Tutorial Magnetostatics 2D

CAD Package for Electromagnetic and Thermal Analysis using Finite Elements
FLUX 9.10
2D Application
Tutorial of magnetostatics
Copyright December 2004
FLUX is registered mark.
FLUX software FLUX2D tutorials
: COPYRIGHT CEDRAT/INPG/CNRS/EDF : COPYRIGHT CEDRAT
FLUX2D's Quality Assurance (Electricit de France standard, registered number AQM1L002)
This tutorial was edited on 15 February 2005 with the participation of the EPM_NM Laboratory of POLITEHNICA University of Bucharest Ref.: K205-A-910-EN-12/04
CEDRAT 15 Chemin de Malacher - Inovalle 38246 MEYLAN Cedex FRANCE Phone: +33 (0)4 76 90 50 45 Fax: +33 (0)4 56 38 08 30 E-mail: cedrat@cedrat.com Web: http://www.cedrat.com
CONVENTIONS USED
To make this tutorial easier to read, we use the following typeface conventions: All comments are written in the same way as this sentence. All dialog text between the user and FLUX2D is written in courier font: Name of the region to be created: magnet Colour of this region: <M>AGENTA Select a surface or a menu item: <Q>uit [q]uit Below are presented the conventions used for the dialog between the user and FLUX2D: Italic text Bold text magnet [q]uit <B>old text <M>AGENTA <COILR>
FLUX2D graphical input, such as selecting a line or a point. Messages or questions displayed on the screen by FLUX2D. User input to FLUX2D, such as the coordinates of a point. The character symbolizes the Return/Enter key. You only have to enter enough of the response to remove any ambiguity between the response you want and other valid ones. In which case enter the character shown in square brackets [ ]. FLUX2D menu input. Make a selection by clicking on the menu item with the mouse or, if there is no ambiguity, by entering the first character of the word (shown in angled brackets < >).
The reply is by default. To enter a default response, simply press the Return/Enter key.
- REMARK The files corresponding to different cases studied in this tutorial are available in the folder:
...\DocExamples\Examples2D\ MagnetostaticApplication\FluxFiles\
The correspondent applications are ready to be solved. This allows you to adapt this tutorial to your needs. If you are not familiar with FLUX2D yet, we advise you to run through this entire tutorial and to refer, if necessary to the given cases. If you are already a FLUX2D user, we advise you to redo only the PREFLUX 2D, SOLVER_2D and POSTPRO_2D sections, in order to discover the new possibilities of FLUX2D.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART A: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY
1. REALIZED STUDY ......................................................................................................3 2. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION..........................................................................................5

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 The geometry ...............................................................................................................5 The regions ..................................................................................................................7 The mesh .....................................................................................................................8 The materials .............................................................................................................10 The sources ...............................................................................................................11 The boundary conditions............................................................................................11
PART B: EXPLANATION OF CASE 1
13
3. PREFLUX 2D: ENTERING THE GEOMETRY, THE MESH AND THE PHYSIC ..................................................................................................................... 15
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Starting FLUX2D ........................................................................................................15 Starting PREFLUX 2D................................................................................................18 Entering the geometry................................................................................................21 Building the mesh.......................................................................................................51 Creating the surface regions and assigning physical properties ................................65 Creating the TRA file..................................................................................................91 Saving data and leaving PREFLUX 2D......................................................................92
4. SOLVER_2D: SOLVING THE PROBLEM ................................................................. 93

4.1 4.2 4.3 Starting the solver ......................................................................................................93 Choosing the problem ................................................................................................94 Configuring the solving options ..................................................................................95
TUTORIAL OF MAGNETOSTATICS
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4.4
Running the solver..................................................................................................... 96
5. POSTPRO_2D: ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS........................................................99

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Starting POSTPRO_2D ............................................................................................. 99 Choosing the problem.............................................................................................. 100 Displaying result maps............................................................................................. 101 Computation of local and global quantities .............................................................. 112 Spatial variation of a local quantity .......................................................................... 119 Saving the results in a text file ................................................................................. 127 Leaving POSTPRO_2D ........................................................................................... 127
PART C: EXPLANATION OF CASE 2
129
6. SOLVER_2D: PARAMETRIC SOLVING PROCESS ...............................................131

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Starting the solver.................................................................................................... 131 Choosing the problem.............................................................................................. 131 Defining the parameters .......................................................................................... 133 Running the solving process.................................................................................... 143
7. POSTPRO_2D: ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS......................................................145

7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Starting POSTPRO_2D ........................................................................................... 145 Choosing the problem.............................................................................................. 145 Analysis of the results .............................................................................................. 146 Leaving POSTPRO_2D ........................................................................................... 160 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 160
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PART A: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY REALIZED STUDY
1. REALIZED STUDY
The aim of this tutorial is to discover the most important commands of FLUX2D using a very easy example of magnetostatics. We will study a plane symmetry model of a contactor equipped with a coil and a permanent magnet, in two cases: Case 1: airgap of 5 mm without a current in the coil (null current), Case 2: airgap varying between 2 and 6 mm with a current density in the coil varying between 0 and 20 A/mm2. The reference value for the airgap thickness is 2 mm and for the current density it is 2 A/mm2.
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PART A: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY REALIZED STUDY
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Case 1 introduces the main programs of FLUX2D: - PREFLUX 2D: definition of the geometry and building of the mesh, assignment of the physical properties and of the boundary conditions - SOLVER_2D: solving of the problem - POSTPRO_2D: analysis of the results
Case 2 differs from case 1 only by the current in the coil and by the size of the airgap. Therefore, it is not necessary to rebuild the geometry and the mesh. We will just parameterize the current density of the coil and the size of the airgap in the SOLVER_2D program. This case uses only two programs of FLUX2D: - SOLVER_2D: parameterized solving of the problem - POSTPRO_2D: analysis of the results
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PART A: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
2. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
2.1
The geometry
The geometry is described in [mm]. A rectangular contour that surrounds the contactor models the infinite boundary of the computation domain. The A_G parameter is used to easily modify the size of the contactor airgap. The thickness of the contactor is equal to 50 mm. The EXTREG shell region is used to assign the boundary conditions along the study domain outline.
Case 1 A_G=5 Case 2 A_G=2-6
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Two coordinate systems are used during the description of the geometry, a fixed coordinate system and a mobile one, associated to the blade of the contactor. The two coordinate systems are linked through the A_G parameter. Geometric parameters:
Parameters A_G REXT
Airgap thickness Distance contactor infinite boundary
Description
Value (mm) 5 100
Geometric transformations:
Transformations SYMOY Description
Symmetry type transformation
Type AFFIN_LINE_2PT
Coordinates of the points that define the right-hand side half of the fixed part of the contactor:
X (mm) 0 10 20 20 15 15 20 20 40 40 45 45 40 40 10 0 Y (mm) 0 0 0 10 10 30 30 40 40 30 30 10 10 - 20 - 20 - 20
Coordinates of the points that define the left-hand side half of the fixed part of the contactor are created by geometric transformation Coordinates of the points of the BLADE region (defined in the mobile coordinate system):
X (mm) 40 40 - 40 - 40 Y (mm) 0 20 20 0
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Coordinates of the points of the EXTREG region (defined in the fixed coordinate system XY1):
X (mm) REXT + 40 REXT + 40 - REXT - 40 - REXT - 40 Y (mm) - REXT - 20 REXT + 65 REXT + 65 - REXT - 20
2.2
The regions
Regions CORE BLADE COILL COILR MAGNET AIR EXTREG Description Fixed magnetic core of the contactor, composed of 2 surfaces Mobile blade of the contactor Going section of the coil Coming section of the coil Permanent magnet Air surrounding the device Shell region infinite boundary of the computation domain
The computation domain of the magnetic field consists of six surface regions and a line region:
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2.3
The mesh
The mesh is built using the automatic mesh generator. The mesh point associated to the points of the geometry are presented in the following table: Type of MESH_POINT SMALL MEDIUM LARGE Size (mm) A_G/ 2 5 REXT/ 5
The mesh point LARGE and SMALL are assigned to the points as presented in the next figure:
Large
Small
Small
Large
The points that are not marked by an arrow in the previous figure are assigned a MEDIUM mesh point.
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The obtained mesh is presented in the following figures.
Mesh of the computation domain
Detail of the mesh in the airgap region
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2.4
The materials
The contactor that we will be studying contains the following materials: A linear magnet (SmCo material) in the MAGNET region. Its characteristics are: - remanent flux density - relative permeability Br = 0.75 T r = 1.025
Br
slope
A non-linear isotropic material (Steel material) in the CORE and BLADE regions. This material is defined by an analytic magnetization curve B(H), characterized by the following parameters: - flux density saturation - initial slope
B (Tesla)
Js = 1.5 T r = 1500
JS
slope r o
H (A/m)
The AIR region and the COILR and COILL regions contain no material. They have the properties of VACUUM.
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2.5
The sources
The inductance of the coil is computed in case 1 using the magnetic flux flowing through the coil du to the permanent magnet. To do this, a null current must supply the coil. In case 2, the coil is supplied by a current density varying between 0 and 20 A/mm2, the reference value being fixed at 2 A/mm2. The current is positive in the COILR region (exiting current) and negative in the COILL region (entering current).
2.6
The boundary conditions
Along the EXTREG line region that is the boundary of the computation domain, we set a Dirichlet condition, characterized by a magnetic flux = 0 Wb. Warning: In order to perform a parametric analysis including geometrical parameters, boundary conditions must necessarily be assigned to line regions.
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PART B: EXPLANATION OF CASE 1 PREFLUX 2D: ENTERING THE GEOMETRY, THE MESH AND THE PHYSIC
3. PREFLUX 2D: ENTERING THE GEOMETRY, THE MESH AND THE PHYSIC
This chapter lists the commands used to build the geometry of the device and the mesh of the computation domain (case 1). This is the first step to study a device by finite element method with FLUX2D.
3.1
Starting FLUX2D
FLUX2D uses several programs managed by a supervisor. To activate it on WINDOWS, you have to click on the menus:
Start, Programs, Cedrat, FLUX 9.10
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The FLUX Supervisor window is then displayed:

Menu bar Tool bar
Project files Program manager Directory manager
Flux view (2D only)
My programs
The different parts of the FLUX Supervisor and their functions are presented in the table below.
Part Menu bar Function Windows commands for FLUX File Display Versions Tools Help Icons for common tasks in FLUX User version Compress/Decompress a project Options (memory, license, etc.) Help (link to online Users Guide for FLUX)
Tool bar
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Program manager
Displays the FLUX modules The different modules are grouped by family in different folders. Each module is shown as an item in the tree. You can expand a folder by clicking on the sign. You can start a module by double-clicking on its name, e.g., Geometry.
My programs
Links to other programs, such as: DOS Shell Windows Explorer You can add links to other programs here, as you wish.
Directory manager
Displays the computers directory.
Files
Displays project files.
FLUX View
Displays: the model geometry for the selected 2D project file (*.TRA) the FLUX View logo, if no problem is selected
The FLUX2D supervisor window is displayed. First, you should create a new directory to work in it and access your new working directory by selecting it in the supervisor window in the Directory manager (e.g., C:\users\customers\cedrat). Now, you can run any FLUX2D program by double-clicking with the mouse on the corresponding menu.
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3.2
Starting PREFLUX 2D
To run PREFLUX 2D, in the tree at the left, in Construction, you should double-click on the following menu.
Context bar Data tree
Title bar
Menus bar
Menus and toolbar
Graphic scene toolbar
Graphic scene
Status bar
History
The different parts of the PREFLUX 2D window are described below.

Element Title bar Function General information: Software name and version number Name of the current project Access to the different menus: Project, Application, View, Display, Select
Menu bar
Geometry, Mesh, Physic, Tools, Help
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Context bar
Access to the toolbar corresponding to the contexts: Geometry, Mesh, Physic
Tool and menu bar Project
Access to the commands of Project menu: New, Open, Save, Close, Exit
Tools
Access to the commands of Tools menu: Undo Access to the commands of Geometry context: Commands of creation of the geometric entities

Geometry
Actions on the geometry Check of the geometry
Mesh
Access to the commands of Mesh context: Commands for the creation of mesh entities
Actions on the mesh Check of the mesh Access to the commands of Physic context: Commands for the creation of physic entities
Physic
Actions on the physic Check of the physic
Element Toolbar of the graphic scene View
Function
Access to the commands of the View menu: Refresh view, Zoom, Zoom region Standard 1 view, Standard 2 view, Opposite view, Direction of view, View on X, View on Y, View on Z, Four views mode.
Display
Access to the commands of Display menu: Display of coordinate systems, points, lines, faces, volumes, surface regions, volume regions Access to the commands of Display menu of the Geometry context: Display of surface elements, points numbers, lines numbers
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Selection
Access to the commands of Display menu of the Mesh context: Display of mesh points, mesh lines, nodes, surface elements Access to the commands of Display menu of Physic context: Display of non meshed coils Access to the commands of the Select menu: Activate the selection filter, Select points, Select lines, Select faces, Select volumes, Select surface regions, Select volume regions
Element Entities tree
Function Entities tree of the FLUX project.
History
Information concerning different current actions (project evolution): Restoring of data during a project opening, Comments about the current actions, Advance of computation during the solving process,
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3.3
Entering the geometry
The first step in the numerical modeling of an electromagnetic device is the description of the device geometry and the computation domain.
3.3.1
Creating a new problem
Each time that you run a FLUX2D program, you should select the name of the problem to be treated or define a new problem. To create a new problem, you should use: either the menus below Project New
or the icon below:
Note: The current project should be saved under a name chosen by the user. A periodic save of your work is recommended. We chose in this tutorial to save the current project at the entry and at the exit of the PREFLUX 2D program.
To save the current project under the Contact name, you should use:

either the menus below: Project Save or the icon below:
The Select FLUX project window is then displayed and you must perform tasks 1 and 2 of the next figure:
1. Enter contact as Preflu2D project name 2. Click on the Save button to save the PREFLUX 2D project
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3.3.2
Activating the Geometry command
Then, you should check that the Geometry context is selected. by the icon:
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3.3.3
Entering the points and lines of the fixed part of the contactor (right-hand side half)
Points can be entered as a set of two coordinates (X and Y, or R and , or R and Y) in a specified coordinate system, or using geometric transformations. To define the coordinates of the points we can use numbers, parameters or Fortran expressions. As the points are entered, PREFLUX 2D automatically and arbitrarily assigns a reference number to each point. You can use these reference numbers to select points, but they are not automatically displayed. If you wish to see them on your screen, you should use the Graphic filters, Label command. You may notice that the points on your screen are not assigned the same numbers as the ones we use for convenience in this tutorial. Please do not be worried about this discrepancy. Whenever, we use a point number in our instructions, for example, to select a certain point, we will also include a short description about the location of that point, so that you can choose the proper one from your own screen. Finally, you may notice that as more points are entered, individual points become difficult to distinguish. When you want to enlarge a selected area of the screen, use the View, Zoom, Zoom
Region menu or the icon to see a specific point or feature. After using the Zoom Region command, activate the View, Zoom, Zoom All menu or the
icon to display an overview of all the geometric features you have entered so far. If you want to see additional information about a specific point or any other geometric feature, select the feature from the screen and then click with the right button of the mouse and activate the Edit / Modify menu. Now, we will enter the points defining the right-hand side half of the fixed part of the contactor. These points will be entered as a set of coordinates in the fixed coordinate system XY1, as presented in the table below. These points are not parameterized.
Point P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 P13 P14 P15 P16 X (mm) 0 10 20 20 15 15 20 20 40 40 45 45 40 40 10 0 Y (mm) 0 0 0 10 10 30 30 40 40 30 30 10 10 - 20 - 20 - 20
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The sequence of commands can be repeated as many times as needed. The answer provided for the previous point is proposed by default (value between brackets). If this one is appropriate, you should simply validate it by pressing the Return/Enter key . To create a point, you should use: either the following menus: Geometry Point New

or the following icon: or in the tree at the left, in the Data tab: click with the right button of the mouse, in Geometry, Geometric Entities, on Point the following contextual menus appear:
select New
or double click on Point in the tree.
The New Point window is then displayed and to create the first point, you must perform tasks 1 to 6 of the next figure:
1. Select the Geometric Definition tab 2. Select Point defined by its Parametric Coordinates as Type of the Point 3. Select XY1 as Coordinate System for definition 4. Enter 0 for the First coordinate 5. Enter 0 for the Second coordinate 6. Click on the OK button to create the point
The point number 1 is then created.
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To create the second point, you must perform tasks 1 to 3 in the next figure:
1. Enter 10 for the First coordinate 2. Enter 0 for the Second coordinate 3. Click on the OK button to create the point
The point number 2 is then created. Then you must create all the other points until the next to last one listed in the previous table. Finally to create the last point of the previous table, you must perform tasks 1 to 4 in the next figure:
1. Enter 0 for the First coordinate 2. Enter -20 for the Second coordinate 3. Click on the OK button to create the point 4. Click on the Cancel button to quit this window
The following image should appear on your screen.
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The points can be deleted, modified, visualized, propagated or extruded. In order to verify the dimensions, the computation of the distance between two points is accessible (Geometry, Verify, Compute distance between Points). For a better view of the points created so far, you should click on View, Zoom, Zoom All or click on the icon .
Note: To modify a point, you should click on Geometry, Edit/Modify, Point, and select the point to be modified. To delete a point, you should click on Geometry, Point, Delete and select the point to be deleted. To delete a point linked to a line, you should select Geometry, Force Delete, Point, then select the point to be deleted.
When the coordinates of a point are modified, all the geometric entities containing this point (lines, surfaces, ...) will automatically be updated. To create closed surfaces, the points should be connected with lines. The order in which the lines are created is not important. Likewise, it is not important that all the points be defined before entering the lines. In this version of PREFLUX 2D lines may be drawn as straight segments or arcs. Several options explained in the table below are available to create the arcs.
Menu Command Segment defined by Starting and Ending Points Arc defined by Starting, Middle and Center Points Arc defined by its Angle, Starting and End Points Arc defined by Center Coordinates, Starting and End Points Arc defined by Starting, Ending and Center Points Arc defined by its Radius, Starting and Ending Points Propagated from an other line Extruded from a point Explanation Line defined by selecting two points
Arc defined by 3 points (within a selected coordinate system)
Arc defined by 2 points and an angle (within a selected coordinate system) Arc defined by 2 points and coordinates of the center (within a selected coordinate system)
Arc defined by 2 points and center point (within a selected coordinate system) Arc defined by two points and a radius (within a selected coordinate system) Line defined by propagation Line defined by extrusion
FLUX2D continuously checks if the lines are entered correctly. A new line intersecting or superposed on an existing line is not allowed. To connect three points along the same straight line, you should define two different lines:
n 1
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We will create the lines of the right-hand side of the fixed part of the contactor by activating the following commands: either select the following menus: Geometry Line New

or click on the following icon: or in the tree at the left, in the Data tab: click with the right button of the mouse, in Geometry, Geometric Entities, on Line the following contextual menus appear:
select New
or double click on Line in the tree.
The New Line window is then displayed:
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To create the straight lines, marked by numbers in the figure below, you should follow the commands below. These 19 lines connect the following points: P1 and P2, P2 and P3, P3 and P4, P4 and P5, P5 and P6, P4 and P5, , P16 and P1.
9
8 6
10 11
14
12
4 3 1 2
13
15 18 19
17
16
To create the first line, you must perform tasks 1 to 4 of the next figure:
1. Select the Geometric Definition tab 2. Select Segment defined by Starting and Ending Points as Type of the line 3. Select the first point with in the the mouse Graphic scene 4. Select the second point with the mouse in the Graphic scene
The line number 1 is then created.
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The program sequence for the creation of straight lines can be repeated as many time as needed. We leave it by clicking on the Cancel button.
Note: To delete an incorrect line, you should click on Geometry, Line, delete and then to select the line to be deleted. If this line is connected to a surface region, you should use the Force Delete menu, then select the line to be deleted. This last operation supposes the deletion of all the faces linked to this line.
command we will display an overview of the Using the View, Zoom, Zoom All or the icon lines that define the right-hand side half of the fixed part of the contactor, as presented below.
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3.3.4
Creating the geometrical transformation of symmetry type
The left-hand side half of the fixed part of the contactor can be easily created by using a symmetry type transformation with respect to a line. This geometric transformation can be created following the program sequence below. To create a transformation, you should use: either the following menus: Geometry Transformation New

or the following icon: or in the tree at the left, in the Data tab: click with the right button of the mouse, in Geometry, Geometric tools, on Transformation the following contextual menus appear:
select New
or double click on Transformation in the tree.
The New Transformation window is then displayed:
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For the creation of the transformation, you will have to select the first point (P16) of the straight line presented in the next figure. The symmetry transformation will be defined with respect to this line.
Second point to be selected
First point to be selected
To create the transformation SYMOY, you must perform tasks 1 to 8 of the next figure:
1. Enter SYMOY as Name of Geometric Transformation 2. Enter Symmetry type transformation as Comment 3. Select Affine Transformation with respect to a line defined by 2 Points as Type of Geometric Transformation 4. Click on this case and select the first in the point with the mouse Graphic scene 5. Select the second point with the mouse in the Graphic scene 6. Enter 1 as Scaling factor 7. Click on the Ok button to create the transformation 8. Click on the Cancel button to quit
The transformation SYMOY is then created.
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3.3.5
Duplication of the left-hand side half of the fixed part of the contactor
The left-hand side half of the fixed part of the contactor will be entered using the SYMOY transformation already created. To do that, you should first construct the faces of the right-hand side half already created. Then, you should propagate them by the SYMOY transformation. To construct the faces, you should use: either the following menus: Geometry Build Build Faces
or the following icon:
PREFLUX 2D will automatically construct 4 faces. Now, you should propagate the two faces displayed in the next figure by activating the Propagate command.
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To propagate the faces, you should use: either the following menus: Geometry Propagate Propagate Faces

or in the tree at the left, in the Data tab: click with the right button of the mouse, in Geometry, Geometric Entities, on Face the following contextual menus appear:
select Propagate Faces The Propagate Faces window is then displayed and to propagate the faces, you must perform tasks 1 to 7 of the next figure:
1. Select the first face with the mouse in the Graphic scene 2. Select the <CTRL> key and simultaneously the second face with the mouse in the Graphic scene 3. Select SYMOY as Transformation for propagation 4. Enter 1 for the Number of times to apply the transformation 5. Select Add Faces and associated Linked Mesh Generator as Building options for propagation 6. Click on the Ok button to propagate the faces 7. Click on the Cancel button to quit this window
The two faces are then propagated.

FLUX2D9.10
The following image will be displayed on the screen:
The points, lines and faces that define the left-hand side half of the fixed part of the contactor are automatically created, also the linked mesh generator is assigned to the 2 faces of the left hand side during the propagation of the selected faces. We can visualize all the points and lines created so far by using the Visualize command:
View Display faces
then either select the following menus: View Display Point
or click on the following icon:
and either select the following menus: View Display Line
The next image will appear on the screen.
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3.3.6
Defining the geometrical parameter A_G
The coordinates of points, arcs and circles can be entered using geometrical parameters or mathematical expressions that allows us to rapidly modify the geometrical dimensions. A parameter is defined by a name, a comment and a mathematical expression. The name of a parameter should start with a letter and can be longer than the standard length of 8 characters. However, it is recommended to use short names or abbreviations that can be easily memorized. Comments should briefly describe the parameter significance; comments should be shorter than 72 characters. The mathematical expressions may contain: Constants; Arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /, **); Arithmetic functions admitted by FORTRAN (SQRT, LOG, SIN, ); Other parameters; Combinations of any of these.
Note: Once defined, the parameters are independent of units; that is, the numerical value associated with a parameter is not changed if the units are changed. Any units associated with the parameter are taken from the coordinate system in which the parameter is defined. For example, if a parameter value is defined as 10 in a coordinate system using millimeters as units, the parameter value will be still 10 if the coordinate system units are changed to inches, or meters, or kilometers, or any other unit. In this way, you can modify the scale of a geometric feature without entering each point or item all over again. Parameters can be created at any time during the geometry description.
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The parameter A_G allows us to quickly modify the position of the mobile part of the contactor (the blade). Follow the program sequence below: either select the following menus: Geometry Geometric Parameter New

or click on the following icon: or in the tree at the left, in the Data tab: click with the right button of the mouse, in Geometry, Geometric tools, on Geometric Parameter the following contextual menus appear:
select New
or double click on Geometric Parameter in the tree.
The New Geometric Parameter window is then displayed and to create the geometric parameter A_G, you must perform tasks 1 to 5 of the next figure:
1. Enter A_G as Name of Parameter 2. Enter Airgap thickness as Comment
3. Enter 5 as Algebraic expression for the parameter 4. Click on the Ok button to create the parameter 5. Click on the Cancel button to quit this window
The geometric parameter A_G is then created.

Note: You can enter the name of the projects, regions and parameters in lowercase or uppercase. They will automatically be converted to uppercase.
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3.3.7
Defining a coordinate system for the mobile part
To study the influence of the blade position, we should define a global coordinate system for this region that depends on the A_G parameter. The coordinates of the origin of the mobile coordinate system are presented in the table below:
Origin X [mm] 0 Origin Y [mm] 40 + A_G Rot Z 0
To create a new coordinate system, you should use: either the following menus: Geometry Coordinate System New

or in the tree at the left, in the Data tab: click with the right button of the mouse, in Geometry, Geometric tools, on Coordinate System the following contextual menus appear:
select New
or double click on Coordinate System in the tree.
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The New Coordinate System window is then displayed and to create the coordinate system MOBILE, you must perform tasks 1 to 11 of the next figure:
1. Enter MOBILE as Name of Coordinate System 2. Enter Coordinate system for the mobile part as Comment 3. Select Cartesian as Type of Coordinate System 4. Select Global as being Defined with respect to the Global Coordinate System 5. Select MILLIMETER as Length Unit 6. Select DEGREE as Angle Unit
7. Enter 0 as Origin: first component 8. Enter 40+A_G as Origin: second component 9. Enter 0 as Rotation Angle about Z axis 10.Click on the Ok button to create the coordinate system 11.Click on the Cancel button to quit this window
The coordinate system MOBILE is then created. To display the coordinate system, you can: either select the following menus: - Display - Display Coordinate System or click on the following icon:
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After having created the new coordinate system, the following image will be displayed on the screen:
Entering the points and lines of the mobile part of the contactor Now, we will define the points of the mobile part of the contactor (BLADE region) in the mobile coordinate system that depends on the A_G parameter. This type of definition allows us to easily modify the airgap thickness. The point coordinates of the BLADE region are presented in the following table:
Point P27 P28 P29 P30 X (mm) 40 40 - 40 - 40 Y (mm) 0 20 20 0
To define the points coordinates you should follow the program sequence below: either select the following menus: Geometry Point New
or in the tree at the left, in the Data tab: click with the right button of the mouse, in Geometry, Geometric Entities, on Point
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The following contextual menus appear:
select New
The New Point window is then displayed and to create the 27th point, you must perform tasks 1 to 6 of the next figure:
1. Select the Geometric Definition tab 2. Select Point defined by its Parametric Coordinates as Type of the Point 3. Select MOBILE as Coordinate System for definition 4. Enter 40 for the First coordinate 5. Enter 0 for the Second coordinate 6. Click on the OK button to create the point
The point number 27 is then created. To create the following point P28, you must perform tasks 1 to 3 in the next figure:
1. Enter 40 for the First coordinate 2. Enter 20 for the Second coordinate 3. Click on the OK button to create the point
The point number 28 is then created.

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To create the following point P29, you must perform tasks 1 to 3 in the next figure:
1. Enter -40 for the First coordinate 2. Enter 20 for the Second coordinate 3. Click on the OK button to create the point
The point number 29 is then created. Finally to create the last point P30 of the previous table, you must perform tasks 1 to 4 in the next figure:
1. Enter -40 for the First coordinate 2. Enter 0 for the Second coordinate 3. Click on the OK button to create the point 4. Click on the Cancel button to quit this window
The point number 30 is then created. For a better view of the points created so far, you should click on View, Zoom, Zoom All or click on the icon .
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After having defined the points of the BLADE region, the next figure should appear on the screen:
To define the lines of the BLADE region, activate the following commands: either select the following menus: Geometry Line New

or click on the following icon: or in the tree at the left, in the Datat tab: click with the right button of the mouse, in Geometry, Geometric Entities, on Line the following contextual menus appear:
select New
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To connect the points of the BLADE region (P27 and P28, P28 and P29, P29 and P30, P30 and P27) you should follow the program sequence below:
2 3 4 1
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1. Select the Geometric Definition tab 2. Select Segment defined by Starting and Ending Points as Type of the line 3. Select the first point with the mouse in the Graphic scene 4. Select the second point with the mouse in the Graphic scene
Then you must create the three other lines clicking on the extremity points in the Graphic scene. Finally to quit the New Line window, click on the Cancel button.
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3.3.8
Entering the points and lines of computation domain boundary
The points of the computation domain boundary should be far enough from the modeled device so as not to influence the problem results. The distance between contactor and the boundary of the computation domain is parameterized by the creation of the REXT geometrical parameter. This parameter will allow us an eventual analysis of the results as function of this distance. To create the REXT parameter, follow the program sequence below. either select the following menus: Geometry Geometric Parameter New

or click on the following icon: or in the tree at the left, in the Data tab: click with the right button of the mouse, in Geometry, Geometric tools, on Geometric Parameter the following contextual menus appear:
select New
or double click on Geometric Parameter in the tree.
The New Geometric Parameter window is then displayed and to create the geometric parameter REXT, you must perform tasks 1 to 5 of the next figure:
1. Enter REXT as Name of Parameter 2. Enter Distance contactor infinite as Comment 3. Enter 100 as Algebraic expression for the parameter 4. Click on the Ok button to create the parameter 5. Click on the Cancel button to quit this window
The geometric parameter REXT is then created.

FLUX2D9.10
Now, we will enter the points of the boundary, their coordinates being presented in the table below. These points are created in the XY1 coordinate system.
Point P31 P32 P33 P34 X (mm) REXT + 40 REXT + 40 - REXT - 40 - REXT - 40 Y (mm) - REXT - 20 REXT + 65 REXT + 65 - REXT - 20
To define the points, follow the program sequence below: either select the following menus: Geometry Point New

or click on the following icon: or in the tree at the left, in the Data tab: click with the right button of the mouse, in Geometry, Geometric Entities, on Point the following contextual menus appear:
select New
The New Point window is then displayed and to create the 31st point, you must perform tasks 1 to 6 of the next figure:
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1. Select the Geometric Definition tab 2. Select Point defined by its Parametric Coordinates as Type of the Point 3. Select XY1 as Coordinate System for definition 4. Enter Rext+40 for the First coordinate 5. Enter -Rext-20 for the Second coordinate 6. Click on the OK button to create the point
The point number 31 is then created. To create the following point P32, you must perform tasks 1 to 3 in the next figure:
1. Enter Rext+40 for the First coordinate 2. Enter Rext+65 for the Second coordinate 3. Click on the OK button to create the point
Then you must create the two other points listed in the previous table. Finally to quit the New Point window, click on the Cancel button. After activating the menus View, Zoom, Zoom All or the icon be displayed on the screen: , the following image will
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To create the lines of the computation domain boundary, follow the program sequence below: either select the following menus: Geometry Line New

or click on the following icon: or in the tree at the left, in the Data tab: click with the right button of the mouse, in Geometry, Geometric Entities, on Line the following contextual menus appear:
select Add
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These lines connect the following points: P31 and P32, P32 and P33, P33 and P34, P34 and P31, as presented in the figure below.
1. Select the Geometric Definition tab 2. Select Segment defined by Starting and Ending Points as Type of the line 3. Select the first point with the mouse in the Graphic scene 4. Select the second point with the mouse in the Graphic scene
Then you must create the three other lines clicking on the extremity points in the Graphic scene. Finally to quit the New Line window, click on the Cancel button.
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3.3.9
Automatic construction of faces
The points and lines are now entered. Thus, we can construct the faces of the study domain, then generate the mesh. The faces are automatically generated in PREFLUX 2D. either select the following menus: Geometry Face Build Faces
After activating the command above, the software will construct the faces of the geometry. During the construction of faces, the following comments will be displayed in the Console bar.
BUILD_FACES() No intersection Number of surfaces found: 1 Updating visualization of the face 7 Updating visualization of the face 8 Creation of 2 FACES: 7 8
Make sure that the number of faces that have just been created by PREFLUX 2D is correct. The faces should appear as in the figure below.
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3.4
Building the mesh
To solve a problem by the finite element method we should subdivide the computation domain in finite elements. We will make this subdivision in finite elements using the Mesh command of PREFLUX 2D. A well-adapted mesh should take into account the problem physics. As a general rule, the mesh should be refined in zones of strong variation of the magnetic, electric or thermal field.
3.4.1
Options for generating the mesh
To mesh the faces, you should use the commands of the Mesh module of PREFLUX 2D click on the following icon:
Different mesh generators are available: the automatic mesh generator creates triangular elements, the mapped mesh generator creates quadrangular elements, the linked and extrusive mesh generators allow us to reproduce the same mesh on repetitive geometrical patterns. The automatic mesh generator is used by default in PREFLUX 2D. There are three options: Mesh Point, Mesh Line and Mesh Generator. The Mesh Point and Mesh Line options are used to control the size of the elements by way of Points or Lines. The Mesh Generator command allows us to create particular mesh generators (linked or by extrusion). The Mesh Point option allows us to control the mesh quality on the faces through an information about the points. To each point of the geometry can be assigned a mesh point (i.e. a size of the finite elements around that point). The user assigns to certain Points of the geometry the size of the elements (Mesh Point) and then PREFLUX 2D computes by interpolation the size of the elements between the resting points. The Mesh Line option allows us to control the mesh quality on the faces through an information about the lines. To each line of the geometry can be assigned a mesh line (i.e. a number of nodes and their repartition on the line). The nodes repartition can be in arithmetic or geometric progression. The user assigns to different Lines of the geometry information about the number of nodes and their repartition (Mesh Line). Note: The control of element size is easier by using Mesh Point option associated with Automatic mesh generator or/and using Mesh Line option associated with Mapped mesh generator.
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The Mesh Generator option allows us to create a linked or extrusive mesh generator. If you used geometrical transformations to construct repetitive geometrical patterns, you can create an identical mesh on each of these patterns, using a linked or extrusive mesh generator. The advantage of this type of mesh is that you modify the node density on the source face (or mother face), this information is automatically propagated to all the image faces (or daughter faces).
3.4.2
Modifying the mesh point
Several types of mesh points are available by default in PREFLUX 2D: LARGE Large size element,

MEDIUM Average size element, SMALL Small size element.
The user can also define his own mesh points (program sequence [Data] [Add] [Mesh Point]). We will change in our case the values of the three existing mesh points:
Type of MESH_POINT SMALL MEDIUM LARGE Size [mm] A_G/ 2 5 REXT/ 5
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To modify a MESH_POINT, you should follow the program sequence below:
either select the following menus: Mesh Mesh Point Edit or in the tree at the left, in the Data tab: click with the right button of the mouse, in Mesh, Meshing tools, on Mesh Point the following contextual menus appear:
select Edit The Selection of Mesh Point to edit window is then displayed and to modify the mesh point: SMALL, you must perform tasks 1 to 2 of the next figure:
1. Select SMALL as Mesh Point 2. Click on the Ok button to modify the mesh point
or double click on SMALL in the tree (in Mesh, Meshing tools).
The Edit Mesh Point window is then displayed and to modify the characteristics of the SMALL mesh point, you must perform tasks 1 to 3 of the next figure:
1. Select the Definition tab
2. Enter A_G/2 as Value of the Mesh Point 3. Click on the Ok button to save the modifications of the mesh point
The SMALL mesh point is then modified.
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select Edit The Selection of Mesh Point to edit window is then displayed and to modify the mesh point: MEDIUM, you must perform tasks 1 to 2 of the next figure:
1. Select MEDIUM as Mesh Point 2. Click on the Ok button to modify the mesh point
or double click on MEDIUM in the tree (in Mesh, Meshing tools).
The Edit Mesh Point window is then displayed and to modify the characteristics of the MEDIUM mesh point, you must perform tasks 1 to 3 of the next figure:
2. Enter 5 as Value of the Mesh Point 3. Click on the Ok button to save the modifications of the mesh point
The MEDIUM mesh point is then modified.
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select Edit The Selection of Mesh Point to edit window is then displayed and to modify the mesh point: LARGE, you must perform tasks 1 to 2 of the next figure:
1. Select LARGE as Mesh Point 2. Click on the Ok button to modify the mesh point
or double click on LARGE in the tree (in Mesh, Meshing tools).
The Edit Mesh Point window is then displayed and to modify the characteristics of the LARGE mesh point, you must perform tasks 1 to 3 of the next figure:
2. Enter Rext/5 as Value of the Mesh Point 3. Click on the Ok button to save the modifications of the mesh point
The LARGE mesh point is then modified.

Note: The SMALL mesh point allows us to ensure two layers of elements within airgap. The LARGE mesh point allows us to ensure at least five layers of elements between the device and the boundary of the computation domain.
FLUX2D9.10
3.4.3
Assigning the mesh points
First, we will assign the MEDIUM mesh point to all the points of the geometry. To do that, follow the program sequence below: either select the following menus: Mesh Assign mesh information Assign Mesh Point to Points

or in the tree at the left, in the Data tab: click with the right button of the mouse, in Geometry, Geometric Entities, on Point the following contextual menus appear:
select Assign Mesh Point to Points The Assign Mesh Point to Points window is then displayed and to assign the mesh point to the points, you must perform the task 1 of the next figure:
1.
Click on the button so that the contextual menu appears
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Then, you must perform the task 1 of the next figure:
1. Select the Select all menu to select all the points
Finally, you must perform tasks 1 to 2 of the next figure:
1. Select MEDIUM as Mesh point to assign to Points 2. Click on the Ok button to assign the mesh point to all the points
The MEDIUM mesh point is then assigned to all the points.
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Then, you should assign the SMALL mesh point to the points situated close to the airgap. These points are marked in the next figure.
In the Assign Mesh Point to Points window and to assign the SMALL mesh point to the six points, you must perform tasks 1 to 8 of the next figure:
1. Press on the Ctrl key in the same time as you select in the Graphic scene the first point with the mouse 2. Press on the Ctrl key in the same time as you select in the Graphic the second point with the mouse scene 3. Press on the Ctrl key in the same time as you select in the Graphic the third point with the mouse scene 4. Press on the Ctrl key in the same time as you select the fourth point with the mouse in the Graphic scene 5. Press on the Ctrl key in the same time as you select the fifth point with the mouse in the Graphic scene 6. Press on the Ctrl key in the same time as you select in the Graphic the sixth point with the mouse scene 7. Select SMALL as Mesh point to assign to Points 8. Click on the Ok button to assign the mesh point to the six points
The SMALL mesh point is then assigned to the six points.
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Now, we will assign the LARGE mesh point to the 4 points of the boundary, visible in the next figure.
In the Assign Mesh Point to Points window and to assign the LARGE mesh point to the four points, you must perform tasks 1 to 7 of the next figure:
1. Press on the Ctrl key in the same time as you select the first point with the mouse in the Graphic scene 2. Press on the Ctrl key in the same time as you select the second point with the mouse in the Graphic scene 3. Press on the Ctrl key in the same time as you select the third point with the mouse in the Graphic scene 4. Press on the Ctrl key in the same time as you select in the Graphic the fourth point with the mouse scene 5. Select LARGE as Mesh point to assign to Points 6. Click on the Ok button to assign the mesh point to the four points 7. Click on the Cancel button to quit this window
The LARGE mesh point is then assigned to the four points.
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To construct the mesh, first choose: either select the following menus: Mesh Mesh Mesh Lines
To show the distribution of nodes over the geometry domain, choose: Display Display nodes then either select the following menus: Display Display Line
and
Display Display Nodes
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When looking at the node distribution, check to see if the density of nodes is acceptable in every region. Remember, if an area is of no real significance, the mesh should be made coarse there to reduce computation time.
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If the distribution is acceptable and no changes need to be made to the mesh, to finish the mesh building, choose the following menus. Any errors with the mesh will surface here. either select the following menus: Mesh Mesh Mesh Faces
PREFLUX 2D will display in the dialogue window the next message:
To show the distribution of nodes over the geometry domain, choose: Display Display nodes then either select the following menus: Display Display Face
and either select the following menus: Display Display Surfacic Element
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The mesh that has just been created should be similar to that presented in the next figures that contains: mesh of the computation domain; zoom on the airgap zone (surrounded by a rectangle in the first figure).
Note: The size of finite elements in the airgap, where the magnetic field has the highest values, is much smaller than towards the boundary of the computation domain. Generally, the mesh is to be adapted depending on the physics of the problem. The quality of the results depends on the quality of the mesh.
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3.4.4
Verifying the mesh quality
You can verify the mesh quality by activating the verifY_mesh command of the Mesh module. The next messages will be displayed in the dialogue window:
Mesh Check the Mesh MESH_CHECKING() Number of elements not evaluated Number of excellent quality elements Number of good quality elements Number of average quality elements Number of poor quality elements
: : : : :
0 % 98.25 % 1.63 % 0.12 % 0 %
Note: PREFLUX 2D controls now the finite element form. If an element has an angle smaller than 15 degrees, it will be displayed in green. If green triangles appear in the airgap zone, you should reduce the size of elements in that zone in order to eliminate them. For a better control of mesh quality, you can add additional points and lines in the AIR region (see Users guide). If green triangles appear in zones characterized by weak values of the magnetic field, do not worry about that. Their influence on the result accuracy is negligible.
The mesh of the computation domain is finished.
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3.5
Creating the surface regions and assigning physical properties
FLUX2D uses surface, line and point regions. Each region is characterized by a name, a comment and a color, in order to be distinguished on the screen. Depending on its type, a region can group several surfaces, lines or points, having the same physical properties and the same sources. Several regions may have the same color. Our problem consists of six surface regions and a line region. The characteristics of these regions are presented in the table below:
Name of the region CORE BLADE MAGNET COILL COILR AIR EXTREG Comment Fixed magnetic core of the contactor, composed of 2 surfaces Mobile blade of the contactor Permanent magnet Going section of the coil Coming section of the coil Air surrounding the device Line region infinite boundary of the computation domain Color Cyan Cyan Magenta Red Red Turquoise Yellow Type of region Surface region Surface region Surface region Surface region Surface region Surface region Line region
To create surface regions, you should follow the program sequence below: First, you have to select the application type. To activate the Magnetostatic application, you should select the following menus: Application Define Magnetic Magneto Static 2D To define the Magneto Static 2Ds application, you must perform tasks 1 to 6 of the next figure:
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2. Select 2D plane 3. Select MILLIMETER as Length Unit 4. Enter 50 as Depth of the domain 5. Select Automatic coefficient (Symmetry & Periodicity taken into account)
6. Click on the OK button to define the Magneto Static 2Ds application.
Then, to define the physical properties, you should select the Physical context: clicking on the following icon:
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To create face regions, you should follow the program sequence below: either select the following menus: Physic Face region New

or in the tree at the left, in the Data tab: click with the right button of the mouse, in Physic, in Regions, on Region Face the following contextual menus appear:
select New
or double click on Face Region in the tree.
The New Face region window is then displayed, which allows to create the first face region: AIR and assign the physical properties to this face region.
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To define the name and comment of the first face region: Air and the region type, you must perform tasks 1 to 4 of the next figure:
1. Enter Air as Name of the region 2. Enter Air surrounding the device as Comment 3. Select the Magnetostatic 2D tab 4. Select Air or vacuum region as Type of region
You can define a color and a visibility for the face region, so you have to perform tasks 1 to 4 of the next figure:
1. Select the Appearance tab 2. Select Turquoise as Color 3. Select VISIBLE as Visibility
4. Click on the OK button to create the face region and to assign the physical properties to this face region
So the creation of the first face region: Air of turquoise color and the assignment of physical properties (air or vacuum region) to this face region have been done.
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Then, you will create the second face region: CoilL and assign the physical properties to this face region. To define the name and comment of the second face region: CoilL and the region type, you must perform tasks 1 to 6 of the next figure:
1. Enter CoilL as Name of the region 2. Enter Going section of the coil as Comment 3. Select the Magnetostatic 2D tab 4. Select Region with current density 5. Select nothing as Material of the region
6. Enter 0 as Current density by spatial formula (in Ampere/mm2)
To define a color and a visibility for the face region, and to finish the assignment of the physical properties of the second face region: CoilL, you must perform tasks 1 to 4 of the next figure:
1. Select the Appearance tab 2. Select Red as Color 3. Select VISIBLE as Visibility
So the creation of the second face region: CoilL of red color and the assignment of physical properties (no material, current density equal to 0 A/mm2) to this face region have been done.
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Then, you will create the third face region: CoilR and assign the physical properties to this face region. To define the name and comment of the third face region: CoilR and the region type, you must perform tasks 1 to 6 of the next figure:
1. Enter CoilR as Name of the region 2. Enter Coming section of the coil as Comment 3. Select the Magnetostatic 2D tab 4. Select Region with current density 5. Select nothing as Material of the region
6. Enter 0 as Current density by spatial formula (in Ampere/mm2)
To define a color and a visibility for the face region, and to finish the assignment of the physical properties of the third face region: CoilR, you must perform tasks 1 to 4 of the next figure:
1. Select the Appearance tab 2. Select Red as Color 3. Select VISIBLE as Visibility
So the creation of the third face region: CoilR of red color and the assignment of physical properties (no material, current density equal to 0 A/mm2) to this face region have been done.
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Then, you will create the fourth face region: Magnet and assign the physical properties to this face region. To define the name and comment of the fourth face region: Magnet and the region type, you must perform tasks 1 to 6 of the next figure:
1. Enter Magnet as Name of the region 2. Enter Permanent magnet of the contactor as Comment 3. Select the Magnetostatic 2D tab 4. Select Magnetic region
5. Click on the menus appear
button so that the contextual
Then you must perform the task 1 of the next figure:
1. Select the New menu to create a new material
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The New Material window is then displayed and to create the material: SmCo, you must perform tasks 1 to 9 of the next figure:
1. Enter SmCo as Name of the material 2. Enter Permanent magnet SmCo as Comment 3. Select the B(H) tab 4. Select Magnetic property 5. Select Unidirectional, radial or orthoradial magnetization. 6. Enter 0.75 as Residual flux density (T) 7. Enter 1.025 as Relative permeability
8. Click on the OK button to create the material 9. Click on the Cancel button to quit this window
The material: SmCo is then created. Then, you assign this material to the face region: Magnet, you must perform the task 1 of the next figure:
1. Select SMCO as Material of the region
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To define a color and a visibility for the face region, and to finish the assignment of the physical properties of the fourth face region: Magnet, you must perform tasks 1 to 4 of the next figure:
1. Select the Appearance tab 2. Select Magenta as Color 3. Select VISIBLE as Visibility
So the creation of the fourth face region: Magnet of magenta color and the assignment of physical properties (magnetic region constituted of the SmCo material) to this face region have been done. To orient the magnet material, you should follow the program sequence below: either select the following menus: Physic Material Orient material for face region or click on the following icon:
Click on 0 to orient the magnet material
Note: You can also import material from the FLUX database, or from a shared database. In this case you have to: Create a new material by double clicking on the [material database] menu in the FLUX supervisor Import the material, when you need it in the physic context Please have a look at the users guide for more details. The brushless tutorial gives a fully described example.
FLUX2D9.10
Then, you will create the fifth face region: Core. Initially, you will define only the name and comment of the fifth face region: Core, you will define neither the region type, nor the appearance (color and visibility), so you must perform tasks 1 to 5 of the next figure:
1. Enter Core as Name of the region 2. Enter Core of the contactor as Comment 3. Select the Magnetostatic 2D tab
4. Initially, select Air or vacuum region as Type of region
5. Click on the OK button to create the face region name and comment
The name and comment of the fifth face region: Core are then defined. Then, you will create similarly the sixth face region: Blade. Initially, you will define only the name and comment of the sixth face region: Blade, you will define neither the region type, nor the appearance (color and visibility), so you must perform tasks 1 to 6 of the next figure:
1. Enter Blade as Name of the region 2. Enter Mobile blade of the contactor as Comment 3. Select the Magnetostatic 2D tab
4. Initially, select Air or vacuum region as Type of region
5. Click on the OK button to create the face region name and comment 6. Click on the Cancel button to quit this window
The name and comment of the sixth face region: Blade are then defined.
FLUX2D9.10
You will create the material: Steel that will be assigned to the two face regions: Core and Blade. To create materials, you should follow the program sequence below: either select the following menus: Physic Material New

or click on the following icon: or in the tree at the left, in the Data tab: click with the right button of the mouse, in Physic, on Material the following contextual menus appear:
select New
or double click on Material in the tree.
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The New Material window is then displayed and to create the material: Steel, you must perform tasks 1 to 9 of the next figure:
1. Enter Steel as Name of the material 2. Enter Soft non-linear steel as Comment 3. Select the B(H) tab 4. Select Magnetic property 5. Select Isotropic scalar analytic saturation (arctg, 2 coeff.). 6. Enter 1.5 as Saturation magnetization (T) 7. Enter 1500 as Initial relative permeability
8. Click on the OK button to create the material 9. Click on the Cancel button to quit this window
The material: Steel is then created.
Finally, you will assign to the two face regions: Blade and Core, simultaneously, the same region type (magnetic region constituted of the same material: Steel), with the same appearance (same color: Cyan and visibility: Visible), using the Edit array command.
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In the tree at the left, in the Data tab: in Physic, in Regions, in Face Region select the Blade and Core face regions:
<BLADE> <ctrl>+<CORE>
These two face regions being selected, you must right-click the mouse without moving it:
right
Then, the contextual menus appear:
select Edit array
The Edit Face region[BLADE,CORE] window is then displayed and to define the region type and the appearance (color and visibility) and to finish the assignment of the physical properties of the two face regions: Blade and Core, you must perform tasks 1 to 4 of the next figure:
1. Select Magnetic region as Sub types 2. Select STEEL as Material 3. Select Cyan as COLOR 4. Click on the OK button to assign the same region sub type, the same material and the same color to the two face regions : Blade and Core
So the creation of the fifth and sixth face regions: Blade and Core of cyan color and the assignment of physical properties (magnetic region constituted of the Steel material) to these two face regions have been done.
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Since all the face regions have been defined, they will be assigned to the corresponding faces of the study domain, as presented in the figure below:
BLADE AIR
COILL
COILR
CORE
MAGNET
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Follow the program sequence below:
either select the following menus: Physic Assign regions to geometric entities Assign regions to faces (completion mode) or click on the following icon:
or in the tree at the left, in the Data tab: click with the right button of the mouse, in Geometry, in Geometric entities, on Face the following contextual menus appear:
select Assign regions to faces (completion mode) The Assign Region to Faces (completion mode) window is then displayed:
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The figure below shows the two faces to select with the mouse corresponding to the CORE face region.
CORE
To assign the CORE face region to the two faces, you must perform tasks 1 to 4 of the next figure:
1. Select the first face with the mouse in the graphical part 2. Press on the Ctrl key in the same time as you select the second face in with the mouse the graphical part 3. Select CORE as Region Face for Faces 4. Click on the OK button to assign the region to the two faces
The CORE face region is then assigned to the two faces. In case of error, you can cancel the current selection using the Cancel button.
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The figure below shows the face to select with the mouse corresponding to the BLADE face region.
BLADE
To assign the BLADE face region to the face, you must perform tasks 1 to 3 of the next figure:
1. Select the face with the mouse in the graphical part
2. Select BLADE as Region Face for Faces 3. Click on the OK button to assign the region to the face
The BLADE face region is then assigned to the face.
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The figure below shows the two faces to select with the mouse corresponding to the MAGNET face region.
MAGNET
To assign the MAGNET face region to the two faces, you must perform tasks 1 to 4 of the next figure:
1. Select the first face with the mouse in the graphical part 2. Press on the Ctrl key in the same time as you select the second face with the mouse in the graphical part 3. Select MAGNET as Region Face for Faces 4. Click on the OK button to assign the region to the two faces
The MAGNET face region is then assigned to the two faces.
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The figure below shows the face to select with the mouse corresponding to the COILL face region.
COILL
To assign the COILL face region to the face, you must perform tasks 1 to 3 of the next figure:
2. Select COILL as Region Face for Faces 3. Click on the OK button to assign the region to the face
The COILL face region is then assigned to the face.
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The figure below shows the face to select with the mouse corresponding to the COILR face region.
COILR
To assign the COILR face region to the face, you must perform tasks 1 to 3 of the next figure:
2. Select COILR as Region Face for Faces 3. Click on the OK button to assign the region to the face
The COILR face region is then assigned to the face.
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The figure below shows the face to select with the mouse corresponding to the AIR face region.
AIR
To assign the AIR face region to the face, you must perform tasks 1 to 4 of the next figure:
1. Select the face with the mouse part in the graphical
2. Select AIR as Region Face for Faces 3. Click on the OK button to assign the region to the face 4. Click on the Cancel button to quit this window
The AIR face region is then assigned to the face. All the face regions are assigned to all the faces.
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To create line regions, you should follow the program sequence below: either select the following menus: Physic Line region New

or click on the following icon: or in the tree at the left, in the Data tab: click with the right button of the mouse, in Physic, in Regions, on Line Region the following contextual menus appear:
select New
or double click on Line Region in the tree.
The New Line region window is then displayed, which allows to create the line region: ExtReg and assign the physical properties to this line region.
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To define the name and comment of the line region: ExtReg and the region type, you must perform tasks 1 to 6 of the next figure:
1. Enter ExtReg as Name of the region 2. Enter Boundary line region as Comment 3. Select the Magnetostatic 2D tab 4. Select Boundary condition : imposed magnetic flux 5. Select Constant or evolve formula 6. Enter 0 as Expression (in Weber)
To define a color and a visibility for the line region, and to finish the assignment of the physical properties of the line region: ExtReg, you must perform tasks 1 to 5 of the next figure:
1. Select the Appearance tab 2. Select Yellow as Color 3. Select VISIBLE as Visibility
4. Click on the OK button to create the line region and to assign the physical properties to this line region 5. Click on the Cancel button to quit this window
So the creation of the line region: ExtReg of yellow color and the assignment of physical properties (boundary condition : imposed magnetic flux equal to zero) to this line region have been done.
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Since the line region has been defined, it will be assigned to the four boundary lines of the study domain, follow the program sequence below:
either select the following menus: Physic Assign regions to geometric entities Assign regions to lines or click on the following icon: or in the tree at the left, in the Data tab: click with the right button of the mouse, in Geometry, in Geometric entities, on Line the following contextual menus appear:
select Assign regions to lines
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The Assign regions to lines window is then displayed:
The figure below shows the four straight lines to select with the mouse corresponding to the EXTREG line region, starting e.g. from the vertical line situated to the right (lines numbered from 1 to 4 in the next figure).
Line region
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To assign the EXTREG line region to the four boundary lines, you must perform tasks 1 to 7 of the next figure:
1. Select the first line with the mouse in the graphical part 2. Press on the Ctrl key in the same time as you select the second line with the mouse in the graphical part 3. Press on the Ctrl key in the same time as you select the third line with in the graphical part the mouse 4. Press on the Ctrl key in the same time as you select the fourth line with the mouse in the graphical part 5. Select EXTREG as Region Line to assign to Lines 6. Click on the OK button to assign the region to the four lines 7. Click on the Cancel button to quit this window
The EXTREG line region is then assigned to the four boundary lines. The geometric description of the contactor is finished.
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3.6
Creating the TRA file
Since the mesh of the computation domain is generated, you should create the TRA file to solve the physical problem. select the following menus: Project Export Exprot physic Export physic to a TRA file (Flux2D) Save
1. Enter contact as Preflu2D project name 2. Click on the Save button to save the PREFLUX 2D project
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3.7
Saving data and leaving PREFLUX 2D
Since the mesh of the computation domain is generated, you should save the problem data. either select the following menus: Project Save
Saving project C:\CEDRAT\TUTORIAL\2D\TUTORIAL_80\ MAGNETOSTATICS\CONTACT 20:50:33 1330 sec. Start save ... 20:50:39 1335 sec. ... end save 20:50:39 1336 sec. Writing of the file C:\CEDRAT\TUTORIAL\2D\TUTORIAL_80\MAGNETOSTATICS\CONTACT.TR A 20:50:41 1338 sec. End writing ... end saving project
At this moment, you can create or modify the geometry or mesh of another problem, or quit PREFLUX 2D.
Project Exit
The transmission file CONTACT.TRA and the folder CONTACT.FLU that contains the file GEOM_FLU.PFL, MESH_FLU.PFL and PROBLEM_FLU.PFL are automatically created when you exit PREFLUX 2D. We return to FLUX2D Supervisor (FLUX2D tab). You can now run another program, as for example CSLMAT, to create the materials.
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PART B: EXPLANATION OF CASE 1 SOLVER_2D: SOLVING THE PROBLEM
4. SOLVER_2D: SOLVING THE PROBLEM
We will now solve the problem without parameters using the SOLVER_2D program.
4.1
Starting the solver
To run SOLVER_2D, from the Supervisor, in the tree at the left, in [Solving process], you should double-click on the following menu:
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4.2
Choosing the problem
In the window, which has just been displayed, you should click on the name of the problem to solve (file Contact1.tra), then on the Open button (tasks 1 to 2 of the following figure).
1. Click on Contact1.tra
2. Click on Open
Note: You can also double-click on the problem name: <Contact1.tra> Note: The Main data tab is displayed on top.
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4.3
Configuring the solving options
The problem that we are treating contains a magnetic material with a non-linear model of the permeability in the CORE and BLADE regions. To solve this problem, FLUX2D uses an iterative process. Two options allow you to control this process: The maximum number of iterations, that we will fix at 20, The requested precision of the computation of the state variable (vector potential), that we will fix at 0.001. This value is appropriate in most cases. To obtain more accurate results, it should be decreased. On the other hand, FLUX2D offers the possibility to use a progressive Newton Raphson algorithm, in order to accelerate the convergence of the solution in strongly saturated problems. We do not use it in this tutorial.
The solving Options tab is displayed in the next figure:
Note: If the solving process seems to use all the ressources of your PC, it is possible to modify the priority associated to the current computation (even during the solving process).
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4.4
Running the solver

, or in the
Now, we will start the resolution. To do that, you must click either on the icon SOLVER_2D menu-bar on:
<Computation> <Solve>
The Output data box is displayed on top. It contains the state of the solving process. The History window, which is placed in the lower part of the screen, contains the information of the solving process, such as the length of the matrix (a line per node) and the number of non null terms per line... In this window, we can also survey the evolution of the solving process. For example, in the case of iterative processes will be displayed the intermediary relative precision, the number of iterations...
Size of the matrix: Number of lines = 3401 Average length = 5 Integration done, equations assembled Equations solved Integration done, equations assembled Equations solved Iteration number 1 Relative variation with respect to the previous iteration 0.00841 Integration done, equations assembled Equations solved Iteration number 2 Relative variation with respect to the previous iteration 0.833E-03 Integration done, equations assembled Equations solved Iteration number 3 Relative variation with respect to the previous iteration 0.412E-04 Status: computation finished
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The end of the solving process is indicated by a message, both in the Output data tab and in the History window.
This message indicates that the solving process is over
To quit the solver, click in the menu-bar on:

<File> <Exit>
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PART B: EXPLANATION OF CASE 1 POSTPRO_2D: ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS
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5. POSTPRO_2D: ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS
POSTPRO_2D allows you to analyze the results using the Windows functions. You can: - display quantities maps, - compute local and global values, - display 2D and 3D curves, - perform spectrum analysis along a path, - check the characteristics of the materials that are used in the problem, - make animations, - ...
5.1
Starting POSTPRO_2D
To run POSTPRO_2D, from the Supervisor, in the tree at the left, in [Analysis], you should double-click on the following menu:
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5.2
In the Open window that has just been opened, click on the name of the problem to open (file Contact1.tra), then on the Open button:
<Contact1.tra> <Open> Note: You can also double-click on the problem name: <Contact1.tra>
The following window will be displayed:
The left-hand part of the window contains a tree, which summarizes the problem data, as well as the supports and the curves already created. The right-hand part of the window contains the geometry of the problem. The review file tab, on the lower part, contains the messages displayed during the result analysis. The *.log_res.file tab contains the solving process report. The bottom left window contains a global view of the graphic window.
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5.3
5.3.1
Displaying result maps

Displaying the equiflux lines
First, we will display the equiflux lines. The equiflux lines allow you to observe if the problem is correctly formulated and emphasize both the field concentration areas and the direction of the field. (The same quantity of magnetic flux flows between any two-equiflux lines). The plot of the equiflux lines allows you to check if the mesh is proper and if the boundary is far enough. This is the first, indispensable control of the result accuracy. The equiflux lines can be displayed on all the regions, on a group of regions, or on only one region. You can choose their number, distribution and display mode. You can number them or not... These options define the Isovalues properties.
In our case, we wish to display the equiflux lines in normal quality (11 numbered lines) and uniform distribution. The regions will be graphically selected.
To define these properties, you should click either on the icon menu-bar on:
<Results> <Properties...>
, or in the POSTPRO_2D
The Display properties window, which has just been opened, contains the Isovalues tab that you must place on top by clicking on it (task 1 of the following figure). Then, you must perform tasks 2 to 9 of the next figure:
1. Click on the Isovalues tab, in order to display it on top 2. Select Equiflux as quantity to be displayed 3. Select Graphic selection of the regions 4. Select Normal quality 5. Fix the number of isovalues at 11 6. Select Uniform scaling 7. Check the Write Numbers box 8. Set these parameters as default
9. Click on OK
Note: The computing parameters and display characteristics are saved from one problem to another; on the contrary, the current choice of the analyzed quantity and of the support is not saved.
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Now, we will display the equiflux lines. In order to do that, you must click either on the icon , or on the menus:
<Results> <Isovalues>
The corresponding values of each equiflux line are displayed in the Geometry sheet and in the History window (on the lower part).
We can also display the Legend window, which also contains these values.
<View> <Legend window>
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Note: To display a particular isovalue line, it is sufficient to click in the legend on the isovalue number or on the desired value. Afterwards, in order to reactivate the geometry window and its icons, it is sufficient to click anywhere in the geometry window.
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In order to visualize better the equiflux lines, we will perform a zoom on the geometry. You must click on the icon , or on the menus:
<View> <Zoom> <Zoom Rectangle>
Then, select two points around the device without releasing the mouse between the two points.
We will save this zoom by clicking on the icon

<View> <Zoom> <User Zoom Define> <1>
, or on the menus:
To redo this zoom, you must click on the icon

<View> <Zoom> <User Zoom Select> <1>
, or on the menus:
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5.3.2
Displaying color shaded plots of the flux density
The visualization of the flux density module in color shaded plots allows you to emphasize the saturated areas and the mesh quality.
Displaying the flux density on all the regions:
First, we will define the properties of the color shaded plot in the same manner as for the isovalues. You must click on the icon
<Results> <Properties>
, or on the menus:
Then, you must perform tasks 1 to 7 of the next figure:

1. Click on the Color Shade tab, in order to bring it on top 2. Select Flux density as quantity to be displayed 3. Select Graphic selection of the regions 4. Select Normal quality
5. Select Uniform scaling
6. Set these parameters as default 7. Click on OK
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Now, we will superpose the color shaded plot of the flux density on the equiflux lines. You should click on the icon or on the menus:
<Results> <Colour shade>
To no longer display the equiflux lines, you must deactivate the display of the isovalues by either clicking on the icon , or on the menus:
<Results> <Isovalues> Note: By default, if no region is selected, the isovalues, the color shaded plots, the vectors... are displayed on all the regions.
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Displaying the flux density on the BLADE and CORE regions:
Now, we will visualize the color shaded plot of the flux density on the BLADE and CORE regions. In order to select only those two regions you must: 1. activate the icon or click on the menus:
<Geometry> <Regions> <Select by click>
2. press on the Ctrl key in the same time as you select the BLADE and CORE regions in the tree window or on the geometry window.
<Ctrl> + <BLADE> <Ctrl> + <CORE>
The update of the plots (equiflux lines, color shaded plots...) is not automatic; you must do it yourself either by pressing the F5 key, or by clicking on the menus:
<Results> <Update>
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Displaying the flux density on a group of regions support
POSTPRO_2D allows you to create supports that can be groups of regions, paths or grids. The supports are saved with the problem and, therefore, can be used later. We will create the group of regions named magcir, which contains the BLADE and CORE regions.
To create a group of regions, you must either click on the icon <Supports> <Group manager...>
, or on the menus:
Then, in the Group manager... window you must perform tasks 1 to 4 of the next figure.
1. Enter magcir as name of the group of regions
2. Select the BLADE and CORE regions 3. Click on Add 4. Click on Create
To plot the flux density on this group of regions, we must select it in the color shade tab of the
display properties window. You must click on the icon

, or on the menus:
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1. Click on the Color Shade tab to bring it on top 2. Select magcir as plot support
3. Click on OK
The color shaded plot of the flux density on the magcir group of regions is now displayed.
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5.3.3
Displaying the magnetic force density vectors
Now, we will display the magnetic force density vectors along the blade boundary. This result is valid only if the magnetic permeability of this region is high compared to those of the surrounding regions, which is our case. Similarly to the isovalues and the color shaded plots, we will define the display properties of the boundary vectors. You must click on the icon
, or on the menus:
1. Click on the Bound Vectors tab to bring it on top 2. Select Magnetic pressure as quantity to be displayed 3. Select the BLADE region as support 4. Select Arrow as vector form
5. Fix the vector size at 15% 6. Select All to display all the vectors
7. Set these parameters as default
8. Click on OK
Note: The Apply button allows you to save the display properties without quitting the window (contrary to the OK button that quits the window).
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To display only the boundary vectors, we must deactivate the display of the color shaded plots by clicking on the icon , or on the menus:
<Results> <Colour shade>
Afterwards, to display the boundary vectors, you must click on the icon
<Results> <Boundary vectors>
, or on the menus:
Note: In order to superpose the elements on the displayed view (isovalues, color shaded plots, regions...), you must either activate the icon <Geometry> <Elements> <Superimpose> , or the menu:
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5.4
5.4.1
Computation of local and global quantities

Computation of the magnetic force acting on the blade
We will compute the magnetic force that acts on the blade by using the virtual work method (derivative of the magnetic energy with respect to the virtual displacement of the object). This method is applicable to a region or a group of regions entirely surrounded by air, which is the case of the blade. To compute the magnitude and the orientation of the force on the BLADE region, you must open a
Computation on a support manager window by clicking on the icon <Computation> <On a support...>
, or on the menus:
1. Check that the filter is Regions 2. Select the BLADE region as support of computation 3. Click on Properties
4. Select Force as quantity to be computed. The force will be computed by using the virtual work method 5. Select the Magnitude and and Direction components 6. Click on Add 7. Click on OK
8. Click on Compute to start the force computation
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The results for are now displayed in the window. The force is oriented downwards, its orientation is - 90.
Note: The force on a region can be obtained also by computing the force density (Magnetic pressure) acting on its boundary. This computation, based on the Maxwell Stress method, allows you to compute the force even if the region is not surrounded by air. This method is valid only if the region has a high permeability compared to those of the surrounding regions (1/1000).
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5.4.2
Computation of the force acting on the magnetic core
We will compute the force acting on the core. You must perform tasks 1 and 2 of the following figure:
1. Select the CORE region as support of computation
2. Click on Compute to start the force computation
An error message appears in the Status field, and also in the History window. This message indicates that the computation has been made on an outline larger than the one of the CORE region, because this region is not completely surrounded by air. This outline includes the magnetic core, the magnet and the coil. This computation verifies the action-reaction principle. We get almost the same result to that computed on the BLADE region, but with an opposite sign. Minor differences can appear due to the numerical errors.
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5.4.3
Computation of the flux through the coil
The magnet creates a flux through the coil. It is equal to:
COIL = COILR COILL.
To compute this flux, you must on one hand compute the flux through the COILR region and on the other hand the flux through the COILL region.
First, we will compute the flux through the COILR region. You must perform tasks 1 to 12 of the next figures:
1. Check that the filter is Regions
2. Select the COILR region as computation support 3. Click on Properties
4. Click on Remove All to delete the computation of the force 5. Select Inductance as quantity to be computed 6. Select Flux seen by the region
7. Click on Add
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We must provide coefficients that are the numbers of turns of the COILR and COILL regions.
8. Click on the Coefficients tab to bring it on top 9. Fix to 100 the number of turns of the COILR region 10. Fix to 100 the number of turns of the COILL region 11. Click on OK 12. Click on Compute to start the flux computation
The flux through the COILR region is then displayed:
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Now, we will compute the flux through the COILL region by performing tasks 1 to 3 of the next figure:
1. Select the COILL region as support of computation
2. Click on Compute to start the flux computation 3. Click on Close to quit this window after the results analysis
The flux through the coil is equal to 0.041 Weber. We could have opened a second Computation on a support manager window by clicking on , to compute the flux through the COILL region. This would have allowed us to view the icon side by side the flux through each region. The results are also written in the history tab.
Note: The computation of the flux through a region is possible only if a current source was assigned to this region. That is why, in order to compute the flux created by magnet in the coil, we assigned to the COILR and COILL regions a current source with null value of the current density. Note: It is also possible to compute the flux across the coil by creating a region named coil (grouping the COILL and COILR regions) and assigning the coefficients -100 to the COILL region and +100 to the COILR region (100 is turns number of the coil). The computation is done by the following program sequence: ([Computation] [On a support ...] [Filter: Regions] [Support: coil] [Properties...] [Quantity: Inductance] [Component: Flux seen by the region] [Add >] [OK] [Compute]).
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5.4.4
Computation of a local quantity (flux density) on a point
The computation of a local quantity on a point is carried out in the same way as the computation of a global quantity on a region. You must open a Computation on a point manager window by , or on the menus: clicking on the icon <Computation> <On a point...> Then, in the Computation on a point manager window, that has just been opened, you must choose the quantity to be computed (Properties menu). You can choose the points of computation either by defining their coordinates or graphically. In that case you must activate the Pick menu and deactivate the icon regions. of the graphic selection of the
You can, for example, compute the flux density on different points of the airgap.
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5.5
Spatial variation of a local quantity
All the local quantities can be displayed as curves along a path (segment, arc of circle, polyline) or along a line region. To display a quantity along a path, three steps are necessary: 1. The first step consists of defining the path that can be common to different curves. This path is a computation support. The path can be defined graphically or by coordinates. It can consist of several sections. The quantity is computed on equally spaced points (discretization points) along the path. 2. The second step consists of defining the curve(s) to be displayed. A curve is defined by the quantity to be visualized on Y axis and by the path to be used on X axis. A default name is attributed to each curve. The name and the color of the curve can be modified. 3. The third step consists of displaying the curve(s) previously defined. In the same 2D_curves window, several curves can be displayed, superposed or not. You can compute for each curve the mean and integral values of the quantities along the path. You can also pick values on the curve.
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5.5.1
Module of the flux density along the airgap
We will display the variation of the flux density module in the airgap.
First, we must define the path in the airgap. You must click on the icon <Supports> <Path manager...>
, or on the menus:
1. Enter MiddleAirgap as name of the path 2. Enter 100 points of Discretization
3. Click on New section to define the first part of the path by its coordinates 4. Select Straight segment 5. Enter: X = -50 and Y = 42.5 for the origin point 6. Enter: X = 50 and Y = 42.5 for the end point 7. Click on OK to create the segment 8. Click on Create
Note: You must not use the Enter/Return key to go from one co-ordinate to the other, but the TAB key, or the mouse. When performing task 8, it is possible to click directly on the icon save the path and also to open the 2D curves manager. that allows us to
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Now, we will open the 2D Curves manager window and define the curve magnitude of the
flux density versus MiddleAirgap path. You must click on the icon
, or on the menus:
<Computation> <2D curves manager...> Then, you must perform tasks 1 to 7 of the next figure:
1. Select Path as X axis support 2. Select MiddleAirgap as path to be displayed on X 3. Select Flux density as quantity to be analyzed 4. Select Magnitude as component to be displayed on Y 5. Enter fluxdensity as name of the curve 6. Click on Create to create the curve 7. Click on Close
The curve being defined, we can visualize it. We must open a specific 2D curves window by clicking on the icon , or on the menus: <Window> <New 2D curves sheet>
Then, we must modify the properties of this window by clicking on the menus: <2D Curves> <Properties>
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Next, you must perform tasks 1 to 4 of the following figure:
1. Select the Computation filter
2. Select the fluxdensity curve
3. Click on Add
4. Click on OK
The next curve is then displayed.
You can pick values on the curve by using the 2D Curves, New cursor menus. To check other values, you can modify the value displayed on X in the Cursor window, or to move with the mouse the vertical cursor that appears on the curve. You can also open a second Cursor window to compare the values between the two cursors. This allows you, for example, to compute the magnetic flux between the two points.
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5.5.2
Normal and tangential components of the flux density in the airgap
Now, we will plot the normal and tangential components of the flux density in the airgap. The path is already defined (MiddleAirgap path). All that remains is to define the two curves. We must open the 2D curves manager by clicking on the icon <Computation> <2D curves manager...> To create the curve corresponding to the normal component of the flux density, you must perform tasks 1 to 5 of the following figure: , or on the menus:
1. Enter NormComp as name of the curve 2. Check that Path is selected
3. Select MiddleAirgap as path to be used on X axis 4. Select Flux density as quantity to be analyzed 5. Double-click on Normal component to select the component to be displayed and to create the curve. This double-click has the same results as the Create command.
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Then, to create the curve corresponding to the tangential component of the flux density, we should perform in the same window tasks 1 to 3 presented in the following figure:
1. Enter TanComp as name of the curve
2. Double-click on Tangent component
3. Click on Close
The names of the curves that you have just created appear in the 2D Curves item of the tree window. If they do not appear, you must click on the sign placed in front of the 2DCurves item. In order to visualize rapidly the normal and tangential components of the flux density in the same window, we will use the display contextual menu. In the tree window, you must select the NormComp and TanComp curves: <ctrl>+<NormComp> <ctrl>+<TanComp> These curves being selected, you must right-click the mouse without moving it: right Then, the contextual menu appears:
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You must left-click the Display menu: <Display> A new 2D Curves window is created. It contains the NormComp and TanComp curves, side by side. To superpose these two curves, you must modify the properties of the 2D Curves window by clicking on: <2D Curves> <Properties> Then, you must perform tasks 1 to 3 of the next figure:
1. Click on the Display tab in order to place it on top
2. Select Superimposed as display mode
3. Click on OK
Note: After having placed the mouse on one of the curves, we could have used the Properties contextual menu to open the Curves properties manager.
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The curves features can be modified at any time in the 2DCurves, Properties menus, Display tab. You can, for example, choose different scales for the two components of the flux density... We invite you to discover the other possibilities of the POSTPRO_2D program, for example, the checking of the physical properties or the visualization of the quantities as 3D curves. We remind you that all the drawings appearing on the screen can be saved for a graphic output using the Edit, Copy menus. A listing of the displayed values can be obtained by clicking on the Value, Save as menus, available in the computation manager or in the 2DCurves menu...
Note: In order to display in the geometry window the legend of the isovalues, color shaded plots..., you should in the Geometry, Properties menu, click on the Sheet tab and check With legend box.
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5.6
Saving the results in a text file

<View> <Save review file as...>
Now, we will save the results in a text file (*.txt). Click on the following menus:
In the window that has just appeared on your screen click on Save, the file being saved with the name: CONTACT1_Hist.txt.
Click on Save to save the result in a text file
5.7
Leaving POSTPRO_2D
To quit the post-processor, click on the menus: <File> <Exit> You have the possibility to save the computation supports and the curves that you have just defined for a later analysis.
<Yes>
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART C: EXPLANATION OF CASE 2
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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PART C: EXPLANATION OF CASE 2 SOLVER_2D: PARAMETRIC SOLVING PROCESS
6. SOLVER_2D: PARAMETRIC SOLVING PROCESS
In this section we will solve the problem by parameterizing both the current through the coil and the thickness of the airgap. All the other data being preserved, it is not necessary to rebuild the geometry and the mesh. We will use the multi-parametric analysis tools of the SOLVER_2D program.
6.1
Starting the solver
To run SOLVER_2D, from the Supervisor, in the tree at the left, in [Solving process], you should double-click on the following menu:
6.2
In order not to destroy the previous problem, we should create a new problem: Contact2. If we had kept the same name, before erasing the data of the previous solving process FLUX2D would have asked the confirmation to continue. First, we must open the problem Contact1 (file Contact1.tra). In the window that has just been displayed you must click on the problem name and then on the Open button: <Contact1.tra> <Open> Then, we must save the problem Contact1 under a new name: Contact2. You must click in the SOLVER_2D menu-bar on: <File> <Save as...>
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In the Save as type window, which has just been opened, you should perform tasks 1 to 2 of the following figure:
1. Type Contact2
2. Click on Save
Note: The Main data tab is then displayed on top.
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6.3
Defining the parameters
We will parameterize the current density value of the COILR and COILL regions. This value must vary between 0 and 20 A/mm2 with a step of 2 A/mm2. The reference value will be fixed at 2 A/mm2. Then, we will vary the airgap thickness by modifying the A_G geometrical parameter between 2 mm and 6 mm. The reference value will be fixed at 2 mm.
6.3.1
Activation of the parameterization tools

, or in the solveur
To start the parameterization tools you must click either on the icon menu-bar on: <Parametrisation> <Parameter> Then, the following windows will be displayed:
The left window contains a tree containing the quantities that can be parameterized. They are classified into categories. The right window displays the selected quantity in the tree (by default, the first value in the tree).
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6.3.2
Parameterizing the current density in the COILR region
First, we will parameterize the current density of the COILR region. To choose this quantity, you should double-click on Sources, COILR: source and Current density (A/mm2) in the tree window (tasks 1 to 3 of the following figure).
1. Double-click on Sources 2. Double-click on COILR : source 3. Double-click on Current density (A/mm2)
The title in the right window becomes COILR: source. We will modify the reference value of the current density. The current reference value is 0 A/mm2; we will fix it at 2 A/mm2 (task 1 of the following figure).
1. Enter the new reference value: 2 A/mm2
Next, we will define the values of the Current density used during the parameterized solving process. For a constant step of the current density you must click on: <Value of step>
1. Click on Value of step
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In the Value of step window, which has just been opened, you should define the minimum value of the current density, the maximum value of the current density and the value of the step (tasks 1 to 4 of the following figure).
Note: In order to move from a field to another you should use the TAB Return/Enter key. key and not the
1. Enter the lower limit: 0 A/mm2 2. Enter the upper limit: 20 A/mm2 3. Enter the step value: 2 A/mm2
4. Click on OK to validate your choices
Note: In the tree window, the items Sources, COILR: source and Current density (A/mm2) are now preceded by a red point, while the others, not yet parameterized, are preceded by a green point.
The features of the parameter Current density are now displayed in the right-hand side window. We will check the values of this parameter by clicking on the button: <Display>
1. Click on Display
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You obtain the next window:
Note: To move within the tree you can use the following symbols:
and
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6.3.3
Parameterizing the current density in the COILL region
The current in the COILL region (entering current) is the same as in the COILR region (exiting current), except the sign. In order to make them vary in the same time, we must link the current density of the COILL region to the one of the COILR region. In the right window, entitled COILR: source, you must click on the button: <Link> FLUX2D then displays the list of regions compatible with the current density property. In our case, only the CIOLL region has this property. A simple formula allows you to define the correlation between two parameters. In our case, this formula is:
Current density COILL = Current density COILR * (-1)
To define this formula, you must perform tasks 1 to 5 of the next figure:
1. Select the COILL region
2. Click on Link by formula 3. Check that the operator is * 4. Enter the value 1 5. Click on Validate 6. Click on OK
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The COILL and COILR regions being linked, the reference value of the COILL region is automatically fixed by FLUX2D at -2 A/mm2, the same as for the COILR region (2 A/mm2), but with an opposite sign. To verify the link between the values of the current density parameter of the COILL and COILR regions you must double-click in the tree window on: <COILL: source>
The key indicates that the current density of the COILL region is linked to another region
1. The reference value automatically fixed at : -2 A/mm2
In the window tree, the current density of the COILL region must be preceded by a light blue point (linked quantity) and the one of the COILR region by a dark blue point (reference quantity).
6.3.4
Parameterizing the airgap thickness
We will parameterize the thickness of the airgap A_G as for the current density. To reach the parameter A_G, perform tasks 1 and 2 of the next figure in the tree window.
1. Double-click on Geometry 2. Double-click on A_G: Airgap thickness
The title in the right window must be A_G: Airgap thickness.
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First, we will modify the reference value of the airgap thickness. The actual reference value is 5 mm; we fix it at 2 mm (task 1 of the next figure).
1. Enter the new reference value: 2 mm
Next, we will define the airgap thickness values. Two variation methods are used.
Number of steps: between the limits 2 mm and 3 mm we will define 5 computation steps at a constant step. The number of steps and the limit values define the size of the step.
In the Variation method field click on: <Number of steps> In the Number of steps window that has just been opened, perform tasks 1 to 4 of the next figure:
1. Enter the value of the lower limit: 2 mm 2. Enter the value of the upper limit: 3 mm 3. Enter the number of steps: 5
List of values: between the lower limit 3 mm and the upper limit 6 mm we will define two values, at 4 mm and 5 mm.
In the field Variation method click on: <List of values>
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In the List of values window, that has just been opened, perform tasks 1 to 3 of the next figure. The lower limit is imposed by FLUX2D because it is also the upper limit of the values defined previously.
Note: Each value of the Data field must be separated from the precedent by a space.
1.Enter the value of the upper limit: 6 mm 2. Enter the values 4 and 5 separated by a space
The Geometry and A_G: Airgap thickness items in the tree window are now preceded by a red point. The elements of the parameter A_G: Airgap thickness are now displayed in the right window. We will check the values of this parameter by clicking on the button: <Display>
Click on Display
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You obtain the next window:
6.3.5
Choosing the multi-parametric computation method

, or on the menus:
We will study the influence of the two parameters on the results by a multi-parametric method. You should click either on the icon
<Method> <Multi-parametric> By this method, we solve the problem for each value of the airgap thickness (8 values) and for each value of the current density (11 values), totally 8 x 11 = 88 solving processes.
6.3.6
Leaving the parameterization tools

,
The parameterization process is now finished. We should save the data by clicking on the icon or on the menus: <File> <Save> In order to quit the parameterization tools you should click either on the icon <File> <Close parametrisation>
Note: The Parameters tab summarize the parameterized quantities used during the solving process.
, or on the menus:
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Note: The Options defined in case 1 are preserved.
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6.4
Running the solving process

, or on the menus: <Computation> <Solve>
Now, we will run the solving process. You should click on the icon
Then, the Output data tab is displayed on top. It contains the state of the solving process.
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The History window contains the progress report of the solving process:
Size of the matrix: Number of lines = 4765 Average length = 6 Computation 1/88 Value of the parameter A_G: Geometrical parameter = 2. Value of the parameter COILR: Current density = 2. A./mm2
... ...
Value of the parameter A_G: Geometrical parameter = 2. Value of the parameter COILR: Current density = 0. A./mm2
... ...
Value of the parameter A_G: Geometrical parameter = 2. Value of the parameter COILR: Current density = 4. A./mm2
... ...
Value of the parameter A_G: Geometrical parameter = 2. Value of the parameter COILR: Current density = 6. A./mm2 ... ... Value of the parameter A_G: Geometrical parameter = 6. Value of the parameter COILR: Current density = 20. A./mm2 Status: computation finished
To quit the solver, simply click on the following menus: <File> <Exit>
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PART C: EXPLANATION OF CASE 2 POSTPRO_2D: ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS
7. POSTPRO_2D: ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS
Now, you are already familiar with POSTPRO_2D, thus we will verify the results depending on the current density and airgap thickness parameters.
7.1
Starting POSTPRO_2D
To run POSTPRO_2D, from the Supervisor, in the tree at the left, in [Analysis], you should double-click on the following menu:
7.2
In the Open window that has just been opened, click on the name of the problem to be analyzed (file Contact2.tra), then on the Open button: <Contact2.tra> <Open>
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7.3
7.3.1
Analysis of the results

Displaying the equiflux lines for the reference values of the parameters
First, we will display the equiflux lines. By default, POSTPRO_2D uses the reference values of the parameters defined in SOLVER_2D. In our case, the reference value of the current density is 2 A/mm2 and the reference value of the airgap thickness A_G is 2 mm. To display the equiflux lines with the legend, click on the icon <Results> <Isovalues> , or on the menus:
Note: The displayed equiflux lines correspond to the reference values of the current density (2 A/mm2) and of the airgap thickness (2 mm).
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7.3.2
Displaying the equiflux lines in animation mode

, or on the menus:
Now, we will display the evolution of the equiflux lines for each value of the current density parameter. You should click on the icon <Parameters> <Manager> Then, you should perform tasks 1 to 5 of the next figure:
1. Select Animation 2. Select the parameter Idensity(COILR) 3.Select 0 A/mm2 as the first parameter value 4. Select 1 for the animation of all values of the parameters 5. Click on to start the animation of the equiflux lines
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The equiflux lines corresponding to different values of the current density are displayed one after the other. The last displayed view corresponds to the last value of the current density, 20 A/mm2.
In the Parameters window you can adjust the animation speed of the different views, choose their succession, restart the animation... save the different views in an animation file (*.AVI).
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7.3.3
Computing the force on the blade for J = 0 A/mm2 and A_G = 5 mm
In order to compare the results with those obtained in case 1, we will compute the magnetic force for a current density of 0 A/mm2 and an airgap thickness A_G = 5 mm. First you must choose the value 0 A/mm2 for the current density parameter in the Parameters window.
1. Click on the value of the parameter Idensity(COILR) in the Values column button 2. Click on the 3. Select 0 A/mm 2 as the value of parameter
Similarly you must choose the value 5 mm for the A_G parameter in the Parameters window.
1. Click on the value of the parameter A_G in the Values column 2. Click on the button 3. Select 5 mm as the value of parameter
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In order to compute the force acting on the BLADE region, as in case 1, click on the icon the menus: <Computation> <On a support...> Then, perform tasks 1 to 8 of the next figure:
, or on
The values of the chosen parameters appear here 1. Check that the filter is Regions
2. Select the BLADE region as computation support 3. Click on Properties
4. Select Force as quantity to be computed. The force will be computed using the virtual works method. 5. Select the Magnitude and Direction components 6. Click on Add
7. Click on OK
8. Click on Compute to compute the magnetic force
For a current density value of 0 A/mm2 we find results similar to those in case 1. The force is downward oriented, and its module is about 54.64 N. This value can vary slightly depending on the mesh.
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7.3.4
Computing the force on the blade for the reference values of J and A_G
We will carry out the computation of the force for the reference values of the current density (2 A/mm2) and airgap thickness (2 mm). You should return to the reference values in the Parameters window (task 1 of the next figure). If this window is hidden behind the computation manager window, then you must move the latter one.
1.
Select Set all to ref
We could have chosen the two parameters Idensity and A_G one after the other and then choose 2 A/mm2 and 2 mm, as reference values of the parameters
Then, in the Computation on a support manager window we simply click on <Compute> to obtain the new value of the force (task 1 of the following figure).
The values of the parameters are displayed here
1. Click on Compute to obtain the new value of the force
The force is smaller than before, because the flux generated by the coil opposes the flux generated by the magnet.
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For the rest of the result analysis we do not need the Parameters and Computation on a support manager windows. Therefore, we can close them by clicking on Close or on the button in the upper right corner. We could have kept them for following computations.
7.3.5
Flux density along the airgap versus current density
Now, we will plot the module of the flux density along the airgap for the parameterized values of the current density. In order to increase the visibility of this view, we will display only the curves corresponding to one out of two values of the parameter, between 0 and 20 A/mm2.
As in case 1, we must define the path in the airgap. Therefore you should click on the icon or on the menus: <Supports> <Path manager...>
Then, you should perform tasks 1 to 8 of the next figure:
1. Enter MiddleAirgap as name of the path 2. Enter 100 points of Discretization
3. Click on New section to define the first part of the path by its coordinates 4. Select Straight segment 5. Enter: X = -50 and Y = 41 for the origin point 6. Enter: X = 50 and Y = 41 for the end point 7. Click on OK to create the segment to create the 8. Click on path and open the 2D curves manager
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Afterwards, to define the curves for different values of the current density, perform tasks 1 to 9 of the next figure:
1. Select Path as X axis support 2. Enter flux_density as name of the first curve 3. Select MiddleAirgap as path to be displayed on X axis 4. Select Flux density as quantity to be analyzed 5. Select Magnitude as component to be displayed on Y axis 6. Select the Idensity(COILR) parameter as the third quantity 7. Enter 2 as selection step of the parameter values 8. Select the values of the parameter to be displayed: 8.1 click on the value 0 8.2 slide the bar to the bottom 8.3 press the Shift key and click in the same time on the value 20 9. Click on to create and display the different curves
Note: To select the curves to be displayed in the Parameter values field, we could have clicked on Ctrl+A, in the place of steps 8.2 and 8.3.
To superpose these curves, starting from the menu-bar select the menus: <2D Curves> <Properties> <Display> <Superimposed>
Note: In the 2D Curves window we could have directly selected the Properties contextual menu by clicking the right button of the mouse.
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The legends are displayed on the right hand side of the curves. You can visualize the corresponding curve by running through the legends with the mouse (modification of the color). Several contextual menus will be displayed when right-clicking on a legend. The Properties menu allows you, for example, to get the minimum and maximum values of the curve.
7.3.6
Force on the blade versus current density

, or on the menus:
Now, we will display the force acting on the BLADE region as function of the current density. You should open the 2D Curves manager by clicking either on the icon <Computation> <2D curves manager...>
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Then, you should perform tasks 1 to 7 of the next figure:

1. Enter force(Icoilr) as name of the curve 2. Select Parameter as quantity to be displayed on X axis 3. Select Idensity(COILR)as parameter 4. Select Force as quantity to be analyzed 5. Select Magnitude as component to be displayed on Y axis 6. Select the BLADE region to create the curve and to 7. Click on display it on the screen
You can perform a zoom on the displayed curve or use the contextual menus to compute mean and integral values of the quantity.
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7.3.7
Force on the blade versus airgap thickness
We will display the force acting on the BLADE region as function of the airgap thickness (parameter A_G). For the computation of this curve, the value of the Idensity parameter will be 2 A/mm2. To display the force variation versus airgap thickness, open the 2D curves manager by clicking on the icon , or on the menus: <Computation> <2D curves manager...> Then, perform tasks 1 to 7 of the next figure:
1. Enter force(A_G) as name of the curve 2. Select Parameter as quantity to be displayed on X axis 3. Select A_G as parameter 4. Select Force as quantity to be analyzed 5. Select Magnitude as quantity to be displayed on Y axis
6. Select the BLADE region
7. Click on curve
to create and display the
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The force decreases as the airgap increases.
7.3.8
Force on the blade versus airgap thickness and current density
We will display the variation of the magnetic force on the BLADE region versus A_G and Idensity parameters. The computation of this double dependence, where the two parameters vary simultaneously, has been possible using the multi-parametric analysis tools since FLUX2D 760. To display this dependence, we should open the 3D curves manager by clicking on the icon on the menus: <Computation> <3D curves manager...> , or
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Then, we should perform tasks 1 to 8 of the next figure:
1. Enter force(A_G,Icoilr) as the name of the curve 2. Select (Param, Param)as quantities used on X and Y 3. Select A_G as the parameter used on X 4. Select Idensity(COILR) as the parameter used on Y 5. Select Force as quantity to analyse 6. Select Magnitude as component to be displayed on Z
7. Select the BLADE region
8. Click on curve
to create and display the
To change the display options of the 3D dependence that has just been created, we should modify the properties of the 3D curves sheet by clicking on: <3D Curves> <Properties> Then, we should perform tasks 1 to 3 of the next figure:
1. Click on Display to move the Display tab on top
2. Select Surface as display type
3. Click on OK
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A 3D chart will be displayed on the screen:
We can visualize on this chart the variation of the magnetic force acting on the BLADE region as function of the A_G and Idensity parameters.
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7.4
Leaving POSTPRO_2D
The analysis of case 2 is finished. You can if you want use the other features of POSTPRO_2D. We will save the previously defined path and the curves for a further analysis of the Contact2 problem. <File> <Exit>
<Yes>
7.5
Conclusion
This tutorial has allowed you to make the first steps in FLUX2D. You can at your choice make other computations or analysis, modify the geometry or the physical properties of this tutorial etc.
PAGE 160

Tutorial Magnetostatics 2D

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Tutorial Magnetostatics 2D

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CAD Package for Electromagnetic and Thermal Analysis using Finite Elements

Copyright December 2004

FLUX is registered mark.

FLUX software FLUX2D tutorials

: COPYRIGHT CEDRAT/INPG/CNRS/EDF : COPYRIGHT CEDRAT

FLUX2D's Quality Assurance (Electricit de France standard, registered number AQM1L002)

PART A: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY

1. REALIZED STUDY ......................................................................................................3 2. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION..........................................................................................5

PART B: EXPLANATION OF CASE 1

4. SOLVER_2D: SOLVING THE PROBLEM ................................................................. 93

Running the solver..................................................................................................... 96

5. POSTPRO_2D: ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS........................................................99

PART C: EXPLANATION OF CASE 2

6. SOLVER_2D: PARAMETRIC SOLVING PROCESS ...............................................131

7. POSTPRO_2D: ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS......................................................145

PART A: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY

PART A: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY

PART A: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY

PART A: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY REALIZED STUDY

PART A: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY REALIZED STUDY

PART A: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

Case 1 A_G=5 Case 2 A_G=2-6

PART A: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

Value (mm) 5 100

PART A: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

PART A: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

PART A: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

The obtained mesh is presented in the following figures.

Mesh of the computation domain

Detail of the mesh in the airgap region

PART A: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

PART A: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

The boundary conditions

PART A: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

PART B: EXPLANATION OF CASE 1

PART B: EXPLANATION OF CASE 1

PART B: EXPLANATION OF CASE 1

Start, Programs, Cedrat, FLUX 9.10

The FLUX Supervisor window is then displayed:

Project files Program manager Directory manager

Flux view (2D only)

Displays the computers directory.

Displays project files.

Context bar Data tree

Menus and toolbar

Graphic scene toolbar

The different parts of the PREFLUX 2D window are described below.

Geometry, Mesh, Physic, Tools, Help

Access to the toolbar corresponding to the contexts: Geometry, Mesh, Physic

Tool and menu bar Project

Actions on the geometry Check of the geometry

Actions on the physic Check of the physic

Element Toolbar of the graphic scene View

Element Entities tree

Function Entities tree of the FLUX project.

Entering the geometry

Creating a new problem

or the icon below:

either the menus below: Project Save or the icon below:

Activating the Geometry command

or double click on Point in the tree.

The point number 1 is then created.

The following image should appear on your screen.