The Mole and Chemical Calculations

The MoIe

ke|at|ve
Atom|c
Mass
1 ueflnlLlon Mass of one atom of the e|ement when compared w|th 1]12 of an atom of carbon12
2 ome Ar values are noL whole numbers as mosL naLurally occurrlng samples of an elemenL conLaln a
mlxLure of lsoLopes wlLh dlfferenL relaLlve abundance
3 Pave no unlLs as lL ls a raLlo
4 Can be found from Lhe perlodlc Lable
ke|at|ve
Mo|ecu|ar
Mass
1 ormu|a
Mass oI 1 molecule oI an element
Mass oI 1/12 oI an atom oI carbon-12

2 1o calculaLe Mr add up Lhe relaLlve aLomlc masses of each aLom ln each chemlcal formula
3 Pave no unlLs as lL ls a raLlo

The MoIe Concept



CaIcuIating EmpiricaI and MoIecuIar FormuIa
1he emplrlcal formula of a compound shows
1 1he Lypes of elemenLs presenL ln lL
2 1he slmplesL raLlo of Lhe dlfferenL Lypes of aLoms ln lL

1he emplrlcal formula of a compound can be calculaLed from Lhe masses of Lhe elemenLs LhaL comblned LogeLher
and Lhe relaLlve aLomlc masses of lLs elemenLs

1here are several sLeps ln flndlng Lhe emplrlcal formula of a compound
1 |nd ercentage Mass or ke|at|ve Atom|c Mass
2 |nd no of mo|es (Mass ercentage or Ar ] Mo|ar Mass)
3 D|v|de by sma||est rat|o

noLes
lf Lhe relaLlve molecular mass of a compound ls known Lhe molecular formula can be found from Lhe emplrlcal
formula
Leave all answers ln 3 slg flg
When dlvlded by smallesL raLlo lf lL has a declmal of 03 mulLlply by 2 lf lL ls 033 or 067 mulLlply by 3 lf noL
round up or down

CaIcuIations from ChemicaI Equations

A ba|anced chemlcal equaLlon glves us Lhe mo|e rat|o of Lhe reacLanLs and producLs lnvolved ln a chemlcal reacLlon

1herefore Lhere are 3 sLeps Lo calculaLlng Lhe mass of a subsLance reacLed or produced
1 ConverL whaLever mass ls glven of a subsLance lnLo the number of mo|e
2 Compare Lhe mole raLlo from equaLlon
3 ConverL Lhe number of mole Lo Lhe mass of Lhe subsLance you wanL Lo flnd

CalculaLlng volume of reacLlng gases from chemlcal equaLlons
lnce 1 mole of any gas occuples 24 dm
3
aL rLp Lhe volume of gas ls proport|ona| to the number of mo|es of
the gas
noLe 1dm
3
1000cm
3


imiting Reactants

A balanced chemlcal equaLlon ls used Lo calculaLe Lhe exacL amounLs of reacLanLs used up and producLs formed
uslng lLs molar raLlo
1he reacLanL LhaL ls compleLely used up ls known as Lhe llmlLlng reacLanL lL deLermlnes or llmlLs Lhe amounL of
producL formed
Cnce Lhe llmlLlng reacLanL ls used up Lhe reacLlon stops
4/woys use the /imitinq reoctont to co/cu/ote the product

CaIcuIation on Concentration of SoIutions

1he concenLraLlon of a soluLlon glves Lhe amounL of soluLe ln 1dm
3
of soluLlon lL can be expressed ln g/cm
3
or
mol/dm
3
(molar concenLraLlon)











cid-Base Titration CaIcuIations

onc. oI A)'ol oI A) No. oI mol oI A
onc. oI B)'ol oI B) No. oI mol oI B


Chapter 10.5: Percentage YieId and Percentage Purity
Actual Yield
Percentage Yield 100
Theroetical Yield
L
Mass oI pure substance
Percentage Purity 100
Mass oI sample
L