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APPROACH
The quality of the coastal tourism landscapes in the Mediterranean is in grave danger, because of unsustainable tourism. The Mediterranean strategy of the United Nations Environmental Programme (2008) consider sustainable development as a vital necessity to meet (tourism) development challenges in the Mediterranean. Sustainable tourism development is: the suitable balance between the environmental, economic and sociocultural aspects, which is established to guarantee its long-term sustainability (UNWTO 2004 in UNEP 2009). How should sustainable tourism landscapes look like? and how do they work? (Benson and Roe 2007). Lack between theoretical solutions and practical implementations of spatial sustainable solutions in tourism landscapes (research gap). The landscape approach is used in many elds of design (architecture, Urban/regional planning, etcetera) (Koh 2008), but with this thesis we add a new application: a landscape approach to sustainable tourism. This approach will contribute to diminish the research gap. With this project we have three aims: Theoretical aim: developing a landscape strategy and design principles for sustainable development of coastal tourism landscapes in the Northern Mediterranean; Empirical aim: develop a landscape design strategy and design principles which guide new tourism developments on Murter island from a landscape perspective in a sustainable way; Methodological aim: develop a methodology to achieve sustainable tourism.
STARTING POINTS
From twelve aim, described in the Guide for Policy Makers for Making Tourism More Sustainable of the UNEP and the UNWTO (2005), a selection is made which function as starting points for the design phase. The selection is based on the contribution of spatial interventions for achieving sustainable tourism. The starting points for the design phase are: Use the local landscape for the production of renewable resources Transition to green modes of transport Increase the physical/Social-perceptual carrying capacity Facilitate new modes of tourism (natural, cultural and active tourism) Make connections between tourist accommodations and local facilities Strengthen the landscape identity Use local aesthetics for new developments Protection of the (agri-) cultural and natural landscape Hiding the negative aspects and show the quality of the landscape Involve local stakeholders in the design process
UNSUSTAINABLE TOURISM
TOURISM PROBLEM ANALYSIS Environmental Environmental Socio-cultural UNSUSTAINABLE TOURISM Fordism mass tourism Sun, sea sand Economic Aesthetic PROBLEMS
translations of global problems to local problems
selection of the design locations
land alteration around the villages
land alteration, pressure on resouces, habitat degredation lack of place identity, gated communities, globalisation of culture
gated accommodations only three star accommodations neglection of the public space
SCENARIO 1
tourism sprawl
high seasonality, short term profits, one sided tourism offer non-local materials, standard architecture, low quality of public space
MURTER AS CASE
Develop a landscape strategy and design principles for sustainable development of coastal tourism landscapes.
SCENARIO 2
mass tourism
WORKSHOP
SCENARIO 3
sustainable energy, waste treatment participation, visitor managament, staff training, etc.
tourism network
EVALUATION
value of landscape architecture for sustainable tourism and the value of sustainable tourism for landscape architecture
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
SCENARIO 4
tourism clusters
STARTING POINTS selection from the guide for policy makers of the UNEP and WTO
Tourism area life cycle theory by R.W. Butler (dark blue line) linked to tourism development on Murter island (light blue line).
SPATIAL QUALITIES
SPATIAL PROBLEMS
Empirical case in the Mediterranean: the Croatian island of Murter. Since the sixties: Fordist tourism destination, with the additional problems caused unsustainable development (see spatial problems). Tourism developments are far from saturation, and a lot of qualities are well preserved. Both municipalities on the island want to develop and restructure tourism in a sustainable way, but a coherent, spatial and visual strategy is missing. Post-Fordist forms of sustainable tourism: solutions for the problems on Murter Island Sustainable tourism development has the opportunity to protect or even strengthen the spatial qualities of the tourism landscape.
natural landscape
cultural landscape
public space
resources
accommodations
attractions
accessibility
natural landscape
cultural landscape
public space
resources
attractions
accommodations
accessibility
June 2011
Poster 1
TOURISM NETWORK
RESTRUCTURED SUSTAINABLE TOURISM NETWORK
This scenario focuses on small improvements by local stakeholders which together make the island more sustainable. To connect these initiatives, networks need to be made on different fields. The improvement of a sufficient network (foot- and bike paths) is very important in this scenario because this will make the island more attractive for people who like sports, nature, hiking, local culture and quietness. To make the path network more attractive several local attractions will constructed or improved. Locality is another keyword in this scenario, which means the use of local labour and resources as food, energy, water and materials. Existing accommodations will transformed in green ones by using local materials, green walls/roofs and sustainable resources.
TOURISM CLUSTERS
NEW SUSTAINABLE TOURISM CLUSTERS
The scenario of sustainable mass-tourism handles the tourism growth in a sustainable way. External investors came in to construct sustainable resorts, in which local culture, nature, architecture is involved into the design. Natural resources are exploited sustainable on a large scale windmill- and solar parks and water catchment installations. In order to keep control the new sustainable developments, conservation and improvement zones for cultural landscape and natural areas will be created. To attract tourists, historical sites and local traditions are exploited by musea and education/visitor centers. The infrastructure will be extended by more sustainable modes of transport and car free zones are created to discourage car use and create space for improvements and greening of the public space.
1 landscape
1 public space
1 landscape
1 resources
resources
accommodations
accessibility
attractions
accommodations
accessibility
attractions
public space
WORKSHOP
Local workshop results: sustainable scenarios were preferred, but no major dierence between the two sustainable scenarios; Design phase: work out both, representing a dierent time scale.
LIKE
DISLIKE
LIKE
DISLIKE
61x 9x
1
8
87% 13%
harbour front
harbour front
The groups are selecting images about landscape or tourism In the second part of the workshop the groups have to sketch which they prefer for the future of their island their ideas for the future of Murter island
June 2011
Poster 2
HRAMINA BAY
No clear function of the eastern part The spatial connection between the sea and the village is lost (backside of the buildings facing the sea) Lack of green Domination of concrete and asphalt as pavement Bad accessibility for pedestrians of the western side of the harbourfront Insucient parking system: domination of cars in the public space Bad maintainance of the buildings (mainly sheds) Unpleasant micro climate.
3 4
Connection along the waterfront by bridges (west side) and boulevard (east side). New parking places, pavement of natural stones and adding more green (trees, planters, green walls, and grass)
Construction of new buildings and renovation of existing buildings on empty spaces to create a new harbourfront. The backside of the east part of the harbour is transformed into a front.
SPATIAL PRINCIPLES
The starting points are used as basis for the designs. The principles are spatial translations of the starting points we made in the design for Hramina bay. The following principles are created for this design:
Use of trees, green walls and terrace coverings to create an attractive micro climate
Fit in starting point: make connections between tourist accommodations local facilities
Create solar panels on roofs and water retention basin under square
Decrease the dominance of cars by replacing the parking lots outside the centre
Fit in starting point: hiding the negative aspects and show the quality of a place
Fit in starting point: use the local landscape for the production of renewable resources.
Phase 1 1
Phase 2 3
Removal of an old shed and the creation of a terrace underneath the almond trees
Existing situation
Phase 1 2
Phase 2 4
Existing situation
June 2011
Poster 3
LUICA BAY
EXISTING SITUATION: PROBLEMS
2 4 3
Threat of landscape degradation (pine forest are replacing the olive groves: cultural tradition is lost) Domination of cars (in the tourist season) direct at the waterfront The sandy bottoms of the sea are inaccessible because of the rocky coast and the concrete rocks of the pier No sitting opportunities for tourists and locals. Insucient capacity of the path network (bad maintained) Tourism company wants to develop a tourist resort (risk of landscape degradation and visual pollution)
Updating the path network, by new pavement and a central square. Construction of a parking lot land inwards. Creating of landscape based attractions: stairs to the waterfront and a watch tower on the island of kolji.
New sustainable resort, which includes the centre of education and human development. This centre can be used for congresses and education purposes. The congresses and lectures can also be given in a new constructed amphitheatre. The accommodations are divided in a hotel, group facilities and lodges and are constructed with local materials and traditions. The buildings are shaped into the landscape to prevent visual pollution The dry stone walls will be restored, by adding new paths on top to access the group facilities, lodges and the surrounding landscape.
SPATIAL PRINCIPLES
The starting points are used as basis for the designs. The principles are spatial translations of the starting points we made in the design for Luica bay. The following principles are created for this design:
Decreasing scale of the buildings uphill and positioning the buildings land inwards
Use the pattern of the dry stone walls for the positioning of the buildings
Use roofs for solar energy and the amphitheater for water catchment
Use the dry stone walls for paths to access the buildings
Car accessibility are replaced from the bay to a parking lot land inwards
Connect the paths of the tourism cluster with the existing path network
t in starting point: Hiding the negative aspects and show the quality of the landscape
t in
starting point: Use the local landscape for the production of renewable resources
t in starting point: Make connections between tourist accommodations and local facilities
Phase 1 1
Phase 2 3
Existing situation
Phase 1 2
Phase 2 4
Existing situation
June 2011
Poster 4
CONCLUSIONS
THEORETICAL RESULTS
Besides the landscape strategy (See the scenario, design, and location specic principles), general design principles contributed in the translation of sustainable tourism theory into a spatial design for sustainable tourism development. The principles of each design are abstract examples of the spatial interventions of the designs based on the starting points. The set of principles of the designs are simplied and generalized into a set of general principles. The general principles can also be used on other coastal tourism landscapes with comparable characteristics. Use the local landscape for the production of renewable resources Transition to green modes of transport Increase the physical/social-perceptual carrying capacity Design with micro climate
use green roofs and frameworks with climbers to isolate the buildings
Hiding the negative aspects and show the quality of the landscape
landscape based cultural attractions intergrate new development in the existing urban lay out use existing landscape patterns for guiding new developments inllment instead of urban sprawl use tourist developments for landscape improvement size restrictions for the buildings sizes no objects within view lines from routes on beautiful places
dierenciation of accomodations
use the landscape for the production of agricultural products to sell to the tourists
EMPIRICAL RESULTS
Besides the landscape strategy for Murter island (scenarios, designs, and principles), an empirical results is the increased awareness of the local stakeholders. To achieve this awareness a workshop was organized for dierent stakeholders. The results of the workshop raised awareness because: People realised that unsustainable tourism has spatial consequences; The participants preferred images which ts in the sustainable scenarios; We showed them the opportunities of sustainable tourism on the island; The participants sketched their own ideas for tourism development. According to one of the participants: it was interesting that locals visions of tourism development of Island were in line with Luuk and Dions work and tourism development proposal. The deputy mayor of Murter-Kornati, Dragica Bai, stated that with this project, the vision of sustainable tourism development has gained new momentum. This was also supported by the interest of the local media (newspaper article) and social media (197 views of our workshop report).
11 people like our workshop report on facebook and it was read 197 times on Scribd
METHODOLOGICAL RESULTS
The last result of this thesis project is the method of the landscape approach to sustainable tourism. This method consist of several steps which displayed on the scheme on the right. The landscape approach to sustainable tourism is based on the landscape itself, instead of a place or environment. It creates an aesthetic sustainable tourism landscape, which meet the demands, experiences, and values of the tourists and the locals.
LANDSCAPE
Quality analysis
Scenarios
Location design
Problem analysis
Workshop