The Rite Of Spring

Evolution of 20th-21st Century Music (1900-1913 - Present)

Radically developments in arts and sciences occurred in the years 1900 to 1913. A number is discoveries were made during the period that overturned long-held beliefs. The theory of Relativity of Albert Einstein revolutionized the view of the universe. Sigmund Freud explored the unconscious and developed psychoanalysis. Pablo Picasso revolutionized painting and sculpture when he distorted human figures and objects and showed them from several angles at one time. The abstract paintings of Wassily Kandinsky no longer present the visual word. With the coming of the 20th century another evolution in the musical world emerged. While some of the early 20th century music can be seen as extensions of the late Romantic style, much of 20th century music can be seen as a rebellion. Composers did not look to build on what was standard but again created music freely and used sounds that went against the current grain. Twentieth century music can be described as being more refined, vague in form, delicate, and having a mysterious atmosphere. The most famous riot in music history happened in paris in May 29, 1913 at the premiere of Igor Stravinskys ballet called. The audience laughed, made noises, and actually fought with the police. The ballet evoked primitive rites. At present Stravinskys The Rite of Spring is now recognized as a masterpiece. Rhythm, Chords, and percussive sounds that were perceived as noise in 1913 are now commonly heard in jazz, rock, and music for television and films. A fundamental technique in organizing pitches around a central tone or key was shared. Twentieth century music is an era that is hard to define in terms of musical style. The only easy way to define 20th century music is that it does not fit into the Romantic era's requirements. And because of its own expression and orchestral technique it does not fit into any other category but its own. This time period spawned many new terms for musical styles because of the diversity of music that was being written. Some common examples are atonality, expressionism (seen in Schoenberg's early music), neo-Romanticism , and neoClassicism . As was true in the Romantic era, nationalism was still an important musical device used during the first half of the 20th century. Composers utilized folk songs to enriched their music. Examples can be seen in the music of Raplh Vaughan Williams (England), Bela Bartok (Hungary), Heitor Villa Lobos (Brazil) and Aaron Copland

(USA). Jazz and popular musical styles influenced composers from both the United States and Europe. In 20th century musical styles traditional forms and structures were broken up and recreated or composed using non-Western musical techniques and abstract ideas. Technology also became an extremely important factor in the music making during this time period. Composers have been known to use recording tape as a compositional tool. Electronically created sounds are used in combination with other electronic sounds or played together with traditional music instruments. Most recently, the use of computer technology has affected the world of music making. Some ways in which computers currently alter the face of the music world are by manipulating the performance of instruments in real time. Meanings : Neo-Romanticism: a term synonymous with post-Romanticism or late Romanticism, embracing the period from about 1880 to about 1910, as represented by R. Strauss Maler, Sibelius, Rachmaninoff, etc.

Popular music
Popular music belongs to any of a number of musical genres "having wide appeal" and is typically distributed to large audiences through the music industry. It stands in contrast to both art music and traditional music, which are typically disseminated academically or orally to smaller, local audiences. Although popular music sometimes is known as "pop music", the two terms are not interchangeable. Popular music is a generic term for music of all ages that appeals to popular tastes, whereas pop music usually refers to a specific musical genre. Popular music differs from traditional folk music which was created for the enjoyment of the ordinary people. Popular music differs from classical music which was created for the purpose of religious functions or for the elites and nobilitys entertainment. Popular music includes a wide genre which consists of folk, alternative, acoustic, heavy, metal, jazz, hip-hop, new age, rap, rock, and rhythm and blues.

Folk Music
Folk music is an English term encompassing both traditional music and contemporary folk music. The term originated in the 19th century. Traditional folk music has been defined in several ways: as music transmitted by mouth, as music of the lower classes, and as music with unknown composers. It has been contrasted with commercial and classical styles. It has become increasingly common to refer to this type of music as traditional music. Folk Music is music that originates among the common people of a country or region, and is spread about or passed down orally. It is characterized by simple melodies. In the original sense of the term, folk music is by and of the people. It arose and best survived in societies and places not yet afected by mass communication and the commercialization of culture. It was transmitted by word of mouth and was shared and performed by the entire community not by a special group of expert performers. Examples of folk music are John Denvers songs and Peter, Paul, and Marys songs.

Alternative Music
Alternative rock (also called alternative music, alt rock or simply alternative) is a genre of rock music that emerged in the 1980s and became popular in the 1990s. Alternative rock consists of various subgenres that have emerged from the independent music scene since the 1980s, such as grunge, Britpop, gothic rock, indie pop, and indie rock. These genres are unified by their collective debt to the style and/or ethos of punk rock, which laid the groundwork for alternative music in the 1970s. At times, alternative rock has been used as a catchall phrase for rock music from underground artists and all music descended from punk rock (including punk itself, New Wave, and post-punk). Some examples of alternative rock bands that have achieved commercial success and mainstream critical recognition are R.E.M., The Cure,Jane's Addiction, Nirvana, Foo Fighters, The Smashing Pumpkins, Green Day, Weezer, Radiohead, The White Stripes, and Muse. However, many alternative

rock artists are cult acts that have recorded with independent labels and have received the majority of their exposure through college radio airplay and word-of-mouth

Acoustic Music
Acoustic music comprises music that solely or primarily uses instruments which produce sound through entirely acoustic means, as opposed to electric orelectronic means. The retronym "acoustic music" appeared after the advent of electric instruments, such as the electric guitar, electric violin, electric organ andsynthesizer. Performers of acoustic music often increase the volume of their output using electronic amplifiers. However, these amplification devices remain separate from the amplified instrument and reproduce its natural sound accurately. Often a microphone is placed in front of an acoustic instrument which is then wired up to an amplifier. Following the increasing popularity of the television show MTV Unplugged during the 1990s, acoustic (though in most cases still electricallyamplified) performances by musical artists who usually rely on electronic instruments became colloquially referred to as "unplugged" performances. Writing for Splendid, music reviewer Craig Conley suggests, "When music is labeled acoustic, unplugged, or unwired, the assumption seems to be that other types of music are cluttered by technology and overproduction and therefore aren't as pure."

Examples: the music of Paolo Santos, Nyoy Volante, Nina, and Aiza Seguerra.

Heavy Metal Music

Heavy metal (often referred to simply as metal) is a genre of rock music that developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in the United Kingdom and the United States. With roots in blues rock and psychedelic rock, the bands that created heavy metal developed a thick, massive sound, characterized by highly amplified distortion, extended guitar solos, emphatic beats, and overall loudness.

Heavy metal lyrics and performance styles are generally associated with masculinity and machismo. The first heavy metal bands such as Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath and Deep Purple attracted large audiences, though they were often critically reviled, a status common throughout the history of the genre. In the mid-1970s Judas Priest helped spur the genre's evolution by discarding much of its blues influence; Motrhead introduced a punk rock sensibility and an increasing emphasis on speed. Bands in theNew Wave of British Heavy Metal such as Iron Maiden followed in a similar vein. Before the end of the decade, heavy metal had attracted a worldwide following of fans known as "metalheads" or "headbangers". In the 1980s, glam metal became a major commercial force with groups like Mtley Cre and Poison. Underground scenes produced an array of more extreme, aggressive styles: thrash metal broke into the mainstream with bands such as Metallica, Megadeth, Slayer, andAnthrax, while other styles like death metal and black metal remain subcultural phenomena. Since the mid-1990s, popular styles such as nu metal, which often incorporates elements of grunge and hip hop; and metalcore, which blends extreme metal with hardcore punk, have further expanded the definition of the genre. Examples: the music of Bon Jovi and Pepe Smith

Jazz Music
Jazz is a musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States: it was born from a confluence of African and European music traditions. From its early development until the present, jazz has incorporated music from 19th and 20th century American popular music. Its West African pedigree is evident in its use of blue notes, improvisation,polyrhythms, syncopation, and the swung note. The word "jazz" (in early years also spelled "jass") began as a West Coast slang term and was first used to refer to music in Chicago at about 1915. Jazz is American music born in the early part of the century from African rhythm and slave chants. It has spread from its African-American roots to a worldwide audience. Jazz music developed from early ensemble improvisation to big

band swing to soloing brilliance of bop to thorny atonality and back to the current rearticulating melody and harmony. Blues is a style type of popular music which influenced both ragtime and later blues. The music of Earl Klugh is jazz music.

Hip-Hop Music and Rap Music

Hip hop music and Rap Music is an American musical genre that developed as part of hip-hop culture, which is defined by four key stylistic elements:MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching, breaking/dancing and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling (or synthesis), andbeatboxing. The term rap music is often used synonymously with the term hip hop music, but rap vocals are not required for music to be considered "hip hop. " Hip-hop music pertains to the urbanized dressing, art, and speech of the ordinary people. It is synonymous to rap music with its topics of political or social issues, spoken lyrics, and a background of scratched records. Examples: the music of Francis Magalona, Andrew E., and Salbakuta

New Age Music

New Age music is music of various styles intended to create artistic inspiration, relaxation, and optimism. It is used by listeners for yoga,massage, meditation, and reading as a method of stress management or to create a peaceful atmosphere in their home or other environments, and is often associated with environmentalism and New Age spirituality. The harmonies in New Age music are generally modal, consonant, or include a drone bass. The melodies are often repetitive, to create a hypnotic feeling, and sometimes recordings of nature sounds are used as an introduction to a track or throughout the piece. Pieces of up to thirty minutes are common.

New Age music includes both electronic forms, frequently relying on sustained synth pads or long sequencer-based runs, and acousticforms, featuring instruments such as flutes, piano, acoustic guitar and a wide variety of non-western acoustic instruments. In many cases, high-quality digitally sampled instruments are used instead of natural acoustic instruments. Vocal arrangements were initially rare in New Age music but as it has evolved vocals have become more common, especially vocals featuring Native American, Sanskrit, or Tibetaninfluenced chants, or lyrics based on mythology such as Celtic legends or the realm of Faerie. Some New Age music artists openly embrace New Age beliefs, while other artists and bands have specifically stated that they do not consider their own music to be New Age, even when their work has been labeled as such by record labels, music retailers, or radio broadcasters. Examples: the voice of Enya in The Lord of the Rings and the theme songs of the films.

Rock Music
Rock music is a genre of popular music that developed during and after the 1960s, particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States. It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of other genres such as blues and folk, and incorporated influences from jazz, classical and other musical sources. Musically, rock has centered on the electric guitar, usually as part of a rock group with bass guitar and drums. Typically, rock is song-based music with a 4/4 beat utilizing a verse-chorus form, but the genre has become extremely diverse and common musical characteristics are difficult to define. Like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. The dominance of rock by white, male musicians has been seen as one of the key factors shaping the themes explored in rock music. Rock places a higher degree of emphasis on musicianship, live performance, and an ideology of authenticity than pop music.

By the late 1960s a number of distinct rock music sub-genres had emerged, including hybrids like blues-rock, folk rock, country rock, and jazz-rock fusion, many of which contributed to the development of psychedelic rock influenced by the counter-cultural psychedelic scene. New genres that emerged from this scene included progressive rock, which extended the artistic elements; glam rock, which highlighted showmanship and visual style, and the diverse and enduring major subgenre of heavy metal, which emphasized volume, power and speed. In the second half of the 1970s, punk rock both intensified and reacted against some of these trends to produce a raw, energetic form of music characterized by overt political and social critiques. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of other sub-genres, including New Wave, post punk and eventually the alternative rock movement. From the 1990s alternative rock began to dominate rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop, and indie rock. Further fusion sub-genres have since emerged, including pop punk, rap rock, and rap metal, as well as conscious attempts to revisit rock's history, including the garage rock/post punk revival at the beginning of the new millennium. Rock music has also embodied and served as the vehicle for cultural and social movements, leading to major sub-cultures including modsand rockers in the UK and the "hippie" counterculture that spread out from San Francisco in the US in the 1960s. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures. Inheriting the folk tradition of the protest song, rock music has been associated with political activism as well as changes in social attitudes to race, sex and drug use, and is often seen as an expression of youth revolt against adult consumerism and conformity.

Rhythm and Blues (R&B)

Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated to R&B, is a genre of popular African American music that originated in the 1940s. The term was originally used by record companies to describe recordings marketed predominantly to urban African Americans, at a time when "urbane, rocking, jazz based music with a heavy, insistent beat" was becoming more popular.

The term has subsequently had a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s and beyond, the term rhythm and blues was frequently applied to blues records. Starting in the 1950s, after this style of music contributed to the development of rock and roll, the term "R&B" became used to refer to music styles that developed from and incorporated electric blues, as well as gospel and soul music. By the 1970s,rhythm and blues was used as a blanket term for soul and funk. In the 1980s, a newer style of R&B developed, becoming known ascontemporary R&B. Example: the music of Kyla, Jimmy Bondoc, and Brian McKnight.

Broadway Musicales
A Broadway Musical is a musical with a book by William F. Brown, lyrics by Lee Adams, and music by Charles Strouse. The Broadway production closed after 14 previews and only one performance on December 21, 1978. The plot about a sleazy white theatre producer's attempt to adapt an African American writer's serious play for a commercial stage musical was inspired by Adams and Strouse's real-life experiences with their 1964 Broadway production of Golden Boy. The star of the musical-within-the-musical (Sneakers, about a basketball star) closely resembles Golden Boy star Sammy Davis, Jr. When the star opts to leave the show, the playwright - who from the start had resisted turning his work into a musical - steps in and takes on the lead role in order to save the production.

Innovations in Musical Compositions Polytonality

Polytonality is the use in music of several keys at the same time. Music such as this is called polytonal. Bitonality is the use in music of two keys at the same time. Music such as this is called bitonal. Most traditional music is "in a particular key" e.g. in "C major" or in "D major" or in "D minor". Music that is in C major uses the notes of a C major scale.

In 20th century some composers sometimes wrote music which is in more than one key at once. A well-known example is the beginning of the second tableau of Igor Stravinsky's ballet,Petrushka. The first clarinet plays a melody that uses the notes of the C major chord, while the second clarinet plays a different version of the same melody using the notes of the F sharp major chord. Composers who have used bitonality or polytonality include Igor Stravinsky, Darius Milhaud, Bla Bartk, Charles Ives and many others.

Electronic Music
Electronic music is music that employs electronic musical instruments and electronic music technology in its production. In general a distinction can be made between sound produced using electromechanical means and that produced using electronic technology. Examples of electromechanical sound producing devices include the telharmonium, Hammond organ, and the electric guitar. Purely electronic sound production can be achieved using devices such as the Theremin, sound synthesizer, and computer. Electronic music was once associated almost exclusively with Western art music but from the late 1960s on the availability of affordable music technology meant that music produced using electronic means became increasingly common in the popular domain. Today electronic music includes many varieties and ranges from experimental art music to popular forms such as electronic dance music.

Electronic Instruments
An electronic musical instrument is a musical instrument that produces its sounds using electronics. Such an instrument sounds by outputting an electrical audio signal that ultimately drives a loudspeaker. An electronic instrument may include a user interface for controlling its sound, often by adjusting the pitch, frequency, or duration of each note. However, it is increasingly common for the user interface and sound-generating functions to be separated into a music controller (input device) and a music synthesizer, respectively,

with the two devices communicating through a musical performance description language such as MIDI or Open Sound Control. All electronic musical instruments can be viewed as a subset of audio signal processing applications. Simple electronic musical instruments are sometimes called sound effects; the border between sound effects and actual musical instruments is often hazy. French composer and engineer Edgard Varse created a variety of compositions using electronic horns, whistles, and tape. Most notably, he wrote Pome lectronique for the Phillips pavilion at the Brussels World Fair in 1958. Electronic musical instruments are now widely used in most styles of music. The development of new electronic musical instruments, controllers, and synthesizers continues to be a highly active and interdisciplinary field of research. Specialized conferences, notably the International Conference on New interfaces for musical expression, have organized to report cutting edge work, as well as to provide a showcase for artists who perform or create music with new electronic music instruments, controllers, and synthesizers.

Pierre Shaffer
Pierre Henri Marie Schaeffer (pronounced /pir hnri mri efr/ in English; 14 August 1910 19 August 1995) was a French composer, writer, broadcaster, engineer, musicologist and acoustician of the 20th century. His innovative work in both the sciences particularly communications and acoustics and the various arts of music, literature and radio presentation after the end of World War II, as well as his anti-nuclear activism and cultural criticism garnered him widespread recognition in his lifetime. Amongst the vast range of works and projects he undertook, Schaeffer is most widely and currently recognized for his accomplishments inelectronic and experimental music, at the core of which stands his role as the chief developer of a unique and early form of avant-garde music known as musique concrte. The genre emerged out of Europe from the utilization of new music

technology developed in the post-Nazi Germany era, following the advance of electroacoustic and acousmatic music. Schaeffer's writings (which include written and radionarrated essays, biographies, short novels, a number of musical treatises and severalplays) are often oriented towards his development of the genre, as well as the theoretics and philosophy of music in general. Today, Schaeffer is considered one of the most influential experimental, electroacoustic and subsequently electronic musicians, having been the first composer to utilize a number of contemporary recording and sampling techniques that are now used worldwide by nearly all record production companies. His collaborative endeavors are considered milestones in the histories of electronic and experimental music.

Live Electronic Music

Live electronic music generally utilizes instrumental or electronic sounds but excludes those that have been prerecorded (Sutherland 1994,]). The timbres of the various sounds may then be transformed extensively during performance using devices such as amplifiers, filters, ring modulators and other forms of circuitry. Early electronic instruments such as the Telharmonium, Theremin, ondes Martenot, and Trautonium were intended simply as new means of sound production, and did nothing to change the nature of musical composition or performance (Collins 2007, 39). Cages Imaginary Landscape No. 1 (1939) was among the earliest compositions to include an innovative use of live electronic material, it featured two variable-speed phonograph turntables and sine tone recordings (Collins 2007, 3839).

Synthesizers
A synthesizer (often abbreviated "synth") is an electronic instrument capable of producing sounds by generating electrical signals of differentfrequencies.

These electrical signals are played through a loudspeaker or set of headphones. Synthesizers can usually produce a wide range of sounds, which may either imitate other instruments ("imitative synthesis") or generate new timbres. Synthesizers use a number of different technologies or programmed algorithms, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. Among the most popular waveform synthesis techniques are subtractive synthesis, additive synthesis, wavetable synthesis, frequency modulation synthesis, phase distortion synthesis, physical modeling synthesis and sample-based synthesis. Other sound synthesis methods, like subharmonic synthesis orgranular synthesis, are not found in music synthesizers.

Computers
A computer is a programmable machine designed to sequentially and automatically carry out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations. The particular sequence of operations can be changed readily, allowing the computer to solve more than one kind of problem. Conventionally a computer consists of some form of memory for data storage, at least one element that carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control element that can change the order of operations based on the information that is stored. Peripheral devices allow information to be entered from an external source, and allow the results of operations to be sent out.

Laurens Hammond
Laurens Hammond (January 11, 1895July 3, 1973), was an American engineer and inventor. His inventions include, most famously, theHammond organ, the Hammond Clock, and the world's first polyphonic musical synthesizer, the Novachord.

Electric Guitar
An electric guitar is a guitar that uses the principle of direct electromagnetic induction to convert vibrations of its metal strings into electricaudio signals. The

signal generated by an electric guitar is too weak to drive a loudspeaker, so it is amplified before sending it to a loudspeaker. Since the output of an electric guitar is an electric signal, the signal may easily be altered using electronic circuits to add "color" to the sound. Often the signal is modified using effects such as reverb and distortion. Invented in 1931, the electric guitar became a necessity as jazz musicians sought to amplify their sound. Since then, the electric guitar has undeniably become one of the most important instruments in popular music around the world. It has evolved into a stringed musical instrument that is capable of a multitude of sounds and styles. It served as a major component in the development of rock and roll and countless other genres of music.

Electronic Keyboard
An electronic keyboard (also called digital keyboard, portable keyboard and home keyboard) is an electronic or digitalkeyboard instrument. The major components of a typical modern electronic keyboard are:

Musical keyboard: The plastic white and black piano-style keys which the player presses, thus connecting the switches, which triggers the electronic note or other sound. Most keyboards use a keyboard matrix circuit to reduce the amount of wiring that is needed. User interface software: A program (usually embedded in a computer chip) which handles user interaction with control keys and menus, which allows the user to select tones (e.g., piano, organ, flute, drum kit), effects (reverb, echo, telephones or sustain), and other features (e.g., transposition, an electronic drum machine) Rhythm & chord generator: A software program which produces rhythms and chords by the means of MIDI electronic commands. Sound generator: An electronic sound module typically contained within an integrated circuit or chip, which is capable of accepting MIDI commands and producing sounds. Amplifier and speaker: a low-powered audio amplifier and a small speaker that amplify the sounds so that the listener can hear them.

Notation
Music notation or musical notation is any system that represents aurally perceived music, through the use of written symbols. Notation is the writing o symbols to represent musical sounds. It is an important aspect in a musical composition, for it is through notation that one can play and sing it.

Church Modes
In modern Western music, mode (from Latin modus, "measure, standard, manner, way") is a concept that involves scale andmelody type. Historically, the word had other possible meanings. In the early medieval period, it meant interval. In the late medieval period, it meant the rhythmic relationship between long and short values (Powers 2001, Introduction). Since the end of the eighteenth century, the term has also applied in ethnomusicological contextsto pitch structures in non-European musical cultures, sometimes with doubtful compatibility (Powers 2001, V,1). This article addresses the medieval and modern scale and melody-type meaning. Modes are the forerunners of our modern major and minor scales, each mode corresponding to the white notes o the piano keyboard, played consecutively from a note to its octave thus: D to D1 is Dorain; M to M1, Phrydian; F to F1, Lydian; G to G1, Mixolydian. The semitones or half-steps are indicated by a slur; the rest of the intervals are whole tones. Bartoks compositions possess church modes.

New Sounds
At the advent of the 20th-21st Century, new sounds were introduced to render variation to musical scales.

Serial Music
Serial or 12-tone music was invented in the early 20th Century by Schoenberg and pupils, Bern and Webern. It was based on the chromatic scale.

Musique Concrete
In the 1950s, French composers explored new sound recording technology wherein they rearranged sounds on tape changing the speed or playing them backwards to make musical patterns.

Electronic Music
Composers like Stockhausen in the late 1950s began to use early synthesizers to produce electronic music. This method merged with those of musique concrete.

Neo-Classical Music
Neo means modernized or new. Some musical composers of the period rejected the Romantic style.

Aleatoric or Chance Music

Aleatoric or chance is also known as interdeterministic music which has a chance element in reaction to music that is totally planned. For example, it may have phrases that can be played in any order.

Minimalists or Process Music

In the 1960s a group of North America composers invented minimalists or process music. It refers to the dominance of process in music where fragments are layered on the top of each other, often looped, to produce the entirety of the sonic canvas. It consists of repeated phrases which slowly changed. Minimalists or Process Music is easier to listen to than some experimental music.

Example of minimalists or process music are In C of Terry Riley and Drumming of Steve Reich.

Pierre Shaffer

Laurens Hammond

Terry Riley

Pablo Picasso

Igor Stravinsky

Wassily Kandinsky