ΣΗΜΕΙΩΣΕΙΣ ΠΙΘΑΝΟΤΗΤΕΣ ΜΑΘΗΜΑΤΙΚΑ ΓΕΝΙΚΗΣ ΠΑΙΔΕΙΑΣ Γ ΛΥΚΕΙΟΥ

1
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Tom Stoppard, Rosencranz and Guilderenstern are dead

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http://mathhmagic.blogspot.com
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1746 -1756
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2, ..., , f 1 =
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0 i
1 2
+
+ ... + = = 1
P( A ) =

( )
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=

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=1
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P( ) =
0
=0
( )
: 0 P( A ) 1

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= {1, 2, ... , } .
{i}
(i), :
0 P(i ) 1
(1)+(2)+(3)+...+()=1
(i) {i} i = 1, 2, 3, , v.
() ={1, 2, ..., } :
(1) + (2) + ... + (), () =
0.
() = (1) + (2) + ... + ().
P( i ) =
1
i = 1, 2, 3, 4, ...,
v
= {1, 2, ... , } "

"
P( i ) =
1
i = 1, 2, 3, 4, ..., .
v

, P( A B ) = P( A ) + P( B ) .
()= ()= A B +
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( A B ) = + = ( A ) + ( B ) .
P( A B ) =
( A B ) ( A ) + ( B ) ( A ) ( B )
=
=
+
= P( A ) + P( B ) .
( )
( )
( ) ( )
,
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, , : P( A B ) = P( A ) + P( B ) + P( )
:
P( A ) = 1 P( A )
P( A ) = 1 P( A )
P( A ) + P( A ) = 1
A A = ,
P( A A ) = P( A ) + P( A )
P( ) = P( A ) + P( A )
1 = P( A ) + P( A ) .
P( A ) = 1 P( A ) .
P( A B ) = P( A ) + P( B ) P( A B ) . .
( A B ) = ( A ) + ( B ) ( A B )
()+() A B
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() :
( A B ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
=
=
+
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( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
: P( A B ) = P( A ) + P( B ) P( A B )
A B P( A ) P( B ) .
A B
( A ) ( B )
( A ) ( B )
P( A ) P( B )
( ) ( )
P( A B ) = P( A ) P( A B ) .
A B A B ( A B ) ( A B ) = A .
P( A ) = P [( A B ) ( A B )]
P( A ) = P( A B ) + P( A B )
P( A ) P( A B ) = P( A B )
P( B A ) = P( B ) P( A B )

P( A B ) = 1 P( B ) + P( A B )
P( A B ) = P( A ) + P( B ') P( A B )
= P( A ) + 1 P( B ) P( A B )
= P( A ) + 1 P( B ) ( P( A ) P( A B ))
= P( A ) + 1 P( B ) P( A ) + P( A B )
= 1 P( B ) + P( A B )

, .
A
A B , A B .
: ( A B ) ( A B ) = A, ( A B ) ( A B ) = .
A B
A B
BA
: P( A ) = P [( A B ) ( A B )] = P( A B ) + P( A B )
A B , B A .
: ( B A ) ( A B ) = B , ( B A ) ( A B ) = .
: P( B ) = P [( B A ) ( A B )] = P( B A ) + P( A B )
( A B ), ( B A ) .
: ( A B ) ( B A ) = .
: P [( A B ) ( B A )] = P( A B ) + P( B A ) = P( A ) P( A B ) + P( B ) P( A B ) =
:
10
= P( A ) + P( B ) 2 P( A B )
( A B ), ( A B ) .
: ( A B ) ( A B ) = .
:
P [( A B )] = 1 P( A B ) =
= 1 ( P( A ) P( A B )) =
= 1 P( A ) + P( A B )
( A B ), (A B) .
: ( A B ) [( A B )] = .
: P [( A B )] = 1 P( A B )
A B , ( A B ) .
: ( A B ) [( A B )] = .
: P [( A B )] = 1 P( A B )
A B :
A B = B , A B = A, B A = B A, A B = A B =
: P( A B ) = P( B ) P( A B ) = P( A )
:
A B A A B , A B B A B , A B A, B A B , A B A B ,
B A A B
:
P( A B ) P( A ) P( A B )
P( A B ) P( B ) P( A B )
A B
P( A B ) P( A )
A B
BA
P( B A ) P( B )
11
, .
: P [( A B ) ( B A )] = P( A ) + P( B ) 2 P( A B )
P [( A B ) ( B A )] = P( A ) + P( B ) 2 P( A B )
A B B A . :
P [( A B ) ( B A )] = P( A B ) + P( B A )
= P( A ) P( A B ) + P( B ) P( A B )
= P( A ) + P( B ) 2 P( A B )
12

1
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, : 1,2,3,4,5,6 .
, = {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6 } .
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3
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2
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
(1,1)
(2,1)
(3,1)
(4,1)
(5,1)
(6,1)
(1,2)
(2,2)
(3,2)
(4,2)
(5,2)
(6,2)
(1,3)
(2,3)
(3,3)
(4,3)
(5,3)
(6,3)
(1,4)
(2,4)
(3,4)
(4,4)
(5,4)
(6,4)
(1,5)
(2,5)
(3,5)
(4,5)
(5,5)
(6,5)
(1,6)
(2,6)
(3,6)
(4,6)
(5,6)
(6,6)
36 , ( ) = 36 .
:
13
1)
.
)
) :
:
:
:
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:

:
) : A, A , A E, E, B , A B, A , A B
)
1
= {, , , , , , , }
14
: {, , , }
: {, , , }
: {, , , }
: {, , , }
: {, }
: {, }
A = {, , , },
A = {, }
A E = {},
E = {}
B = {} B = ,
A B = {, , , , }
A = {, }
A B = {, , }
2) .
)
) :
:
: 5
:
: 3
) : A B , B , A B
) :
= {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6),
(3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6), (4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6),
(5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6), (6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}
)
= {(1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6),

(3,4), (3,5), (3,6), (4,5), (4,6), (5,6)}
= {(1,4), (4,1), (2,3), (3,2)}
= {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (5,5), (6,6)}
= {(5,1), (6,1), (6,2)}
A B = {(1,4), (2,3)}
B = {(1,4), (4,1), (2,3), (3,2), (1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (5,5), (6,6)}
A B = {(1,2), (1,3), (1,5), (1,6), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6), (4,5), (4,6), (5,6)}
15
3) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} = {2,
3, 4, 5} = {4, 5, 6, 7}
) A B , A B , A, B, A B , B A
) :
A = ( A B ) ( A B ) = ( A B ) ( A B )
B = ( B A ) ( A B ) = ( B A ) ( A B )
) ( A ), ( B ), ( A B ), ( A B )
( A ) + ( B ) = ( A B ) + ( A B )
)
A B , , : A B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
A B , : A B = {4, 5}
, :
= {1, 6, 7, 8, 9}
, :
= {1, 2, 3, 8, 9}
A B = A B , :
A B = {2, 3}
B A = B A , :
B A = {6, 7}
) :
( A B ) ( A B ) = ( A B ) ( A B ) =
= { 2,3 } ({ 4,5 } = { 2,3,4,5 } = A
( B A ) ( A B ) = ( B A ) ( A B ) =
= { 6 ,7 } { 4,5 } = { 4,5,6,7 } = B
) : () = 4, () = 4, ( A B ) = 2, ( A B ) = 6
:
() + () = 4 + 4 = 8
( A B ) + ( A B ) = 6 + 2 = 8
() + () = ( A B ) + ( A B )
:
16
** () + () = ( A B ) + ( A B ) , . :
( A B ) = ( A ) + ( B ) ( A B )
( A B ) = ( A ) + ( B ) ( A B )
2

1) 52 .
:
)
)
)
: 52 .
. : , () = 52.
) .
4 ()=4. P( A ) =
( A ) 4
1
=
=
( ) 52 13
) ()=13.
A B ( A B ) = 1 .
A B :
P( A B ) = P( A ) + P( B ) P( A B )
( A ) ( B ) ( A B )
+
( ) ( )
( )
4 13 1 16 4
=
+
=
=
52 52 52 52 13
=
) , P( A ) = 1 P( A ) = 1
1 12
=
13 13
17
2) . :
)
:
: 3
: 3
) : P( A B ), P(A ), P( A )
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
= {1, 3, 5}
= {4, 6}
= {1, 2, 4, 6}
A B =
A = { 1}
A = { 2,4,6 }
( A ) 3 1
= =
( ) 6 2
( B ) 2 1
P( B ) =
= =
( ) 6 3
( ) 4 2
P( ) =
= =
( ) 6 3
P( A ) =
P( A B ) = P( ) = 0 , P( A ) =
P( A ) =
1
6
1 1
( A ) 3 1
= = P( A ) = 1 P( A ) = 1 =
2 2
( ) 6 2
3) 25%, 15% 30%.

:
) ,
) .
, , ,
.
) " " A B .
:
P( A B ) = P( A ) + P( B ) =
25
15
40
+
=
P( A B ) = 40%
100 100 100
) " " ( A ) .
:
P( A ) = 1 P( A ) = 1 [ P( A ) + P( )] =
30 45
25
= 1
+
P [( A )] = 45%
=
100 100 100
18
4)
17
7
2
, P( B ) =
P( A B ) = .
30
15
3

P( B ), P( A B ), P( A B ), P [( A B ) ( B A )], P( A B )
P( A ) =
, P( A B ), P( A B ) .
7 15 7
8
=
=
15 15 15 15
P( A B ) = P( A ) + P( B ) P( A B ) P( A B ) = P( A ) + P( B ) P( A B )
P( B ) = 1 P( B ) = 1
17 7 2
17 14 20
11
+ P( A B ) =
+
P( A B ) =
30 15 3
30 30 30
30
17 11 6 1
P( A B ) = P( A ) P( A B ) =
=
=
30 30 30 5
P [( A B ) ( B A )] = P( A ) + P( B ) 2 P( A B ) =
P( A B ) =
17 7
11 17 14 22 31 22 9
3
+ 2
=
+
=
=
30 15
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 10
P( A B ) = P( A ) + P( B ) P( A B ) = P( A ) + P( B ) P( A B ) =
17 8 1 17 16 6 27 9
+ =
+
=
=
30 15 5 30 30 30 30 10
1 5 1 4
P( A B ) = 1 P( A B ) = 1 = =
5 5 5 5
2 3 2 1
P( A B ) = 1 P( A B ) = 1 = =
3 3 3 3
=
5) P( A B ) =
1
1
3
, P( A ) = , P( B ) = :
5
4
4
) ,
) ,
) ,
) ,
) ,
) P( A B ) .
) P( A B ) = P( A ) + P( B ) P( A B ) =
1 3 1 4 1
1 5 1 4
+ = = 1 = =
4 4 5 4 5
5 5 5 5
4 1
5 5
1 1 5
4
1
) P( A B ) = P( A ) P( A B ) = =
=
4 5 20 20 20
) P( A B ) = 1 P( A B ) = 1
19
P [( A B ) ( B A )] = P( A B ) + P( B A ) = P( A ) P( A B ) + P( B ) P( A B ) =
1 3
1 4 2
2 5 2 3
+ 2 = = 1 = =
4 4
5 4 5
5 5 5 5
) P( A B ) = P( A ) + P( B ) P( A B ) = P( A ) + 1 P( B ) P( A B ) =
= P( A ) + P( B ) 2 P( A B ) =
1
3 1 2 1 1 1 10 1
9
+1
=
=
=
=
4
4 20 4 20 2 20 20 20 20
1 19
) P( A B ) = 1 P( A B ) = 1
=
20 20
=
6)
P( A ) =
1
3
1
, P( B ) = P(A B)= . :
2
8
4
) :
i) ,
ii) ,
iii) .
) (),
(-) = 2.
) ().
) i) P( A B ) = P( A ) + P( B ) P( A B ) =
ii) P( A B ) = P( A ) P( A B ) =
1 3 1 5
+ = .
2 8 4 8
1 1 1
=
2 4 4
iii) P( A B ) = P(( A B )) = 1 P( A B ) = 1
) ( A B ) = 2
5 3
=
8 8
( A B )
2
2
1
2
=
P( A B ) =
=
( ) = 8
( )
( )
( )
4 ( )
) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}, = {1, 2, 3, 4} = {3, 4, 5}.
20
7) :
P( A ) =
3
P( B )
4
P( A ) =
3
P( B )
2
) () (),
) .
3
3
3
P( A ) = 4 P( B )
P( A ) = 4 P( B )
P( A ) = 4 P( B )
P( A ) =
)
P( A ) = 3 P( B )
1 P( A ) = 3 ( 1 P( B ))
1 3 P( B ) = 3 3 P( B )
P( B ) =
2 2
2
2
) , : P( A B ) = P( A ) + P( B ) =
1
2
2
3
1 2 3+4 7
+ =
= >1.
2 3
6
6
. .
8) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ..., 100} .
,
5.
, = {x x }
= {y y 5}. A B . :
P( A B ) = P( A ) + P( B ) P( A B ) =
=
( A ) ( B ) ( A B )
+
=
( ) ( )
( )
50
20 10
60
+
=
= 60%
100 100 100 100
() = ({2, 4, 6, 8, ..., 100}) = 50

() = ({5, 10, 15, 20, ..., 100}) = 20
( A B ) = ({10, 20, 30, 40, ..., 100}) = 10
3
.
1) = {1 , 2 , 3 , 4}.
1
1
1
, P( 3 ) = P( 4 ) = , (2).
2
4
8
2
) P( 3 ) = P( 4 ) = P( 1 ) = 3 P( 2 ) , (1) (2).
5
3
1
1
) = {2 , 3} P( A ) = , = {2 , 4} P( B ) = P( 2 ) = , (1).
5
3
4
) P( 1 ) =
) = {1 , 2 , 3 , 4}, : (1) + (2) + (3) + (4) = 1

:
21
1
1 1
1 1 1 1
+ P( 2 ) + + = 1 P( 2 ) = 1 + + =
2
4 8
2 4 8 8
) : (1) + (2) + (3) + (4) = 1
2 2
4
1
1
+ = 1 4 P( 2 ) + = 1 4 P( 2 ) = P( 2 ) =
5 5
5
5
20
1
3
P( 1 ) = 3 P( 2 ) = 3
=
20 20
3
3
1
3
7
) : P( A ) = P( 2 ) + P( 3 ) = + P( 3 ) = P( 3 ) =
5
5
4
5
20
1
1
1
1
1
P( B ) = P( 2 ) + P( 4 ) = + P( 4 ) = P( 4 ) =
3
3
4
3
12
3 P( 2 ) + P( 2 ) +
1 19
1 7
+
+ =
4 20 12 60
: P( 1 ) = 1 [ P( 2 ) + P( 3 ) + P( 4 )] = 1
4

, .
) A B ( A B ) 0 ( A ) + ( B ) > ( ) P( A B ) 0
) () () , P( A B ) = P( A ) + P( B )
P( A B ) > 1 .

, .
:
0 P( A ) 1
A B P( A ) P( B )
A B A A B P( A B ) P( A ) P( A B )
A B A P( A B ) P( A )
:
) .
1) P( A B ) v P( A B ) v (1) P( A B ) (2)
(1) A B A A B B
:
22
(2) P( A B ) P( A ) + P( B ) P( A B )
2) P( A B ) v P( A B ) v (1) P( A B ) (2)
(1) A A B B A B A B A B
(2) P( A B ) P( A ) + P( B ) P( A B )
3) P( A ) v P( A ) v P(A)
()
P( A B ) P( B ) + P( A B ) P( A B ) + P( A B )
4) P( A B ) v P( A B ) v (1) P(A B ) (2)
(1) A B A A B B
(2) ( ) P( A ) P( A B )
5)
:
1) f ( P( A )) f ( P( B )) f ( )
P( A ) P( B ) ( P( A ) P( B )) .
2) P( A ) P( A ) () = f(x) f x 0 f ( x ) 1 .
1) , () = 0,8 () =
0,5.
) ,
) 0,3 P( A B ) 0,5
) P( A B ) 0,5
) :
P( A B ) = P( A ) + P( B ) P( A B ) = 0,8 + 0,5 = 1,3 0 P( A B ) 1

.
) A B B P( A B ) P( B ) P( A B ) 0,5 .
P( A B ) = P( A ) + P( B ) P( A B ) P( A B ) = 0,8 + 0,5 P( A B )
P( A B ) = 1 P( A B )
:
23
P( A B ) 1 1,3 P( A B ) 1 P( A B ) 1 1,3
P( A B ) 0,3 P( A B ) 0,3
0,3 P( A B ) 0,5
) P( A B ) = P [( A B )] = 1 P( A B ) 1 0,5 = 0,5
P( A B ) 0,5
2) , P( A ) =
1
3
P( A B ) = . 3
4
5
3
P( B )
12
4
3
4
: P( A B ) 0 P( A ) + P( B ) P( A B ) 0
B A B P( B ) P( A B ) P( B )
1
3
3 1
9
4
5
+ P( B ) 0 P( B ) P( B )
P( B )
.
3
4
4 3
12 12
12
3) , P( A ) =
:
5
3
P( B )
12
4
2
1
P( B ) = . 3
4
2
11
P( A B )
.
3
12
2
11
2
11
P( A B )
P( A B ) P( A B )
3
12
3
12
:
2
P( A B ) P( A ) , A A B .
3
11
11
P( A B )
P( A ) + P( B ) P( A B )
12
12
2 1
11
+ P( A B )
P( A B ) 0 , .
3 4
12
P( A B )
24
5

1) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} . . 3x2 + 6x +
= 0 .
< 0 36 4 3 < 0 36 12 < 0 12 < 36 12 > 36 >
36
> 3.
12
{ 5,6 ,7 }
= {5, 6, 7} ()=3 ()=6.
3x2 + 6x + = 0 , >3
P( A ) =
( A ) 3 1
= = .
( ) 6 2
2) :
P( A ) + P( B ) 2 P( A B ) . :
f ( x ) = ( x P( A B )) ( x P( A B )) , x R
3
) P( A B ) P( A B ) .
) f(x) x =
P( A ) + P( B )
.
2
) , f ( P( A )) = f ( P( B ))
) P( A ) + P( B ) 2 P( A B ) , :
P( A ) + P( B ) P( A B ) + P( A B )
P( A ) + P( B ) P( A B ) P( A B )
P( A B ) P( A B )
) x R :
3
3
f ( x ) = ( x P( A B ) ( x P( A B )) =
(( x P( A B )) ) (( x P( A B )) ) =
3
2
2
= 3 ( x P( A B )) ( x P( A B )) 3 ( x P( A B )) ( x P( A B )) =
2
2
2
2
= 3 ( x P( A B )) 3 ( x P( A B )) = 3 ( x P( A B )) ( x P( A B )) =
= 3 ( x P( A B )) + ( x P( A B )) ( x P( A B )) ( x P( A B )) =
= 3 [ 2 x P( A B ) P( A B )] [ P( A B ) P( A B )]
A B A B , : P( A B ) P( A B ) P( A B ) P( A B ) 0 (1)
) P( A B ) P( A B ) < 0
:
25
x f(x)
f ( x ) = 0 3 ( 2 x P( A B ) P( A B )) ( P( A B ) P( A B )) = 0
3 ( 2 x P( A B ) P( A B )) = 0
2 x P( A B ) P( A B ) = 0
P( A B ) + P( A B )
2
P( A ) + P( B ) P( A B ) + P( A B )
x=
2
P( A ) + P( B )
x=
2
2 x = P( A B ) + P( A B ) x =
f(x) :
f ( x ) > 0 3 ( 2 x P( A B ) P( A B )) ( P( A B ) P( A B )) > 0
3 ( 2 x P( A B ) P( A B )) < 0 ( P( A B ) P( A B ) < 0 )
2 x P( A B ) P( A B ) < 0
2 x < P( A B ) + P( A B )
P( A B ) + P( A B )
P( A ) + P( B ) P( A B ) + P( A B )
x<
2
2
P( A ) + P( B )
x<
2
P( A ) + P( B )
f(x)<0 x >
2
x<
f.
P( A ) + P( B )
2
f(x)
f(x)
f x =
P( A ) + P( B )
.
2
) , :
P( A B ) = P( A ) + P( B ) P( A B ) = 0
: f ( P( A )) = ( P( A ) P( A B )) ( P( A ) P( A B )) =
3
= ( P( A ) P( A ) P( B )) ( P( A ) 0 ) = ( P( B )) ( P( A )) = P( B )3 P( A )3
3
(1)
f ( P( B )) = ( P( B ) P( A B )) ( P( B ) P( A B )) =
3
= ( P( B ) P( A ) P( B )) ( P( B ) 0 ) = ( P( A )) ( P( B )) = P( B )3 P( A )3
3
(2)

26
(1) (2) f ( P( A )) = f ( P( B )) .
5x
2
, x 2
(x 1)
3) g(x) =
2
6, x=2
= { | g x0 = 2}
= { | g x0 = 2 g(2) = 1} ().
g x0 = 2 lim g ( x ) = g ( 2 ) lim 2 ( x 1 )
x 2
2( 2 1 )
x 2
5 x
= 6
2
5 2
= 6 2 5 + 6 = 0 . =2 =3.
2
= {2, 3}
g(2)= 1, g ( 2 ) = lim
h 0
= lim
5 ( 2 + h )
5( 2 + h )
2( h + 1 )
+6
+6
2
2
= lim
=
h 0
h
h
2( 2 + h 1 )
h 0
= lim
g( 2 + h ) g( 2 )
=
h
5
2
2 h + 2 5 h + 6
h 0
= lim
5
2
2 h h + 2 5 + 6
h 0
5
h2
h
5
2
2 = lim
= lim
= 2
h 0
h 0
h
h
2
5
5
g(2)= 1 2
= 1 2
+ 1 = 0 2 2 5 + 2 = 0
2
2
2h
= ( 5 )2 4 2 2 = 25 16 = 9
8
=2
( 5 ) 9 5 3
4
=
=
=
2 1
22
4
=
4 2
1,2
= {2} ()=(2) P( A ) =
( A ) 1
= .
( ) 2
27
4) = {0, 1, 2} P( 0 ) = 2 P( 2 ) =
1
.
3
) (1).
) f ( x ) = e x
x 2 + 118 x R . = { |f(0)=0}.
().
1
1
1
1
) P( 0 ) + P( 1 ) + P( 2 ) = 1 + P( 1 ) + 3 = 1 + P( 1 ) + = 1
3
2
3
6
1 1
6 2 1
3
1
P( 1 ) = 1 P( 1 ) = P( 1 ) = P( 1 ) =
3 6
6 6 6
6
2
) f ( x ) = e x
x 2 + 118 = e x 2 x = e x x
2
2
f ( x ) = ( f ( x )) = ( e x x ) = e x
f ( 0 ) = 0 e0 = 0 1 = 0 = 1 = 1
= {1}, P( E ) = P( 1 ) =
1
2
28
.!!!
,
. :

, () ,
() () .
.
. ;
.
. .
:
50% 50% .
. :

. ,
, ( ) .
1 ,2 , 1 . :
={1,2,1}
={ } ={1,2} .
P(A)==2/3
!!!!!!
29

1) 10 () 10 ().
. 2
3 .
.
={, , , , , , , , , }
2. 3 (), ().
)
) : , : .
30
={, , , , , , , }
={, , }
={, , , , , , }
3) 2 . () , () ()
. . .
.
={, , , , }
4) , , .
) .
) :
={, , , , , }
={, , , }
={, }
31
5) : (), () ().
(), (), (). () () () ().

, .
.
={, , , , , , , , , , , }
32
6) ={1, 2, 3} = {1, 2}, = {2, 3}. ()=
2
3
()=
5
4
(1), (2), (3).
(1)+(2)+(3) = () = 1
()=
2
5
(1)+(2) = ()
(1)+(2) =
2
5
(2)+(3) =
3
4
3
4
()=
(2)+(3) = ()
(1)+(2)+(3) = 1
2
5
3
(2)+(3) =
4
(1)+(2) =
2 5 2 3
= =
5 5 5 5
3 4 3 1
(1) = 1 ((2)+(3)) = 1
= =
4 4 4 4
1 3 20 5 12 3
=
(2) = 1 ((1)+(3)) = 1 =
4 5 20 20 20 20
(3) = 1 ((1)+(2)) = 1
7) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
. :
)
) 1, 2, , 6
) 3, 5, 6
. 1, 2, , 6
.
:
: 3
33
={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} P(i) = Pi, i=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

1, 2, , 6 .. :
2=1+, 3=1+2, 4=1+3, 5=1+4, 6=1+5
1+2+3+4+5+6=1 1+1++1+2+1+3+1+4+1+5=1
61+15=1 (1)
3, 5, 6 .. (5)2=3.6
( P1 + 4 )2 = ( P1 + 2 ) ( P1 + 5 ) P12 + 8 P1 + 16 2 = P12 + 7 P1 + 10 2
6 2 + P1 = 0 ( 6 + P1 ) = 0 = 0 P1 = 6
1
()
6
1= 6 (1) 6(6)+15=1 36+15=1
=0 1=2=3=4=5=6=
21=1 =
1
21
6
1
P1 =
21
21
P1 = 6
: P2 = P1 + =
P3 = P1 + 2 =
6
1 4
+ 2 =
21
21 21
P4 = P1 + 3 =
6
1 3
+ 3 =
21 21 21
P5 = P1 + 4 =
6
1 2
+ 4 =
21
21 21
P6 = P1 + 5 =
6
1 1
+ 5 =
21
21 21
6 1 5
+ =
21 21 21
5
3
1
9
+ +
=
21 21 21 21
4
1
5
={3, 6} ()= 3+6 =
+
=
21 21 21
={2, 4, 6} ()=2+4+6 =
8)
P( A B ) =
4
1
2
, P( B ) = P(A B)= (), (), P( A B '), P( A' B ) .
5
3
5
34
P( B ) = 1 P( B ) = 1
1 2
=
3 3
4
2 2
4 2 2
= P( A ) + P( A ) = +
5
3 5
5 3 5
6 2
18 10
8
P( A ) = P( A ) =
P( A ) =
5 3
15
15
8 2 8 6
2
P( A B ) = P( A B ) = P( A ) P( A B ) =
=
=
15 5 15 15 15
2 2 10 6
4
P( A B ) = P( B A ) = P( B ) P( A B ) = =
=
3 5 15 15 15
P( A B ) = P( A ) + P( B ) P( A B )
9) , , :
) P( A B ) P( A ) + P( B )
) P( A B ) P( A ) + P( B ) + P( )
) : P( A B ) = P( A ) + P( B ) P( A B ) P( A B ) 0
P( A ) + P( B ) P( A B ) = P( A B ) P( A B ) 0
P( A ) + P( B ) P( A B ) 0 P( A B ) P( A ) P( B ) P( A B ) P( A ) + P( B )
) P( A B ) = P [( A B ) ] P( A B ) + P( ) P( A ) + P( B ) + P( )
()
10) , , A B :
(-) = () ()
( B A ) A = B , , () :
35
P [( B A ) A ] = P( B A ) + P( A )
P( B ) = P( B A ) + P( A )
P( B ) P( A ) = P( B A )
11) , ()=
P( A B ) =
1
2
, ()= ,
2
5
4
, :
5
) :
) :
) :
) :
) :
1 1
=
2 2
) P( A B ) = P( A ) + P( B ) P( A B ) P( A B ) = P( A ) + P( B ) P( A B )
) () = P( A ) = 1 P( A ) = 1
1 2 4 1 2 5
4
1
+ = =
=
2 5 5 2 5 10 10 10
2 1
4
1
3
) () = P( B A ) = P( B ) P( A B ) =
=
=
5 10 10 10 10
4 1
) () = P [( A B )] = 1 P( A B ) = 1 =
5 5
) () = P [( A B ) ( B A )] = P( A ) + P( B ) 2 P( A B ) =
() = P( A B ) = P( A ) + P( B ) P( A B ) =
1 2
1 1 2 1 1 1 5+2 7
+ 2 = + = + =
=
2 5
10 2 5 5 2 5
10
10
12. , 15.000 ,
. ,
0 < P ( A) < 1 .
P ( A)
1
. 4
+
5.
P( A ') P( A)
. () , :
) () , .
) 10.001 ,
.
. :
:
36
1
P( A)
+
5
P( A ') P( A)
1
P( A)
4
+
5
1 P( A) P( A)
4( P( A)) 2 + 1 P( A) 5P( A)(1 P( A))

4( P( A)) 2 + 1 P( A) 5P( A) 5( P( A)) 2
9( P( A)) 2 6 P( A) + 1 0
(3P( A) 1) 2 0
.
) () 3P ( A) 1 = 0 ,
1
( A) 1
() 15.000
P( A) =
= ( A) =
=
= 5000
3
( ) 3
3
3
) , :
( ) () 5000 10001 15001
P( A ) = P( A) + P() =
+
=
+
=
>1
() () 15000 15000 15000
P ( A ) 1 .
13. 0.5 . .
()=()+0.5
1 () = () + 0.5
()=0.25
14)
20% 30% , 10% .
.
.
.
. .
:
:
:
37
()= 0.20
( )=0.10
()=0.30
. ( )=() - ( )= 0.10 = 10%

. ( )=() - ( )= 0.20 = 20%
. ( )= () + () - ( )= 0.40 = 40%
. (( ) ( ))= ( )+ ( )= 0.30 = 30%
15. 1 ,2 ,3 ,..... .
( ) =x+
-1

* x
R 0
x<
<1.
7
) x,
.
) x ,
.
) ( ) =x+
-1
, :
7
( 1 ) + ( 2 ) + ( 3 ) + + ( ) =1 (x+
1-1
2-1
3-1
-1
)+(x+
)+(x+
)+ +(x+
)=1
7
7
7
7
x+
1 2
-1
1
+ + + =1 x+ 1+2+ + ( -1) =1 ( )
7 7
7
7
x+
1 -1
-1
( 1+-1)=1 x+ =1 14x+-1=14
7 2
14
( 14x+1) =15 =
*
15
1
x (1)
14x+1
14
15
* .
14x+1
14x+1 15, 1 3
5 15. :
14x+1 = 1 14 x = 0 x = 0 , 14x+1 =3 14x=2 x=
14x+1 =5 14x=4 x=
x=0 x=
1
7
2
, 14x+1 =15 14x=14 x=1 .
7
1
2
x= .
7
7
) x=0 (1) : =
15
=15 . 15.
14 0+1
38
=15 :
( 1 ) =
1-1
2-1
1
15-1
14
( 1 ) =0 , ( 2 ) =
( 2 ) =
,......., ( 15 ) =
( 15 ) =
105
105
105
105
105
16) 20 9 .
1
.
3
. :
) .
) .
) .
15
21
20
29
: .
: .
: .
: .
) () =
21
.
29
) () =
9
.
29
) () =
3
.
29
) () = () + () - ( ) =
9
21
6
24
+
=
.
29 29
29
29
17) 30%, 40%

90%. ;
:
: .
: .
() = 0,3, () = 0,4, () = 0,6.
( ) = P () + () - ( ) 0,9 = 0,3 + 0,6 - ( )
:
39
( ) = 0.
18) , . :
) (A) = (B), A = B.
) (A) (B), A B.
) A = B, (A) = (B)
) A B, (A) (B).
) (A) + (B) = 1 , B = A.
.
) , .. = {1, 2, 3, 4} = {1, 2}, = {3, 4}

() = () .
) ( ()).
) , = () = (),
() =
(A)
()
=
= ().
()
()
) ( ()).
) , .. = {1, 2, 3, 4} = {1, 2}, = {1, 4},
() =
1
1
, () = . () + () = 1, = {3, 4}.
2
2
40

.
1. , () = 1.
2. , 0 () 1.
3. () = 0.

4.
.

5. .
6. .
7. .

8. , .
9. .
10. .

11. () .

12. .

13. .
B
A
14. .
41
15. - .
16. , , = .
17. ,
= (-) (-).
18. , .
B
A
19. = .
20. = {1, 4, 7}, = {4, 7, 11} .
21. = {2, 4, 6}, () = 3.
22. ,
() = 2.
23. :
.
24. .
25. .
26.
27.
.
28. ,
fA =
. .
29. fA fA > 1.
30.A , , A B = A B
( 2009)
42
31. , ,
( )=()+()( ) . ( 2009)

32. , , , . ( 2006)
33. ,
.
( 2006)
34. P( A) > P(B) . ( 2005)
35. ,
()=(), ()=().
( 2005)

1.
() ().
()
=A
=
=
=
=
=
=
() =
=
=
=

=
=
=
() =

=
43
2. .
(w ). o
.

i) w A
1) .
ii) w (A B)
2)
iii) w ( A - )
iv) w (A )
v) w (A )
3) .
vi) w A
vii) w (A B)
4) .
viii) w ( ) ( )
ix) w
5)
.
x) w ( )
xi) w ( )
6)
.
7)
xii) w (B A)
xiii) w (A B)
xiv) w (A )
8) .
9) .
44

1.
10 () 10 ().
. 2 3 .
.
2.
3 (), ().
)
) : , :
.
3.
, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 .
P( A1 ) =
1
1
1
, P( A2 ) = P( A3 ) = P( A4 ) = P( A5 ) = P( A6 ) = ,
12
6
4
:
4.
={1, 2, 3} = {1,
2}, = {2, 3}. ()=
5.
P( A ) =
2
3
()= (1), (2), (3).
5
4
1
2
4
, P( B ) = P( A B ) = . :
2
5
5
)
)
)
)
)
)
6.
={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} . :
={4, 5, 6}, ={1, 2, 3, 4}, ={5, 6, 9}, , ,
A B , A B , A B , B , B ,( A B ) ,( A B )
45
7.
P( ) =
120
1
1
, P( ) =
P(T)=
, 3
+5
+1
.
8.
, , :
P( A ) 1
= P( A B ) = 0,6
P( A ) 4
) : 0,6 P( B ) 0,8
) P( A B ) = 0,9 ,
9.
, .. :
) () 5x2 + 9x 2 = 0
) P( A B ) = 2 P( A ) =
3
P( B )
2
(), () (-)
10. 30 , 15 , 10 4 . :
)
)
11.
f ( x ) = 4( x 1 )( x 2 5 x + 6 ) g ( x ) = x 2 + ( 2 5 )x + 13, x R , R
) ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} 1=x1,
2=x2, 3=x3, 4=4x1, 5=4x2, 6=4x3, x1, x2, x3 f(x)=0.
:
(6)=(5)=(4)=3(3)=3(2)=3(1)
.
) ={ / g(x) x0=3} ().
12. , , ..
()=0,8 ()=0,1.
) ,
) 0,7 P( A B ) 0,8
46
13. .
5 .
(), () .
) ,
P( )
3
P( M )
4
) P( ) =
7
P( M )
8
14. x, y
x y . (x), (y) x, y .
P(X), P(y) f(x)=4x3 5x2 + 2x + 2000, x R
:
) (x), P(y)
) P( x y ), P( x y ), P( y x )
15.
()=2, * ()<30. , :
( A ) = 2 2 6 , ( B ) = 2 5 A B :
) (), ()
)
16. , . :
P( A B ) = 0,8 , P( A B ) = 0,7 P( A ) + P( B ) = 1,1 .

(), () P( A B ) .
17. 10% , 6%
2% .
.
) A B ;
) ( A B ) ( B A ) ;
) " "
;
18. , . P( A ) 0,25 P(B) 0,55 .
) .
:
47
) : 0,45 P( A B ) .
) : P( A B ) 0,2 .
19. , , , ,
()=0,13 , ()=0,05 , ()= , ()=0,55 , ()=0,1. :
)
) ={, }, ={, } ={, , }
) -, -
20. 30 . 2/3 2/3 . . 13/15, .
21. () f(x) =lnx x + 1,6 , A B
()=(-). () ().
22. , .. . 0,1 , 2 0,5 .
(), (), (-) (-).
23. .. ={1, 2, 3, 4} ={1, 2} ={2, 3, 4}. ()=(3),
()=10.(1) (-)=8/11 ,
.. .
24. 15%
, 10% 5% . . :
)
)
25. f(x) = ex x + 3x 3ex .. = { Z ,
0 10, 3 }.
f.
:
: f
: f 6 7
48
26. 1000 1 1000

. 2 5.
27. f(x) =
x3 2
+ x + + 1 .
3
2
.
: f x R .
28. .
20
10
20
50
) 42 , 48 ,
37 40 .
:
i)
ii)
) :
i) :
ii) :
iii) :
29. , , . 0,8 , 0,6 2 0,4. .
30. P( A ) =
1
, x 1 , x>1
x
f ( x ) = [ P( A )] 2 xP( A ) .
31. , .. P( A ) 0,35 P( B ) 0,52 .
P( A B ) 0,13 .
49
32. ) f(x) = x2 + (1 x)2 , x [ 0,1] .

f.
) : P( A ) + P( A )
1
2
33. .. , :
P( A B ) = P( A ) P( B )
) :
i) P( B A ) = P( A ) P( B )
ii) P( A B ) = P( A ) P( B )
) ()= ()= P( A B ) , .
34. .. ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} 0,2 , 0,3 , , 0,1 , 0,2 , 0,1
f(x) = x2 + x + 4, . :
. lim
x 2
f ( x ) f ( 2 )
7
x2
. f -1/2
35. (, ) .
f(x) = x2 + x + .
) Cf x0=1.
) 1:
(0,3).
) f.
) 2: f 3 4.
) P( A1 A2 ) .
36. .. :
P( A B ) =
1
1
1
, P( A B ) =
P( B A ) =
4
20
2
) ()
) ()=1/4
)
.
37. 1 2. 1 :
50
, 2 , , . , , .
) .
) . :
: 1
,
: ,
38. . :
: { / 3, 5 22, 7 22, 12, -7 2}
: { / 4, , 0, 6, 3, 4 6}
: { / 1, 6, 2+5, 9, 5, 1, 2, +4 6}
: { / x2+4x+ }
: { / g(x)=x2 + (2 5)x + 10 x0=2}
51
The Monty Hall problem -

Monty Hall , Lets make a
deal ABC 1963
1977
1991.

,

.
Monty Hall, ,
,
1975 Steve Selvin American Statistician,
, Monty Hall problem, . Monty Hall problem .
. . , .. . . .
( ) .
;

, 50-50 . , !

.
, , ..
, :
:
1 .. ) , ,
. ,
1/3.
2 (.. ) (.. ) ,
.
, . . 2/3.
, .
13% .
52

1)
2)
0()1
()
0()1
()=(+()-()
()==()+()-
()=1

3)
4) -
( )
()=1-()
4)
( )
5)
6)
()

()=
7)
=1-()

( )
8)
()=[()]=
()=()-()
[=()()]

()()
[()()]=
=()+()=
=()-()
9)
()<()
()=0

10) ,
()=()+()
11)
12)
()=0
( )
13)
, ( . -
[()]=1()=()=
=()+()-()
:
53

1). ' . x
: f ( ) = x P ( A) P( A ') P ( A) =
2
.
) N f.
) f ;
() (');
2) . P ( A)
3
5 x 2 + 9 x 2 = 0 ( )=2 ()= (), (), (),
2
( ).
B.
4
1
P ( B ') = , P ( A B) = 16 P( A) 2 15P( A) 9 P( A ') , 5
6
i)B , ii)A iii) A B

3) = {1,2, 3, 4, ..., 2004} ,

9( P( B) 2 ) 7 P( B) + 2 = P( A)
1
2
. P ( B ) = , P ( A) =
3
3
.
.
4). : f () = 1 + ln(x2 +1), x R .
) N f .
) ,
: f(P(A)) = P(B).
N .
5). , , :
() + () =1 ( ) = ()()[1 - ( )].
) N ( ) (), ().
) i) () = , :
= ( - ) ( - ) .
54
ii) N ().
() ();
6). = {1, 3, 5, ..., 2-1} . 1, 3, 5,..., 2-1
X = 10.
. N :
) .
) .
) s2 : s2 = 3 X + 3
. :
={ / / 3}
( x 2 9)( x 2 10 x + 9)
={ /
=0}
x3
N , A - .
7) = {1, 2,3,4} :
g ( ) = + ln( ), > 0,
:
= y = ( 2 17 + 73) + 2005,
g =1.
P (A).
8) , .
x 2 P ( A B) 4 P( A)
P(A)=0.2 P( B) = lim
,
x2
x2
P ( B ') P ( A B) .
9) = {1, 2,......,100
,
16[P()]2 25 P( B) P ( A) + 10 = 0 :
i)
P(),P(B)
ii) .
.
10) .
s=3,8, :
x i
v i
i) x ,
20
4
ii)
21
2
24
5
( x-s, x+s )
26
3
11). 40
30
6

20
.
:
55
[ , )
[0,2)
8
[2,4)
[4,6)
10
[6,8)
6
[8,10)
4:
i) ,
ii)
:
. 5 ,
. 6 7 ,
. ,
. 7 ,
iii)
3 ,
iv) .
12). 24
=200 s=20 . 260 ,
24 ;
13).
40 1.
[39, 41], . :
i) ,
ii) , ,
51 ,
iii) CV .
14). = {0,1, 2, 3} . .
x 2 2 x + > 0 x R .
15) . f ( x ) = x 2 x , x R . f .
. , .
. 2 ( ) + ( ) 2 ( ) + ( ) .
. ( ) =
2 f ( ( ) ) 2 .
. f ( ( ) ) 0 .
56
16). 40% 30% 20% . .

:
i). .
ii). .
iii). .
iv). .
17). 60% , 80% 70% .
.
18). 2 8 12 .
1

4
1
. 2 . :
3
i). .
ii). .
iii). .
iv). .
1
x
19). . f ( x ) = +
1
, x ( 0,1) . f.
x1
.
, :
1
1
+
4.
( ) ( )
20). 40% 80%

. .
, .
21) . f ( x ) = e x x , x R . f .
. , .
. , ( ) + e ( ) ( ) + e ( ) .
1
2
i. 1 + 2 f ( ( ) ) 2 e
. ( ) = , :
ii. f ( ( ) ) e 1
57

( 2008)
50% , 30%

.
.
, , ;

: , .

1
7
P(B) .
5
10
.
f(x)=x
1 2
x + P(B) x
2
x
. f(x)
.
( 2008)
p 0 < p < 1. (), ( )
( )
{p 1, p, p +1, p 2 , p 3 }.
.
() = p 2 , ( ) = p ( ) = p 3 .
() = p 3 p 2 + p.
( ) > ( ).
( 2007)

= {1, 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
(1)=(0)=(1)=(2)=2(3)=2(4)=2(5).
:
:
58
2
= {1 , 3 , x 2 -x -3} , = 2, x+1, 2x +x-2, -2x+1
x .
.
, (1), (0), (1), (2), (3), (4), (5).
x=1 :
P(A)=
A ={1,3}.
5
3
7
, P(B)=
, P(A B)=
11
11
11
() ( ).
( 2007)
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
, :
= { x / 0 n ( x 1 ) < n 3 } ,
B = { x / ( x 2 5 x )( x 1 ) = 6 ( x 1 ) } .
. ( ) ( ) .
1
, ( ) .
4
1
1
. () =
() = ,
8
4
. () =
(X),
= .
( 2 00 6 )
2
x ( x +4 ) .
. ,
. x .
.
1
19
1 0 0 ,
, .
. , ,
;
59
( 20 0 6 )
. 0 , 7
0 , 1 .
.

.
.

0 , 6 :
i. .
i i . .
( 2 0 05 )
, , :
(i)
,
7
8
(ii)
P(B) , P(AB) =
1 5
k , ,
2 4
, :
= lim
x 5
3 x 15
.
x2 6 x + 5
k.
P(B), P(AB) .
:
(1) .
(2) .
( 20 0 5 )
= { 1 , 2 , 3, 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 1 0 } . , ,
A B = { 1 , 2, 3 , 4 , 5, 6 } , A B = { 1 , 3 , 4 } , A- B = { 2 , 6 }
x +1
= x /
2
x 1
60
( ) , ( ) , ( ) .
,
.
,
.
s 2 ,3,5, , = { / s 2 > 24}.
( 2 0 04 )
5 2
x + x + 10
2
P(A) P(B)
x, f .
f f(x) = 2 x 3
1
1
() =
() =
3
2
P(A), P(B)
P(AB) =
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
2
, :
3
P(AB)
P(A-B)
P[(AB)]
P[(A-B) (-)] .
( 20 0 4 )
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
f : IR IR
1
f(x) = x 3 kx 2 + 4x + 2 k .
3
P(1) = P(3) = P(5) = 2P(2) = 4P(4) = 2P(6), :
.
P(1), P(2), P(3), P(4),
P(5), P(6).
.
,
:
: .
.
,
: f IR .
61
( 2 0 03 )
55% , 40% 30% .
.
:
.
.
.
. .
( 2 0 02 )
,
() + () 2( ).
:
f(x) = (x - P(AB))3 - (x - P(AB))3 ,
.
.
P(AB) P(AB).
f(x)
x=
x R.
P( A )+ P( B)
2
, , f(P(A)) = f(P(B)).

ΣΗΜΕΙΩΣΕΙΣ ΠΙΘΑΝΟΤΗΤΕΣ ΜΑΘΗΜΑΤΙΚΑ ΓΕΝΙΚΗΣ ΠΑΙΔΕΙΑΣ Γ ΛΥΚΕΙΟΥ

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1

A B " " " "

A B " " " "

" " " " .

= {1, 2, ... , } "

= {(1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6),

3) 25%, 15% 30%.

) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}, = {1, 2, 3, 4} = {3, 4, 5}.

() = ({2, 4, 6, 8, ..., 100}) = 50

) = {1 , 2 , 3 , 4}, : (1) + (2) + (3) + (4) = 1

) : (1) + (2) + (3) + (4) = 1

P( A B ) = P( A ) + P( B ) P( A B ) = 0,8 + 0,5 = 1,3 0 P( A B ) 1

< 0 36 4 3 < 0 36 12 < 0 12 < 36 12 > 36 >

6) ={1, 2, 3} = {1, 2}, = {2, 3}. ()=

(1), (2), (3).

={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} P(i) = Pi, i=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

4( P( A)) 2 + 1 P( A) 5P( A)(1 P( A))

. ( )=() - ( )= 0.10 = 10%

17) 30%, 40%

) , .. = {1, 2, 3, 4} = {1, 2}, = {3, 4}

20. = {1, 4, 7}, = {4, 7, 11} .

21. = {2, 4, 6}, () = 3.

34. P( A) > P(B) . ( 2005)

P( A B ) = 0,8 , P( A B ) = 0,7 P( A ) + P( B ) = 1,1 .

26. 1000 1 1000

32. ) f(x) = x2 + (1 x)2 , x [ 0,1] .

The Monty Hall problem -

i)B , ii)A iii) A B

16). 40% 30% 20% . .

20). 40% 80%

, (1), (0), (1), (2), (3), (4), (5).

s 2 ,3,5, , = { / s 2 > 24}.

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