DEDICATION

TO My Teachers

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgement Synopsis Topic Assigned Warid History and Introduction SWOT Recommendation References

Synopsis
Total Technologies (Pvt) Ltd. is a Group of Companies having strong portfolio. Total Technologies was established in the heart of Pakistan (Lahore). Although the business history of the company is not very old, but the owners have strong technical knowledge with the experience of more than 20 years in this field. The company started its humble beginning by setting modest standards in dental and medical equipment. In a very dynamic few years the range of products expanded and today they are actively involved in the working sales and services of electro medical, hospital, dental, educational and industrial equipments and proud to represent the world's renowned companies as their exclusive distributors in Pakistan. They are fully equipped workshops with their each office to provide perfect after sale service to their customers. Geographically, the Pakistan and some parts of Afghanistan is covered through their branch offices and distributors network. They are active in both Private and Public sectors. Their activities range from supplying single equipment to a private customer to handling big projects. Besides the regular commercial business they are also involved in foreign funded projects in health, education and research sector, they work as a

local partner with their foreign counterparts in developing and executing these projects.

Topic Assigned

Observe

types of visual devices of communication used in the organization selected. Analyze their effectiveness in communicating. What other devices you feel should be used for communication effectively.

Visual communication

Visual communication as the name suggests is communication through visual aid. It is the conveyance of ideas and information in forms that can be read or looked upon. Primarily associated with two dimensional images, it includes: signs, typography, drawing, graphic design, illustration, color and electronic resources. It solely relies on vision. It is form of communication with visual effect. It explores the idea that a visual message with text has a greater power to inform, educate or persuade a person. It is communication by presenting information through visual form. The evaluation of a good visual design is based on measuring comprehension by the audience, not on aesthetic or artistic preference. There are no universally agreed-upon principles of beauty and ugliness. There exists a variety of ways to present information visually, like gestures, body languages, video and TV. Here, focus is on the presentation of text, pictures, diagrams, photos, etc, integrated on a computer display. The term visual presentation is used to refer to the actual presentation of information. Recent research in the field has focused on web design and graphically oriented usability. Graphic designers use methods of visual communication in their professional practice. Visual communication on the World Wide Web is perhaps the most important form of communication taking place when users are surfing

the Internet. When experiencing the web, one uses the eyes as the primary sense and therefore the visual display of a website is important for the users understanding of the communication taking place.

Types of visual communications

Communication is something we all like to be great at. Communication is much more than we know it. Its not all about talking to people, expressing you through words etc. Communication has many other meanings than the one we all know. Especially nowadays, communication has developed greatly and has spread its area of expertise. Communication now can be either in technology, IT, media or speech communication or sign communication, body language communication. Another type of communication can be the Visual Communication. This generally means and suggests even from the name, a communication that is made through images, visual aid. Visual Communication means a way of communicating any type of information in forms that can be read or looked at. Visual communication includes: two dimensional images, graphic design, illustration, drawing etc. Visual communication creates a visual effect made especially to persuade or to impress people. Visual communication and its level are measured not on the way these images are created but on how the public reacts at seeing them. Visual communication is evaluated on principles of beauty and ugliness. There are many ways in which we can present information visually like for example: gestures, body languages, video and TV. In this particular case the focus lays on the way the text is presented, on pictures, diagrams that are introduced in a computer program. A very common

program used on the computer that presents information visually, its the Power Point that belongs to Microsoft Office. This program allows people to get information through visual communication arranged into pictures that come one after each other in slides. Visual Communication is generally used in meetings, in school courses, when presenting plans or strategies. Visual communication is mostly made for a work related environment. Also, visual communication can be sent in emails. Power Point documents are sent daily and people receive messages and information through images and texts online. Visual communication is something new appeared among the communication types, and so not many people know how to put together some pictures and work with the latest visual programs. Graphic designers are known to use a lot of visual communication in their work. As a conclusion, Visual Communication has improved a lot the communication ways. Nowadays in many of the classroom halls, this type of communication is used. Through images, pictures, texts, graphics people can understand whatever they want. An image replaces a thousand words so maybe this type of communication should be more used. Also visual communication can be considered a commercial. Silent movies can also be thought as visual communication ways. People that work in this area know that communication nowadays is essential. We can communicate through so many things, from body gestures to signs and face expressions, to online communication, so visual was just the next right step.

Four Types of Communication

Communication of information, messages, opinions, speech and thoughts can be done via different forms of modern communication media, like, email, telephone and mobile. Some of the basic ways of communication are by speaking, singing, sign language, body language, touch and eye contact. These basic ways of communication are used to transfer information from one entity to other. There are many different types of communication but they can be classified into four basic types of communication. These four types of communication are as follows:

Verbal Communication Verbal communication includes sounds, words, language and speaking. Language is said to have originated from sounds and gestures. There are many languages spoken in the world. The bases of language formation are: gender, class, profession, geographical area, age group and other social elements. Speaking is an effective way of communicating and is again classified into two types viz. interpersonal communication and public speaking. Good verbal communication is an inseparable part of business communication. In a business, you come across people from various ages, cultures and races. Fluent verbal communication is essential to deal with people in business meetings. Also, in business communication self-confidence plays a vital role which when clubbed with fluent communication skills can lead to success. Public speaking is another verbal communication in which you have to address a group of people. Preparing for an effective speech before you start is important. In public speaking, the speech must be prepared according to the type of audience you are going to face. The content of your speech should be authentic and you must have enough

information on the topic you have chosen for public speaking. All the main points in your speech must be highlighted and these points should be delivered in the correct order. There are many public speaking techniques and these techniques must be practiced for an effective speech. Non-Verbal Communication

Non-verbal communication involves physical ways of communication, like, tone of the voice, touch, smell and body motion. Creative and aesthetic non-verbal communication includes singing, music, dancing and sculpturing. Symbols and sign language are also included in nonverbal communication. Body language is a non-verbal way of communication. Body posture and physical contact convey a lot of information. Body posture matters a lot when you are communicating verbally to someone. Folded arms and crossed legs are some of the signals conveyed by a body posture. Physical contact, like, shaking hands, pushing, patting and touching expresses the feeling of intimacy. Facial expressions, gestures and eye contact are all different ways of communication. Reading facial expressions can help you know a person better. Written Communication

Written communication is writing the words which you want to communicate. Good written communication is essential for business purposes. Written communication is practiced in many different languages. E-mails, reports, articles and memos are some of the ways of using written communication in business. The written

communication can be edited and amended many times before it is communicated to the second party to whom the communication is intended. This is one of the main advantages of using writing as the major means of communication in business activity. Written communication is used not only in business but also for informal communication purposes. Mobile SMS is an example of informal written communication. Visual communication

The last type of communication out of the four types of communication is the visual communication. Visual c ommunication is visual display of information, like, topography, photography, signs, symbols and designs. Television and video clips are the electronic form of visual communication. These are the four types of communication. The different types of communication media are increasing day by day to ensure clarity and eliminate the ambiguity in communication.

Organizing the Oral Presentation First plan the introduction to your presentation. The introduction should be short (say 30 to 45 seconds) and very powerful. It's the first impression you will make with your panel so spend some time on it! You have two goals: one, you must capture the interest of your panel. By the end of the introduction, they should be leaning forward a bit in their seats, anxious to have you go on. They should really want to hear what you have to say next. For some ideas and a video about effective (and ineffective!) introductions, look at the video examples on the left. Two, they must have some sense of what this presentation is about and where it will go, an overview, so to speak. Click here to see a video of a sample overview. Put the attention getter and the overview together and you have your introduction. Start the body of your presentation by describing the beginning stages of your project. If you did a community service, you might describe your attitudes before you started the project. What drew you to this particular project? What things did you think were true at the outset but changed by the time you were finished? (Don't talk about the changes until later, though. Stick with beginning information only.) If you did a government project, you might start by describing how you became concerned about the problem you chose. Describe the steps you went through to plan the

proposal. Now, ,jot down some notes about what information you will include in this part of your presentation. Then, think about the end of your project (remember, this isn't the conclusion of the oral presentation itself, yet. You're thinking about the end of the work you did). Here you should discuss what you learned. How have you changed as a result of what you have done? How have others changed? What did you learn that you will take with you after high school? If you had it to do over again, what would you do differently? What would you keep the same?

Scanner

A device that scans images, book pages, etc. Scanning is basically taking a close-up photograph (just very slowly and with great detail). The scanned image data is passed to the computer. The most common type of scanner is the flat-bed scanner which has a glass plate on which the item to be scanned is placed. The item is illuminated and an image of it is captured by a moving scan head. Scanned images can be further processed once inside the computer, e.g. OCR of printed text.

Digital Camera
A device that captures digital photographs. Most digital cameras do not directly input data into a computer - they store photographs on memory cards. The photographs can later be transferred to a computer. A modern digital camera can capture 10 Megapixels or more per photograph - thats 10,000,000 coloured dots (pixels) in every photo!

Video Camera
A device that captures moving images, or video. Like a digital camera, most video cameras do not directly input data into a computer the captured movies are stored on video-tape or memory cards and later transferred to a computer. However, there are some situations where video cameras do feed video data directly into a computer: television production and video-conferencing. In these situations the video data is required in real-time.

Web Cam
This is a very basic video camera used to feed live video into a computer. The video data from a web cam is low quality compared to a full video camera. However it is good enough for web chats (e.g. using a messenger application such as MSN Messenger or Skype). Usually a web cam is clipped to the top of a monitor, but many laptops now have web cams built into the edge of the screen.

Microphone
An input device that converts sound into a signal that can be fed into a computer. The signal from a microphone is usually analogue so, before it can be processed by a computer, it must be converted into digital data. An Analogue-to-Digital Convertor (ADC) is used for this (usually built into the computers sound card) Many headphones now come with microphones to allow them to be used with chat and phone applications

Digital / Multimedia Projector

Digital projectors are used in situations when a very large viewing area is required, for example during presentations, for advertising, or in your home for watching movies.

A projector connects to a computer, a DVD player or a satellite receiver just like a ordinary monitor. The image is produced inside the device and then projected out through a large lens, using a powerful light source.

Loudspeaker
If you want to hear music or sounds from your computer, you will have to attach loudspeakers. They convert electrical signals into sound waves. Loudspeakers are essential for applications such as music editing, video conferencing, watching movies, etc.

Some advantages and disadvantages of Visual Aids

Common Audio-Visual Aids There are a variety of audio-visual aids that you can use to support you when making a presentation to a meeting group. Audio-visual aids are particularly useful for: Reinforcing stated facts Aiding the understanding of ideas Clarifying relationships or physical layouts Introducing a new topic area

Advantages of Different Visual Aids You should be aware of the main advantages and potential pitfalls of the various forms of visual aid available. Physical Models Advantages - Very high impact, good attention getter, makes a concept tangible. Disadvantages Can be expensive to produce and transport, may distract audience. Handouts Advantages - Simple, very easy to use, no audibility/visibility problems, can depict lots of information, lasting reference, inexpensive.

Disadvantages - Can be a distraction, low impact, don't enhance actual presentation. Flipcharts and Whiteboards Advantages - Simple, easy to use, can be pre-prepared, can be annotated via discussion, inexpensive. Disadvantages - Visibility can be a problem, low impact, takes time to annotate, easily damaged. OHP Overhead Projectors Advantages - Very common equipment, easy to use, easy to interact with, can be prepared quickly, transparencies can be stored. Disadvantages - Requires power supply, can be noisy, can absorb the presenter, light can distract, considered low-tech. Slide Shows Advantages - Professional, good at getting attention, retains interest, can have high impact. Disadvantages - Requires power supply, expensive to produce, requires set-up and practice, can be noisy, requires low ambient light, prone to technical failures, considered low-tech. Audio Recordings Advantages - Very effective in specialist role, inexpensive broadcast equipment. Disadvantages - May need specialist recording skills, can be time consuming, only short duration use. Video Discs and Tapes Advantages - Very high impact, common broadcast equipment. Disadvantages Production requires specialist skills and or equipment, takes time to produce and can be expensive for professional production, may compete with presenter. PC/Computer based presentations Advantages professional, flexible and impactful, most popular method of presentation, equipment widespread and increasingly affordable. Disadvantages poorly produced presentations can have detrimental impact. Preparation and set-up time required if using third-party equipment, compatibility issues. Digital Whiteboards Advantages very flexible, use as a whiteboard, a projection surface for PC presentations, interactive flipchart Disadvantages not very portable, top-of-the-range models still very expensive. Teleprompter/Autocue Advantages used well it can enable the professional delivery of a long or complex presentation. Disadvantages used poorly it can make even a short presentation dull.

Multimedia Advantages combine the use of modern digital aids to create a powerful and impactful presentation, can be easy to update. Disadvantages more things to go wrong or fail if there is a power-cut, can be expensive if video production included.

USING VISUAL AIDS

How to use Projected Presentations The PC and LCD/DLP projector have become the most common visual aid to support presentations. They enable effective interaction with the audience; switch on the projector and all eyes will move to the projected image. Professionally installed ceiling mounted projectors enable a laptop PC to be operated from a lecturn to the side of the presentation screen, keeping the area between the audience and the projected display clear. The PC based projected presentation has virtually forced the Slide presentation and OHP presentation into obsolescence. The following guidelines apply equally to the slickest PC presentation, an old-school OHP presentation or even a 35mm transparency slide show. Turn it off when you have covered an area of your presentation so that all eyes (and ears) return to you the presenter. The impact of this can be greatly enhanced if you have some control over the room lighting. Either through the use of a remote control or an assistant, so that the sequence of

actions you should adopt would be: turn off the light, turn on the projector, turn off the projector, turn on the light. A common mistake is to leave the projector on throughout the presentation. If you do this you will be displaying either irrelevant information or a blank white panel; both of which are very distracting. Another pitfall to avoid is overuse. Putting more information on screen than can be easily absorbed at a glance will have a negative impact on what you are saying, particularly if it is too small to read for those at the back of your audience. Before your audience arrives, check that the information you are projecting can be easily read by those at the back. With PC based presentations that have been created in software like Microsofts PowerPoint or OpenOffice Impress, it is a good idea to print a handout based on your presentation content, to provide to your audience at the end of your presentation. If you tell them that you will be doing this at the beginning of the presentation, this will avoid lapses of concentration as audience members scrabble to make notes of key points you make. Using Flipcharts and Whiteboards Effectively Flipcharts and whiteboards are regarded as being somewhat unprofessional as a presentation medium, because they are usually hand-written with marker pens. However, modern digital whiteboards support various modes of input and can print out content too, making them a viable and sophisticated visual support.

The main advantage of flipcharts and conventional whiteboards is their use as a tool in informal and impromptu meetings - particularly where interaction with the audience is important. Therefore they are commonly used in the context of design review meetings, quality control meetings, brain-storming sessions and so on. When writing on flipcharts or whiteboards in real-time; check with the furthest away members of the audience that they find it legible. Using a Teleprompter/Autocue Teleprompt systems have been around for over 50 years and are widely used in TV as the name suggests and at major presentations such as corporate AGMs, political speeches, product launches etc. Basically, they allow a scripted presentation to be delivered to large audiences with a degree of naturalness. How natural is down to how well the speaker normally reads and presents, and also how much they have rehearsed with the teleprompt operator they will use on presentation day. They are expensive to hire so are limited to the big occasion, but used well with a multimedia presentation, can produce very professional and captivating results To ensure a speech appears natural rather than dull, interaction is important. Most often subdued lighting will prevent you seeing the audience, but if you look where their eyes should be, those in the audience will be convinced that you are actually making eye contact with them. This works best if your eye contact moves from one section of the audience to another, so head movement is important in maintaining this illusion.

Head movement is also important to remove the impression that you are actually reading a speech and furthermore because it adds energy to the presentation. This coupled with occasional gesticulation and even the odd ad-lib, will have your audience convinced that you are just a natural-born presenter. Multimedia or Multiple Media? The use of more than one aid to support a presentation is increasingly common - as messages and the way they are presented becomes ever more sophisticated. These multiple media presentations lend themselves to creation and presentation via PC and LCD or DLP projectors and could include static graphical displays, video displays, animated Flash displays, synchronized audio and even a digital whiteboard. The costs for multimedia equipment and the software required for its creation have fallen considerably, making them accessible for most. On top of this you could be using a teleprompter/autocue system to make your oration appear naturally professional. When you are designing a multiple media presentation you should be aware that it will multiply the potential dangers of errors, bad timing and equipment failures. The best advice is to use multiple media only if you need to in order to deliver the message, but avoid it if you are able to deliver the message effectively without it.

If you are including multiple media then allow a greater time - both for preparation and rehearsal; and be ready to adapt your presentation should any of the equipment let you down on the day.

People really don't like to videoconference. Ask anyone who does it on a regular basis and, at best, the response will be neutral. At worst, the response will be militantly negative. Since the costs of installing and using videoconferencing technologies have dropped dramatically over the past five years and the installation base is continuing to grow, the end result is an increased level of dissatisfaction in the videoconferencing user community. However, this can change! More and more corporations, hospitals and universities continue to install videoconference technology because they see it as an effective way to share limited resources, reduce travel expenses and increase overall productivity within their organizations. In order to maximize their return on this investment in technology, the end users need

to be trained on how to use the technology effectively. Let's look at some basic information. When we communicate, 10% of the meaning is contained in the words we choose; 20% is contained in the style of delivery; 70% is contained in non-verbal cues or body language. That's why videoconferencing can be so much more effective than a voice-only conference call. Let's look at some other facts. When we engage in a face-to-face conversation, all parties walk away with an 80% level of common understanding and agreement of what was discussed; in a voice-only meeting, this level drops to 40%; when the meeting is held over videoconference, the level rises back up to 60%. The natural assumption, then, is that meeting over videoconference is the next best thing to being there. That is true for the way most people engage in videoconference. However, when used properly, videoconference can actually be BETTER than being there in person. People just need to know how to increase their effectiveness in a videoconference. These tips will help. 1. Proper camera placement is critical. If you're making your presentation from the front of the room, the camera should be placed at eyelevel with the seated participants (at the end of

the conference table or the back of the classroom.) That way, when you're looking at the people in your local room, you automatically maintain good eye contact with the people at the far end. You should place a display monitor with the camera so that when you look at the people on the monitor, it appears you're looking them directly in the eye. This keeps people at the far side connected with you and helps them feel like they're part of the presentation. 2. Practice, practice, practice. Be familiar with the equipment you'll be using, including the placement and operation of the cameras, microphones and remote controls. Make sure there are fresh batteries in all the devices which require them. Practice your transitions from the audio visual devices you'll be using. Be fluent and confident. 3. Use your voice and your body tools. Vary the pitch and tone of your voice to add emphasis and meaning. Use appropriate facial expressions and gestures. Remember, the camera doesn't like rapid or "throw away" gestures, so hold the gesture a little longer than you may be used to for local presentations. No rocking or swaying. These gestures get amplified over video and become very annoying in a short amount of time.

4. Be careful how you dress. Avoid busy patterns and narrow stripes. Stay away from green and yellow. If you have blond hair, wear dark blue or light beige. Brunettes should wear medium gray or dark blue; light gray gives a tanned look. Redheads should wear medium gray or dark blue to add intensity. If you have white or gray hair, choose pink or rose colors; violet and light blue will give pink flesh tones. 5. Slides can make or break a virtual meeting. If you're using information from a computerized slide show like PowerPoint, the minimum font size is 36-40 points. Anything smaller will be illegible on the far side. Avoid saturated colors like deep reds, blues and greens. They smear and bleed over video. Use graphics to help illustrate your ideas. Minimize the amount of words actually put on the slide. Encapsulate the idea and then expand on it verbally. 6. Maintain the face-to-face connection. If you use other sources of visual information like a PowerPoint slide show, a whiteboard or videotape, remember to switch back to your face as often as possible. Maintaining the face-to-face connection is critical for effective communication. 7. Lighten up. The space used for videoconferencing should be lit

with indirect light sources. Turn off the downcans.1 They create inconsistent light levels and will result in raccoon eyes and deep shadows under the chin. A videoconference room should have 70 footcandles of light at the face (not desktop). Indirect lighting (bouncing the light off the ceiling or walls or some other device like " paracube diffusers) will reduce fatigue on the people in the room. Use color-corrected lamps to achieve a light temperature between 3200 and 3400 degrees Kelvin. 8. Break often. Remember, videoconferencing is very intensive and focused. Plan for a 10 minute break every 50 minutes or so. Let people stretch their legs. Use the 10 minutes to catch your breath and get ready for the next segment. 9. Comfort is important. Make sure the temperature is set at an appropriate level and the chairs are ergonomically correct. About Sandra J. Sharer, Director of Finance Sharer brings over ten years experience in finance and accounting for technology-related companies to Logical Transitions, Inc. First with an audio visual systems integrator, then a computer software and silicon developer, and

most recently, a fine and performing arts organization, Sharer has provided the focused, detailed, reliable information critical in running a successful business. Sharer has spent many years working with her husband, Scott, who is recognized as an expert in the field of videoconferencing. Supporting his work and assisting him gives her an understanding and appreciation for the technology. Her financial background lends a qualified perspective on the implementation of high technology. She believes training the end-user is absolutely necessary in order to maximize the return on the investment of capital, whether it's as simple as e-mail or as complex as videoconferencing. Sharer is a certified trainer at Logical Transitions, Inc. She holds a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration from the University of Missouri St. Louis. 1. The light fixture in the ceiling is known as pots (recessed) or cans (surface-mounted on a track). Pointing the cans to bounce off the walls creates indirect lighting and avoids shadows below the chin and hollowed eye sockets.

Most of us desire to communicate effectively, but do not have a keen appreciation of the communicatiom barriers to be faced. Because of these barriers, there is ample opportunity for something to go wrong in any communication. Competent managers develop an awareness of the barriers and learn to cope with them. How effectively do you, as a manager, communicate with your superiors, subordinates, and peers? Do you recognize the barriers to effective communication? Have you learned to cope with them? In the discussion that follows, the principal barriers to communicating effectively in today's working environment are identified, and proven techniques for coping with them are considered, The principal barriers to effective communication are: noise, poor feedback, selection of inappropriate media, a wrong mental attitude, insufficient or lack of attention to work selection, delay in message transmittal, physical separation of the sender and receiver, and lack of empathy or a good relationship between the sender and receiver. Let's examine each of these barriers and possible steps to overcome them. As we conduct this examination, we should remember that any two or more of these barriers may occur in combination. The Noise Barrier Samuel Hoffenstein in his poem, "The Wind in the Trees," illustrates quite beautifully the distraction that noise may cause. He says: When the wind is in the tree, It makes a noise just like the sea, As if there were not noise enough To bother one, without that stuff.

Noise is any random or persistent disturbance that obscures, reduces, or confuses the clarity or quality of the message being transmitted. In other words, it is any interference that takes place between the sender and the receiver. This is why we generally identify any communication problem that can't be fully explained as "noise." The biggest single cause of noise in the communication process may be the assumption that the act of communicating is a simple process - that it doesn't require much thought or practice and all effective managers were born with this skill. This is not true. Effective communication comes with study and practice. The effectiveness of the communication process is dependent upon the capabilities of the senders and receivers. To overcome the noise barrier to effective communication, one must discover its source. This may not be easy. Noise appears in a variety of ways. During a conversation, have you ever been distracted by the pictures on the wall, the view from the window, a report lying open on a desk, or a conversation taking place in an adjacent room? Many people have been so distracted. In the perusal of a written communication, have you ever been confused by irrelevant material or the illogical approach taken by the author? Again, many people have. Once the source, or sources, of the noise has been identified, steps can be taken to overcome it. The noise barrier can't always be overcome but, fortunately, just the awareness of its existence by either the sender or the receiver of a message can help to improve the communication flow. To Communication Barriers Top The Feedback Problem

Feedback is reaction, Without it, the sender of the message cannot know whether the recipient has received the entire message or grasped its intent. The need for feedback should be clearly understood. Feedback is the return of a portion of the message to the sender with new information. It regulates both the transmission and reception. The whole process is straightforward: the sender transmits the message via the most suitable communication media; the receiver gets the message, decodes it, and provides feedback. In oral, face-to-face communication, the process doesn't happen quite this way. All of these actions occur almost simultaneously. For example, the sender is acting as a receiver while transmitting the message; the receiver is acting as a sender while receiving the message. When the message is transmitted and effectively received, feedback serves as a regulating device. The sender continually adjusts his transmission in response to the feedback. Feedback also alerts the sender to any disruptive noise that may impede reception of the message. There is no feedback in a one-way communication. Such a communication involves passing ideas, information, directions, and instructions from higher management down the chain of command without asking for a response or checking to see if any action has taken place. It is not enough to ensure the message has been received. For communication to be effective, a two-way process must exist so the sender knows whether the message has been understood. The two-way communication process involves sending a message down the chain of command and transmitting a response containing information, ideas, and feelings back up the chain. This process has been referred to sometimes as "a process of material influence." Feedback not only regulates the communication process, but reinforces and stimulates it. In fact, it actually serves as the hallmark of dialogue, because it

forces communication and makes it dual. Dual expression, when combined with mutual feedback, becomes a dialogue. The Problem of Media Selection for Warid In any given situation the medium, or media, for communication must be selected. One medium may work better than another. However, in many cases a combination of media may be used for the communication process to function effectively. Henry H. Albers says that no one communication medium can adequately serve the diverse functional and personal problems of organization dynamics. He believes that "a repetition of ideas in different terms is useful in solving some communication problems." The question then emerges, what combination of media would be most effective? Any project to develop the one best combination of media would prove rather fruitless. There are many combinations that can provide satisfactory results. The personal qualities of the manager should be a consideration in media selection. As manager, you should recognize your strengths and limitations. You should evaluate your successes and failures in communication and plan to use the media that best fits your style and qualities. Generally, managers make more frequent use of oral, rather than written, communication. However, the media one selects for communication in a particular situation should correlate with the feedback requirements. A communication failure or partial failure could occur if the media you select for transmittal of a message is inappropriate and necessary feedback is not received. Most simple messages can be transmitted orally - either in a faceto-face discussion, formal briefing, or meeting of the staff. More complex messages should be written in a directive, instruction, memorandum, or report. Very complex messages should be transmitted in both oral and

written form. Repetition and review of an oral communication in written form can be a facilitating device. To Communication Barriers Top The Mental Barrier One principal barrier to effective communication is mental. It consists of noise in the mind of the sender or receiver. Here are four examples: The arrogance of the sender may impair the communication process. If the sender believes he knows everything there is to know about the subject being transmitted, he expects acceptance of his ideas or directions. If the receiver disagrees with the sender and so states, the sender will not be attuned to the feedback or will find it a challenge to his stated position. Real communication does not take place. The sender may assume the receiver will respond to his message in a logical and rational manner. The receiver's priorities, problems, or assumptions may differ from the sender's. The receiver's logic may even override that of the sender. In any of these instances, the sender might judge the receiver to be incompetent or even an obstructionist. Communication will fail. The sender may assume he is completely logical and rational - that his position is right and must prevail. This assumption may be false and no communication takes place. The sender may have some misconceptions, self-interests, or strong emotions about a particular idea or approach, of which he is not aware. However, these traits may be readily evident to the receiver, who may think the sender is hypocritical. This communication will fail, as may all future communications between this sender and receiver.

The Problem of Word Selection We live in a "verbal" environment. Words constitute the most frequently used tool for communicating. Words usually facilitate communication; however, their careless, improper use in a given situation can create a communication barrier. Arthur Kudner, an advertising executive, once told his son: "All big things have little names such as life and death, peace and war, or dawn, day, night, hope, love, and home. Learn to use little words in a big way. It is hard to do, but they say what you mean. When you don't know what you mean - use big words; they often fool little people." The words we use should be selected carefully. Dr. Rudolph Flesch, a specialist in words and communication, suggests a way to break through the word barrier:

Use familiar words in place of the unfamiliar Use concrete words in place of the abstract Use short words in place of long Use single words in place of several

Unfortunately, almost every commonly used word has more than one meaning. Also words have regional meanings or derive new meanings as a result of the development of new industries or fields. The meaning conveyed by the sender's words depends upon the experience and attitude of the receiver. Therefore, one way to penetrate the word barrier is for the sender to strive to speak or write in terms of the receiver's experience and attitude. The better able he is to do this, the more successful the communication will be. Dr. S. E. Hayakawa, a U.S. Senator from California, expressed it very well when he said, "The meanings of words are not in the words; they are in us." The Time and Space Barriers

Both time and space (the physical separation between the sender and the receiver) may serve as barriers to effective communication. You, as a manager, may often feel pressed by time constraints. You may feel there aren't enough hours to accomplish all tasks. One executive puts it this way, "If I cant get the work done in a 24-hour day, I have to work evenings." Caught in the network of your own problems, you may even assume that your subordinates know what you want them to do, and they will proceed to do it. Actually, this may not be the case. Because of your failure to communicate, you may not receive the end product you were expecting. This same problem may occur when you geographically separate departments or functions of an organization. Quick eye-to-eye communication becomes difficult. The telephone may not provide the answer. The line may be busy when the call is placed, or the person being called may be out of the office. Memoranda sometime provide the answer to the space barrier. However, this might turn out to be a one-way communication of directions or information. If the recipient of a memorandum doesnt understand the message, or if he mistakenly thinks he understands, the communication process fails. Empathy and Other Relationships Lack of empathy can create a barrier between the sender and receiver. Empathy, as defined in the Dictionary, is "understanding so intimate that the feelings, thoughts, and motives of one are readily comprehended by another." You can transmit a better message if you can put yourself in the receiver's place and analyze the message from his viewpoint. The same holds true for the receiver. He must be able to empathize with you. That is, the sender, as well as the receiver, must try to project himself into the

other's personality if he want's to increase his potential for effective communication. The ability to empathize with someone else may not be easy. If you are to see things from another's viewpoint, you have to put aside your own prejudices and preconceptions. The receiver may be of a different race, creed, educational background, from a different section of the country, or have a different specialty or rank within the organization. Under these circumstances, the task of empathizing with the other member of the communication link is difficult. The task is further complicated if you believe that understanding another's viewpoint may pose a threat to your own. To better communicate, we must try to see ourselves through the eyes of others in the communication link. By developing some empathy with the people to whom we will be directing messages, we might recognize the need to modify our messages from time to time before sending them. Douglas McGregor, one of the leading authorities on management practices, has said: "It is a fairly safe generalization that difficulties in communication within an organization are more often than not, mere symptoms of underlying difficulties in relationships between parties involved. When communication is ineffective, one needs to look first at the nature of these relationships rather than at ways of improving communication". The relationship between the people involved in any communication process may form a greater barrier to the effectiveness of the communication between them than any other barrier discussed here. If the relationship between the people participating in the communication is good, the communication has a greater chance for success. This is true whether the communication takes place in oral or written form.

The quality of the relationship between the sender and receiver determines to a great extent the ability of the person transmitting the message to penetrate the communication barrier. Final Observations We have examined the principal barriers to effective communication. We have seen all around us the problems resulting from the inability of people in today's working environment to penetrate these barriers. What are you going to do about it? Can you let the barriers to effective communication in your organization continue to block the path to effective management? If you and the persons with whom you communicate do your part to reduce these barriers, some of them may be eliminated. As a result, management of your organization will be enhanced. Why not take such action today?

SWOT ANALYSIS
Strengths:
Provided additional information on business activities Assess the current liquidity of the business

Weakness:
The cash flow statement is backward looking Users of the accounts are particularly interested in the future No interpretation of the cash flow statement is provided within the accounts

Opportunity:
Allow the user to see the major types of cash flow into and out of the business Estimate future cash flow Determine cash flow generated from trading transactions rather than other cash flows

Threats:
Users are required to draw their own conclusion as to the relevance of the figures contained with in it. Non cash transactions e.g. a bonus issue of shares is not highlighted on the face of the cash flow statement. These are of interest to users as they will impact future cash flows

RECOMMENDATIONS

When a company shows increasing revenue and net income, it does not necessarily mean that it has the money to pay its bills. Prior to the biggest bankruptcies in recent history, revenue and net income were always overstated and never showed a companys true financial health. A companys true value is based on the amount of cash flow, not net income, it produces. The Cash Flow Statement allows investors to compare how much cash came into the company during the period, where it came from, how much was used, and what it was used for. Each section of this statement is self-descriptive, reflects managements strategy and actions, and can be a leading indicator of what will eventually show up on the Income Statement. Cash inflows are positive numbers, while cash outflows are negative numbers, usually noted in parentheses. The Cash Flow provides useful information including how a business spends and receives cash. The Operating activities yield a positive Cash Flow. The business has ability to generate more cash in the future. The cash movement is simply the movement between the current and the previous year balance in the balance sheet. Watch out for trickier areas such as taxation and non current assets where a working will need to be done. Analysts should track and report two key cash flow measures and the changes in those measures over time rather than simply net income or earnings per share.

SWOT ANALYSIS
Strengths:

Healthy animosity in adjustable exchange with the accomplishment of Telenor and Warid Telecom in 2005 & CM Pak in end 2007. Mkt sub base continues to abound at CAGR of 1.9% bulletin aback Dec 07 while Warid is outgrowing the mkt at 2.38% CAGR. Warid has been adapted itself through beat online writing and accession its adjustment coverage

Weakness:

High levels of taxation and accurate fees on operators, if unchecked, could impede mkt growth. Fixed-line casework still bald in several of Pakistan's added

apprenticed areas.

Warid has apprenticed advantage in the rural areas.

Opportunity:

With anchored bandage casework bald in rural areas, adjustable operators, including Warid, acquire opportunities to grab sub base there.

Growth in adjustable exchange set to acquire and may bad-tempered over 100mn by the end of 2008. Growth of VAS Mobilink and Ufone are aerodynamics WiMAX networks, while Telenor, Warid Telecom and CMPak are analytic at ablution adjustable TV services.

3G licenses accustomed to be issued end 2008.

Threats:

Intense animosity could acquire the aftereffect of causing operators to admission into bulk wars, causing a abasement in annual above and ARPU. Political alternation could change about to bread-and-butter uncertainty, which could abstinent abutting entering investment plans.

Inflationary pressures acquire an appulse on spending on admonition needs. Implementation of custom appointment on handsets and admission in tax has a abrogating appulse on abettor revenues and adjustable penetration.

References http://www.effectivemeetings.com/technology/confere ncing/sharer.asp http://www.igcseict.info/theory/2/card/index.html

Recommendations: 1. Be sure information, especially if you've made a graph, is accurate. 2. Information compiled by you in graph form is more impressive than a graph copied from published materials. 3. Don't hold posters up with your hands. Use an easel to display them, never a chalkboard tray. Put all posters in order on the easel before the presentation begins. Place a solid colored blank poster of the same size on top to conceal the visual aids when not speaking about them. 4. As you refer to a poster, remove the cover poster and carefully slip it behind all the other posters on the easel. NEVER put a poster on the floor or on a table. Continue moving posters behind all the others as you move through them. Replace the cover poster on top when you are finished. 5. If there is a lengthy time of speaking between posters, pull the cover poster from the back and place it carefully in front so the audience returns their attention to you and remove it again when you are ready to resume. 6. Posters should be colorful but not garish. 7. All printing should be neat and in a block style. Producing lettering on a computer is a good idea. Never cross mistakes out. Redo the poster instead. 8. The background should be light and lettering and pictures dark. Light pictures stand out more if placed on dark colored construction paper first and trimmed to make a dark border before being attached to the light background.

9. Consider placing border tape or a dark band of ink from a marker around the outside of the entire poster to add a professional look. 10. 11. Consider a three dimensional look to posters by gluing on items If posters must be transported, place them in a large garbage with texture. bag or other covering to keep them clean and dry.

HISTORY OF WARID TELECOM

Al wateen telecom introduces Warid telecom in Pakistan, which is a telecom company of Abu Dhabi.They introduce Warid telecom march 2004 in Pakistan and they hired the ceo of the company in June 2004.

Mission Statement
Warid Telecom's stated mission is to be the leader in innovation and services

Companys Vision
"To become the leader in national communications arena with a strong international presence To be the national communication provider with a strong International presence

ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR OF WARID

 Warid Telecom is a commercial organization and only profit is not its objective. Warid Telecom is working as a private company with the direct foreign investment. Warid Telecom is a large organization having a large number of employees at middle level, lower level and non managerial level.

CORE BRAND VALUE

The core brand value of Warid is: Quality Simplicity Innovation Customer friendliness Honesty

MARKET SHARE OF WARID TELECOM

The market share of Warid telecom is 20% and other five companies have 80% market share. Warid is attain its target and now there are 3 million customer of Warid telecom on Pakistan in 300 days and area of coverage is 83 cities.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
Warid Telecom is a tall organization because of more vertical organizational levels. That you will see in the hierarchy of Warid Telecom under the head of Chain of Command. Warid Telecom is operating its managerial activities with the help of centralized approach, because hire managers do not allowed decision

making to the lower level managers.

DECISION MAKING
Decision making of Warid comprises of different styles: Directive Democratic Behavioral Analytical

Different Visual Aids use in Warid Telecom

Posters. Posters can take many different forms. They can be pictures mounted on heavy paper, for example, or diagrams, charts or graphs you draw yourself. Charts or graphs are especially useful when you want to show your audience numbers or statistics in comparative ways. The visual display of these numbers can have a stronger impact on your audience than mere words. Here is an example of a bar graph:

Objects or models. Sometimes, showing your audience the actual object you are talking about is the best idea. Models are simply three dimensional, scaled-down replicas of something you are talking about (like a building, a car, and so on) and are handled like objects in a presentation. Objects or models have the advantage of being very interesting. However, some objects or models can be difficult for everyone to see; others are too big or inappropriate to bring into a presentation room. For example, it might be most useful, if demonstrating how to mount a horse properly, to have an actual horse handy but it is hardly appropriate to bring one into a school room.

Videos. A short clip from a video can be an effective visual aid. Of course, the presentation room must be equipped with a monitor mounted for group viewing and you must be able to easily attached the video player to it if this is not already done.

Presentation software. Many software programs now exist which allow a speaker to use a computer and a viewing screen to help present information. Most often, the "frames" are like slides created on a computer and contain textual reminders of the outline of main ideas in the speech and sound effects to go with those. Using such presentation software is exciting because it is still considered leading edge. Also, becoming comfortable with using such tools helps to prepare you for a future which, likely, will rely much more heavily on materials something like what is available today. Members of your audience may see you as motivated and skilled if you make the effort to keep up with newer technology.

Handouts. Handouts are materials on paper which you give out to each person in the audience to take away with them. Some presenters like to use give out an outline of their own speech or key ideas so that audience members do not feel they have to take notes during the presentation. Another use for handouts is to give the audience a chance to examine things more closely which you refer to in your speech (say, a letter you wrote to a business person or to the editor) but don't want to talk about or read in detail.

Conclusion

As a conclusion, Visual Communication has improved a lot the communication ways. This type of communication is used in warid. Through images, pictures, texts, graphics people can understand whatever they want. An image replaces a thousand words so maybe this type of communication should be more used. Also visual communication can be considered a commercial. Silent movies can also be thought as visual communication ways. People that work in this area know that communication nowadays is essential. We can communicate through so many things, from body gestures to signs and face expressions, to online communication, so visual was just the next right step.