EE2029 Examples sheet 4

The permeability
0
of free space is 4 x10
-7
H/m
The permittivity
0
of free space is 8.85x10
-12
F/m
The speed of light in a vacuum or clear air is 3x10
8
m/s
1. Find L and C for an air-spaced coaxial transmission line with inner
radius 10.0 mm and outer radius 15.0 mm. Hence derive the
characteristic impedance and signal propagation speed for the line.
2. A transmission line consists of two parallel conductors, each of which
has a circular cross-section of radius 1.5 mm, separated by a distance
(between centres) of 15 mm in free space. Derive expressions for the
inductance and capacitance per unit length of this cable and hence
calculate the characteristic impedance and signal propagation speed.
3. Why is it important that the separation between conductors is exactly
maintained for the entire length of the transmission line ? Calculate the
change in characteristic impedance for the transmission lines in questions
1 and 2 if the spacing between conductors changes by +10% and -10%.
4. A 300 lossless line is connected to a complex load composed of a
resistor in series with an inductor as shown below. Propagation speed =
3x108 m/s
At 5 MHz, determine
(a) complex reflection coefficient,
(b) the location of the voltage maximum nearest to the load
(c) the location of the current maximum nearest to the load
L = 0.02 mH
R = 600
Z
o
= 300
Input (5 MHz)
5. A 50 lossless line is connected to a load composed of a 75 resistor in
series with an unknown capacitor. At 10 MHz, the VSWR is measured to be 3.0.
Determine the capacitance.
6. A square loop is placed as shown below. The length of the sides is 2
cm. and it carries a current of 5 A. A long, straight conductor carrying a
current of I
2
= 10 A is placed just above the midpoints of two of the loops
sides. Determine the net force on the loop.
C
R
L
= 75
VSWR = 3.0
Input (10 MHz)
Z
o
= 50
2
1
3
4
x
y
I
1
= 5 A
I
2
= 10 A
z
Solutions: Examples sheet 26/4/07
Q1
From the notes the inductance per unit length of a coaxial cable is given
by:

,
_

a
b
L ln
2
'
0

=8.11 10
-8
(H/m),
From the notes the capacitance per unit length of a coaxial cable is given
by:

,
_

a
b
C
ln
2
'
0

=1.37 10
-10
(F/m)
Characteristic Impedance
0
0
0
ln
2
1
'
'

,
_

a
b
C
L
Z
=24.33
Signal propagation speed
0 0
1
' '
1


C L
v
=3.00 10
8
m/s
Q2 (i) Inductance per unit length.
Linked flux is obtained by integrating flux due to the left conductor
over the gap between the conductors.
[ ] ( )
a
b
ln
2
I
a ln b ln
2
I
r ln
2
I
r
dr
2
I
dr
2
I
0 0
b
a
0
b
a
0
b
a
0

Wb
m
-1
a
b
I
L ln
2
'
0

=9.21 10
-7
H/m
We multiply by a factor of 2 to allow for the flux produced by the
right hand conductor. The inductance is obtained from the
b
expression for linked flux by dividing by the current I. This analysis
assumes the internal flux is not significant and that b >> a.
(ii). Capacitance per unit length
The charge may be assumed to be distributed on the outside of the
conductors. The work done (volts) to move a test charge from one
conductor to the other conductor is:
[ ] ( )
a
b q
a b
q
r
q
r
dr q
dr
r
q
V
b
a
b
a
b
a
ln
2
ln ln
2
ln
2 2 2
0 0 0 0 0



1
]
1

a
b V
q
C
ln
2 '
0

=1.207 10
-11
F/m
This is only approximately true since the potential energy due to
one conductor varies in the vicinity of the other conductor.
Approximation is good when b >> a.
(iii) Characteristic Impedance
0
0
0
ln
1
'
'

,
_

a
b
C
L
Z
=276.2
(iv) Signal propagation speed
0 0
1
' '
1


C L
v
=3.00 10
8
m/s
Q3 Effect of variations in b/a
Any local variations in the separation will give rise to reflections
because the characteristic impedance will change. A variation of
+10% in the separation of the conductors with a b/a ratio of 10
would give rise to a +4% change in Z and a reflection coefficient of
about +4%. If the conductors were thicker there would be less
effect.
Q4.
(a)
L
Z R j L +
= 600 + j2

x 5 x 10
6
x 2 x 10
-5
= (600 + j628) .
L O
L O
Z + Z



600 628 300
600 628 300
j
j
+

+ +

29.6
300 628
0.63
900 628
o
j
j
e
j
+

+
(b)
r
max

4
l
for
r
> 0.

29.6 60
,
4 180
O
O

,

8
6
3 10
60
5 10
x
m
x

_


,
= 2.467 m
(c)
min max

,
4
l l +
max

= 15 m
4
l
_
<

,
= 2.46 + 15 = 17.46 m.
Q5.
1 3 1 2
0.5
1 3 1 4


+ +
S
S
Noting that:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
* 2 2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
,
* 2 ,
2
.
2
L L L C L C L C
O L L O L C L C O L
L C O O L
L C O O L
Z Z R jX R jX R X
Z Z Z Z R jX R jX Z R
R X Z Z R
R X Z Z R
+ +
+ + +
+ +

+ + +
Upon substituting =0.5, RL=75 , and Zo = 50 , and then solving for
Xc, we have
Xc = 66.1 .
At 10 MHz,
7
1
240.8pF
2 10 66.1 x x
C
Q. 6
SinceI2 is just barely above the loop, we can treat it as if its in the same
plane as the loop. For side 1, I1 and I2 are in the same direction, hence
the force on side 1 is attractive. That is,
( )
7
5 1 2
1
4 10 5 10 2
2 10 N.
2 / 2 2 1
o
I I a x x x x
y y y x
a x

F
I
1
and I
2
are in opposite directions for side 3. Hence, the force on 3 is
repulsive, which means it is also along y. That is,
3 1
F F.
The net forces on sides 2 and 4 are zero. Total net force on the loop is
5
1
2 4 10 . y x

F F N