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CONTENIDO PROGRAMTICO INGLES III

1. TIEMPOS VERBALES -

PASADO SIMPLE. FUTURO SIMPLE FUTURO PROGRESIVO FUTURO PERFECTO PROGRESIVO PASADO PROGRESIVO. PRESENTE PERFECTO. PRESENTE PERFECTO CONTINUO. PASADO PERFECTO. PASADO PERFECTO CONTINO. FUTURO PERFECTO. CONDICIONAL SIMPLE CONDICIONAL PROGRESIVO CONDICIONAL PERFECTO MODALES.

2. VERBOS REGULARES E IRREGULARES VERBOS REGULALES DEFINICIN, FORMAS Y CARACTERISTICAS

VERBOS IRREGULARES DEFINICIN, FORMAS Y CARACTERISTICAS.

3. VOZ PASIVA I DEFINICIN FORMA FUNCIN USOS VOZ PASIVA Y LOS VERBOS MODALES TIEMPOS PASIVOS Y SUS EQUIVALENTES ACTIVOS PATRONES PASIVOS.

1.- TIEMPOS VERBALES

Pasado simple (sujeto + verbo pdo. + Complemento) Muestra un tiempo particular en el pasado; ya ocurri. Indica algo que comenz y finaliz en el pasado. Ej. I watched tv last night / I lived in Bolvar for three years.

Pasado continuo o progresivo (sujeto + was / were + ving + comp.) Describe una accin que estuvo en progreso en un tiempo especfico en el pasado. La accin comenz antes del tiempo especfico y puede o no continuar despus del tiempo especfico. Ej. The Curies were living in Paris in 1895. / She was expecting a baby in the fall. Se puede utilizar while con el tiempo progresivo. Ej. While he was skating, he collapsed. Tambin se puede usar con while o when para describir dos acciones en progreso al mismo tiempo en el pasado. Ej. When she wasnt looking, he was changing into superman. Futuro simple (sujeto + will + verbo + comp.) (s + to be+going to+verbo+comp.) Muestra un tiempo particular en el futuro; algo que ocurrir. Ej. It will rain tomorrow. / They are going to watch tv. Futuro continuo o progresivo (sujeto + will be + ving + comp.) (sujeto + to be + going to + ving + comp.)

Utilizado con be going to o will describe acciones que estarn en progreso en un tiempo especfico en el futuro. Ej. Im going to be taking the shuttle tomorrow. / Ill be taking the shuttle tomorrow. El futuro progresivo enfatiza que una accin estar en progreso en el futuro. I cant call you. Ill be sleeping.

Futuro perfecto (sujeto + will + have + part. pdo. v + comp.) Se utiliza para describir una accin futura que ser completada en un cierto tiempo en el futuro. Ej. By June, he will have paid his debt / She will have bought a new car by May. Frecuentemente se utiliza already y yet con el futuro perfecto para enfatizar cual evento ocurrir primero. Ej. By the time he graduates, he will have already saved $ 1000.

Futuro perfecto continuo (sujeto + will + have + been + ving + comp.) Se utiliza para describir una accin que an estar en progreso en un cierto tiempo en el futuro. La accin puede comenzar alguna vez en el futuro o puede haber comenzado. Ej. He will have been studying for two hours by the time he arrives. Presente perfecto (sujeto + have / has + part. pdo. V + Comp.) Es utilizado para describir hechos que ocurrieron en un tiempo no especfico en el pasado. Ej. She has read a book about scuba diving. / I have already eaten. Este tiempo verbal (sin for o since) se refiere a una actividad o estado que ha finalizado. Ej. She has read a book about scuba diving (ella ha finalizado el libro). / Hes lived in Bolivar for three years (al parecer contina viviendo all). Presente perfecto continuo (sujeto + have / has + been + ving + comp.) Al igual que el presente perfecto, es usado para describir los hechos que comenzaron en el pasado, continan en el presente y pueden continuar en el futuro. Ej. Ive been living in Bolvar my whole life. Este tiempo verbal puede tambier indicar una accin temporal. Ej. Ive been living in Bolvar for three years, but next month Im moving to Caracas. Asimismo, este tiempo muestra que que una actividad no ha finalizado. Ej. Shes been reading a book about scuba diving. Pasado perfecto (sujeto + had + part. pdo. v + comp.) Muestra que algo ocurri antes de un tiempo especfico en el pasado. Ej. By 1988 she had become famous. Expresa una actividad que se complet antes de otra actividad o tiempo en el pasado. Already, yet, ever y never son frecuentemente utilizados con el pasado perfecto para enfatizar el evento que ocurri primero. Ej. I had already eaten when they arrived. Pasado perfecto continuo (sujeto + had + been+ ving + comp)

Se utiliza para describir una accin que estuvo en progreso antes de un tiempo especfico en el pasado. Enfatiza la duracin de una actividad que estuvo en progreso antes de otra actividad o tiempo en el pasado. Lo progresivo resalta el proceso no el resultado final. Ej. He had been studying for two hours. Frecuentemente se utiliza este tiempo para sacar conclusiones basadas en evidencias. Ej. She was out of breath. It was clear that she had been running. CONDICIONAL Es un tiempo verbal creado en las lenguas romnicas, no exista en latn. Este tiempo, a lo largo de la historia de la lengua, ha presentado vacilaciones significativas de uso e incluso terminolgicas. En principio, se denomin modo potencial, por su significacin hipottica o posible: me comprara un carro si pudiera; en la actualidad la Real Academia Espaola lo denomina condicional, por influjo de la gramtica francesa y por ser el tiempo caracterstico de los condicionales. Por su significado, es un futuro hipottico, indica siempre una accin futura respecto a otra. Se incluye como variante del modo indicativo, porque el hablante lo utiliza como expresin de una accin real o por encontrarse en una gran relacin con este. En el uso actual se sustituye o alterna con el pretrito imperfecto del indicativo en las oraciones condicionales. Ej. If I had money, I would buy a house (si tuviera dinero, me comprara una casa). El tiempo condicional indica una condicin, probabilidad, posibilidad, sugerencia corts, etc. Algunas formas del condicional son: simple, progresivo, perfecto y perfecto continuo. Condicional simple (sujeto + would + verbo inf.+ complemento) - Es la expresin del verbo nicamente en condicional, el cual se refiere a una accin en presente o futuro. Ej. I would like to make a trip to Italy. / The teacher would keep a mineral sample. - Se utiliza con normas de cortesa. Ej. Would you loan me your pen, please?

- Se utiliza para indicar una accin que podra realizarse en el futuro, pero necesita de la presencia de if en la oracin para expresar duda o posibilidad. Ej. I dont know what would happen (fut.), if you werent here. - Tambin se usa despus del pretrito en el discurso indirecto (pdo + que + condicional). Ej. I promised that I would do my homework. - El condicional simple indica una accin que nos pone en el lugar de; o recomendacin moral. Ej. If I were you, I wouldnt do that.

Condicional progresivo o continuo (sujeto + would be + ving + comp.) Esta estructura se forma con el verbo auxiliar en condicional, ms el gerundio; y tienen los mismos usos que el simple, con la diferencia de que aqu la accin es continua. Es ms descriptiva que el condicional simple y generalmente se justifica con pero. Ej. I would be watching the film, but Im not able to (prog.) Slo se usa con el presente o expresa dudas en el pasado. No se puede utilizar con el futuro. Si se tiene dudas sobre el futuro, se usa el condicional simple. Ej. If I were you, I wouldnt do that (simp). Condicional perfecto (sujeto + would have + part. pdo. v + comp.)
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Se forma con el verbo auxiliar en condicional ms el participio pasado del verbo. Tiene relacin con el pasado porque es un tiempo perfecto. Ej. I would have arrived. Tambin indica accin futura y posible relacionada con verbos en pasado. Ej. I believed that by now you already would have arrived. (crea que a estas horas ya habra llegado). Se usa para dar consejo, pedir un deseo y con normas de cortesa. Ej. I would have been more careful. Igualmente, se utiliza para expresar probabilidad. Ej. Since he didnt come, he should have called (de no venir, habra llamado)

Condicional perfecto continuo (sujeto + would + have been + ving + comp.) Ej. The teacher would have been keeping the mineral sample.

5.- MODALES CAN COULD MAY MIGHT MUST OUGHT TO SHALL SHOULD WILL WOULD

Un modal puede ser parte de la frase verbal de una oracin; cuando es as, este es siempre seguido de una forma verbal principal. Dentro de los modales ms comunes en ingls, tenemos: can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will y would, los cuales son utilizados con el infinitivo de un verbo para modificar ese verbo asignndole diferentes significados. Los modales generalmente expresan una actitud o modo del hablante. Por ejemplo, los modales pueden expresar que el hablante siente que algo es necesario, aconsejable, permisible, posible o probable; y adems, ellos pueden llevar la carga o peso de estas actitudes. Los modales no toman una -s final, incluso cuando el sujeto sea he, she, it. CAN Usualmente expresa la idea que algo es posible porque ciertas caractersticas o condiciones existen. Este modal combina las ideas de posibilidad y habilidad en el tiempo presente y futuro. Ej. I can take a rock. Tambin se utiliza para dar permiso (frecuentemente en situaciones informales). Ej. You can use my sample. En el pasado: I could read fast when I was a child, but now I cant.

Asimismo, can es usado informalmente para solicitar permiso, especialmente, si el hablante est con alguien que l conoce bien. Ej. Can I borrow your mineral sample? Tambin expresa la idea que el hablante considera que algo es imposible. Ej. That cant be true! Y en el pasado: that cant have been true! COULD Usualmente expresa una habilidad pasada (es el pasado de can). Ej. I could read fast when I was a child. En oraciones afirmativas sobre habilidades pasadas, could significa sola ser capaz de. - El uso de could indica que la habilidad existi en el pasado pero no existe ahora. - Could es tambin utilizado en solicitudes o peticiones amables con I y you como el sujeto. En este tipo de solicitudes could tiene un significado en presente o en futuro, pero no en el pasado. Ej. Could you help me? - Tambin es utilizado para solicitar permiso. Ej. Could I borrow your mineral sample (please)? - Could puede ser utilizado para hacer sugerencias. Ej. I need help in English. You could talk to your teacher. En el pasado, you could have talked to your teacher. - Could expresa menos que el 50% de seguridad sobre algn hecho. Ej. Wheres the mineral sample? It could be in the lab. En pasado, It could have been in the lab. - Este modal expresa imposibilidad (solamente en la forma negativa). Ej. That couldnt be true! En pasado, that couldnt have been true! MAY
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Al igual que could, es utilizado para solicitar y dar permiso de manera formal, tanto en el presente como en el futuro. Ej. May I come in? Para dar permiso may es utilizado despus del sujeto. Ej. You may leave this room. May al igual que could, es tambin utilizado para expresar un grado de seguridad o certeza (menos del 50%) en el tiempo presente. Ej. He may be in the lab. En el pasado: he may have been in the lab. Si estamos seguros que algo es verdad en el presente, entonces no necesitamos utilizar un modal.

MIGHT

Este verbo como may y could es utilizado para expresar menos del 50% de seguridad en el presente, futuro y pasado. Ej. Wheres the mineral sample? It might be in the lab. En pasado: It might have been in the lab. May, might y could son utilizados para expresar un grado dbil de seguridad y tiene el mismo significado en este caso. Might, puede tambin expresar una peticin formal con I como el sujeto. might I es ms formal y corts y es utilizado con mucho menos frecuencia que may I y could I. Ej. Might I borrow your pen?

MUST - Expresa una fuerte necesidad en el presente, futuro y pasado. Ej. I must go to class today.En el presente y futuro utilizamos have to o has to dependiendo del sujeto. Ej. He has to examine that igneous rock. Has to y have to son usados ms comnmente que must; pero must es ms fuerte que have to o has to y puede indicar urgencia o presin importante. La idea de una necesidad pasada es expresada por had to, no hay otra forma pasada para must, cuando este significa necesidad. Ej. I had to go to class yesterday (pdo.). - Tambin se utiliza must para indicar falta de necesidad y prohibicin solamente en el tiempo presente. Cuando se habla sobre este hecho, no se utiliza have to porque cuando se utiliza en la forma negativa: must y have to tienen significados diferentes. Ej. You must not open that door. - Must tambin es utilizado para expresar un grado elevado de seguridad sobre un futuro presente y una situacin pasada; el grado de certeza es de un 95% Ej. Mary isnt in class / She must be sick (pte / fut) / Mary must have been sick yesterday (pdo.) OUGHT TO / SHOULD - Este modal tiene el mismo significado que should. Ambos expresan recomendacin o consejo en el presente, futuro y pasado. Ej. I ought to study tonight (pte. / fut.). / I ought to have studied last night (pdo.).
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Ought no es comnmente utilizado en la forma negativa. Si se utiliza negativamente el to es eliminado. Ej. You oughtnt watch tv tonight because you have an exam tomorrow. Es ms comn utilizar should not para formar oraciones negativas. Ej. You shouldnt watch tv tonight because you have an exam tomorrow. Los verbos should y ought to expresan un grado de seguridad de 90% Ej. She should / ought to do well on the test tomorrow. La forma pasada de should es: should have + past part. + comp. Ej. I should

have studied last night; y de ought to es: ought to have + past. Part. + comp. Ej. I ought to have studied last night. SHALL
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Este modal no es de uso comn. Cuando shall es utilizado con I o we como sujetos en una pregunta, el hablante est usualmente haciendo una sugerencia y preguntando a otra persona si l / ella est de acuerdo con esta sugerencia. Ej. Shall I open the door? Shall tambin expresa futuro con I y we como sujeto en oraciones afirmativas. Ej. I shall arrive at nine. Como se mencion anteriormente, shall no es muy comn, ya que will es mayormente utilizado.

WILL -

Al igual que shall indica futuro y tiene diversos usos. Se puede utilizar para expresar un grado de seguridad o certeza de 100%, disposicin y una peticin formal. Cuando se quiere expresar 100% de seguridad o certeza se utiliza will. Ej. He will be here at 6:00. Para mostrar disposicin tambin se puede utilizar will, por ejemplo: the phones ringing. Ill get it. Y finalmente, cuando el hablante quiere hacer una peticin amable. Ej. Will you please pass the mineral sample?

WOULD
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Puede ser utilizado para hacer una peticin corts en el presente y el futuro. Ej. Would you please pass the mineral sample? o Would you mind if I left early? Expresa preferencia en el presente y el pasado. Ej. I would rather go to the university than stay home (pte.) / I would rather have gone to the university (pdo.) / y tambin indica accin repetida en el pasado. Ej. I used to visit my grandparents every weekwnd. Would es ms comn y es frecuentemente considerado ms amable que will. El grado de amabilidad, sin embargo, es a menudo determinado por el tono de voz del hablante. En la forma pasada utilizamos would rather have + past. part. En la forma progresiva se usa would rather + be + v ing. Ej. I would rather be working in the lab than sitting in class right now.

2.- VERBOS REGULARES E IRREGULARES En ingls se llaman verbos regulares a aquellos que forman el pasado agregando el sufijo ed o d a la raz del verbo. Este marcador de pasado ayuda a reconocer a este tipo de verbos en un texto escrito. VERBO ESPAOL ask invite play want PRESENTE PASADO SIMP PARTICIPIO

ask / asks invite / invites play / plays want / wants

Asked Invited Played Wanted

asked invited played wanted

Pedir, preguntar Invitar Jugar

ORTOGRAFA DEL PASADO REGULAR a) A los verbos que terminan en -e se les agrega una -d para formar el pasado Ejemplos: phone d smile / smiled agree / agreed die / died lie / lied phone /

b) A los verbos que no terminan en -e se les aade -ed para formar el pasado. Ejemplos:

arrive / arrived ask / asked clean / cleaned smile / smiled c) Los verbos que se deletrean con una sola vocal y que van seguidos de una sola consonante se les duplica la consonante. Ejemplos: begge beg / d rub / rubbed d) Los verbos de dos slabas en que la ltima slaba tiene una sola vocal acentuada ( con carga de voz), se les duplica la ltima consonante. Ejemplos: Prefer / preferred (pre `fer) refer / referred (re `fer) e) Cuando el verbo termina en -y precedida de una consonante, la -y cambia a -i quedando la terminacin -ied. Ejemplos: carry / fry / carrie d fried

VERBOS IRREGULARES A diferencia de los verbos regulares los verbos irregulares no tienen un marcador de pasado que ayude a reconocerlos. Afortunadamente, el grupo de verbos irregulares est compuesto por un nmero limitado de verbos (unos 350), mientras que existen miles de verbos regulares.

En algunos casos la forma del infinitivo y del pasado es igual. VERBO PRESENTE PASADO SIMPLE PARTICIPIO ESPAOL / 3p.s. Cut Cost Let Put cut / cuts cost/ costs let / lets put / puts Cut Cost Let Put cut cost let put cortar costar dejar poner

b) En algunos verbos la forma infinitiva termina en d y la de pasado en t. VERBO PRESENTE / 3p.s. Lend Send Spend PASADO SIMPLE PARTICIPIO ESPAOL lent sent spend prestar enviar prestar

lend / lends Lent send / sends Sent spend/spends Spent

c) Algunos verbos sufren cambios en las consonantes en la forma de pasado. VERBO PRESENTE / 3p.s. Have Make Pay have / has make / makes pay / pays PASADO SIMPLE Had Made Paid PARTICIPIO ESPAOL Had Made Paid haber,tener hacer,fabricar pagar

d) Algunos verbos sufren cambios voclicos en el pasado.

VERBO PRESENTE

PASADO

PARTICIPIO ESPAOL

/ 3p.s. Begin Drink Drive Eat Find Get Give Know

SIMPLE Begun Drunk Driven Eaten Found Got Given Known empezar beber manejar comer encontrar obtener, etc... dar conocer

begin / begins Began Drank drink / drinks Drove drive / drives Ate eat / eats Found find / finds Got get / gets Gave give / gives Knew know/ knows

e) Algunos verbos irregulares sufren cambios consonnticos y voclicos en el tiempo pasado.

VERBO PRESENTE / 3p.s. Be Bring Buy Catch Do Feel Go Hear Keep am,are / is bring / brings buy / buys catch/ catches do / does feel / feels go / goes hear / hears keep / keeps

PASADO SIMPLE Was / were Brought Bought Caught Did Felt Went Heard Kept

PARTICIPIO ESPAOL Been Brought Bought Caught Done Felt Gone Heard Kept ser, estar traer comprar tomar hacer sentir ir oir guardar, mantener.

3. - VOZ PASIVA

DEFINICIN En la voz pasiva, el objeto de un verbo activo se convierte en el sujeto del verbo pasivo. En otras palabras, en la voz pasiva el sujeto recibe la accin. Solamente los verbos transitivos (les sigue un objeto) son utilizados en la forma pasiva. FORMA Esta voz se forma con el verbo to be en cualquiera de sus formas + el participio pasado del verbo principal de la oracin. Ej. The rock was taken by him. / The rocks are taken by me. FUNCIN Tiene como funcin mostrar y / o enfatizar el inters en la persona u objeto que experimenta una accin ms que en la persona u objeto que ejecuta la accin. USOS Se utiliza en las siguientes situaciones: a.- Cuando el agente es desconocido o no es importante. Ej. The museum was founded in 1978. b.- Cuando la identidad del agente est clara a partir del contexto. Ej. The book is sold at newsstands. c.- Cuando se quiere evitar mencionar al agente. Ej. Some mistakes were made in that article on Venezuela.

Nota:

Se utiliza la voz pasiva con by si se quiere mencionar el agente en las siguientes situaciones:
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Cuando se introduce necesariamente nueva informacin sobre el agente. Ej. Recently, John was hired by international magazine to write a monthly column. Cuando se quiere dar crdito a alguien que cre algo. Ej. The geological article was written by John Walker. Cuando el agente es sorpresivo. Ej. Our windows are washed by a robot.

VOZ PASIVA Y LOS VERBOS MODALES (modal + be + past part.)


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Despus de un verbo modal, se forma la voz pasiva con la forma base de be + past part. Ej. The crew must be given time off. / The shuttle will be used to launched the space station. Se utiliza will o be going to en la forma pasiva para hablar sobre el futuro. Ej. It will be launched very soon / Its going to be launched very soon. Se utiliza can en la forma pasiva para expresar habilidad presente. Ej. The blastoff can be seen for miles. Y utilizamos could para expresar habilidad pasada. Ej. It could be seen very clearly last year. Se utiliza could, may, might y can en la forma pasiva para expresar posibilidad o imposibilidad. Ej. It could be launched very soon / Venezuelan scientists may be invited to participate / Plants might be grown on board / It cant be done. Se utiliza had better, should, ought y must para expresar:

a.- Recomendacin / consejo: The crew should be prepared to deal with cultural differences / Crew members ought to be given communication training. b.- Obligacin: Privacy had better be respected. c.- Necesidad: Everyone must be consulted. Nota: Forma pasiva de los modales y el pasado. Modal + have been + past part. Should Must have been have been sent built

Ought to have been

invited

TIEMPOS PASIVOS Y SUS EQUIVALENTES ACTIVOS Example: to keep TENSE / VERB FORM Simple present Simple past Past continuous Present perfect Past perfect future Conditional present Conditional past present infinitive perfect infinitive present participle/gerund perfect participle ACTIVE VOICE keeps kept was keeping Have kept had kept will keep Would keep Would have kept to keep to have kept keeping Having kept PASSIVE VOICE is kept is being kept Was kept Was being kept have been kept Had been kept will be kept would be kept would have been kept to be kept to have been kept being kept having been kept

Present continuous is keeping

PATRONES VERBALES PASIVOS 1.- PRESENTE SIMPLE SUBJECT (D.O) + TO BE (IS / ARE) + PAST PART. V + COMP. (AGENTE) The mineral sample is kept by the teacher

2. - PASADO SIMPLE SUBJECT (D.O) + TO BE (WAS / WERE) + PAST PART. V + COMP. (AGENTE) The mineral sample was kept by the teacher 3. - FUTURO SUBJECT (D.O) + WILL + BE + PAST PART. V + COMP. (AGENTE) The mineral sample will be kept by the teacher 4.- PRESENTE CONTINUO O PROGRESIVO SUBJECT (D.O) + TO BE (IS/ARE)+BEING + PAST PART. V + COMP. (AGENTE) The mineral sample is being kept by the teacher 5.- PASADO CONTINUO O PROGRESIVO SUBJ. (D.O)+TO BE(WAS/WERE)+BEING+PAST PART. V +COMP. (AGENTE) The mineral sample was being kept by the teacher.

6.- FUTURO CONTINUO O PROGRESIVO Este tiempo no se utiliza en la forma pasiva. 7. - PRESENTE PERFECTO SUBJECT (D.O) + HAVE / HAS + BEEN + PAST PART. V + COMP. (AGENTE)

The mineral sample has been kept by the teacher 8. - PASADO PERFECTO SUBJECT (D.O) + HAD + BEEN + PAST PART. V + COMP. (AGENTE) The mineral sample had been kept by the teacher 9. - FUTURO PERFECTO SUBJECT (D.O) + WILL + HAVE + BEEN + PAST PART. V + COMP. (AGENTE) The mineral sample will have been kept by the teacher 10.- CONDICIONAL PRESENTE SUBJECT (D.O) + WOULD + BE + PAST PART. V + COMP. (AGENTE) The mineral sample would be kept by the teacher 11.- CONDICIONAL PASADO SUBJECT (D.O) + WOULD HAVE+ BEEN + PAST PART. V + COMP. (AGENTE) The mineral sample would have been kept by the teacher

12.- MODAL SUBJECT (D.O) + VERBO MODAL + BE + PAST PART. V + COMP. (AGENTE) The mineral sample must / can be kept by the teacher 13.- VERBOS MODALES Y EL PASADO

SUBJ. (D.O) + V. MODAL + HAVE + BEEN + PAST PART. V + COMP. (AGENTE) The mineral sample should have been kept by the teacher TAREA 1 Practicing I. Utilizando la informacin dada forme la oracin afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa y respndala. Los casos anteriores hgalos en los tiempos verbales pasado simple, futuro simple y futuro continuo.
1. She/to live/in Venezuela. 2. He/to visit/us every weekend. 3. They /to meet/ him in the airport. 4. We /to spend/much time on their English. 5. You/to get up/at six oclock every morning.

Practicing II. Cambie los verbos en las siguientes oraciones al pasado simple. 1. Yesterday, I get to the restaurant with a client. 2. We run around the parking lot for 20 minutes in order to find a place. 3. When we come at the restaurant, the place is full. 4. The waitress speaks us if we have reservations. 5. I say, "No, my secretary makes the report." 6. The waitress asks them to come back in two hours. 7. My client and I slowly go back to the car. 8. Then we watch a small grocery store. 9. We arrive in the grocery store and bring some sandwiches. 10. That is better than waiting for two hours.

Practicing III Corrija los errores en las siguientes oraciones: 1. Last night, Samantha has pizza for supper. 2. My pet lizard was died last month. 3. Yesterday I spend two hours cleaning my living room. 4. This morning before coming to class, Jack eats two bowls of cereal.

Practicing IV. TRADUZCA AL ESPAOL EL SIGUIENTE PARRAFO Y RESPONDA LAS PREGUNTAS SEALADAS ABAJO The modern sense of human rights can be traced to Renaissance Europe and the Protestant Reformation, alongside the disappearance of the feudal authoritarianism and religious conservativism that dominated the Middle Ages. Human rights were defined as a result of European scholars attempting to form a "secularized version of Judeo-Christian ethics". Although ideas of rights and liberty have existed in some form for much of human history, they do not resemble the modern conception of human rights. According to Jack Donnelly, in the ancient world, "traditional societies typically have had elaborate systems of duties... conceptions of justice, political legitimacy, and human flourishing that sought to realize human dignity, flourishing, or well-being entirely independent of human rights. These institutions and practices are alternative to, rather than different formulations of, human rights". The concept of universal human rights was not known in the ancient world, not in Ancient Greece and Rome, Ancient India, Ancient China, nor among the Hebrews; slavery, for instance, was justified in ancient times as a natural condition. Medieval charters of liberty such as the English Magna Carta were not charters of human rights, let alone general charters of rights: they instead constituted a form of limited political and legal agreement to address specific political circumstances, in the case of Magna Carta later being mythologized in the course of early modern debates about rights. The basis of most modern legal interpretations of human rights can be traced back to recent European history. The Twelve Articles (1525) are considered to be the first record of human rights in Europe. They were part of the peasants' demands

raised towards the Swabian League in the German Peasants' War in Germany. In Spain in 1542 Bartolom de Las Casas argued against Juan Gins de Seplveda in the famous Valladolid debate, Seplveda mainted an Aristotelian view of humanity as divided into classes of different worth, while Las Casas argued in favor of equal rights to freedom of slavery for all humans regardless of race or religion. In Britain in 1683, the English Bill of Rights (or "An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown") and the Scottish Claim of Right each made illegal a range of oppressive governmental actions. Two major revolutions occurred during the 18th century, in the United States (1776) and in France (1789), leading to the adoption of the United States Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen respectively, both of which established certain legal rights. Additionally, the Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776 encoded into law a number of fundamental civil rights and civil freedoms. Human rights are "basic rights and freedoms that all people are entitled to regardless of nationality, sex, national or ethnic origin, race, religion, language, or other status." Human rights are conceived as universal and egalitarian, with all people having equal rights by virtue of being human. These rights may exist as natural rights or as legal rights, in both national and international law. The doctrine of human rights in international practice, within international law, global and regional institutions, in the policies of states and the activities of non-governmental organizations has been a cornerstone of public policy around the world. It has been said that: "if the public discourse of peacetime global society can be said to have a common moral language, it is that of human rights." Despite this, the strong claims made by the doctrine of human rights continue to provoke considerable skepticism, debates about the content, nature and justifications of human rights continue to this day. Many of the basic ideas that animated the movement developed in the aftermath of the Second World War and the atrocities of the Holocaust, culminating in the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Paris by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. The ancient world did not possess the concept of universal human rights. Ancient societies had "elaborate systems of duties... conceptions of justice, political legitimacy, and human flourishing that sought to realize human dignity, flourishing, or well-being entirely independent of human rights" The modern concept of human rights developed during the early Modern period, alongside the European secularization of Judeo-Christian ethics. The true forerunner of human rights discourse was the concept of natural rights which appeared as part of the medieval Natural law tradition, became prominent during the

Enlightenment with such philosophers as John Locke, Francis Hutcheson, and JeanJacques Burlamaqui, and featured prominently in the political discourse of the American Revolution and the French Revolution. From this foundation, the modern human rights movement emerged over the latter half of the twentieth century. Gelling as social activism and political rhetoric in many nations put it high on the world agenda. By the 21st century, Moyn has argued, the human rights movement expanded beyond its original anti-totalitarianism to include numerous causes involving humanitarianism and social and economic development in the Third World. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

9) Which is the main idea of paragraph one? 10) Which is the main idea of paragraph two? 11) Which is the main idea of paragraph three? 12) Which is the main idea of paragraph four? 13) Which is title of the reading?

Practicing V. RESPONDA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS: 1. ESCRIBA 5 ORACIONES TOMADAS DEL PARRAFO PASADO SIMPLE Y TRADUZCALAS AL ESPAOL. EN

2. CAMBIE LAS ORACIONES ANTERIORES AL FUTURO SIMPLE Y FUTURO SIMLE CONTINUO. Nota: Todos los ejercicios deben ser resueltos (bajo el formato Word), en un archivo aparte al enviado con su portada y ttulo del trabajo y todos los dems datos que lleva un trabajo y enviados en archivo adjunto para el sbado 22 de Octubre de 2011

hasta las 12 de la media noche sin prrroga


DEBE IDENTIFICARSE COMO ESTUDIANTE DEL CURSO INGLES 3 SIEMPRE.

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