspectives. Engineering systems research develops and employs multiple methodologies, and balances quantitative and qualitative arguments while maintaining scientic rigor.
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Critical Infrastructures Health Care Delivery
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Humans & Technology Uncertainty & Dynamics Design & Implementation Networks & Flows Policy & Standards
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Extended Enterprises
To assist the reader in recognizing the various connections across ESD, this graphic key highlights the domains and approaches relevant to individual projects.
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more than 70,000 bridges in the US are rated as deficient one of them is the Longfellow Bridge leading from Boston to mIt. red Line trains were slowed to 10 mph going over the bridge, trucks were banned, and traffic was restricted to a single lane after federal officials found inspections lacking. Image courtesy of Yossi Sheffi
But there is an even greater challenge. Over the next 50 years, a billion more people will be demanding modern services, mainly in the cities of the developing world. The environmental loads and resource depletion resulting from developing infrastructures to meet these demands, along the 20th century model, are unsustainable. ESD has made a commitment to advancing research in critical infrastructures precisely because these problems are both important and challenging. The facets that distinguish ESD research in critical infrastructures include: cross-domain views; comparative architecture and the factors affecting them; new models that include both the technical and social complexities; and new, large-scale simulation techniques which allow the combination of quantitative and qualitative data.
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Critical Infrastructures
Improving the effectiveness of national infrastructures, such as those providing electric power, transport, and communications, is an important challenge. As the graph below demonstrates, US investment in infrastructure has not kept up with increasing needs. In 2005, the American Society of Civil Engineers estimated that the United States would need to spend $1.6 trillion over a five-year period to bring its existing infrastructure up to an acceptable level of service. Furthermore, infrastructure comprises not only physical objects such as roads and airports, but also the complex systems that provide for security, defense, health, energy, communications, and the functioning of markets. Herein lies an important research and education challengedeveloping models and understanding the behavior of this system of systems to better provide the infrastructures society relies on.
US InfraStrUCtUre InveStment
Percentage of gross domestic product
esd authors critical infrastructures
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research DOMaINs
much of the work in critical infrastructure involves better management of existing facilities. Drawing on systems and control theory, optimization and economics, Professor Hamsa Balakrishnans research focuses on the development of mechanisms to allocate airport and airspace resources. Her work accounts for multiple stakeholders (airlines, passengers, pilots, controllers, and neighboring communities) and multiple objectives (minimize delays and environmental impact, maximize safety and system-wide performance). Shown: Planes at JfK airport. most airport delays in the US originate in the congested airports of new York and new Jersey. iStockphoto.com/Xavier Marchant
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Extended Enterprises
Teams designing the new Boeing 787 Dreamliner span the globe, working around the clock and across multiple time zones. An Intel chip crosses the Pacific Ocean six times as it goes from raw material to becoming a Dell computer component. A T-shirt starts in an Egyptian cotton field, is manufactured in the Far East, shipped to Los Angeles for packaging, and is eventually sold at a Wal-Mart in Pittsburgh.
bringing thE 787 togEthEr
fixed trailing edge naGoya, japan
us boeinG spirit vouGht Ge Goodrich canada boeinG messier-dowty australia boeinG
Courtesy of The Boeing Company
engine nacelles chula vista, ca center fuselage GrottaGlie, italy forward fuselage naGoya, japan forward fuselage wichita, kansas cargo/access doors sweden wing/body fairing landing gear doors winnipeG, canada
wing naGoya, japan wing tips korea movable trailing edge australia tail fin fredrickson, washinGton horizontal stabilizer foGGia, italy
main landing gear wheel well naGoya, japan center wing box naGoya, japan landing gear Gloucester, uk
esd authors
engines Ge evendale, ohio rolls-royce derby, uk fixed and movable leading edge tulsa, oklahoma
extended enterprises
Maritime container traffic in US ports grew by over 300% between 1990 and 2005. The global supply chains that keep food in supermarket aisles, medical supplies at hospitals, clothes on store shelves, and parts on hand for manufacturing, demand global coordination and controls of mind-boggling complexity. Most of the supply chain costs, however, are being baked in when product design and engineering decisions are made. These decisions imply manufacturing locations and therefore determine procurement and distribution strategies and operations. Building flexibility into the product architecture (through modularity and parts commonality) as well as into operational processes (through risk pooling and postponement), has become a crucial component of product design and engineering. Todays engineer needs to design products for the full life cycle, including manufacture, procurement, distribution, service, upgrade, and disposal.
the most important logistics innovation enabling international trade was the adoption of the standard container more than 50 years ago. todays enterprises comprise networks of engineering, manufacturing, logistics, retail, and other services, spanning the globe and requiring sophisticated supply chain processes. Ports, cargo ships, shipping lanes, human operators, and information systems form the backbone of this critical global infrastructure. Image courtesy of Alan Deveau, Airscapes Photography
The complexities of global supply chains, the interaction of corporate objectives with trade policies, currency fluctuations, and distributed product and process design, present an intricate set of engineering challenges that are central to ESD. They involve the optimization of these global networks under demand and supply uncertainties throughout many regulatory regimes and cultures.
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G. matos and l. Wagner, consumption of materials in the Us, Annual Review of Energy and the Environment (1998)
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ESD is working in a number of areas to better frame the problem of sustainability, to identify existing approaches that can be used to address issues, and to expand the set of relevant analytical methods and tools. For example, ESD researchers are making lifecycle assessments of alternative materials and manufacturing processes, examining techniques and strategies to mitigate resource scarcity and increase the use of secondary materials, and analyzing the prospects for different energy sources over the next half-century. ESD researchers are also assessing alternative transportation technologies and modeling the energy and environmental characteristics of electricity generation and transmission under alternative policy designs, carbon mitigation strategies, and electrical network architectures.
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Acciona Energy, the worlds largest developer of wind parks, is collaborating with ESD researchers at the Zaragoza Logistics Center to use systems modeling and analysis to guide largescale energy infrastructure development in Spain. Image courtesy of Acciona
esd authors energy and sustainability
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Index of relative health care expenditure by age. (The 5064 age group is the reference at 1.00.) Figure taken from Hagist, Christian and Laurence Kotlikoff. Whos Going Broke? Comparing Healthcare Costs in Ten OECD Countries.
ESD researchers take a systems view to make health care delivery more efficient by applying inventory theory and process improvement methods to the operations of hospitals and their supply chains. Much of the work involves the analysis of trade-offs between risks and benefits of patient treatments; between costs and level of service; and between individual rights and societys goals. Such work involves not only technology development and implementation but also a deep understanding of the organizational and ethical issues, as well as the human behaviors involvedfrom the supplier, provider, insurer, and patient perspective.
agelab has developed a robotic pill pet to assist in medication compliance. Image courtesy of AgeLab
the lean advancement initiatives health care research uses straussian Grounded theory for iterative data collection regarding the structure of the us health care system. the figure depicts the multiple stakeholders in all the systems echelons while the research is focused on understanding the various players incentives. Courtesy of the Lean Advancement Initiative headed by Professor Deborah Nightingale
Payer
Insurer
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Cleaning Nurse
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reSearch
The response of engineers and program managers during the 16 days that Columbia was in orbit raises important issues for educating and utilizing engineers, as well as questions about their responsibility to treat system-level issues with the same disciplinary respect and expertise with which they treat components.
Sheila Widnall, Institute Professor, MIT and Member of the Space Shuttle Columbia Accident Investigation Board
Just as nanotechnology is deepening our understanding of the very small, engineering systems is expanding our understanding of the very large and complex systems that involve technology, people, and processes.
Macro-level research brings with it a new and exciting set of scholarly challenges, not the least of which is the impossibility of conducting experiments in tightly controlled environments. ESD therefore partners with industry and governments to address problems that are realistic and important, as well as to simulate new approaches and to test theories in real organizations. Macroscopic systems all exhibit technical, managerial, and social complexity. ESD draws upon faculty members from engineering, management, and the social sciences to integrate their methodologies and develop solutions in each of its four domains of concentration. More than 50 faculty members and researchers, most holding dual or joint appointments with other MIT units, are devoted to teaching and research in engineering systems.
The following cross-cutting approaches are some of the lenses which ESD researchers apply to multiple domains: The Interface of Humans and Technology Uncertainty and Dynamics Design and Implementation Networks and Flows Policy and Standards
Not all approaches t neatly into these categories, but in all cases, ESD researchers bring an engineering mind-set to problems that do not lend themselves to purely quantitative approaches or purely technical solutions. They seek out fundamental principles that can be used to understand, design, and implement engineering systems.
ESD PhD students Brandon Owens and Blandine Antoine discuss a system dynamics model of the possible causal loops that may have led to the Columbia accident. The model was originally developed by Nicolas Dulac (A&A PhD 07) in Professor Nancy Levesons research group. Image courtesy of Alex Budnitz
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APPROACHES
Virtual reality displays attempt to close the distance between humans and technology. Still, little is known about the cascading effects of automation on overall system performance and safety. Image courtesy of NASA
Advances in medical technology from magnetic resonance imaging to laser surgeryhave improved health care for millions, but the integration of new technologies with existing processes poses a continuing challenge. Image courtesy of Intuitive Surgical, Inc.
NASAs control room of the The goal of this project is to build models of International Space Station team behaviors able not only to recognize the exemplifies how human beings are current state of a team supervising automation increasingly required to work with in real time, but also to predict future states multiple layers of technology. of this team. Specifically, the team models Image courtesy of NASA are based upon the observation of behavioral patterns at both the individual and collective levels. A main contribution of this project will be to determine the robustness of the prediction of future team behaviors based on observing social patterns of collaboration. This project is therefore at the intersection between artificial intelligence and social sciences. Given the prevalence of team interaction with many complex systems such as air traffic control, disaster first response, and military command and control, this research is relevant to numerous high-risk critical systems.
Coughlin, J. and J. Pope, A Consumer-Centered Approach to Intelligent Home Services to Support Health, Wellness & Aging-in-Place, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, 27(4), 4752, July/August 2008. Coughlin, J., Disruptive Demographics, Design and the Future of Everyday Environments, Design Management Review, 18(2), 5359, Spring 2007. Boussemart, Y., & M.L. Cummings, Behavioral Recognition and Prediction of an Operator Supervising Multiple Heterogeneous Unmanned Vehicles, Humans Operating Unmanned Systems `08, September 34, 2008, Brest, France.
critical infrastructures
Critical Infrastructures
Extended Enterprises
Extended Enterprises
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ESD risk management research looks both at catastrophic events, such as Hurricane Katrina (top), and uncertain fluctuations, such as those demonstrated by the price of oil shown in the chart above. Katrina image courtesy of US Coast Guard; chart adapted from WTRG Economics
critical infrastrUctUres
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NO POLICY CCSP: CLIMATE CHANGE SCIENCE PROGRAM SYNTHESIS AND ASSESSMENT PRODUCT 2.1A
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A primary focus of the climate Probability distributions of temperature change over the 21st century under no climate policy, change research at MIT is to stabilization of CO2 at 750ppm, and stabilization characterize the uncertainty in at 550ppm. The probability of exceeding 4C future climate impacts. Using MITs warming under these policies are 80%, 60%, and Integrated Global System Model, 5%, respectively. From M. Webster, C. Forest, H. ESD researchers have performed Jacoby, S. Paltsev, R. Prinn, J. Reilly, M. Sarofim, a rigorous assessment of the most A. Schlosser, A. Sokolov, P. Stone. Long-term critical uncertain assumptions greenhouse gas stabilization and the risks of dangerous impacts. Working Paper, 2008. in the model. Using data where available and techniques to elicit expert judgment, the researchers have constructed probability density functions for the uncertain model parameters, and have used Monte Carlo simulation techniques for uncertainty propagation. Probability distributions of critical model outcomes, such as the future surface temperature of the earth, can then be compared between different greenhouse gas concentration stabilization paths. The results of this work provide information on how the risks of extreme climate impacts are reduced by limited greenhouse gas emissions. These probabilistic results are used by numerous government agencies, including the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Energy, and the Congressional Budget Office, as well as parties to international climate negotiations, to understand the level of mitigation effort needed to achieve climate objectives with a given level of confidence.
TIME (MONTHS)
Effects of hiring constraints on safety of NASA systems are one of the many social and political factors considered in the new framework for systems safety for NASAs Space Exploration Mission Directorate. National Academies of Science and Engineering (2006), Issues Affecting the Future of the US Space Science and Engineering Workforce: Interim Report, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC
Webster, M.D., C. Forest, J. Reilly, M. Babiker, D. Kicklighter, M. Mayer, R. Prinn, M. Sarofim, A. Sokolov, P. Stone, and C. Wang, Uncertainty Analysis of Climate Change and Policy Response, Climatic Change, 61(3), 295320, 2003. Congressional Budget Office (2005), Uncertainty in Analyzing Climate Change: Policy Implications, January 2005.
Leveson, N., A New Accident Model for Engineering Safer Systems, Safety Science, 42(4), April 2004.
Critical Infrastructures
Extended Enterprises
Extended Enterprises
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Adaptive OFAT is used by Cobasys engineers to improve the performance, reliability, robustness, and cost effectiveness of their energy storage systems. Image courtesy of Cobasys
E F D
System design is a complex and diverse activity involving coordination of many professionals and corporate functions, including research and development, engineering, nance, manufacturing, marketing, and distribution and logistics. Design research in engineering systems explicitly takes into account within the design these functional needs as well as the need to plan for future uncertainties. A holistic design further incorporates implementation and enterprise adoption challenges, without which designs are just a theoretical exercise. ESD researchers work to improve the various processes associated with design and implementation, including requirements development, product architecture and design, program and project management, and new reliability/robustness/testing methods. ESD researchers also explore the process of implementing various designs and the change management process itself, as part of a series of projects dealing with the challenges of enterprise architecture.
RESEARCH
APPROACHES
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Before ESD Associate Professor Daniel Frey began his research, the one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) method of testing designs was considered decient. For example, N. Logothetis and Henry P. Wynn, authors of Quality Through Design (Oxford University Press, 1995), proclaimed the nal demise of the simple one-factor-ata-time method. But Frey was able to denitively prove the utility of the method. As Karl T. Ulrich and Steven D. Eppinger later remarked in Product Design and Development (McGraw Hill, 2007), an adaptive one-factor-at-a-time approach has been shown to yield better performance optimization.
CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES
EXTENDED ENTERPRISES
Extended Enterprises
APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRATED SCREENING MODEL TO OIL AND GAS FIELD DEVELOPMENT
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Evaluation of the value of exibility in the design of upstream oil and gas exploration facilities begins with establishing a deterministic baseline design (1), followed by evaluation of the design under uncertainty (2), response under uncertainty with facility-level exibility (3) and response with increasingly sophisticated exibility strategies such as the tie-in of new elds over time (4). Courtesy of Professor Richard de Neufville
This work is currently extended to model how recycling system policy and architecture inuence recovery economics and effectiveness; the potential for technological solutions to mitigate the deterioration of secondary resources; and the role of recycling to manage volatility and scarcity in the larger materials system.
Wang, T. and R. de Neufville, Identication of Real Options in Projects, 16th Annual INCOSE International Symposium, Orlando, July 2006 (Prize for Best Paper at INCOSE International Symposium).
Gaustad, G., P. Li, and R. Kirchain, Modeling Methods for Managing Raw Material Compositional Uncertainty in Alloy Production, Resources, Conservation, and Recycling, 52(2), 180207, 2007.
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The complete set of strategies to improve material recovery only emerge when considering the system as a whole. Figure courtesy of Professor Randolph Kirchain
Critical Infrastructures
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Networks and flows characterize all engineering systems: Technicallyas power generation plants link to transformers, transmission lines, and consumers Sociallyas contractual relationships, government policies, and cultural needs affect the flow of people, goods, and information Manageriallyas links connect designers, suppliers, manufacturing plants, warehouses, distribution centers, and retail shops Network modeling has been used both for systems that resemble physical networks and as a powerful modeling tool to represent many other systems involving relationships between entities. For example, decisions over time and space can be represented by a graph structure, as can schedules and assignments. ESD research into networks and flows applies modern graph and network theory to complex systems, but does so in a way that allows a representation of the dynamics and uncertainties that are most relevant to engineering systems.
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Many ESD students, mostly in the Technology and Policy Program, have interned at federal and state government agencies. iStockphoto.com/Dieter Spears
RESEARCH
APPROACHES
The standardized bar code speeds transactions and simplies inventory tracking.
Critical Infrastructures
extended enterprises
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Infection spread within a community that reacts to previous days news only by proportionally scaling back the average number of contacts for all its members. Courtesy of Professor Richard Larson
The most promising CO2 storage options are in deep saline formations and oil and gas fields. The research combined technical storage systems analysis with market considerations, tort and contractual liability issues, and regulatory systems analysis. figure from: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, Summary for Policy Makers and Technical Summary, IPCC, (2005)
Larson, R.C., Simple Models of Influenza Progression Within a Heterogeneous Population, Operations Research, 55(3), 399412, MayJune 2007. Nigmatulina, K.R. and R.C. Larson, Living with Influenza: Impacts of Government Imposed and Voluntarily Selected Interventions, to appear in European Journal of Operational Research, 2008. de Figueiredo, M., H. Herzog, P. Joskow, K. oye, and d. Reiner, Regulating Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage: Legal, Regulatory and organizational Issues, International Risk Governance Council, January 2007.
Critical Infrastructures
extended enterprises
education
ESDs educational programs are the embodiment of MITs mens et manus philosophy, academically rigorous but also well-grounded in practice through ESDs unique set of partnerships with industry and government.
Steven R. Lerman, Provost and Executive Vice President for Academic Affairs, George Washington University; Former Dean for Graduate Education, MIT
ESD offers a doctoral degree and five1 masters programs. All programs share a common, holistic approach to engineering systems. ESD prepares engineers to lead in the real world, where clean answers are anomalies and challenging technical problems rarely have purely technical solutions.
Forthatreason,thedivisionisstronglytiedto organizationsinindustryandgovernment.Thevast majorityofESDstudentsinthemastersprogramswork onrealproblemsinindustry,whilethethesisresearch ofthePhDstudentstypicallyinvolvesmethodological developments. AllESDprogramsfocusonleadership,preparing studentstobeagentsofchangeinacademia,industry, andgovernment.ThePhDprogramisfocusedon academicandresearchleadership,whilethemasters programsarefocusedonindustryandgovernment leadership.Whatdistinguisheseachofthemasters programsisitsfocuswithinthelifecyclewhether studentsdealprimarilywithdesign,manufacture, operations,orpolicyissuesalthoughinallcases theseboundariesareporous.AllESDstudentsare expectedtoattaindeepcompetenciesoutsidetheir areasofconcentration,andinparticularareexpected tomaintainanddeepentheirtechnicalexcellence. ESD by the numbers (2008) 441 graduate students 51 faculty members 117 ESD courses plus 8 under development
Selectivity (%)1
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Clockwise from the top: ESD PhD 06 Konstantinos Kalligeros; ESD PhD 06 Ralph hall and Prof. Joe Sussman; Prof. annalisa Weigel and ESD PhD 06 heidi Davidz
othEr 13%
industry 34%
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MITs engineering systems PhD is the program of choice in our field. An average of 15 candidates a year are enrolled in the program, which takes about five years to complete. Peers include Carnegie Mellon University (Engineering and Public Policy Department), Delft University of Technology (Technology, Policy, and Management Faculty), and Stanford University (Management, Science, and Engineering Department).
Erica Fuchs, PhD 2006 Assistant Professor, Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University
With her research group at Carnegie Mellon, Prof. Fuchs continues to study technology and global competitiveness, including (1) the role of the US government in seeding and encouraging new technology trajectories, (2) the consequences of offshore outsourcing for knowledge flows and production-floor learning within firms, and (3) the resiliency of the US innovation ecosystem to external shocks, including a critical set of firms moving manufacturing offshore.
reLATIOnShIp beTween TeChnOLOgy DeveLOpMenT, TeChnOLOgy InfUSIOn, AnD The SOCIeTAL IMpACT Of TeChnOLOgy
Technology Development (Component Level) air, fuel Technology Infusion (System Level) DSM model H2 CO1 N2 Capital Investment (NRE) Economy Environment Regulations Competition unCERtainty Vehicle add-on cost ($) unCERtainty Vehicle Fleet
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Technology Infusion (Subsystem Level) CAD Model Engine Integration unCERtainty Test Vehicle
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US integrated device manufacturing yield has to be 40% higher in order to compensate for the cost advantage of manufacturing discrete devices in East Asia.
Fuchs, E., E. Bruce, R., Ram, and R. Kirchain, Process-Based Cost Modeling of Photonics Manufacture: The Cost-Competitiveness of Monolithic Integration of a 1550nm DFB Laser and an Electro-Absorptive Modulator on an InP Platform, Journal of Lightwave Technology, 24(8), 31753186, 2006. Fuchs, E., F. Field, R. Roth, and R. Kirchain, Strategic Materials Selection in the Automotive Body: Economic Opportunities for Polymer Composite Design, Composite Science and Technology, 68(9), 19892002, 2008.
The methodology for carrying out technology infusion analysis was subsequently adopted and refined at Xerox Corporation to assess new technologies for digital printing systems. This work received the Best Paper in Systems Engineering Award 2007 from the International Council on Systems Engineering.
Smaling, R. and O. de Weck, Assessing Risks and Opportunities of Technology Infusion in System Design, Systems Engineering, 10(1), 125, 2007 (Award for Best Paper in Systems Engineering from INCOSE).
CRitiCal inFRaStRuCtuRES
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EDUCATIOn
MaSTErS PrOGraMS
What TPP did was open my eyes to how you could engage problems in a socially relevant way, while backing up your approach with the rigor of analytical thinking.
Bryan Moser, SM TPP 89 CEO, Global Project Design The TPP thesis is a major research work. Students are expected to place a problem within its technical and social context, synthesize the technical and policy questions that arise from the problem, frame these questions for assessment and evaluation, conduct the analysis needed to gain insight into these key questions, and provide leadership on what can and ought to be done. TPPs almost 1,000 alumni include university professors, deans and chancellors, CEOs, CFOs, CTOs, officials with government ministries, agencies and NGOsand five Rhodes Scholars.
Bostons Central Artery/ Tunnel project (left) involved significant technological feats, complex project management, and significant political and policy considerations. Many TPP students have worked on urban transportation planning projects, emphasizing both the technology and the policy aspects. Over the years, Technology and Policy Program students have held internships in federal and state government, private industry, consulting firms, and numerous international organizations.
http://esd.mit.edu/tpp
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I work in an industry that is grappling daily with larger and more complex problems. The ability to step back and consider the big picture and all of the different interactionswith knowledge of both the technical and managerial concernsis priceless.
SDM students participate in a design challenge competition. Team members work together to creatively tackle a technical problem within a short time span. Image courtesy of Alex Budnitz
Sorin Grama, SDM 06, and a group of MIT students and local volunteers in front of a solar thermal system in Lesotho, Africa. The prototype system was built in 2007 as part of a World Bank-sponsored initiative.
http://esd.mit.edu/sdm
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LGO students gain a solid background in engineering, operations management, information technology, teamwork, change management, and systems thinking. A defining feature of the program is its internship. LGO students spend 6.5 months on an internship at a partner company and use the experience as the basis for their LGO theses.
The tailored LGO leadership curriculum provided me with the foundation to bring to Boeing practical solutions to complex, real-world problems. LGOs advanced education has proven, over time, to be robust and enduring. I continue to leverage what I learned in my work today.
P atrickShanahan, LGO 91 General Manager of The Boeing Companys 787 Dreamliner project
A team of first-year students in ESDs Leaders for Global Operations Program plans its product development strategies during a simulation as part of its Lean Product Development Workshop. The workshop takes place during the programs first summer.
http://lgo.mit.edu
My SCM education has given me tools that allow for a deeper and more meaningful search for business solutions to drive the supply chain organization forward.
Randy Fike, SCM 05 Worldwide Supply Chain Strategy Manager, Lexmark
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http://scm.mit.edu
Major Greg Holt (SCM 2005) wrote home on August 1, 2008, that among his many other current duties he conducts logistics analysis of traffic patterns to restore a healthy flow of goods between factories and markets, and is using the lessons of ESD.260 in Iraq. (Greg Holt served as a Special Forces officer in two combat tours in Afghanistan and Iraq from 2002 to 2004. He re-joined the Army after finishing his MLOG degree to serve a 3rd combat tour in Fallujah, Iraq.)
Global Reach
The Engineering Systems Division forges partnerships with industries, governments, and academic institutions throughout the world, developing communities of researchers and educators focused on systems challenges of global importance.
Subra Suresh, Director, National Science Foundation; Former Dean of the School of Engineering, MIT
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Many of the ideas being explored and the methods being developed within the Engineering Systems Division are designed to be put to use in systems that span the globe.
Expanding the reach of engineering systems by working with industry, government, and international organizations is central to the mission of the Engineering Systems Division. Large-scale problems require large-scale experiments, and ESD is utilizing large-scale projects that employ whole communities of academics, industry experts, and government partners to integrate research with education. Rather than confining research to the classical laboratory within the university, many ESD researchers laboratory is the real world, and their research is performed in the very environments that their ideas and solutions are designed to influence.
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Member centers:
The MIT Center for Transportation & Logistics in Cambridge, MA. Widely recognized as an international leader in transportation, logistics, and supply chain management research and education, the center manages the Supply Chain Exchange, a consortium of more than 50 partner companies. The center also helps coordinate the extensive transportation and logistics research and educational offerings conducted throughout MIT. The Zaragoza Logistics Center (ZLC) is home of the MIT-Zaragoza International Logistics Program in Zaragoza, Spain. This research and education partnership, launched in 2003, brings academia, industry, and government together to experiment with new logistics processes, concepts, and technologies. It is in the process of moving into the center of PLAZA, the largest logistics park in Europe, home to more than 300 logistics and distribution installations, using these companies as a living laboratory. In 2006, the ZLC was designated by the Spanish government as its national Center of Excellence in Logistics. The Center for Latin-American Logistics Innovation in Bogot, Colombia. Founded in 2008, this center, which is housed in LOGyCA, is the focal point of a network of Latin American universities engaged in supply chain management education and research. Current projects center on critical infrastructure, urban transportation, and operational risk managementbalancing a global perspective with Latin-American needs. Less than six months after its founding, the CLI was designated by the Colombian government as its Logistics Center of Excellence. The $36 million SCALE program involves dozens of European and LatinAmerican universities, more than 15 supporting companies in Spain and six in Colombia, and more than 20 public agencies and NGOs. The Zaragoza program involves more than 20 faculty members locally, while dozens of faculty members across Latin America are involved in the Colombia program.
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The Center for Latin-American Logistics Innovation Degrees Offered MIT-CLI Supplemental Master Certificate in International Logistics and Supply Chain Management MIT-CLI Supplemental PhD Certificate in International Logistics and Supply Chain Management
Faculty, researchers, students, and affiliated companies from all three centers pool their expertise and share in learning through joint projects, student exchanges, faculty visits and multi-continent corporate events. Together the centers collaborate on the development of tools and processes that help retailers, manufacturers, suppliers, and carriers thrive in an increasingly complex and competitive business environmentand in a sustainable fashion.
The LOGyCA campus contains several demonstrations of using advanced information technologies in logistics application, including several simulated store formats, a hospital and a warehouse. Pictured: an RFIDenabled simulated supermarket where alternative software solutions can be tested. Courtesy of LOGyCA
The Zaragoza Logistics Center will be situated in the PLAZA logistics park (far left) in Zaragoza, embodying the university within the laboratory concept. Zaragoza University (left).
The MIT-Zaragoza International Logistics Program Degrees Offered MIT-Zaragoza Master of Logistics & Supply Chain Management (ZLOG) MIT-Zaragoza PhD in Logistics and Supply Chain Management Master de Logistica (MdL)
MLOG students (below) visit the Barcelona port as part of the annual student exchange with the Zaragoza Logistics Center.
SCALE Projects:
Culture of Risk This effort explores how the concepts of risk, as well as business continuity planning and risk management differ across the globe. One major question of this research is whether the risk management culture of a multi-national company dominates that of the local culture where a facility is located. The project consists of research teams in four continents (North America, Latin America, Europe, and Asia) interviewing corporations and developing models to understand how risk is measured, monitored, and managed. Health Care Delivery in Emerging Markets This set of projects, based out of the Zaragoza Logistics Center in Spain, is determining the best way for drugs to be distributed within emerging markets. The key issue is to understand how the supply chain needs to be designed (including the set of proper incentives) in order to maximize the number of patients reached. A series of controlled experiments testing different incentive schemes and supply chain designs are being run in Ghana, Zambia, and Uganda. Critical Infrastructures Infrastructure developments in emerging economies do not necessarily need to follow the same path as in Western nations. Cell phone adoption within Africa is the quintessential example of new technology leapfrogging older technologies in emerging markets. This project examines how innovation in logistics and transportation infrastructure differs across various geographies and conditions. Research teams in the US, South America, and Europe are examining how the development and location of transportation links, logistics parks, and related I/T infrastructure can shape local economic development.
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MIT Portugal
The MIT Portugal Program is a $40 million international collaboration in which MIT and government, academia, and industry in Portugal work together to develop education and research programs related to engineering systems. It aims to demonstrate that a strategic investment in science, technology, and higher education can have a positive, lasting impact on a nations economy by addressing key societal issues through education and research in the emerging field of engineering systems. The program involves more than 50 MIT faculty members and 180 faculty and researchers in seven Portuguese universities, and has already attracted more than 20 supporting companies.
The programs four initial focus areas all employ engineering systems approaches:
Bioengineering Systems Understanding the key performance drivers of the biotechnology/bioengineering sector is critical to Portugal, which has targeted this sector as an economic development priority. In addition to promoting technological innovation, MIT Portugal researchers are developing measurement tools to assess innovation in bioengineering and to determine how technological advances translate into competitive advantage. Engineering Design and Advanced Manufacturing Researchers are developing methodologies that support decision making in dynamic supply networks in order to increase flexibility and achieve high levels of global network efficiency. Companies in the automotive industry have been used as pilot case studies, and specific logistic and operations management problems have been selected to demonstrate the potential of the approaches in practice. Sustainable Energy Systems MIT and participating Portuguese universities are developing a new generation of energy professionals focused on the engineering systems aspects of energy systems design. Collaborative research involving industry and governments is grouped into three areas: energy planning (including economics), sustainable built environment, and smart energy networks.
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Degrees Offered PhD programs in: Bioengineering Systems Engineering Design and Advanced ManufacturingLeaders for Technical Industries Sustainable Energy Systems Transportation Systems Masters/Advanced Postgraduate programs in: Complex Transport Infrastructure Systems (Transportation Systems) Sustainable Energy Systems Technology Management Enterprise (Engineering Design and Advanced Manufacturing)
Transportation Systems MIT is working together with Portuguese universities to develop a cadre of transportation researchers and professionals in Portugal who are trained at the system level in the design and management of a technologyintensive, intermodal transportation system. The approach combines traditional engineering courses with insights into management and finance, as well as policy and regulation.
The Engineering Systems Anchor Program consists of a set of projects and educational initiatives that creates linkages and synergies between the four tracks of the MIT Portugal Program.
The MIT Portugal Program will promote a new research and education agenda on engineering systems, involving consortia of Portuguese universities and giving emphasis to large-scale systems that not only have critical technological components, but also have significant enterprise and socio-technical-level interactions, in a way that will promote new engineering research in Europe.
Manuel Heitor Secretary of State for Science, Technology, and Higher Education Government of Portugal (2006) MIT-Portugal
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Determinants and measurements of innovation in bioengineering: A cross-national study of successful and unsuccessful efforts to create an innovation scorecard. The research developed a web-based tool to serve as repository of the data collected during the course of the project. This tool will also allow data to be retrieved and displayed according to the metrics developed.
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Remote islands face unique challenges in meeting growing energy needs while minimizing environmental impact as energy costs skyrocket. With the cooperation of local energy companies, government, and residents, MIT Portugal researchers are working to develop and implement an energy strategy on the remote Portuguese islands of the Azores that seeks to meet a majority of the islands energy needs with local resources. Research on robust, cost-effective and implementable energy strategies for the Azores will serve as a model for other regions. CityMotion: Using real time data feeds, this project aims to improve the public transportation system performance in major Portuguese cities. The data feeds are based on cell phone usage, GPS data, roadside RFID readers, and a variety of sensors. A pilot application will provide users with timely data to plan trips through the city using multiple modes of public transportation.
Lightweight materials in automotive body component: Three Portuguese universities, MIT, INTELI, and industrial affiliates teamed up to develop an evaluation methodology for alternative materials in engineering applications that incorporates performance, cost, and environmental impact perspectives.
ESD 2020
The years between the present and 2020 offer engineering the opportunity to strengthen its leadership role in society and to define an engineering career as one of the most influential and valuable in society and one that is attractive for the best and the brightest.
The Engineer of 2020: Visions of Engineering in the New Century (NAE, 2004)
The Engineering Systems Division has taken up the gauntletworking to prepare engineers not only as technical experts but as effective leaders who can guide industry, government, and other organizations in the development and application of technologies to tackle societys challenges.
Managing the entry of more than a billion people into the middle class while mitigating the impact on resource availability and the environment; improving health care provision in all parts of the world; providing affordable goods everywhere on the planet; and offering mobility and accessibility for human activities are just some of the challenges facing the global community in the 21st century. As the world attens, ESD is at the forefront, providing the tools and framing the analyses that can improve many of the engineering systems that elevate the human condition.
CESUN
As part of its mission, ESD is working with other universities to advance the engineering systems discipline. In 2004, ESD founded the Council of Engineering Systems Universities (CESUN), which now has 50 member universities around the world. CESUN provides mechanisms for academic cooperation on an institutional level as well as for the joint furtherance of engineering systems as a discipline. www.cesun.org
Book Series
In conjunction with the MIT Press, ESD has launched an engineering systems book series. The series has an editorial board chaired by Joel Moses of MIT and includes Richard de Neufville (MIT), Manuel Hector (IST, Lisbon), Granger Morgan (CMU), Elisabeth Pat-Cornell (Stanford), and William Rouse (Georgia Tech). The rst books in the series are likely to be: Nancy Leveson System Safety Richard de Neufville and Stefan Scholtes Engineering Design with Real Options Olivier de Weck and Edward Crawley Principles and Methods for System Design and Management
The Masdar Institute of Science and Technology was established in 2006, in partnership with MIT, as part of an ambitious project to build the worlds greenest city. Abu Dhabis Masdar City aims to be the worlds rst zero-carbon, zero-waste, car-free city. This $42 million MIT project involves over 50 faculty members, and has already effected the hiring of 25 faculty members (eight of whom have PhDs from MIT) at the Masdar Institute. Picture shows an architects rendering of a street in Masdar City. With permission from Foster + Partners.
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ESD 2020
TEam ESD
Shown is a 2008 social network of ESD faculty and teaching staff. Each node represents a faculty member; two individuals are connected by a link if they served together on one or more of the 46 past or 62 present ESD doctoral committees (starting in 2004). Note that the network is fully connected with an edge to node ratio of 3:1, suggesting a high level of faculty collaboration in the development of the field of engineering systems. School of Engineering Sloan School of Management School of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, School of Science
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Engineering Systems Division web: http://esd.mit.edu email: esdinquiries@mit.edu
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