APPENDIXiB.

SCIENCES BRANCH WORD PROCESSING ACTION PLAN

Prepare technical plan
_ _ _, _ _ _
Develop detailed \ Review by
training & support!. BS!3CC reps ...
curriculum / .. / f'--""
I Comments
Word perfect training .I.
for resource staff ,
1 RevIse
Inspect hardware & software
I r--
Configure prototype 2 .....,
usinl' neJear .J R .
-"-' -- eVIse
End use test I
,
General walk thru &
demonstration at BIO
WP reps & BSBCC
Set up mailboxes
I
Basic PROCOM scripts
1_-----1....1
Modify l_la_n ....
Feb. 1
Dec. 16/88
Jan. 5/89
Jan. 6
Done
- --
To Do
Jan. 27
Revise plans 1prototype 2
Feb. 6
Feb. 7
Develop
automated
PROCOMM
scripts
Configure &
test systems for
DIR,HED,HFX *
Write system
handbook
* DETAIL
-Inventory
equipment
-Registration
-Configure
-Test
Feb.8 - 10
Feb. 13 - 16
Feb. 13
Test
Draft
Training for
MFD,DIR,
HED,HFX **
Configure &
test systems for
FWA,BOD,STA *
Draft
**
DETAIL
-System overview
-VAX mail
-Procomm
-lDir+ _.- .
- WordP;fect
Dayl
I Day
2,3
Feb. 14 - 16
Training for
FWA,BOD,
STA **
Feb. 20 - 24
Feb. 24
Complete
All systems installed & training done
omplete
June 1
Post implementation review
Revise phase II plan
INTRODUCTION
The Industrial Development Branch of
Canada's Fisheries and Marine Se has pI an
role during the past decade assisting in the expans
modernization of the commercial fi ry
1
and
the eld of
when the
was
The major task facing the Branch was in
fishe industrial deve t during this per
shery was going through a transitional phase wh
carry the industry from a tional
inshore shery to highly sophisticated mechanized
automated offshore and inshore operaL..L.V.Ll0
Growing fishing pressure on known fish stocks by
competing nations has made it increasingly incumbent for the
Branch to expand exploratory efforts in order to bring to
use resources now unexploited and underexploited such as the
offshore capelin resource. Costs, risks and scientific skills
involved in such exploratory work are, generally speaking!
beyond the capability of individual companies.
The Indus 1 Development Branch is concerned
prima ly with the location and/or assessment of commercial
stocks of fish in areas where they are thought to exist (often
on the basis of broad scientific studies) but are not being
exploited on a cOIrJTIercial scale. These exploratory operations
do not duplicate scientific studies into the behaviour charac-
teristics of the stocks or their population dynamics relation
to management. Such studies are carried out by the Newfoundland
Biological Station.
The problem of applying- new and fish
techniques to the exploitation of known resources as well as
those discovered by exploratory fish is U C ' ~ ' ~ H u C H t on mak
knowledge and techniques available to the
Technical assistance and gu has been
to the Newfoundland shing indus by mak available
highly qualified technical advisory services to ensure a free
flow of techn al and economic in tion. tion
of new technology developed by Canada and other lead
fishing nations has been introduced expeditious through
demonstrations by highly skilled fishing skippers and ther
technologists recruited from various parts of the world employed
by the Branch.
The design and development of modern and effie t
fishing vessels, related machinery and equipment is a highly
complex operation and guidance and specialized knowledge in
this field of endeavour has been provided to by
development engineering personnel.
/11.
II.
Many changes have taken place wi the
fishery especially as it applies to fishing vessels,
gear and techniques for harvesting the resource. Pr to the
960's, the inshore fishery was primarily centered around
1 cod nets, baited trawls and hand lines, us open
trap t.

methods, as we know them! have all
and many changes have s ace.
dis
of the have been aced the
c ss ves now total 6 0
in size from 35 65 feet. se ves
cases, employ a variety shing methods, cod
, gill nets, long I s, bottom trawls for groundfish
, ring-nets! mid-water trawls, crab seal
Some of these innovations in fishing gear and
are outlined in this presentation.
TAB L E o F
III.
CON TEN T S
INTRODUCTION
CONTENTS I I I
SECTION ONE: ENCIRCLING FISHING GEAR
A. Ring-Net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
B. Purse Seine ' 5
C. Beach Seine 8
D. Danish Seine 10
SECTION TWO: FIXED FISHING GEAR
A. Cod Traps 15
B. Herring and Mackerel Trap .............. 24
C. Capelin Trap .... ....................... 26
D. Gill Nets 28
E. Crab Pots 30
F. Lobster Pots 32
G. Longlines 33
SECTION THREE: TOWED FISHING GEAR
A. Single Vessel Midwater Trawling 36
B, Pair Midwater Trawling 39
C. Single Vessel Bottom Trawling 44
D. Scallop Dragging 49
SECTION ONE
ENCIRCLING FISHING GEAR
A. Ring-Net
SECTION ONE: ENCIRCLING FISHING GEAR
The technique of ring-netting has been utilized
for harvesting herring and mackerel in Scotland for
hundreds of years. In 1972, this method of fishing was
introduced into Newfoundland. During the past few years
under cost/share programs between Industrial Development
Branch and the Provincial Department of Fisheries, Scottish
ring-net specialists have been employed to train Newfoundl
fishermen in this fishing method. The ring-net fleet has
expanded over the past three years from one pair to
approximately 30 pairs, with new additions to the eet
every fishing season.
-->-----45" CIR. INFLATABLE BUOY
,SWIVEL
!
FOOT ROPE GUARD
40 MESHES DEEP
4" MESH "15 NYLON
5" DIA. 1/2" THK.
STEEL RING
SWIVEL 1/2" IRON
aUNT GUARD
20 M. 11/4" M. "15 NYLON
1- 2" x 31/2" PLASTIC
FLOAT EVERY 12"
RING NET DESIGN
l
The most suitable(Newfoundland vessel which was
modified for ring-net operajtions was the trap-boat long-
liner type (wheelhouse aft)). However f vessels such as
gill-net longliners were ~ l ~ O rigged.
A total of fourlmen are required on each vessel
to carry out this type of(Operation. Due to the f a ~ ~ / : ~ a t
i
1
2
both vessels come
the sh
operation
to the t and take
this of f ~ W U ~ H ~
smooth waters.
At present, iments are being ccm<::iucted,
utilizing mechanical haulers and should this to be
successful, the manpower requirement may well be
Thr
succes 1 for harves
, 1973, one
of 400 0
has Iso
Dur
vessels
- I 1
to be ve
the month of
eX.cess
METHOD OF OPERATION
Se Procedure:
When a school of capelin detected on the echo-
SO;UI1aer, preparations are made to set the ring-net. With
the exception of one of the skippers, all of the crew
members go aboard the vessel carrying the net. vessel
then stops leeward off the school while the second vessel
steams by to catch the end of the purse line which is
attached to the end of the ring-net. The vessel carrying
the net then makes a wide counter-clockwise circle around
the s until a the net is played out. When c
been completed, the purse line of the ring-net is trans-
ferred to the vessel which has encircled the school fish.
ring-net are
one vessel. Dur
1 Dla--net, the second vessel
s of vessel number one
perpendicular to that vessel.
the nelt now The process of brailing capel
commences. brailer is simi in design
but is much larger. It measures approximate
ameter and has a bag attached. The bag is constructed
I 1/2 inch mesh nylon twine and is approximate 15
length. The brailing process continues all the
have been transferred from the net, or until second
is loaded to capacity, at which time the
catch is brailed aboard the other vessel.
feet
sh
ves
of
.. /3.
3
FENDER
BRAI LER---f""ri>"'
BRAILING PROCESS
COMPl,ETION OF
HAULING PROCESS
BOOM
r SETTIN RING NET
In relatively calm when were less
than 8 m.p.h., it was found that a smaller vessel of 16
feet or larger could be used as the tow-off vessel.
A crew of eight fishermen is generally
for a ring-net operation but the number can be cut to
seven dur ideal shing condi An anchor is set out
by a small boat and the attached rope is to haul the
vessel away from the net when red. using s
method it is not necessary for a crew member to stay aboard
the small boat after the anchor is set.
RIGHT SIDE ViEW FRONT VIEW
.. /5.
SECTION ONE
B. Purse Seine
5
ENCIRCLING FISHING GEAR
A purse seine is a long wall of webbing without
a prominent bunt. The main body of the webbing is usually
of uniform mesh size. After circl the se is led
aboard from one on so that the fish are concentrated
in the other The essen of s net is
the clos 1 is
through a series of bottom of
the lead 1 so that the is or
This closes the bottom of the net and completely impounds
the catch before the crew begin to pull in the net aboard
the fishing boat.
Purse Seine after Se
The se
for the
6
has been
However, until
have
t of the 1
'The
can
is not too
purs
a set is
process
means of
The
at
the
the se
1
the
,:n.,."uul ,
seiner.
f the
The amount of
the s 0 the
successful
one set on
a
i '-.L'uu;:::,
S encounterE:'!d
a set
set
set.
with
and d f f i ~
. . /7 .
SECTION ENCIRCLING FISHING GEAR
C. Beach Se
The beach se is used many areas
of Newfoundland to c species as herring,
and capelin. The which has
i se the beach a semi- Ie \a
o fi back to the beach. Both
back to ach s taneous
Beach Seine after Setting
capel
Dur
t c
s
beaches to
one
.. /9.
9
F HOM BEACH SEINE
EN O ~ LINE
3/e" POLY
TOf' eRIOlE
3/S" POI.Y ROP E
, 1/2" POl'r
FOOT - ROPE, 1/2
48
5/8"
50
210 0/15 NYLON
16 FTMS.OF STRETCHED WEB
STRETCHED WEB
HUNG AT 7 0 % ( - ~ '
5/6" MESH
I
\
\
\
,
'--..... ..... _---,
2100/15 NYLON
SHOULDER
\5.3/4 FTMS. OF
STRETCHED wEB
WIN G
lin" MESH
210 Qf15 NYLON
:) .
D. Dani Se
sInal18r
Method
to make
to be
a
over Jche s tar-
one di
8 nts and the next
then altered 4 po to
-'-'-'- ' " ~ - net
warps
) up to
When
away
is started
out. s period
to bottom.
of both
four
t.o -the
the i of
rst gear
18 R.P.M"
so t
The winch
.. /IL
11
is turning at this speed until net is
warps parallel over the stern). The
up and put into second gear. rema warp
(about 500-600) fathoms on a side is at t
speed. ~ i h e n the net breaks water let out of
gear and the brake applied. The net by hand
or by tackle if there is a large amount of fish. The cod-
end of the net hoisted abo , and the fi are released
on deck. If there is more fi in the net, cod-end is
tied and the procedure is repeated. When all the sh is
onboard, the net is hauled onboard and the set is completed.
This operation usually takes about two hours from
the time the high-flyer is thrown overboard until the net
is hauled aboard the vessel.
This is a skilled method of fishing which,
properly used, will bring good results, but it takes time
to learn. Success is seldom obtained immediately, but each
set made is experience gained, and as in most types of
fishing, it will be found that perseverance pays off.
2 .
1
.. /13.
13
/V/E 7/1005 OF SET
1
THE U$(/AL S T
!"lAO ON A LEVL
BOTTO/'-! W/7Jf PLENTY
OF SPACE.
S/NE
I
I
I
I 100 F "TMS Nf,a/
VESSEL HAAKER BUOY
THIS r1TflOD IS
ONLY t/SED ALONe; 51lJ!
A ROUGH 0li RocXEY
,GDq.
so FTH$ FTMS
14
VESSEL
I<R "(,lOy
THIS /--171-100 IS USED ONL.Y
IN A ~ V L L E Y OR ON A
NARRoW 8ANK
.. /15.
SECTION TWO
FIXED FISHING GEAR
15
SECTION TWO: FIXED FISHING GEAR
A. Cod Tr
The cod trap remained the same in Newfoundland
for many years. However, within the past few years the
cod-trap fishery has changed tremendous Probably one
of the greatest changes was the introduc of the Japanese
cod-trap in 1966 by the Industrial Development Branch and
the Provincial Department of Fisheries under a
program.
On the average, the catching record of Japanese
cod--trap shows a very posi tive ratio when compared to the
Newfoundland type trap. This is mainly the result of the
Japanese type traps ability to retain the fish.
../16.
16
During recent years the scarcity of fish has
necessitated the use of traps which will hold the fish which
enters them. However, it is in most cases financially
~ m ~ v ~ ~ i b l e for fishermen to buy a new type trap. It is
ssible, however, for them to convert their own traps along
lines of the Japanese type trap. If complete conversion
is not feasible, the simple addition of a winker net, which
recon of the front section of the trap,
to increase the hoiding potential of the It is
easy changes to be made and courses of
instruction are offered by the Newfoundland College of Fisheries .
.. /17.
17
o NO
10 F.lHHOMS DEEP
60 FATHOMS ON THE ROUNDS
o
:;I'APART
>
M -<
~ X
x 0
"w
FOOT ROP
3)8" POLY ROpE
STOPS }:;Im"APART
MESH VINYLON
PA E L
s' MESH YINYlON
3.1/2" MESH
5" MESH VINYLQN
12 FAT HOM S
/
SKIRT LINE
1/4"POCY CORD
SIDE
26.1/4 FATHOM 5
SIDE
FRONT
ISOMETRIC
LEADER PANEL
!
/
18
MODlFlED NEWFOUNDLAND
COD TRAP
10 FATHOMS DEEP
60 FATHOMS ON THE ROUNDS
a.2J!HYTHE'tiJ
J. $-T.
MOT
,D SCIloL
FRONT
PANEL
!VoID:
NO LEADS ON WINKEl?' PANEL
LEAQROPE: 3/8"
LEADS :3 PER POUND.
IS "APART
WINKER
PANEL
SKIRT LINE
V4"POLY-CORO
j
I
,
o
o
3,IIZ"MESH
N Y l a N
12 FATHOMS
504 MESHES
STOPS 1.3/4" APART
12.1/2 FATHOMS
514 MESHES
WEBBING HUNG ON THE HALVES
WE68ING!HU!NG
STOPS
II
42M ,"':1-;; fTMs-I..... FATHOMS
BACK PANEL -r
3.1/2" MESH 0
NYLON 2
HOLD BOTH EDGES TIGHT f
- - nir:iGAKNOT ON EVER""YMESH" - t
3.112" MESH :I:
NYLON
WEBSING HUNG t.T 5.1 %
13SMESHES
11i="ATHOM5
WEaB!NG HUNG ON THE HALVES ..__,__
STOPS 1.314 H APART, ,c> ,
3.112"MESH ::< :: i
\
HOLD BOTH ED_GES TIGHT :B ';n t 'I
\
..n I l- \
5" MESH VINYLON i,
i :.f
BOTTOM .... g (/)
PANEL ...
" < l 0
HOLD BOTH EDGES TIGHT :r
<--I \ >--
>-- 4
SU MESH VINYLON i
l.EADS 3"APAFlT ;. -
ALONG DOOR WAYS :r <II 9: t:
. '"
/-
"'''''M''O", R"",ORCJ UNE.lI."PO" CORO ..\:.. I
HOLD BOTH I OGES TIGHT z,_J..
-, \

'\ ,\v V q,'<?
<.\"'\\"\ '1
\ X\'
I.
STOPS 1.1:vtS"APART
.... 12.112 FATHOMS

<'

o
I.'
/
'x /
.<""

12M;

/5TOI>$
/3" APART
/6" MESH
VINYlON $
"
WINKER i'l

6"MESti
VINYLON

10
r
LINE
FRONT PANEL j
L__ BOTTOM
L...:. SIDE

SEl.lE 6071-, "QFS "[061::11-11'1
FLOATS: 3"x4", 4'APART
OF TRAP
\
'-LEADER
FRONT
LEADER PANEL

\
w
z
]
I I
/;.'
"
w
'6
IX
~
w
:r
- - - - - ~ ~
--,~ ~ ~ - - ~ _ . -
T
;
r
Z
Q
VI
"
..,
w
-'
>-
z
w
;:;
c4
"Z

cr
CC

a:
w
"
a:
'::
24
SECTION TWO: FIXED FISHING GEAR
B. Herring and Mackerel Trap
For many years the only methods used for catching
herring and mackerel was the gill net and beach seine.
However, in recent years herring and mackerel have been
taken by small purse seines, ring nets and traps. The
herring and mackerel trap is designed along the same lines
as the Japanese cod trap and has proven to be very
effective.
This method of catching herring and mackerel is
rapidly expanding around treisland and is conducted by
trap boats in the 20' to 30' class.
../25.
RR! KE E TR
8 FATHOMS DEEP
50 FATHOMS ON THE ROUNDS
rRONT
l\)
vI
FRONT PANEL
,.
HEAD' ROPE 1/2" POLY-
CORK' !'lOPE: 3/8" POLY-
SEIZE 80TH ROPE'>
FLOAfS D'", 4") '2"
WINKER
PANEL
>
o
z
z

., ,
':'
z
z
0
0

z
.
Z g.
%

, ,


w
z o
...
?,<

OW
l<:",
'. z

w
w>
..
----j
llJ4" MESH
210 Or15 NYLON
11 FATHOMS
3,1I2"'MESH
LEAD ROPE SEIZEO
TO Y CORD ROPE
<101 MESHES
BOTTOM
PANEL
11 FA'THOMS
\3 FAT HOM S
l.tl4 MESH
2\0 0/15 NYLON
BACK PANEL
5I,11ESHf:S TAKEN UP ON YORl'iIN
STOPS 3,5' APART
WEBSING HUNG ON THE HAlVES- PLUS
WfI'fINI).
3\/2" MESI,
$> VINYLON
i -
I
I
I
HOLO BOTH EDGES." Tl.GHT ANO LACE
-----yV"T,..-GKNOTS-APPROXIMATEU-EVERYFOOr----
;'
"'

" W

I
\,
.,
","
...0

-:'46 MESHES
--3 FATHOMS .... 1
.....:rFATHoloi"s--!

I


'TAI(EN UP
/01'4 YORl<IN
/ STOPS
25"APAR-T
WINKER
PANEL
!
t S
It FATHOMS
;'


... "J '0'- .,:?-'" :.... 0+
,_ "0\,. \," .-'
_,0
0
tJ'"
.:,.+"",,<> ...\t< #r",
"",'?'" ...
/.'"

q';>-

<0"
1.1I4MESH
2\0011:'1
fol"lLON
SIDE
FRONT PANEL
2.6\/4 Ft,1 H O
MS
BACK
SUFPORT ROPES
50 FAT HOM 5
FrAAS
SIDE
R PANEL
HEAQ - ROPE 112" POLY - ROPE
POLY- ROFE
SEIZE 80TH ROPES TOGETHER
FLOATS D"' 4"1 3"APART
\lb'IIIIKERS
26 1I4 r:ATHOM$
ISOMETRIC OF TRAP
FRONT
fiji
111
1
111
1
111
1
ill: .L-
III I ,/' -,,"r'" __
I III V ,,/
I I 1
1
)"'1",/

p
","" /
26
SECTION TWO: FIXED FISHING GEAR
C. Capelin Trap
Due to the rising demand for capelin on the world
market for fish meal and as a food product and also the
depletion of other fish stocks, capelin is beginning to
take its place in line of importance with other major fish
stocks. During the 1974 capelin season 34 million pounds
of capel in were landed in Newfoundland compared to 15 million
pounds in 1973.
The capelin trap is one reason for the rapid
increase in landings. This technique, unlike most ot.her
capelin-catching techniques I has proved effective before
the capelin reach the beaches, while they are on the beaches,
and also after they leave the beaches. The capelin trapi
like the modified Newfoundland trap, and the herring and
mackerel trap, is of similar construction to the Japanese
cod trap.
. . /27.
') '7
I
CA ELI
FRONT PANEL
Ii!A.O - ROPE, ANO CORK, I\OI"f:
POLY A:OPII: SEIZED tOGTWEjII
"LOATll {'-J 4" tl'tAP FLOT!!) 4FAIH
/
//
LLEAO-ROPE
:Ye" POLY.
PER 50" AP"l1!
WINKER
PANEL

510" MESH
210 01" NYLON
BOTTOM
PANEL
II MtMU TA:Kltt:! OW VO_IN-
STOP9 I.IS
","lIt[IU4
llO 0/15
HUM@ ern TM-I!: HIH.IIE'
MESHES UI((H UP ON YOI'tK!U
$TOl'$ ," APART
4
48 FAT MS ON
HOLD 90TH EOgES TIGHT AND LACE
1---------- FAT H 0 ltl $
t-- . a FATHOW$ - - - -- ............... j
WEeS1HG HUIIlG 01( TH[ KALV[S PLUS
Q
!:

.
In 10.1 I-:l:l-
II!
... lot 0 c..4.
:l:I C.
::
r :..,

! ..,e

.
.
TYING KNots
8 FATHOMS
17l& MESHES
2
o
.

" ...
'"
o
x
;:'
I
WINKER
PANEL

2 FATHOM S
t1- SUi"'!"DJlH
1\
FRONT PANEL'
OF TRAP
SUPPOI'lT ROI>E$
15 FATHOMS
LEADER PANEL

30(1 MESHES
3-/ 13
POLY ROP!:':
'N
>
LEADS 6" APART
0001'1
WAYS
3V2" MESH

r
r
.
0
0

10 FATHOM:)
:' 1I/Z"FTMS
8 ""ATHOMS
28
SECTION TWO: FIXED FISHING GEAR
D. Gill Nets
In the past ten years, the gill-net has
greatly expanded in Newfoundland. This technique for
catching fish is a good one if used and not
abused.
On the east and northeast coast of Newfoundland,
where the bottom is too rough for shore dragging, 11
netting is a very practical way of fishing. In areas
like the northwest coast of Newfoundland and parts of the
south coast, small boat trawling and Danish seining has
taken over from gill nets.
A f'LEET Of' GILL NETS
CIA. INFLATABLE BUOYS
SEA BED
NOTE' i
25 TO 30 NETS ARE OFTEN
USED IN ONE FLEET WHEN
COMMERCIALLY FISHING
10-15 La
SANO BAG
OR ROCK
.. /29.
29
A gill net is usually 50 fathoms long, (hung
length) and 25 meshes deep. This remains the same for
most mesh sizes. The webbing is usually hung on the halves
to a 5/8"poly-rope on the head-line and a lead rope on the
foot-line. A 1/4" diameter nylon rope, or a 3/8" poly-rope
is used for the skirt line.
In commercial fishing, 20 to 30 nets are often
used one fleet. The nets are tied together by the
head rope and foot rope, with a 10 to IS-pound rock or
sandbag attached to the foot rope at each end of the fleet.
The buoy lines are usually one-half inch diameter poly-rope
which are attached to the head rope at the end of each
fleet. Approximately ten fathoms under the surface one
or two fathoms of lead rope is spliced into the buoy line
to keep any slack rope under the surface. This prevents
the buoy line from getting entangled in the blades of any
vessel that might pass close by. At the surface, a radar
reflector is attached to each buoy line and also a 50" or
60" circumference inflatable buoy. The buoy line is 20 to
30 fathoms longer than the depth of water.
A gill net can be set at any depth of water and
can catch most kinds of bottom fish.
. ./30.
30
SECTION TWO: FIXED FISHING GEAR
E. Crab Pots
During the past decade the crab fishery has
progressed very rapidly in Newfoundland. Many of the
longliners which have used only gill nets in the past now
use crab pots, and with greater success. This fishery has
taken some of the pressure from the gill net fleet.
r - - - - - - - - - - - - ' - - - . - ~ - " - - - - - - - - - - - !
CONICAL CRAB POT
5 9"
The Japanese conical crab pot is the typical pot
used the cornmercial crab fishery in Newfoundland. This
pot has a 46" diameter at the base, 27" diameter at the top
and is 25" high. The frame of the pot is made from one-
half inch diameter iron rods. Four inch sh polyethylene
webbing covers the frame with a plastic cone at the top to
. /31.
31
allow the crab to enter. The webbing at the base of the
pot is held together by a string which is attached to a
rubber band and hook. This holds the webbing closed while
the pot is fishing and it is easily opened to rele the
crab on deck. Each pot weighs approximately 20 pounds.
fit _stRING OF POTS IN THE WATER
kf,iJlot, rOlt(_
11.A"f( P'?'t.., I"I'QP! tnW1I fro(
1'2 ,.
5(1 {l'lit'
_-_1_---
The fleet line, which is
poly-rope is anchored at both ends
rock or sandbag. Several pots are
line at 20 to 25 fathom intervals.
iden 1 to the buoy lines used in
line shery and rigged the same.
one-half inch
with a 10 to 15
attached to the
The buoy 1 s are
the 1 net and
r
As with all fixed fishing gear, an accurate
bearing must be taken in order that the gear can be easily
located.
. . /32.
32
SECTION TWO: FIXED FISHING GEAR
F. Lobs ter Pots
I
I
.wbster Pot
1
The only legal way to fish lobsters in Canada
lS with the conventional trap. These are usually in the
form of a half cylinder 2 1/2 to 4 feet long with wood
frames covered with wood laths and netting. Most traps
are divided into two compartments, the "kitchen" where
fresh or salt bait such as herring or mackerel is placed,
and the "parlour" from which escape is difficult. One to
three funnel-like mesh entrances lead into the kitchen and
another from the kitchen to the parlour. To make the traps
sink and hold position, they are weighted with f ~ a t stones
or concrete. Usually the position of each trap is marked
by a wooden or plastic buoy brightly painted for easy
identification. Each year Canadian fishermen set over
three million traps.
. . /33.
G. wnglines
SECTION TWO:
33
FIXED FISH1NG GEAR
The tec ique of lining is used for the
catching of both cod and halibut. Although both types of
gear are ri differently, the sett and haul
procedure remains the same.
A STR
INFLATA8LE 8UOY
REFLECTOR
S
APPRO X. 4 FMs
LEAD ROPE
5/S" POLY ROPE
NOTE
EACH LINE IS 50 FMS LONG
WITH 50 HOOKS. SEVERAL LINES
ARE TIED TOGETHER TO FORM
A STRING.
The cod ines consist of 16
lines with 4-pound sud lines. The ground line is black
nylon, 50 fa t:homs long, with 18" sud 1 s fas tened every
3'. Number 15 cod hooks are attached to the ends of the
sud lines, which are baited before setting commences.
Several longlines are usually tied together and set in a
string.
At the end of each string of gear, a 10 to 15-
pound rock or sandbag is at hed. ine is
usually one-half inch diameter poly-rope, which is also
attached to the end of each string of gear. A radar
reflector and an inflatable are s at the other
of each buoy line with one or two of lead
.. /34.
34
rope spliced to the buoy line approximately 10 fathoms
under the surface. The arrangements of the buoy lines
are identical to that of the gillnets.
A STRING OF HALIBUT LONGLINES
10-15 LO
WEIGHT
-----------,-
----
..

NOTE,
A?PROX. 1\ FM$ EACH LINE IS 50 FMS LONG WITH
LEAD ROPE Z5 HOOKS. SEVERAL LINES ARE TIED
TOGETHER TO FORM A STRING.
\ ''"" "" '0"
\
\" 28 LO LINE
I \ c eLO SUD LitlE
1 1/11- J
! I I
fj!,LuuLcl
J
-_
I
I
The ibut longlines consist of 28-pound ground
lines with 8 '-pound sud 1 ines . The ground 1 is bl
nylon, 50 fathoms long with 6
1
sud lines fastened every 12
1

Number 6284 halibut hooks are attached to the ends of the

sud lines which are baited before setting commences.
Several halibut longlines are usually tied together and set
in a string.
At the end of each string of gear a 10 or 15 pound
rock or sandbag is tied on. The buoy line used for halibut
longlining is identical to that used for gillnetting and
cod longlining and rigged in the same way.
On the voyage to the fishing grounds the longlines
are baited and stored, ready for setting. Before baiting
commences all the trawls are out of the trawl gear
tubs. While one man is cutting the bait, a second man is
baiting the trawls and storing them in the trawl gear tub
with the baited hooks neatly stored by the side of the tub
and the lines coiled in the center. Usually there is more
.. /35 .
than one tub of gear set at one time therefore this
procedure can be doubled or tr
One frozen g usually makes three baits fa
the halibut hooks while one frozen herring makes 6 or 8
baits the cod hooks.
Should the 1 ining que come back to
Newfoundland the ical bai hook se
of gear will a be a part of the f l
techn que is carried out very ffective and
it also has good paten 1 here.
. ./36.
SECTION
TOWED PI
SECrION
Si e Vesse
of
The prine
to bottom dragging,
like a large cons
rf::: in the
b o t t o m ~ ''lhile
dwater t
openi of
chain on
bottori1 br
the trawl.
adju ted
the ve s
trawl rises in
d the vert
s is reduced
of
increased
1 s
Species 0 fish
between the bottom and
this particular techn
in
an
r coltunn
1 zing
/
/
f
I
sk
of
sounde the
the school
so the densi
requirement
of 3 t 1
) ,
7.
37
t . -rio.: L OF
;,-'.wA7Ul TI:!AWL.
:.':; C'i" W,e.
s E T T G , PRO C E 0 U R E
':; ! N G L E Vt
:3
WATER TRAWtF
Very lit
trawling is presen
however, many 0 the
equipment and deck
technique.
1 boat
9.
SECTION THREE:
B. Pair Midwater Trawling
39
TOWED FISHING GEAR
Many of our small longliners have low horsepower,
sufficient for operating "fixed" gear, but not for "towed"
gear, using one boat. However, the use of two boats to
tow a single trawl, a method used successfully for many
years by Spanish fishermen for demersal species and Scottish
fishermen for pelagic species has proven to be a very
effective catching technique.
PAIR MiDWATER TRAWL
OPERATIONAL DIAGRAM
No": ONE SIDE ONLY
CHAI'!. \ j. /
WIGHT APPROX. / ~ r j CHOKERS ..::v
110 L9S. PEIl 100 HP. -../ L.
50- eo LB. WEIGHT
LOWER SWEEP 13 FT"s.
NOT TO SCALE
,WEIGHT
J ~ __------======ZLWIEIGHT
Pair Midwater Trawling using the ~ l O Warp Technique
.. /40.
40
TOWiNG
j
TOP BRIDLE 10 FATHOMS
7

1/2'"SWiVEI..-
EYE SPUCE
LAZY DECKlE
BoTTOM



56 La. WEIGHT
MorE'
1..0i:y &&<:\dl1l ft\\Jsl
be UQct l-Cr';<Jt/'l of
lfQvl
to tip M tiW #if'ili.
Yhl. le. but r!1itl'd
eU Ii tUlly
O'l'!. pt.,.
NOTE'
f. V.ulIls -"""C1in)oi.,dh,ton' aport
'to lIZ lltOrp
2. Warp r.:llf}o it equ!'f\11itiif
r., oppro .,. I .
HAUll
ll!lI!l!""->:r1:::/oc2

1/2" SHACKLES .....
Pair
a M.ethod very
Trawling
effective
using the Single Warp
for Vessels with low
Te
_Horsepower
.. /41.
41
In pair trawling, efficiency is determined
certain factors. These can be summarized as follows:
1. Unlike single boat trawling where
vessel noise can have a scattering
effect on fish close to the surface,
in pair trawling the noise of each
vessel creates a herding effect
towards the trawl path down to
depths of around 30 fathoms.
2. In tr i the net can be
towed to or even on the
surface when necessary. The b.erding
action of the warps in the water
leads ti,e fish into the path of the net.
3. With two boats, utilization of power is
extremely efficient because doors are
not required. This allows the size of
the net and subsequently the swept
volume to be increased by at least 100%
(in one boat midwater trawling up to 40%
of the power is consumed by the drag of
the doors).
4. The search mode is obviously very effective
since two boats can cover a wide area.
Some of the disadvantages in pair trawling are:
1. Trawl handling is slightly more complicated.
2. The depth of the trawl cannot be controlled
significantly by alteration of towing speed.
3. Turning Ie towing is not easily
accomplished when fishing with long warps
in deep water.
N.B. Manoeuvrability of the boats and co-ordination between
skippers is essential to the operation.
Last summer two 40' longliners with 70 h p. each
landed over 400,000 Ibs. of capelin within six weeks. This
technique has very good potential.
. . /42.
42
GILLN GED R IV! N
Double
C. lackl. y.. 10 kUIl
rne.ifl '!'forp In
of
1o",lng,
HATCH TO
FISH HOLD
S I
MAST
E V lEW
II',
"",.""",,,- - Ill,ClOO lB$,
o E C K l Ii. o u
43

CAPE H\) PAl R I\H DWATER RAWL
-1
W.NG 1

SECOND
BELLY
s" "'l
NYL.ON
210 0/21
THIRD
BELLY

:e
i
0:
c,oi
FIRST
EXTENSION
I
-----t
:Ei
OJ
01
Ni
I
-----;t
1-114" Ni!SH SECOND gl
_H_Y_l_O_N ENSION--1
210 0/10
COO END gj
:1.
gil'll
1:50 M
2"
I
NYI.ON
2100/U!1
FOURTH
BELLY
4" MESH
210 0/1&
58 M
6" NESH NYLON
210 0/13
\- ---=-90 M _
130M

I
S" M$ H NYLON FiRST
210 0/21 BELLY IO!
------::
i
::lE'
10'
,...
FOUR EQUA I..
REQUIRED
THIS SECTION LINED WITH GOM
NYLON 210 DIG
.. /44.
44
SECTION ffHREE: TOIAJED FISHING GEAH
Ie Vessel Bottom Co S
- - ~ ' - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - " ' - .
of otter
allover
shortly be
the year
vessels,
in length have
"rhe techn
i well knmvn
this coun
lar
vessels
OVE:,r the
shore trawlers (UH'-"'--'-
coast and no st coast of
o ts of the world, we have
trawlers to drag in depths up
successful the s.
TOWiNG
FI G. 12
The majority of the
fleet are gill net
40' powered by a
a 380 h.p. sel
has wheelhouse
amid supports a
rigged th a double drum winch
400 fathoms to 600 fathoms of 5/8" reo
also moun on each quarter and most of
equipped with a net drum to retr the
45
BOX TRf.\WL
Q Q
I
h"";
o
. .
: Q Q :.....1 00
WINGS
BODY
INTERMEDIATE
CODENO
FLAT TRAWL
TOP
o 0 0 ~ l
WINGS
BODY
INTERMEDIATE
CODEND
II hila d rop1l
b float.
e bveoat line
d loot rap.
o. sole rope
f !lac.aU
o rlblln.. .
h aplllllnll olrop
I rlnos for codand illiG
k "squor,"
I chat inQ Qsor
m eye aplice
Sketch outlining two Major Types of Trawls which are used
within the Newfoundland Fishery.
. ./
46
NO. 36 STAND o AWL
-I
. ,
..-1
"
'"
'"
ALL
11' III
2(11' 213)
::l row.
double
twine

l-"
I +'"

The no. 36 standard is found on
the sunder 65' in dland.
The trawl has a head rope of one-half diameter combin-
ation wire, 60' length and a footrope of one-half inch
wire, 80' in length. Like most other two steam otter
trawls, it consists of polyethylene tv/ine. A 5/8" d
poly-rope is used for support on the two sides. The
square and bellies of the trawl contain 5" me while the
lengthening piece and cod end contain 4 1/2" mesh. The
cod end is also doubled for extra strength 8"
aluminum floats are used on the head rope to provide
buoyancy and rubber rollers and disks are used on the
faa to keep the trawl on the bottom.
47
Attached to the ends of the footrope and head
rope are bridles which extend for approximately 7 fathoms
ahead of the trawl before they meet the ground warps.
The ground warps which are 10 to 15 fathoms long are
attached to the door legs. The door legs, which are
very short, lead to the otter boards (rectangular shaped
and weighing approximately 600 lbs.). The main warps
are attached to the otter boards and lead straight back
to the winch.
NO. 36 SHRIMP TRAWL
,
I
I
___L
FOOTROPE
Moah e Twin.
Sit.
-r
IP 18
;<UP2Bl
The construction of the number 36 shrimp trawl
is identical to the number 36 standard trawl, except that
1 1/4" mesh is used throughout and the number of meshes
~ a r y accordingly to maintain the same size and shape .
. . /48.
48
1. SETTING PROCEDURE
As the vessel approaches the fishing grounds,
the otter doors are hoisted over the rail by the gilson.
With the vessel moving slowly ahead and headed in the
direc in which the set is to be made, the cod end
is thrown over the stern, followed by the extension,
bellies, wings. rollers and f the rope. The
vessel can moving slowly ahead on a predetermined
course as the bridles and ground warps are re from
the When the warp enters the gal ock,
the breaks are the and the otter dOors
are connected. Now the doors are Ii main
warp and the hook-up chains are taken off. They are then
slacked down slowly to approximately 15 fathoms and
stopped. The skipper then goes full ahead still on course
until the doors have a good open spread. The warps are
then slacked away slowly to keep doors The
engine is slowed in at the last 25 fathom mark and remains
there until all the warp is out and the trawl has settled
on bottom. The engine is then speeded up towing at
2.5 to 3 and remains at that throughout the
tow.
2. HAULING PROCEDURE
I
'.Alinch is
15 fathom
down
When the duration of the tow is camp
hauling begins. The engine is slowed down and
put into gear and run at full speed un 1 the last
mark appears the gallows. The is
until the doors approach the lows then
long enough to hook up the doors to the
the main th vessel s 11
the is aga into gear and the
bridles are When t of the
in the gallows, is out of gear and the
are ied. A rope is un from the tip of each
wing and passed through snatch blocks to the ends
on the warping ends on winch. The quarter ropes are
hau until the am rollers rail, then
rollers are t on. The lazy de is untied from the
bosom of the head line which is also brought up to the rail
by the quarter ropes. It is passed through a sna block
on the starboard side and around the warping end. As tpe
cod end is being drawn closer to the starboard side, the
square and bellies are hauled in by hand over the stern.
When the splitten strap comes to the rail, the fish tackle
is hooked into and the bag of fish is hoisted aboard.
The cod end string is then untied and the fish are released
on deck. If there is more than one bag of sh, cod end
string is tied up and thrown over side. The edure
continues until all the fish are aboard.
. . /49.
49
SECTION THREE: TOWED FISHING GEAR
Scallop Dragging
Scallop fishing is usually carried out in
shallow water (5 fathoms to 40 fathoms), near islands
or in bays. Heavy concentrations of scallop are often
found at the mouth of rivers. Since scallops are found
in beds, a great deal of exploratory work is necessary to
find out the location and area of each bed.
DIG8Y SCALLOP DREDGE
3/6 DIA
CHAIN BRIDLES
Although there are many types of scallop dredges
on the market today, the digby scallop dredge is the most
common gear used in Newfoundland. The rig consisted of two
or more digby buckets suspended rom a 3" diameter iron
beam. An iron frame forms the mouth of the digby bucket
3' wide and l' hiqh. Attached to the iron frame
is a bag 3' wide and 3' made from 3" diameter iron
rings which are stapled together. At the end of the bag
is a wooden block 2" x 4" X 3'. At the mouth of the bucket
.. /50.
i iron
o
a
Ie
the
years
an
and
gear
of water
.. / 51.
51
1. SETTING PROCEDURE
Before setting commences the scallop dredge is
hoisted over the side by the gilson. With the vessel
moving slowly ahead, the break on the winch is released
and the scallop dredge is slowly lowered to bottom. The
amount of warp to be let out depends on the depth of water -
usually the ratio of warp to water is 3:1.
As the vessel is moving along maintaining her
same depth, she is towing at a speed of three knots.
When dragging for scallop, the tows are usually very short -
10 to 45 minutes.
2. HAULING PROCEDURE
When the tow is completed, hauling begins. The
winch is put into gear and the scallop dredge is slowly
taken back. As the chain bridle comes out of water, the
gilson hook is attached to it. Then the scallop buckets
are hoisted on board over the starboard side and lowered
on deck. The gilson is removed from the bridles and
attached to the end of a bucket. By rising the gilson
again, the scallops and other debris are released on deck.
This is also done with the second bucket.