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MIT Lincoln Laboratory
Introduction-2 AG 6/18/02
Acknowledgement
Dr. Robert G. Atkins Dr. Pamela R. Evans Dr. Robert J. Galejs Dr. Jeffrey S. Herd Dr. Claude F. Noiseux Dr. Philip K. W. Phu Dr. Nicholas B. Pulsone Dr. Katherine A. Rink Dr. James Ward Dr. Stephen D. Weiner And many others
MIT Lincoln Laboratory
Introductory in Scope
Basic Radar Concepts Minimal Mathematical Formalism
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Outline
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Radar
Acoustic
Other
Chem/Bio Surveillance Sonar Radiological Tracking Blast detection Fire control Troop movement Target ID/ detection discrimination Ground surveillance/ reconnaissance Ground mapping Moving target detection Air traffic control Missile seekers Long range All-weather Day/night 3-space target location Reasonably robust against countermeasures
MIT Lincoln Laboratory
Applications
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Attributes
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Wavelength Antenna
Azimuth Beamwidth
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/2 240' 215'
Transmit Antenna
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Receive Antenna
MIT Lincoln Laboratory
Timely warning of direction and size of German aircraft attacks allowed British to
Focus their limited numbers of interceptor aircraft Achieve numerical parity with the attacking German aircraft
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Courtesy of US Navy.
Introduction-14
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Instrumentation Radars
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Outline
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RADAR
RAdio Detection And Ranging
Antenna Propagation
Radar observables: Target range Target angles (azimuth & elevation) Target size (radar cross section) Target speed (Doppler) Target features (imaging)
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Electromagnetic Waves
Radar Frequencies
MIT Lincoln Laboratory
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Properties of Waves
Relationship Between Frequency and Wavelength
1, 2, 3,
Frequency (1/s) =
Examples:
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Properties of Waves
Phase and Amplitude
Amplitude (volts) A Phase,
A sin( )
Amplitude (volts) A
90 phase offset
Phase,
A sin( 90 o )
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Properties of Waves
Constructive vs. Destructive Addition
Polarization
y Electromagnetic Wave Electromagnetic Wave Electric Field Electric Field Magnetic Field Magnetic Field
Vertical Polarization y
Horizontal Polarization y
E x
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z
MIT Lincoln Laboratory
Frequency
1 MHz
1 GHz
109 Hz
1012 Hz IR UV Visible
UHF VHF 0 1
L-Band
S-Band
C-Band
X-Band
Ku K Ka W
10
11
12
30 20
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10 9
8 7
3
MIT Lincoln Laboratory
3 30 MHz 30 MHz300 MHz 300 MHz1 GHz 1 GHz2 GHz 2 GHz4 GHz 4 GHz8 GHz 8 GHz12 GHz 12 GHz18 GHz 18 GHz27 GHz 27 GHz40 GHz 40 GHz 100+ GHz
MIT Lincoln Laboratory
Search Radars
Missile Seekers
Transmitter
Waveform Generator
Detection
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Received Pulse
Figure by MIT OCW.
Transmit Power
Transmit Gain
Spread Factor
Losses
Target RCS
Dwell Time
PT
4A 2
1 4R2
1 L
1 4R2
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Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Received Signal
Noise
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Example:
. . .
dB 10 20 30
0 dB = factor of 1 -10 dB = factor of 1/10 -20 dB = factor of 1/100 3 dB = factor of 2 -3 dB = factor of 1/2
MIT Lincoln Laboratory
1,000,000
106
60
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Pulsed Radar
Terminology and Concepts
Pulse length
Power
Peak power
Target Return Pulse repetition interval (PRI) Pulse length Pulse repetition interval
Time
Duty cycle =
Average power = Peak power * Duty cycle Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) = 1/(PRI) Continuous wave (CW) radar: Duty cycle = 100% (always on)
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Pulsed Radar
Terminology and Concepts
Pulse length 100 sec
Peak power
1 MW
Power
Target Return
1 W
Pulse repetition interval (PRI) 1 msec Pulse length Pulse repetition interval
Time
10%
Duty cycle =
Average power = Peak power * Duty cycle Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) = 1/(PRI)
100 kW 1 kHz
Radar Waveforms
What do radars transmit?
Waves?
or Pulses?
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Time
Time
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e ang R
Target
d itte sm ran ulse T P ed ect fl Re ulse P
Target range =
c 2
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Antenna Gain
Isotropic antenna
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Radar beams can be attenuated, reflected and Radar beams can be attenuated, reflected and bent by the environment bent by the environment
MIT Lincoln Laboratory
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(m2)
Radar Cross Section (RCS, or s) is the effective crosssectional area of the target as seen by the radar measured in m2, or dBm2
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Signal Processing
Pulse Compression
Problem: Pulse can be very long; does not allow accurate range measurement 1 msec x c = 150 km 2
?
Figure by MIT OCW.
Solution: Use pulse with changing frequency and signal process using matched filter
Matched Filter
Uncompressed pulse
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Compressed pulse
MIT Lincoln Laboratory
Bandwidth
Narrowband Waveform Bandwidth Low Range Resolution
Frequency
Compressed Pulse
R =
c 2B
Range
Time
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Range
MIT Lincoln Laboratory
Power
High (X 10)
Medium (X 3)
Low
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Detection Threshold
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Coherent Integration
Signal buried in Noise (SNR < 0 dB) Voltage Pulse 1
+ Pulse 2
0 + Pulse 3
. . .
+ Pulse N Power 0
Signals are same each time; add coherently (N2) Noise is different each time; doesnt add coherently (N)
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|x|2
Doppler Effect
Observer A
Observer B
Observer A Hears
Observer B Hears
Driver Hears
Figure by MIT OCW.
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c f = f (2v/)
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Doppler shift
Clutter returns are much larger than target returns however, targets move, clutter doesnt.
Note: if youre moving too, you need to take that into account.
Doppler lets you separate things that are moving from things that arent Doppler lets you separate things that are moving from things that arent
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50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 0
Target
50
100
150
200
Velocity (m/s)
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Transmitter
Waveform Generator
Detection
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Outline
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Introduction Radar Equation Propagation Effects Target Radar Cross Section Detection of Signals in Noise & Pulse Compression Radar Antennas Radar Clutter and Chaff Signal Processing-MTI and Pulse Doppler Tracking and Parameter Estimation Transmitters and Receivers
MIT Lincoln Laboratory
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References
Skolnik, M., Introduction to Radar Systems, New York, McGraw-Hill, 3rd Edition, 2001 Nathanson, F. E., Radar Design Principles, New York, McGraw-Hill, 2nd Edition, 1991 Toomay, J. C., Radar Principles for the Non-Specialist, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1989 Buderi R., The Invention That Changed the World, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1996
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