ICIIS 2011

ICIIS 2011

Evaluation of Compact CARSA Sensor and Penetration Depth of EM Signal for Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Measurement

W. A. T. Ruwansiri, Student Member, IEEE, E. C. Kulasekere, Member, IEEE, D. M. M. J. Senarathna and I. J. Dayawansa, Fellow, IEE, Member, IEEE.

August 19, 2011

ICIIS 2011 Contents

Contents
Motivation Sensor Measurement Environment Skin Impedance Variation with Blood Glucose Level Sensor and Measurement Sensitivity Conclusion References

ICIIS 2011 Motivation

Problem Statement
Diabetes
Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death across the world [1]. Clinical approach of monitoring blood glucose level is a time consuming and a painful method. Available home gluco-meters do not accurately estimate the blood glucose level. Modeling of skin can be used to improve accuracy of the non-invasive blood glucose monitoring.

ICIIS 2011 Motivation

Focus of the Studies

Propose a new sensor for Non-invasive blood glucose spectroscopy. Evaluate the penetration depth of EM energy for non-invasive blood glucose measurement using dielectric-spectroscopy.

ICIIS 2011 Sensor

Existing Sensors Tested

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

ICIIS 2011 Sensor

CARSA (Compact Annular Ring Slot Antenna) Sensor

Top view

Bottom View

ICIIS 2011 Sensor

EM Field Close to CARSA

Air W1 Electrical Field Substrate ( r) Magnetic Field Skin S W2

ICIIS 2011 Sensor

CARSA (Compact Annular Ring Slot Antenna) Sensor

Inner Ring Outer Ring

r w1

w2

Figure: Schematics of CARSA

Eective length of the CARSA l (W1 , W2 , S) = (W1 W2 ) (2r + W2 ) S W2 (1)

ICIIS 2011 Measurement Environment

Measurement Environment
VCO 309 Vref Rref =102 Vsens Amplitude Detector Circuit Power (3.6 V) and Ground Line (0 V) 2 2 Control Voltage (0 to 10 V in 0.1 V steps) and Ground Line (0 V) 2 Vref and Vsens System Under Test (Sensor / Sensor and Skin)

NI DAQ Card Ground Line (0V)

LabView Application

Figure: Block diagram of measurement environment

Data

ICIIS 2011 Measurement Environment

Measurement Environment
VCO 309 Vref Rref =102 Vsens Amplitude Detector Circuit Power (3.6 V) and Ground Line (0 V) 2 2 Control Voltage (0 to 10 V in 0.1 V steps) and Ground Line (0 V) 2 Vref and Vsens System Under Test (Sensor / Sensor and Skin)

NI DAQ Card Ground Line (0V)

LabView Application

Figure: Block diagram of measurement environment

Data

ICIIS 2011 Measurement Environment

Measurement Environment
VCO 309 Vref Rref =102 Vsens Amplitude Detector Circuit 2 Vref and Vsens System Under Test (Sensor / Sensor and Skin)

Vref = i (Rref + Zsys )

Power (3.6 V) and Ground Line (0 V) 2 2 Control Voltage (0 to 10 V in 0.1 V steps) and Ground Line (0 V)

NI DAQ Card Ground Line (0V)

LabView Application

Figure: Block diagram of measurement environment

Data

ICIIS 2011 Measurement Environment

Measurement Environment
VCO 309 Vref Rref =102 Vsens Amplitude Detector Circuit 2 System Under Test (Sensor / Sensor and Skin)

Vref = i (Rref + Zsys )

Vsens = i (Zsys )
Vref and Vsens

Power (3.6 V) and Ground Line (0 V) 2 2 Control Voltage (0 to 10 V in 0.1 V steps) and Ground Line (0 V)

NI DAQ Card Ground Line (0V)

LabView Application

Figure: Block diagram of measurement environment

Data

ICIIS 2011 Measurement Environment

Measurement Environment
VCO 309 Vref Rref =102 Vsens Amplitude Detector Circuit 2 System Under Test (Sensor / Sensor and Skin)

Vref = i (Rref + Zsys )

Vsens = i (Zsys )
Vref and Vsens

Power (3.6 V) and Ground Line (0 V) 2 2 Control Voltage (0 to 10 V in 0.1 V steps) and Ground Line (0 V)

NI DAQ Card Ground Line (0V)

Data

LabView Application

Zsys =

Vsens Rref Vref Vsens

Figure: Block diagram of measurement environment

ICIIS 2011 Measurement Environment

Measurement Environment
VCO 309 Vref Rref =102 Vsens Amplitude Detector Circuit 2 System Under Test (Sensor / Sensor and Skin)

Vref = i (Rref + Zsys )

Vsens = i (Zsys )
Vref and Vsens

Power (3.6 V) and Ground Line (0 V) 2 2 Control Voltage (0 to 10 V in 0.1 V steps) and Ground Line (0 V)

NI DAQ Card Ground Line (0V)

Data

LabView Application

Zsys =

Vsens Rref Vref Vsens

frequency (f)

Figure: Block diagram of measurement environment

ICIIS 2011 Measurement Environment

Measurement Environment
VCO 309 Vref Rref =102 Vsens Amplitude Detector Circuit 2 System Under Test (Sensor / Sensor and Skin)

Vref = i (Rref + Zsys )

Vsens = i (Zsys )
Vref and Vsens

Power (3.6 V) and Ground Line (0 V) 2 2 Control Voltage (0 to 10 V in 0.1 V steps) and Ground Line (0 V)

NI DAQ Card Ground Line (0V)

Impedance (|Z|) ()

Data

320 300 280 260 240 220 200 180 160

LabView Application

Zsys =

Vsens Rref Vref Vsens

Impedance

frequency (f)

Figure: 35 40 20 25 30 Block diagram of measurement environment Frequency (MHz)

ICIIS 2011 Skin Impedance Variation with Blood Glucose Level

Soda Test

Experiment setup
Used the experiment setup showed early, Sample size was 6, Subjects were fasting for more than 8 hours and we took impedance measurements, Then subject drank sugar sweetened soft drink, After 30 minutes, we took impedance measurement.

ICIIS 2011 Skin Impedance Variation with Blood Glucose Level

Soda Test
190 After having sugar sweetened drink Impedance (|Z|) () 180

170 Fasting

160

20

25 30 35 Frequency (MHz)

40

Figure: Skin impedance variation with blood glucose level

ICIIS 2011 Skin Impedance Variation with Blood Glucose Level

Ion Conduction Through Tissues [2]

Extra cellular solution Ion chanel

Intra cellular solution

ICIIS 2011 Skin Impedance Variation with Blood Glucose Level

Soda Test
Explaining soda test results
Non-carbonic ions are responsible for ionic conduction through any biological tissue, With blood glucose level volume fraction of carbonic ions increase, Hence, volume fraction of non-carbonic ions reduce, Which result in reduction of blood and associated tissues conductivity, Hence, skin impedance increases.

ICIIS 2011 Sensor and Measurement Sensitivity

Sensor Series
Sensor Name Inner Ring Width (W1 ) (mm) 3.1 3.5 5 Outer Ring Width (W2 ) (mm) 1.7 2 2.8 Gap (S) (mm) Eective Length (l) (mm)

Small Sensor Medium Sensor Large Sensor

1.7 2 2.2

6.5 7.5 10

ICIIS 2011 Sensor and Measurement Sensitivity

Observation

20 Impedance (|Z|) () Small sensor 15

10

Medium sensor Large sensor 20 25 30 35 Frequency (Hz) 40

Figure: Impedance dierence between OGTT to FBS

ICIIS 2011 Sensor and Measurement Sensitivity

Measurement Sensitivity

Iaiv = Avg (OGTTimp FBSimp ) Sensitivity = where, OGTTimp FBSimp Iaiv OGTTglu FBSglu Iaiv (OGTTglu FBSglu )

(2) (3)

: : : : :

OGTT impedance at a given frequency FBS impedance at the same frequency Average impedance shift OGTT value from invasive method FBS value from invasive method

ICIIS 2011 Sensor and Measurement Sensitivity

Sensitivity Variation

1 Sensitivity (/mg/dl) 0.8

Maximum sensitivity Average sensitivity Minimum sensitivity

0.6 0.4

LargeSensor

M ediumSensor Sensor Type

SmallSensor

Figure: Sensitivity comparison of three sensors [3]

ICIIS 2011 Sensor and Measurement Sensitivity

Analysis of Observation
Stratum Conium Living Epidermis Papillary Dermis Upper Blood Net Dermis Reticular Dermis Deep Blood Net Dermis Subcutaneous Fat 20 m 80 m 150 m 80 m 1500 m 100 m 6000 m

Figure: Skin layered architecture [4]

ICIIS 2011 Conclusion

Sensor geometry inuence to the measurement sensitivity, CARSA has higher performance than glass coated microstrip antenna with rectangular ring, Lover the depth of penetration better the measurement sensitivity.

ICIIS 2011 References

A. D. A. (1994), Self-monitoring of blood glucose, Diabetes Care, vol. 17, pp. 8186, 1994. I. Channel and T. Laboratory, http://www.med.nus.edu.sg/phys/lab/Soong-Lab/Lab Interest/calcium channel.html, Accessed 04 August 2011. W. A. T. Ruwansiri, E. C. Kulasekere, D. M. M. J. Senarathna, and I. J. Dayawansa, Evaluation of compact carsa sensor and penetration depth of em signal for non-invasive blood glucose measurement, IEEE transaction on ICIIS, August 2011. I. V. Meglinski1 and S. J. Matcher, Quantitative assessment of skin layers absorption and skin reectance spectra simulation in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions, Physiological Measurement, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 741753, 2002.

ICIIS 2011 References

Questions ?

ICIIS 2011 References

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