Bohr model of the Hydrogen Atom

Duality of matter led to the hypothesis that electrons behave as waves. Bohr model assumed
Only circular orbits around the nucleus and that the angular momentum around the atom must be quantized. Stable orbital where constructive interference occurs. Destructive interference prevents observation of orbits with mismatch of waves

Bohrs Model of the Hydrogen Atom

Bohr concluded: the energy of the electron in an orbit of hydrogen is quantized the energy difference between two orbits must also be quantized The frequency of a line in the spectrum corresponds to the energy difference between two orbits;

E = h E = h

E = h E = h

Note that this is slightly different than the Einstein equation for the energy of photons:

Bohrs Model of the Hydrogen Atom

The energy of a Bohr orbit (and an electron in it) is given by

En = -RH

1 2 n

where RH is the Rydberg constant = 2.179 x 10-18 J

Hydrogen atom spectra Visible lines in H atom spectrum are called the BALMER series.
6 5 4

Energy

Infrared Paschen Ultra Violet Lyman Visible Balmer

3 2 1

En =

-2.179x10-18 J n2

De Broglie Wave Nature of Matter

E = mc2 Particle behavior E = h Wave behavior h = mc 2 Wave and particle behavior

c = hc = mc 2 h = mc

h = mv

Duality of matter expressed by replacing the speed of light with the speed of the particle to get called the de Broglie wavelength of any moving form of matter

De Brogilie Wavelengths
Particle or Object Mass (kg) Speed (m/s) de Broglie Wavelength (nm)

Electron Proton Neutron Bullet

9.109 x 10-31 1.00 x 106 1.673 x 10-27 1.00 x 106 1.675 x 10-27 1.00 x 103 1.000 x 10-2 8.00 x 102

7.27 x 10-1 3.96 x 10-4 3.96 x 10-1 8.28 x 10-26

Tennis Ball 5.68 x 10-2 5.00 x 101 2.33 x 10-25 ________________________________________________

Matter - Particles or Waves?

Wow, this is a great place, lots of us will fit in here comfortably. Lets behave well and act like particles Ugh, this is outrageous. Not even one of us fits in here. Lets rebel and act like waves

short de Broglie wave fits within containment

long de Broglie wave exceeds confinement

particle properties observed

wave properties observed

ELECTRON DIFFRACTION The Davisson-Germer experiment (1927)

i The Davisson-Germer experiment: scattering a beam of electrons from a Ni crystal. Davisson got the 1937 Nobel prize. i At fixed angle, find sharp peaks in intensity as a function of electron energy At fixed accelerating voltage (fixed electron energy) find a pattern of sharp reflected beams from the crystal Davisson, C. J., "Are Electrons Waves?," Franklin Institute Journal 205, 597 (1928) Davisson G.P. Thomson

G.P. Thomson performed similar interference experiments with thin-film samples

ELECTRON WAVE PROPERTIES ELECTRON WAVE PROPERTIES

X-RAYS AND ELECTRONS WITH THE SAME X-RAYS AND ELECTRONS WITH THE SAME WAVELENGTH SHOW IDENTICAL DIFFRACTION WAVELENGTH SHOW IDENTICAL DIFFRACTION PATTERNS PATTERNS

X-Rays Diffracted

Electrons Diffracted

Light

No Light

Electrons

No Electrons

ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

Electron Micrographs of HIV Virus

The Lithium Ion Battery Anode Cobalt Oxide with Li+ Ions

Co
O Li

Electron Microscopy of LiCoO2 Lithium Ion Rechargeable Batteries

Electron Micrograph Computer Simulation Of LiCoO2 Structure
*Li is the smallest atom seen in Electron Microscopy so far

Inventors of the Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Gerd Binnig

Heinrich Rohrer

1986 Nobel Prize in Physics for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope

Electron Waves in STM

Thick Barrier

Thin Barrier Tunneling

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

What does the kanji symbol mean?

The Picture is a kanji symbol that translates literally as original child. It is used to represent the atom in scientific translation.
What are the red dots that form the symbol?

The Symbol is Composed of About 100 Individual Iron Atoms on Copper. The atoms were assembled by scientists at IBM using a method known as Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM).

San Jose, Calif. (January 21, 2000) -President Clinton today used this tiny map of the Western Hemisphere created by IBM Research as a backdrop for his announcement of the $497-million National Nanotechnology Initiative during a speech at the California Institute of Technology today. Only one-hundredth the diameter of a human hair, this map was made by a scanning tunneling microscope that deposited small clusters of gold atoms to form each dot. Nanotechnology is the science of controlling matter at the atomic scale.

Uncertainty Principle Uncertainty Principle

Problem of defining nature of electrons in atoms solved by W. Heisenberg. Cannot simultaneously define the position and momentum (= mv) of an electron. x p = h At best we can describe the position and velocity of an electron by a PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

W. Heisenberg 1901-1976

Uncertainty Principle

h h = x p 4 2
p=mv

Position, x and momentum, p

p= mv, m is constant

h x v 2m

Position, x and Velocity, v

Trying to measure the pathway of an electron

Electron

h h h Y

Velocity Photon

h X h

Where is the electron in an atom? Where is the electron in an atom?

v=1x 106 m/s
Where will I be in one millisecond ?

x = 0.1 nm

v = 106 0.29 x 106 m/s

?
)( )

Calculate the uncertainty . . in the position of the electron after a time period of 1 ms (10-3 s) after the initial measurement

The de Broglie Viewpoint

h 6.626 x 10 34 J s = = mv 9.109 x 10 31 kg 1 x 10 6 m / s

= 7.27 x 10 10 m = 0.727 nm

The Heisenberg Viewpoint x = vt x = vt x = (.58 x 106 m/s)(10-3 s) x = 580 m

Electron confined to region < will act like a wave

The uncertainty in position rapidly increases

Wave Mechanics Wave Mechanics

Schrodinger applied idea of ebehaving as a wave to the problem of electrons in atoms. Solution to WAVE EQUATION gives set of mathematical expressions called
E. Schrodinger 1887-1961

WAVE FUNCTIONS,

Each describes an allowed energy state of an eQuantization introduced naturally.

WAVE FUNCTIONS, WAVE FUNCTIONS,

is a function of distance and two
For 1 electron, corresponds to an ORBITAL the region of space within which an electron is found. angles.

does NOT describe the exact

location of the electron.

2 is proportional to the probability

of finding an e- at a given point.

Quantum Numbers (QN) Quantum Numbers (QN)

- Application of wave mechanics or the Schrdinger equation yielded energies for the electrons that agreed well with the experimental data. - The Schrdinger equation yields three quantum numbers (QN) which define electron energies better than did the Bohr theory. - Quantum mechanics does not allow us to describe the e- in an atom as moving in an orbit, but it does allow us to make statistical statements about edensity. - We need to know these QN and how they define the orbital.

Orbital energies of the hydrogen atom.

En =
Schrdinger Result

me Z 2 e 4 2 h n Bohr Result
2 2

(Note Scale Break Here)