Wireless Cloud Computing and Cognitive Wireless Cloud

Hiroshi Harada, Ph.D. NICT and Chair of IEEE SCC41 (IEEE1900) E-mail: harada@nict.go.jp
The 3rd EU-Japan Symposium on the "Future Internet Oct. 20, 2010
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Background
New systems need broader bandwidth than conventional one
There is not sufficient frequency band to assign future broadband wireless communication systems Several radio communication systems may need to co-exist in a common frequency band To support busty traffic, roadbalance technologies between several access schemes must be needed. Reduction of contamination by interference between radio communication systems is needed
Current frequency allocation
System A System B System C
Frequency (not allocated)
Freq.

New standardized System

How to assign frequency band for new standardized wireless communication systems

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Cognitive radio
Cognitive radio is a radio or system that senses, and is aware of, its operational environment and can dynamically and autonomously adjust its radio operating parameters accordingly by collaborating wireless and wired networks

Currentfrequency allocationmethod SystemA SystemB SystemC

Frequency (notallocated)

Freq.

SystemA

SystemB

SystemC Freq.

SystemA

SystemB

SystemC

Freq.

(a) Heterogeneous type cognitive radio

By sensing frequency bands that systems have been allocated on and time slots, users secure adequate bandwidth by selectingexisting systems.
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(b) Spectrum sharing type cognitive radio

By sensing vacant frequency band and time slot, users secure adequate bandwidth by bundling vacant freq. bands.

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Cognitive Wireless Clouds

Operator Independent Co-existing manager Operator Dependent network manager Primary Operator 1 Primary operator 2 Operator Independent spectrum manager Operator Independent network manager Network based on cognitive base station

Operator Dependent Network manager

Secondary Operator 1

Secondary Operator 2

Heterogeneous type cognitive base station (CBS)

Sensing and connection Wireless/Wired link (A kind of adhoc network)

Spectrum sharing (White space) type cognitive base station (CBS)

Cognitive terminal (CT)

(a) Heterogeneous type cognitive radio

(b) Spectrum sharing type cognitive radio

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Definition of cognitive wireless clouds (2007)

The CWC, in which mobile terminals with multiple different air interfaces autonomously utilize the most appropriate infrastructure wireless networks, by sensing available wireless networks, finding the most appropriate configuration set, and reconfiguring themselves seamlessly to the selected set. For optimization of radio resource management of such a scalable network having multiple operator networks and terminals, distributed optimization and management methods should be applied to keep using the most appropriate wireless configurations adaptively. The following technologies are key technologies Cognitive spectrum access Cross-network signaling Optimization Fast reconfiguration
H. Harada, H. Murakami, K. Ishizu, S. Filin, Y. Saito, H. N. Tran, G. Miyamoto, M. Hasegawa, Y. Murata, S. Kato, A Software Defined Cognitive Radio System: Cognitive Wireless Cloud, IEEE Globecom 2007, Nov. 2007.

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Definition of cognitive wireless clouds (Latest) The CWC, in which radio equipments with multiple different air interfaces autonomously utilize the most appropriate infrastructure wireless networks/spectrums and configure their own reconfigurable wireless network, by
sensing context information from available wireless networks/spectrums, storing the context information in the crowed network as database, analyzing available context information, dynamically making spectrum access decisions on the most appropriate configuration set(s) / spectrum (s) that can fulfill users and/or network operators policy such as
Maximization of throughput or capacity, Minimization of radiation of interference, Highly-maintained co-existence between wireless networks managed by CWC,

reconfiguring themselves seamlessly to the selected set(s)

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Key items to realize cognitive wireless clouds

Use cases Heterogeneous type Spectrum sharing type Common system architecture Standardization IEEE1900.4 and IEEE1900.4a IEEE802.19.1 Research and development Heterogeneous type Spectrum sharing type Feasibility studies by wireless test bed

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Use cases supported by cognitive wireless cloud

Operator Independent spectrum/reconfiguration/ co-existing managers

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Heterogeneous type cognitive radio system

Use case for base station
Basic operation
Sense existing communication radio access technologies (RATs) such as 3G, WiMAX Share the sensing information between NRM and cognitive base station reconfiguration manager (CBRM) Decide RAT(s) and connect with them Use well-known wireless access system such as WLAN to communicate between CBS and terminal Include routing function between the selected RATS and wireless access system between CBS and terminal Realize infrastructure less wireless LAN access point that can connect internet without wired network

Operator independent NRM

Operator1

Operator 2
NRM NRM

Spectrum Sensing

BS1

AP1

BS2 AP2

Sensing

Feature
Has a routing function between RATs and wireless LAN Has functions to sense existing RATs and automatically select RATs by collaborating with NRM Provide a portable base station that can easily connect with the Internet without any wired connection Reduce spectrum interference between CBSs and maximize throughput and capasity by collaborating with NRM because NRM knows RATs that each CBS selected NRM may request CBS to change RATs that used by each CBS for some reasons, e.g. reduction of spectrum interference or improvement of throughput and capacity from network point of view Users have only to equip wireless LAN connection . New users who has portable games with WLAN can easily access to the Internet though CBSs
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CBRM

Cognitive base station(CBS)

Spectrum Sensing

TRM

Terminal

Spectrum sharing type cognitive radio system

Use case for base station
Basic operation
CBSs sense vacant frequency and time slot Share the sensing information between NRM and cognitive base station reconfiguration manager (CBRM) CBSs decide their operational frequency band and time On the frequency band, CBS starts their own PHY and MAC

Operator independent NRM

Operator1

Operator 2
NRM NRM

Feature
CBSs can select operational frequency band by themselves CBSs can control its operational band width and may realize super broadband communication system if frequency is available Easy to extend a kind of femto cell application

BS1
Cognitive base station(CBS)

AP1

BS2 AP2

Sensing
CBRM

Spectrum Sensing

TRM
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Terminal

A common system architecture

TRM connects with terminal measurement controller (TMC) and terminal reconfiguration controller (TRC)
TMC: the entity that collects terminal-related context information and provides it to TRM TRC :the entity that enables reconfiguration of terminal on the basis of TRMs decision
NRM1 NRM2 Primaryoperators RMC RRC sensing CBSRM1 sensing CBSRM2 CBSRM3

NRM connects with RAN measurement controller (RMC) and RAN reconfiguration controller (RRC)
RMC: the entity that collects RAN-related context information and provides it to NRM, and may be implemented in a distributed manner. RRC: the entity that enables reconfiguration of RANs on the basis of NRMs decision and may be implemented in a distributed manner

CBSMC

CBSRC Network Terminal TRM TMC TRC

Secondaryoperators Decidefreq.band

CBSRM connects with cognitive base station reconfiguration manager(CBRM), and cognitive base station reconfiguration controller (CBRC)
CBSMC: shall sense operational environment of primary operator to look for the vacant frequency band to be connected and may sense the neighbor cognitive base station to check whether the cognitive base station can connect with other neighbor ones. CBSRC : shall reconfigure cognitive base station itself to the communication schemes selected by CBRM

H. Harada, Research and development on cognitive radio/dynamic spectrum access technologies, 2008 IET Seminar on Cognitive Radio and Software Defined Radios: Technologies and Techniques, Sept. 2008.

xRM: shall decide its operational spectrum and communication schemes by sharing the sensing information between other xRMx

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Standardization related to Cognitive wireless clouds

Network system architecture 1900.4 1900.4a, 1900.4.1 Coexistence between cognitive radio networks 802.19.1 Interfaces related to CRN 1900.6
ITUWP5A, WP1B Coexistence Network system architecture

1900.4 PHY and MAC 802.11af 1900.6 1900TV WS

802.19.1

CWC

Terminology and definition

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A Standardization related to cognitive wireless network: IEEE1900.4 and1900.4a

1900.4 status and progress The standard defines the building blocks comprising (i) network resource managers, (ii) device resource managers, and (iii) the information to be exchanged between the building blocks, for enabling coordinated network-device distributed decision making that will aid in the optimization of radio resource usage, including spectrum access control, in heterogeneous wireless access networks. Standard document was issued Feb. 2009 1900.4a status and progress This standard amends the IEEE 1900.4 standard to enable mobile wireless access service in white space frequency bands without any limitation on used radio interface (physical and media access control layers, carrier frequency, etc) by defining additional components of the IEEE 1900.4 system Draft document for sponsor ballot is ready and move to sponsor ballot 1900.4.1 status and progress This standard uses the IEEE 1900.4 standard as a baseline standard. It provides detailed description of interfaces and service access points defined in the IEEE 1900.4 standard enabling distributed decision making in heterogeneous wireless networks and obtaining context information for this decision making Draft document is still editing
TRC RAN1 RMC RRC TRM NRM Another NRM OSM

TMC Terminal

RANN

CBS Network TRC CBSRC

TRM

CBSRM

WSM (if needed)

TMC Terminal Another TRM

CBSMC CBS Another CBSRM Packet based network

RAN radio access network CBS Cognitive Base Station OSM Operator Spectrum Manager NRM Network Reconfiguration Manager TRM Terminal Reconfiguration Manager CBSRM CBS Reconfiguration Manager

RMC RAN Measurement Collector TMC Terminal Measurement Collector CBSMC CBS Measurement Collector RRC RAN Reconfiguration Controller TRC Terminal Reconfiguration Controller CBSRC CBS Reconfiguration Controller WSM White Space Manager

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A Standardization related to cognitive wireless network: IEEE1900.6

Scope This standard defines the information exchange between spectrum sensors and their clients in radio communication systems. The logical interface and supporting data structures used for information exchange are defined abstractly without constraining the sensing technology, client design, or data link between sensor and client. Status as of Sept. 25 Draft document version 3 is issued Second sponsor ballot was done

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A Standardization related to cognitive wireless network: IEEE 802.19.1

The IEEE 802.19.1 system architecture has three logical entities and six logical interfaces. An 802.19.1 logical entity is defined by its functional role(s) and its interfaces with other IEEE 802.19.1 logical entities and with external elements. The three logical entities are: Coexistence Manager (CM) Coexistence Enabler (CE) Coexistence Discovery and Information Server (CDIS) The six logical interfaces are: Interface A Interface B1 Interface B2 Interface B3 Interface C Interface D
Source: IEEE80219.1, System Design Document

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R&D result (Cognitive base station) : Prototype

Heterogeneous type cognitive radio system (1/2)
Cognitive base station for mobile wireless router (Press released on March 3, 2009)
Accommodates several RAN connection methods (WiFi, HSDPA, WiMAX, PHS, etc.) Provides Internet connection to users behaving as a WLAN access point Provides sensing information to NRM Chooses the best RAN in terms of users preferences according to sensing information and network policy from NRM Includes IEEE 1900.4 architecture that has been contributed by NICT This is the world-first prototype that include IEEE 1900.4 standardized technology proposed by NICT
Cognitive Base station System1 WAN part Wireless LAN

System1

CBRM CBRC Interface CBMC

WirelessLAN Control path Data path LAN part

item

Specification Sensing part

Sensing frequency band

Dependent on communication systems connected via USB port (e.g. PHS, WiMAX, 3GPP, 3GPP2)

Wide Area Network part Supported communication systems Radio access network (RAN) selection framework PHS, WiMAX, 3GPP, 3GPP2 IEEE 1900.4 compliance

Local Area Network part Communication frequency band Communication bandwidth PHY PHY frame format MAC protocol Output power 2400M2497MHz 20 MHz OFDM (52 carrier, 48 data subcarriers, 4 pilot subcariier) 802.11a compliance 802.11a based MAC Maximum 10 dBm

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R&D result (Cognitive base station) : Prototype

Heterogeneous type cognitive radio system (2/2) Prototype of heterogeneous-type cognitive base station (CBS)
Small and low-power consumption Wireless access technologies to be connected WiMAX(802.16e) and WiFi(802.11a/b/n) HSPA Conforming IEEE 1900.4 Load balancing Cooperating with NRM The technology will be available in market soon (in Japan)
Internet Provide information of RANs and access points to mobile router conforming IEEE 1900.4 standard

NRM NRM

Internet Connections via WLANs, commercial HSDPA and PHS network

Developed in this project Mobile Wireless Router Connected via WLAN

Communication devices CF type, USB type

PCs and PDAs supporting WLAN access

As additional function, CBS can communicate with server that includes network reconfiguration manager (NRM). NRM can check RAN status and status of CBS. NRM can manage RAN that CBS used and also select RAN that is adequate from the viewpoint of network side. H. Harada, et. al., Research and development on heterogeneous type and spectrum sharing type cognitive radio systems, CrownCom 2009, Jun. 2009.
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R&D result (Cognitive base station) : Prototype

Spectrum sharing type cognitive radio system
Spectrum sharing type cognitive base station (Press released on May 7, 2009)
Senses UHF TV band (400-770 MHz), 2GHz and 5GHz band to find vacant frequency band Decides operational frequency band by CBRM and move to the frequency band Reconfigures itself by using 802.11a PHY and MAC on the decided frequency band and transmits beacon to the mobile stations Continue to sense spectrum to check whether interfered with other users periodically even if reconfiguration is finished Includes a modified IEEE 1900.4 architecture that has been contributed by NICT, CBRM, CBMC, and CBRC
Item Sensing frequency band
Cognitive Base station CBRM Waveform (MAClayer) Frequency sensing CPU part

CBRC CBMC

FPGA part Waveform (PHYlayer) Frequency sensing controller

RF part TX/RXControl

Chanelcontrol

Specification 470M-770MHz, 1884.5M-1919.6MHz, 2210M-2170MHz, 2400M-2497MHz, 2492.5M-2692.5MHz, 5160M-5330MHz 2400M-2692.5MHz , 5160M-5330MHz 20MHz OFDM (52 carrier, 48 data subcarriers, 4 pilot subcarrier) 802.11a compliance 802.11a based MAC Maximum 10 dBm

Communication frequency band Communication bandwidth PHY PHY frame format MAC protocol

H. Harada, et. al., Research and development on heterogeneous type and spectrum sharing type cognitive radio systems, CrownCom 2009, Jun. 2009.
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Output power

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Feasibility studies by wireless test bed

500 units of cognitive base station that have routing function between WANs and WLAN are equipped in Fujisawa city . Users can access the Internet with the terminal that has a WLAN.

Tokyo

Spectrum sensing information from CBSs are stored and processed to decide optimum WAN system that each CBS should select and to improve frequency utilization efficiency or throughout performance .

Fujisawa city

Yokosuka city

Equipped in Universities, Museum, Schools, Restaurants, Hospitals, Sports centers, Shopping centers

Spectrum sensing results at each CBS are reported to the NRM server via WANs (3GPPs, WiMAX, PHS,)

Network Reconfiguration Manager in NICT Yokosuka

Network reconfiguration management (NRM) server Authentication serve NRM database Authentication database Web server Mail server Monitoring server

Via WLAN 500 units of cognitive base station (Router between WLAN and WANs)
User can access to the Internet by the terminal or PC or smart phone that has WLAN
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Future prospect

Smart (wireless) grid Integrated Wireless Clouds Network

All radio equipments such as radio base stations, terminals, and sensors are called wireless grids The wireless grids collect all kinds of information related to spectrum, meter (electricity, gas, and water), surveillance information, climate, and atmosphere and send the information to the wireless clouds network via adequate gateways

Smart wireless grid phase

Send sensing information by wireless grids to the wireless clouds network via adequate gateways
Outdoor wireless grids

Wireless Cloud/ IP-network

Local Network

Wireless cloud phase

Local Network Using information processed by sensing information from wireless grids in the wireless cloud, reconfigure wireless grids to control all kinds of energy

Spectrum sensors

Indoor wireless grids

Goverment

Experts

Earthquake recorder, Hyetometer, River Probing car flow instrument, Surveillance camera Atmosphere analyzing monitor

Meter for lifeline (gas, electronic)

Security alarm

Check the result of reconfiguration by using wireless grids

Users

Companies

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Conclusions
More than three years have passed after defining cognitive wireless clouds and the concept has become an enabling technology to launch next generation wireless network As use cases supported by cognitive wireless cloud, there are two categories: heterogeneous-type and spectrum-sharing-type For both categories, system architecture, functional architecture, and some interfaces have already been defined and they are being standardized in IEEE 1900 (1900.4, 1900.4a, and 1900.6) For spectrum sharing type, co-existing mechanism between spectrumsharing-type systems are being standardized in IEEE 802.19.1 For both categories, prototypes are developing. Especially heterogeneoustype cognitive base station with routing function will be commercialized in near future For heterogeneous-type cognitive base station, a large-scale cognitive wireless clouds test bed has been launched by 500 units and managing servers and the test results will be referred to the operators who would like to do the same kind of business As a future accelerating research topic, optimizing algorithm based on the context information that sent from radio equipments and stored in the clouds network
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Contact address
Hiroshi Harada
Director, Ubiquitous Mobile Communications Group, New Generation Wireless Communication Research Center, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, and Chair, IEEE SCC41, Vice chair, IEEE 1900.4, and Board of Directors, SDR Forum, E-mail: harada@ieee.org

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