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(Note that this chapter is very scientific and mathematical, especially at the beginning.
Feel free to scan over it if you so wish.) Here is what modern science (theories) tells us about our origins: (Please note that there are many theories not listed here. I have only listed ones that I personally agree with. Please research for yourself if you disagree with me.) The Big Bang was the event which led to the formation of the universe. This happened about 13.7 billion years ago. (If you were to count a number every second it would take you 435 years to count to this number!)
Quantum strings are the foundations of the fabric of space. Strings themselves however are just the at the edges of larger objects, called a brane, existing in possibly 11 dimensions.
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The order of the length between parallel branes is Planck length or 0.0000000000000000000000000000000016 meters. At such small scales of time and space the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle allows particles and energy to briefly come into existence, and then annihilate. These particles would have only lasted for Planck Time or 0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000043 seconds. Assuming that two particles could be created in the same space at the same time, thus bridging the parallel branes and bringing them into collision is: 1.616 x 10^-35 x 10^-43s = 1.616 x 10^-78
So to make it easier multiply it by the number of seconds in a year (315360000s) and we get the chances of : 5.0962176 x 10^-71 in a given year.
This is 700,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 times longer then the age of the universe.
However since time is infinite the possibilities HAVE happened throughout the eons . Humans might have existed before!
Through an almost infinite time at one point enough of the probabilities came together. The collision of the branes caused the edge of the branes to unravel in a massive explosion of particles and energy.
During the collision of branes space itself expanded faster then the speed of light. This was called Inflation. The first moment of this explosion (Plank Time) 0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000043 seconds after the big bang the one unifying Force that had held the Quantum Foam together started becoming strained. At .000000000000000000000000000000000001 seconds The Force broke apart into two distinct Forces. The Grand Force and the Gravitational Force At .000000000001 seconds this Grand Force again broke down into the Strong Nuclear Force and the Electroweak Force. At .000001 seconds the Electroweak Force further broke down into the Weak Nuclear Force and the Electro-Magnetic Force.
Credit: NASA/WMAP Science Team
In the big bang the ratio was probably 1001 matter particles to 1000 anti-matter particles meaning in the first few seconds of the universe was marked by constant mutual animation. This eventually would fill the universe with what today we call the background radiation. (Yes there is a very good chance that on the other side of the brane there is another universe, like ours, with anti-matter and almost no matter.)
After 1 second the basic particles called Quarks started forming into Bosons of Protons and Neutrons but still most electrons were free as everything was ionized.
After 70000 years the universe was filled with almost 100% matter at last.
After around 380,000 years the universe cooled enough to form non ionized atoms of hydrogen.
400,000 years after the big bang the hydrogen atoms had compacted enough to form stars with fusion reactions.
Fusion reaction gave way to a new element, Helium.
Most early stars only lasted millions of years before going supernova. This formed supermassive black holes and the structure of the universe started growing around these . This would lead to the structure of super clusters of galaxies. The second generation of stars that formed from the remains of the first had many new elements in them generated in the final supernova eruptions. Some of these stars are still around today. This also lead to the formation more black holes though not as dense as the first. These would eventually form galaxies of stars orbiting them.
As the universe grew bigger and started cooling stars lasted longer and now could support planets orbiting them.
Our Milky Way galaxy formed around 8 billion years ago from second and third generation stars orbiting a super massive black hole.
Our sun, Sol, formed about 5 billion years ago the Sagittarius Arm of the Milky Way about two-third of the way out from the center of our galaxy. Sol is a third generation star.
Objects outside the gravitational grasp of the new sun like dust particles began separating into rings. Successively larger fragments collided with one another and became larger objects.
These included one collection about 150 million kilometres from the Sun: Earth. The planet formed about 4.54 billion years ago.
The Proto-Earth grew until the inner part of the planet were hot enough to melt the heavy, metals. Such liquid metals, with now higher densities, began to sink to the Earth's center of mass. This resulted in the separation of a primitive mantle and a (metallic) core only 10 million years after the Earth began to form, producing the layered structure of Earth and setting up the formation of Earth's magnetic field.
NASA
About 4.52 billion years ago a planet, in an orbit extremely close to Earths named Theia, thought to have been a little smaller than the current planet Mars, struck the earth at 4km/s at about a 45 degree angle and much material from the mantles and crusts of the proto-Earth and the impactor was ejected into space, where much of it stayed in orbit around the Earth. This material eventually formed the Moon. However, the metallic cores of the impactor sunk through the Earth's mantle to fuse with the Earth's core, depleting the Moon of metallic material.
This is what we have today. Luna. (The Moon)
The impact also changed the earths axis to 23.5 degrees. This causes us to have seasons now.) Because the Earth lacked an atmosphere immediately after the giant impact, cooling occurred quickly. Within 150 million years, a solid crust with a basaltic composition formed. Water started arriving from impacting comets that contained ice. They were originally far more common in the inner parts of the solar system. Earth already had water from the beginning, in the form of water vapour from volcanoes, however now more water was being added.
As the planet cooled, clouds formed. Rain created the oceans around 4.2 billion years ago. The new atmosphere probably contained water vapour, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and smaller amounts of other gases.
The first larger pieces of continental crust appeared about 4 billion years ago.. What is left of these first small continents are called cratons. These pieces of early crust form the cores around which today's continents grew.
It is possible that, as a result of repeated formation and destruction of oceans during that time period caused by high energy asteroid bombardment, life may have arisen and been extinguished more than once.
Four billion years ago amino acids formed as a result of electrical activity in the atmosphere acting on the oceans. Amino acid are natural monomers.
Later near an oceanic volcanic vent they bonded together to form polymers. Polymers thus formed strands of repeating structural units called peptides.
Once the peptides moved away from the vent and cooled they formed small spherical shells about 2 m in diametermicrospheres. It was at this point that molecules started doing something they never had before on earth. Replicate themselves. The microspheres budded new spheres as they cooled. However They provided a membrane-enclosed volume which is similar to that of a cell.
About 3.8 billion years ago the microspheres grew and formed double membrane which underwent diffusion of materials and osmosis. Later 3.65 billion years ago they become organisms with the ability to absorb nutrients from the environment for energy and growth.
At first information for replication came from the peptides themselves. However, 3.5 billion years ago, near volcanic vents again some of the peptides within the spheres formed peptide nucleic acid. Replication was now stored in this form.
The replication was not always accurate: some copies were slightly different from their parent. If the change destroyed the copying ability of the molecule, the molecule did not produce any copies, and the line died out. On the other hand, a few rare changes over the next 100 million years the molecule replicated faster and the strains would become more numerous and successful.
Over the next 400 million years as the amount of nutrients in the environment decreased, competition for those precious resources increased. Something else also happened at this time. The peptide nucleic acid started to be replaced with RNA 3 billion years ago.
The change to RNA meant that proteins were now able to be produced. Hundreds of species of proto-cellular life started taking shape. The proto-cell contained a water-based, cellular protoplasm that was surrounded and effectively enclosed membrane
However a change in the next two hundred million years allowed only one species to survive. This spices, named LUCA (Last Universal Common Ancestor) had done one thing different. It had replaced on the RNA double-helix rows of DNA! By 2.8 billion years ago all proto-cells used a double helix of DNA.
2.5 billion years ago in the mixing of genetic material organisms evolved that used photosynthesis to produce energy.
Oxygen started being given of as a by-product. Oxygen formed ozone in the higher atmosphere, causing the emergence of the Earth's ozone layer. 2.4 billion years ago many older species started going extinct from the new atmosphere of Oxygen that was forming. The new species that could use Oxygen formed Stromatolites.
The earth meanwhile was undergoing a remarkable process. The mantle which had long since formed convective cycles began to start to have an effect on the earths crust. Plate Tectonics started moving the plates around and building large continents . The same Oxygenation of the atmosphere lead to a major event 2.3 billion years ago. Snowball Earth. The atmosphere no longer containing the methane and Carbon Dioxide concentrations as before started to lose the greenhouse effect that had dominated up until then.
However during this time a split developed in life. The Bacteria domain split off from the other forms of life (sometimes called Neomura) Over the next 200 million years, enough CO2 and methane, mainly emitted by volcanoes, accumulated and finally caused enough greenhouse effect to make surface ice melt in the tropics until a band of permanently ice-free land and water developed; darker than the ice, and thus absorbed more energy from the sun initiating a "positive feedback". The resulting life after this had some surprises.
First the Neomura split into the Archaea and the Eukarya
Two billion years ago a cell which had evolved to metabolize oxygen, entered a larger cell, which lacked that capability. The large cell attempted to ingest the smaller one but failed. This smaller cell survived inside the larger cell. Using oxygen, it metabolized the larger cells waste products and derived more energy. Some of this excess energy was returned to the host. The smaller cell replicated inside the larger one. Soon, a stable symbiosis developed between the large cell and the smaller cells inside it. Over time, the host cell acquired some of the genes of the smaller cells, and the two kinds became dependent on each other: the larger cell could not survive without the energy produced by the smaller ones, and these in turn could not survive without the raw materials provided by the larger cell. The whole cell was now a single organism. These new nucleus-celled organisms continued to diversify and to become more complex and better adapted to their environments. Each domain repeatedly split into multiple lineages.
Over the next billion years Archaeans, Bacteria, and Eukaryotes continued to diversify and to become more complex and better adapted to their environments. The plant, animal, and fungi lines had all split, though they still existed as solitary cells. Some of these lived in colonies, and gradually some division of labour began to take place; cells on the periphery started to assume different roles from those in the interior. 1.2 billion years ago one organism with damaged DNA was replicating an undamaged strand from a similar organism in order to repair itself. The result was monumental change in evolution: Sex. Sexual reproduction made a split in the process. Some cells thrived on sexual production. Other on asexual production. Just over a billion years ago plate tectonics gave rise to a superconinent. Rodinia.
Rodinia however broke up and another Snowball Earth took hold 710 million years ago as a result of this. However this triggered a new process. During the next 20 million years of ice the one-celled life learned to survive by banding together, more closely then ever before, and sharing with its own species. As a result, 690 million years ago when the ice disappeared, a new page in history was formed. Cells now worked together. Multicellular life started evolving.
Earth froze over again 640 million years ago This time for 98 million years! However the muti-cellular life adapted. About 550 million years ago, under the ice, multicellularity had also evolved in animals in that cells started taking different roles in an organism. At first it probably resembled todays sponges, which have cells that allow a disrupted organism to reassemble itself. As the division of labour was completed in all lines of multicellular organisms, cells became more specialized and more dependent on each other; isolated cells would die. One of these an Annelid (worm) developed a new addition to its nerve cells. A central processor. A brain. Later, under the ice, worms evolved eyes. 542 million years ago a supercontient named Pannotia came together and the climate warmed up.
This last Snowball Earth recovered and the resulting explosion of life was exponential!
During this time the first vertebrate animals, among them the first fishes, appeared. A creature that could have been the ancestor of the fishes, or was probably closely related to it, was Pikaia. It had a primitive notochord, a structure that developed into a vertebral column. The first fishes with jaws appeared later.
During this time also plants (probably resembling algae) and fungi started growing at the edges of the water, and then out of it. Initially remaining close to the waters edge, mutations and variations resulted in further colonization of this new environment. 480 million years ago the super continent Pannotia had broken apart in the smaller continents Laurentia, Baltica, Siberia and Gondwana.
Around 380 to 375 million years ago, the first tetra pods evolved from fish. Fins evolved to become limbs which allowed the first tetra pods to lift their heads out of the water to breathe air. This would allow them to live in oxygen-poor water or pursue small prey in shallow water. They later ventured on land for brief periods. Eventually, some of them became so well adapted to terrestrial life that they spent their adult lives on land, although they hatched in the water and returned to lay their eggs. This was the origin of the amphibians.
About 360 million years ago plants evolved seeds, which dramatically accelerated their spread on land. Some 20 million years later amphibians spending more time on the land. The amniotic egg evolved, which could be laid on land, giving a survival advantage Reptiles emerged. . Other groups of organisms continued to evolve, and a super continent, called Pangaea, formed 300 million years ago.
The most severe extinction event to date took place 250 million years ago and 95% of life on Earth died out over the next 20 million years. This extinction event was possibly caused by the Siberian Traps volcanic event.
Life persevered, and around 230 million years ago dinosaurs split off from their reptilian ancestors. and they soon became dominant among the vertebrates.
Though some of the mammalian lines began to separate during this period, existing mammals were probably all small animals resembling shrews.
By 180 million year ago, Pangaea broke up into Laurasia and Gondwana. The Archaeopteryx, traditionally considered one of the first birds, lived around 150 million years ago.
Flowers evolved 132 million years ago. It was the age of the dinosaurs.
The dinosaurs were already in decline when, 65 million years ago, a 10-kilometre meteorite struck Earth just off the Yucatn Peninsula . This ejected vast quantities of particulate matter and vapour into the air that occluded sunlight, inhibiting photosynthesis. Most large animals, including the non-avian dinosaurs, became extinct.
From this point forward mammals rapidly diversified, grew larger, and became the dominant vertebrates. Mammals diverged from a few small, simple, generalized forms into a diverse collection of terrestrial, marine, and flying animals. Birds, however, still outnumbered mammals two to one. Savannas grew. Co-dependent flowering plants and insects developed.
56 million years ago a species called Plesiadapis, a primitive primate, evolved. They came from North America, but they were widespread in Eurasia and Africa
About 50 million years ago these evolved into the Notharctus in Europe.
34 million years ago, some terrestrial mammals had returned to the sea which eventually led to dolphins and baleen whales.
16.5 million years ago the Notharctus had evolved into the Dryopithecus in Europe and these migrated into Africa.
Gibbons became distinct from other apes 16 million years ago, and that of orangutans became distinct at about 12 million years ago. 10 million years ago Nakalipithecus broke off from the Dryopithecus in Kenya.
8 million years ago the gorillas broke off from the Dryopithecus. The equatorial belt contracted after about 7.9 million years ago. 6 million years ago the chimpanzee line split off from the gorillas and formed a line leading to the humans. (Human DNA is approximately 98.4% identical to that of chimpanzees.) Chimpanzees use tools for cracking nuts and use spears for defense.
5.7 million years ago formed Orrorin from the chimpanzee line. The chimpanzee line continued modern chimps. They spent a lot of time near the water. They started walking more bipedal. . However since they spent much time in water and river courses they developed several reactions. - They gave birth in water.. Infants started having more fat - MOST IMPROTANT we started losing our hair except for around the head to protect from the sun. Men retained the protective facial hair as they hunted more -Voluntary breath control - A Diving Reflex. - Webbing between fingers and toes.
5 million years ago Ardipithecus formed from Orrorin in Ethiopia.
4 million years ago the Australopithecus formed from Ardipithecus in Tanzania.
Most species of Australopithecus were diminutive and gracile, usually standing between 1.2 to 1.4 m tall Males were up to 50% larger than females. Australopithecus mainly ate fruit, vegetables, and tubers.They also used stone tools to butcher animals. The hair on the head grew longer to protect from the sun and perhaps sexual attraction.
2.3 million years ago the Homo Habilis aka "Handy-man" evolved. Homo Habilis had a cranial capacity slightly less than half of the size of modern humans. They used stone tools extensively.
Now proto-humans started moving around more. Homo Erectus originated in Africa 1.5 million years ago, evolving from Homo Habilis and spread as far as China and Java. They lasted until about 1 million years ago Homo Erectus used more diverse and sophisticated stone tools than its predecessors. In fact Homo Erectus were first hominids to use rafts to travel over oceans. They also communicated with a pre-language lacking the fully developed structure of modern human language, but more developed than the basic communication used by chimpanzees. In addition Homo Erectus was the first human ancestor to walk truly upright. They used fire to cook their meat. Men hunted more.
Homo Erectus were the first hominids to live in small, familiar band-societies similar to modern hunter-gatherer band-societies and to hunt in coordinated groups and care for infirm or weak companions.
Homo Erectus evolved into Homo Rhodesiensis around 600.000 years ago. They lasted 300,000 years.
The Rhodesiensis brain was larger then previous primates. Much of the brain's expansion took place in the neocortex. . The neocortex is responsible for self consciousness, advanced language and emotion. This is where humans developed. THIS WAS THE BIGGEST STEP IN HUMAN EVOLUTION! Homo Rhodesiensis however broke into two species 400,000 years ago. 1. Neanderthals in Europe. Neanderthal cranial capacity is thought to have been as large as that of Homo sapiens, perhaps larger, indicating their brain size may have been comparable, as well. They had brains as large as modern humans' at birth and larger than modern humans' as adults. On average, the height of Neanderthals was comparable to contemporaneous Homo sapiens. Neanderthal males stood about 165168 cm and were heavily built with robust bone structure. They were much stronger than Homo sapiens, having particularly strong arms and hands.. Females stood about 152156 cm..They were almost exclusively carnivorous and apex predators.
Around 300,000 years ago Neanderthals invented a new concept: Life after death. Observing dead bodies Neanderthals noted that often human remains were eaten by animals. Often bears. The concept was that the human became the bear. They lived on in animals! A bear cult developed. This later evolved into different animal cults. About 200,000 years ago an animal cult overseer noted that since animals and people breathe and this process ends at death then logically our spirit was breath itself. Breath was held in the body and escaped into the animal at death.
About 90,000 years ago Neanderthals invented burial, doing so in shallow graves along with stone tools and animal bones of whatever animal they became. By this point the animal cults had merged. Every animal is considered divine.
80,0000 years ago a climate change drove Sapiens from Africa. Possibly they crossed the Red Sea to Arabia. This point is when the Sapiens joined the larger group of Neanderthals. 70,000 years ago Toba erupted in Indonesia. Homo Erectus almost went extinct. Except what had interbreed with Sapiens.
The Sapiens picked up the religious cults of the Neanderthals however they changed their beliefs to a newer concept. Every Force of nature is caused by divine animals.
50,000 years ago major interbreeding took place resulting in 46% of the genome of people from Eurasia having been contributed by Neanderthals. This interbreeding and sharing between the two species gave birth to a more advanced language. In fact according to scientists these would have probability been some of the words: * ku = 'who' * ma = 'what' * pal = 'two' * akwa = 'water' * tik = 'finger' * kanV = 'arm' * buku = 'knee' * sum = 'hair' * putV = 'vulva' * una = 'nose, smell'
Some moved east colonizing Malaysia and other Asians countries. Land bridges allowed then to cross into Australia and islands around there. 32,000 years ago Neanderthals used cave paintings in Europe. Possibly for communication. By 30,000 years ago however Neanderthals and Homo Sapiens had interbred enough to cause a merging of a common species. Thus we evolved from a joining of previous distinct species. Also it seems war developed between the two species and wiped most Neanderthals off the surface of the earth.
From: (Genetic Analysis of Lice Supports Direct Contact between Modern and Archaic Humans Reed DL, Smith VS, Hammond SL, Rogers AR, Clayton DH PLoS Biology Vol. 2, No. 11, e340 doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020340)
Thus developed: * finely-made tools * fishing * evidence of long-distance exchange or barter among groups * systematic use of pigment (such as ochre) and jewellery for decoration or selfornamentation * figurative art (cave paintings, petroglyphs, figurines) * game playing and music * burial Religion evolved to the belief that some unknown beings, beyond the animals, controlled the Forces of nature. A lot of this was brought about by dreams and REM disorders.
Humans converged on the Bering Strait and crossed into the Americas. People crossed the strait 25,000 years ago. Some might have even built boats an crossed from Europe.
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Although Sapiens entered Europe during the Ice Age they didnt go far. However religion now evolved to the point that the divine being were visuallized as idols.
Emerging out of this last ice age were what we would call Modern Humans. Throughout more than 90% of its history, Homo Sapiens lived in small bands as nomadic hunter-gatherers. This was about to change. Language became more complex, the ability to remember and communicate information became more complex. Cultural evolution quickly outpaced biological evolution..
Somewhere between 8500 and 7000 BCE, humans in the Fertile Crescent in Middle East began the systematic husbandry of plants and animals: agriculture.
With permanent settlements came civilization. Surplus food allowed a priestly or governing class to arise, followed by increasing division of labour. This led to Earths first civilization at Sumer in the Middle East, around 4000 BCE. Additional civilizations quickly arose in ancient Egypt, at the Indus River valley and in China. Egypt and Sumer were close enough together to trade with one another. Around 5600 BCE the Black Sea flooded.
This gave way to hundreds of oral legends about a flood story.
Around 3200 BCE something incredible happened.
Writing.
Writing was invented in ancient Egypt.
Sumer learned writing 200 years later. Writing began as a consequence of political expansion in ancient cultures, which needed reliable means for transmitting information, maintaining financial accounts, keeping historical records, and similar activities. This finally bring us to the world of the bible. To start to understand the ancient Near East we must investigate three cultures and their beliefs. Sumer, Egypt and Canaan.

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(Note that this chapter is very scientific and mathematical, especially at the beginning.

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Credit: NASA/WMAP Science Team

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Fusion reaction gave way to a new element, Helium.

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This is what we have today. Luna. (The Moon)

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5 million years ago Ardipithecus formed from Orrorin in Ethiopia.

4 million years ago the Australopithecus formed from Ardipithecus in Tanzania.

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NPS Public Domain

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This gave way to hundreds of oral legends about a flood story.

Around 3200 BCE something incredible happened.

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Writing was invented in ancient Egypt.

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