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Endocrine System Study Guide

1. What are the functions of the thyroid gland, hormones? Secretes TH; TH regulates metabolism 2. What is the function of iodine? Produces thyroxin in TH-T3 3. What are follicle cells of thyroid gland? The follicle cells produce the glycoprotein thyroglobulin. 4. What is a hormone? Chemical substances, secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body. 5. What are amino acid based hormones, steroid based hormones, and how do they function? Amino acid based hormones- proteins, peptides second messenger systemcyclic AMP mechanism, pip calcium Steroid based hormones testosterone and estrogen 6. What is an endocrine system? System that consists of endocrine glands and functions to regulate the body activities. 7. What is the function of aldosterone? Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion by the kidneys. 8. What are the functions of the thymus? Secretes thymosin; thymoin regulates T- lymphocyte development- T-cell killer. 9. What mechanisms do the amino acid based hormones use to exert their effects on cells and how does it happen? Second messenger mechanisms is used by employing G proteins and intracellular second messengers are a common means y which amino acid based hormones interact with their target cells. The PIP calcium signaling mechanism involving phosphatidyl inositol is another important second messenger system. 10. What mechanisms do the steroid based hormones used to exert their effects on cells and how does it happen? They enter their target cells and effect responses by activating DNA, which initiates messenger RNA information leading to protein synthesis. 11. What are humoral, neural, and hormonal stimuli? They activate endocrine organs to release their hormones. Negative feedback is important in regulating hormone levels in the blood. Humoral- sugar, calcium, sodium Hormonal- high GnRH, LH, FSH Neural- epinephrine

12. How do the hormones from the hypothalamus reach the pituitary gland? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 13. What is neurohypophysis, adenohypophysis? Neurohypophysis-The posterior portion of the pituitary gland plus infundibulum portion of the pituitary gland derived from the brain, having a rich supply of nerve fibers and releasing oxytocin and vasopressin. Adenohypophysis Anterior pituitary; the glandular part of the pituitary gland. The anterior glandular lobe of the pituitary gland that secretes many hormones, including ACTH, prolactin, and somatotropin. 14. What are tropic hormones, examples? Tropic hormone- A hormone that regulates the secretory action of another endocrine organ. Examples: thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic, follicle simulation hormone, and luteinizing hormone. [Turn on- change] 15. What are the functions of ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, Oxytocin, ADH, and PTH? ACTH- stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones, most importantly glucocorticoids that help the body to resist stressors. Comes from pituitary gland- goes to adrenal cortex- goes to cortisol. TSH- stimulates normal development and secretory activity of the thyroid gland. [hypothalamus -> stimulates TRH anterior pituitary -> stimulates TSH thyroid gland -> stimulates thyroid hormones TARGET CELLS GH- regulates the function of the gonads [ovaries and testes] PRL- prolactin- is a protein hormone structurally similar to GH, produced by the lactotrophs it stimulates the gonads of some animals [other than humans] and is considered a gonadotroin by some researchers. Stimulates mild production by the breast. OXYTOCIN- comes from hypothalamus- oxytocin -> posterior pituitary stored > uterus -> contractions. ADH- antidioretic hormone hypothalamus- prevents water loss. Oxytocin -> posterior pituitary stored -> kidneys -> retaining water PTH- comes from the parathyroid and goes to the bone, osteoclast, break bone, calcium 16. What is calcitonin? Comes from the thyroid gland goes into bones, osteoblast, makes bone, decreases calcium.

17. What is the adrenal gland? Pyramid shaped organs perched atop the kidneys, where they are enclosed in a fibrous capsule and a cushion of fat . Adrenal medulla- secretes epinephrine- epinephrine regulates fight or flight response. Adrenal cortex- produces aldosterone- adosterone regulates sodium reabsorption. 18. Functions of GH-RH, Gn-RH, PIH, CRH, and TRH. Where are they produced? GH-RH - goes into anterior pituitary gland and comes out GH- goes into bones and muscles- creation of body growth. Gn-RH - goes into anterior pituitary gland and comes out as FSH, LH- goes into gonads- then into testes(testosterone , sperm) and ovaries(estrogen). PIH _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ TRH- comes from hypothalamus. TRH-> pituitary gland->TSH-> Thyroid gland-> TH- T3, T4(regulates metabolism) Examples: Too much TSH, more TH is produced. Too much TH , less TSH is produced. 19. What is up regulation, down regulation? Up regulation- target cells form more receptors in response to rising blood levels of the specific hormones to which they respond . Down regulation- prolonged exposure to high hormone concentrations desensitizes the target cells, so that they respond less vigorously to hormonal stimulation, it involves loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels. 20. The target cell activation depends on three factors, what are they? 1) Blood levels of the hormone 2) Relative numbers of receptors for that hormone on or in the target cells 3) Affinity (strength) of the binding between the hormone and the receptor 21. What are target cells, receptors? Target cells- specific protein receptors hat will only respond to the bondable hormone. Receptors- receptor that responds to hormone binding by prompting the cell to perform, or turn on, some gene-determined preprogrammed function. 22. What are the effects of epinephrine? It is known as a short term stress hormone, wont last a whole day only a few minutes. Fight or flight Nervous system is mobilized and blood sugar levels rise, blood vessels constrict and the heart beats faster together raising the blood pressure.

23. Know location of endocrine glands in body.

24. What are the functions of beta and alpha cells of the pancreas? Beta cells- produced by insulin which is the key to help reduce sugar levels. Alpha cells- synthesized by glucagon, makes sure you have sugar. 25. What are the major mechanisms controlling aldosterone release? Renin- hormone that acts as an enzyme to initiate the rennin-angiotensin mechanism. Potassium Adrenocorticotropic hormone 26. What are the effects of glucagons and insulin; where are they produced and what will be the target organs? Glucagon- makes sure sugar level is normal 70-120 comes from pancreas. Insulin- helps reduce sugar levels, catalyzes the oxidation of glucose for ATP production, joins glucose molecules together to form glycogen, converts glucose to fat. 27. What is glycogenolysis? Breakdown of glycogen to glucose 28. What is gluconeogenesis? Formation of glycogen from glucose 29. Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone Estrogen- hormones that stimulate female secondary sex characteristics; female sex hormones. Progesterone- hormone partly responsible for preparing the uterus for the fertilized ovum. Testosterone- male sex hormone produced by the testes during puberty promotes virilization, and is necessary for normal sperm production.

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