Suggested Solutions V1 Ch6FyANVC06 Test Ch 6 Work, energy and the power.

NV-College; Sjdalsgymnasiet

In the multi-choice problems below, i.e. problems 1-9 write the answer clearly in the space provided under the problem as alternative: ________. In some of these problems you may need to explain or show the details of your solutions. All explanations and solutions to these problems must be written clearly under the problem in the space provided to. The solutions to the problems 10-16 will be written in a separate sheet provided. Problems 13, 14, and 15 are extremely important for the highest possible grade, MVG. You need at least an hour to solve these problems. Maximum score: 51/28/ G: 17 points VG: 34 points/ at least 9 VG points: MVG: 38 points/ at least 18 VG points; MVG-quality work Only the marked problems in the box below will be graded.
Problem 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1.

Frida moves her 2.0 kg physics book which lies on the desk 1.5 m in various directions as shown in the figures below. In which direction does the 1.5 m displacement of the book produce the largest gain in the potential energy?

[1/0]

a)

b)

c)

d) Answer: Alternative d. The potential energy gained in the vertical displacement is the largest. a) In the case of 0 -displacement, the change in the potential energy of the book is zero. b) In the case of 30 -displacement, the change in the potential energy of the book is: E PE = mgh = 2.0 9.82 1.5 sin 30 = 14.73 J 15 J c) In the case of 60 -displacement, the change in the potential energy of the book is: E PE = mgh = 2.0 9.82 1.5 sin 60 = 25.5 J d) In the case of 90 -displacement, the change in the potential energy of the book is: E PE = mgh = 2.0 9.82 1.5 = 29.46 J 30 J
behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for sale. Free to use for educational purposes Sjdalsgymnasiet

Suggested Solutions V1 Ch6FyANVC06 Test Ch 6 Work, energy and the power. NV-College; Sjdalsgymnasiet

2.

A truck moving at a constant speed of 90.0 km / h has 6.25 MJ kinetic energy. The mass of the truck is: [1/0] a) 20 ton 10 ton b) c) 30 ton d) 1000 kg Answer: Alternative a. 1000 Suggested solutions: v = 90.0 km / h = 90.0 m / s = 25 m / s 3600 2E 1 2 6.25 10 6 E KE = mv 2 m = 2KE = = 20000 kg = 20 ton 2 v 25 2

3.

The spring in a bathroom scale is compressed 5.00 cm when 55.0 kg zge climbs on it. What is the spring constant of the scales spring? [1/0] a) 10.8 kN / m b) 108 N / m c) 275 N m d) 11 N / m

Answer: Alternative a: k 10.8 kN / m Suggested solution: Data: m = 55.0 kg , x = 5.00 cm = 5.00 10 2 m ,

F = mg mg 55.0 9.82 N = 10802 N / m 10.8 kN / m = r r mg = kx k = x 5.00 10 2 m F = kx A constant force of 20.0 kN is required to maintain the speed of a 1200 kg at a constant value of 72. km / h . The work done by the force in moving the car 5.00 km is: [1/0] 5 a) 4.0 10 J b) 6.0 10 6 J c) 100 10 6 J d) 1440 kJ Why? Show the details of your calculations: [0/1] 6 Answer: Alternative c: W = 100 10 J = 100 MJ Suggested solution: Data: F = 20.0 kN = 20.0 10 3 N , x = 5.00 km = 5.00 10 3 m , m = 1200 kg , 1000 v = 72. km / h = 72. m / s = 20 m / s 3600 r W = F x = 20.0 10 3 5.0 10 3 = 100 10 6 J = 100 MJ 4.

)(

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for sale. Free to use for educational purposes

Sjdalsgymnasiet

Suggested Solutions V1 Ch6FyANVC06 Test Ch 6 Work, energy and the power. NV-College; Sjdalsgymnasiet

5.

Calculate the maximum height to which a 20. kW motor may lift an object of minimum mass 5000 kg in 25. s [1/0] a) 2.5 m b) 5.0 m c) 7.5 m d) 10. m Why? Explain and show the details of your calculations: [0/2] Answer: Alternative d: h 10. m Suggested solution: Data: 20. kW , m = 5000 kg , h = ? , t = 25. s
P= W mgh P t 20 10 3 25 = mgh = P t h = = = 10.2 m 10. m t t mg 5000 9.82

Adam exerts an average force of 700.0 N on a rope to lift 65.0 kg box a vertical distance of 4.00 m up. The gravitational potential energy gained by the 65.0 kg box is [1/0] a) Exactly equal to the work done by Adam. b) 247 J more than the work done by Adam. c) 247 J less than the work done by Adam. d) 638 N Why? Show the details of your calculations: [0/1] Answer: Alternative c: EPE W 247 J Suggested solution: Data: F = 700.0 N , h = 4.00 m , m = 65.0 kg The potential energy gained by the box is: E PE = mgh = 65.0 9.82 4.00 = 2553.2 J 2550 J The work done by Adam is: r r W = F x = 700.0 4.00 = 2800 J W E PE = 2800 J 2553.2 J = 246.8 J 247 J Answer: EPE W 247 J

6.

Isabelle who is 62.0 kg climbs 6.00 m up a rope in 5.00 s . What is Isabelles power output? Why? Show your calculations. [1/0] 3653 J a) b) 731 W 74.4 W c) d) 18.3 kW Why? Show your calculations. [0/1] Answer: Alternative b: P 731 W Suggested solution: Data: m = 62.0 kg , h = 6.00 m , t = 5.00 s W = mgh = 62.0 9.82 6.0 = 3653 J 3.65 kJ W 3653 J P= = = 730.6 W 731 W P 731 W t 5.00 s
behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for sale. Free to use for educational purposes Sjdalsgymnasiet

7.

Suggested Solutions V1 Ch6FyANVC06 Test Ch 6 Work, energy and the power. NV-College; Sjdalsgymnasiet

8.

Which one of the figures below best represents the potential energy of a freely falling object near the surface of the Earth? [1/0]

Why? Explain [0/1] Answer: Alternative b: Potential energy of a falling object Suggested solution: The 5000 potential energy of the system decreases as the 4000 objects height from the ground is decreasing, i.e. as 3000 the object is getting closer and closer to the ground. 2000 The loss in the gravitational energy is the gain in the 1000 kinetic energy of the 0 system, assuming that there 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 is not air resistant and Displacement [m] friction. E PE = mgh0 mgh = mg (h0 h ) This is a linear equation with a negative slope, and y-intercept mgh0 . According to the figure, the object is released from the height of h0 = 100 m . As the reference level, we may take the potential energy of the lowest point, i.e. the potential energy on the surface of the Earth is taken equal to zero.
Potential Energy [J]

9.

Which graph best represent the elastic potential energy stored in a spring as a function of its elongation (or compression)? [1/0]
Elastic potential energy Elastic Potential Energy [J] 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 elongation x [m]
Serie1 Serie2 Serie3 Serie4

Explain. [0/1] Answer: Alternative c. Suggested solution: The Elastic potential energy is a quadratic function of the displacement 1 from the equilibrium (elongation or compression) x : E PE = kx 2 2

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for sale. Free to use for educational purposes

Sjdalsgymnasiet

Suggested Solutions V1 Ch6FyANVC06 Test Ch 6 Work, energy and the power. NV-College; Sjdalsgymnasiet

10. The x component of the force on an object varies as shown below. Determine the work done by the force to move the object i from x = 0.0 to x = 30.0 m , [3/0] ii from x = 0.0 to x = 100.0 m . [0/3]
400 300 200 100 F [N] 0 -100 0 -200 -300 -400 -500 X [m] 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Answer: W0a 30 = 6.0 kJ ; W0a100 = 1500 J Suggested solution: The work done by the force is the area under the curve of (x-component of the) force vs displacement between the desired boundaries: I. The work done by the force to move the object from x = 0.0 to x = 30.0 m : is the area under the curve from x = 0.0 to x = 30.0 m :: 1 W0a30 = (20 )(300 ) + (30 20 )(300 ) = 3000 + 3000 = 6000 J = 6.0 kJ 2 Answer: W0a 30 = 6.0 kJ
II.

The work done by the force to move the object from x = 0.0 to x = 100.0 m is the area under the curve from x = 0.0 to x = 100.0 m : 1 1 W0a100 = W0a30 + W30a100 = 7000 + (40 30 )(300 ) + (100 50 )( 400 ) J 2 2 W0a100 = 7000 + 1500 10000 = 1500 J Answer: W0a100 = 1500 J Note that the area under the x-axis is negative. Note also the total energy is negative. The total negative work indicates that the work is don by (and not on) the system.

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for sale. Free to use for educational purposes

Sjdalsgymnasiet

Suggested Solutions V1 Ch6FyANVC06 Test Ch 6 Work, energy and the power. NV-College; Sjdalsgymnasiet

11. Martin driving a car at 90 km / h suddenly sees a rabbit jumping to the middle of the road about 100 m away in front of the car. Naturally, he does not want to hit the rabbit and cause a possible damage to himself as well as the car. He knows his physics and therefore, he decides not to take a sudden break. He decides to reduce the speed of the car to a level which he can be completely in control, say 18 km / h . He knows the maximum coefficient of friction between the tires and the road is 0.70 . Calculate the minimum coefficient of friction between the tires and the road such that Martin can successfully reduce the speed of the car to the desired value of 18 km / h within 60 m . . [1/3] 2 2 v v2 Answer: = 1 ; = 0.51 2 g x Suggested solution: 1000 Data: v0 = 90 km / h = 90 m / s = 25 m / s , max = 0.70 , 3600 1000 v = 18 km / h = 18 m / s = 5.0 m / s , x = 60 m 3600 Problem: = ? The initial energy of Martins car is just its kinetic energy. This energy will be converted to heat as he makes the brake and reduces the speed of the car. Therefore, part of the initial kinetic energy of the car must be converted to the work done against friction: E K 1 = E K 2 + W f , W = f f x = mg x

1 2 1 2 mv1 = mv2 + mg x / / / 2 2 2 v12 v2 = 2 g x

2 v12 v2 2 g x

252 52 = = 0.51 2 9.8 60 Answer: Martin is able to reduce the speed of the car by softly breaking so that the minimum coefficient of friction in the process is = 0.51 . This is quite possible because it is less than the maximum value of the coefficient of friction, max = 0.70 .

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for sale. Free to use for educational purposes

Sjdalsgymnasiet

Suggested Solutions V1 Ch6FyANVC06 Test Ch 6 Work, energy and the power. NV-College; Sjdalsgymnasiet

12. In height jumping the kinetic energy of the athlete is transformed into the gravitational potential energy. The world record of high jumping without the aid of a pole for females is at the present 250 cm . Estimate the minimum kinetic energy and speed required by 65.0 kg Frida whose center of mass is 98.0 cm above the ground and whishes to break the world record of high jumping. The safety requirement requires that the athlete must cross the bar with a minimum speed of 0.650 m / s ? The gravitation acceleration is 9.82 m / s 2 . [1/3] Answer: Fridas minimum take off speed must be: v1 = 5.50 m / s = 19.8 km / h Suggested solutions: Data: m = 65.0 kg , h1 = 98.0 cm = 0.980 m , h2 = 250 cm = 2.50 m , g = 9.82 m / s 2 Problem: v1 = ? if v2 = 0.650 m / s Ignoring all dissipative forces and using conservation of energy we may state: Etot1 = Etot 2 E P1 + E K 1 = E P 2 + E K 2 1 1 2 mgh1 + mv12 = mgh2 + mv2 / / / / 2 2 2 2 gh1 + v12 = 2 gh2 + v2 2 v12 = 2 g (h2 h1 ) + v2
2 v1 = 2 g (h2 h1 ) + v2

v1 = 2 9.82(2.50 0.98) + 0.652 m / s v1 5.50 m / s v1 = 5.50 m / s = 5.50 3.6 km / h = 19.81 km / h Answer: Fridas minimum take off speed must be: v1 5.50 m / s = 19.8 km / h . 1 1 2 EKEi = mv12 = (65.0 )(5.5022 ) J 983 J 2 2 Fridas minimum initial kinetic energy is therefore: EKEi 983 J Clearly, the initial angle of the take off is important. The best result may be achieved by realizing that, it is sufficient with only 0.650 m / s in the horizontal direction. This would mean that the takeoff angle may be calculated as:
v0 x 0.560 = cos 1 84.2 5.50 v0 It is not so easy to achieve this angle, so in action, the smaller angle is compensated by a higher initial speed at the takeoff.

= cos 1

At the aspect assessment of your work with exercise 13-15 the teacher will consider the depth of understanding of physics you have demonstrated how well you have carried through the task how well you have explained your work and motivated your conclusions how well you have accounted for your work.

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for sale. Free to use for educational purposes

Sjdalsgymnasiet

Suggested Solutions V1 Ch6FyANVC06 Test Ch 6 Work, energy and the power. NV-College; Sjdalsgymnasiet

13. In an early test flights for the space shuttle using a glider of mass 1000 kg including the pilot, after a horizontal launch at 500 km / h at a height of 3500 m , the glider eventually landed at a speed of 200 km / h a) What would its landing speed have been in the absence of air resistance? b) What was the average force of air resistance if it came at a constant glide of 10 to the Earth? [2/4/] Suggested solutions: 1000 // 1250 m = 1000 kg , v0 x = 500 km / h = 500 m/s = 140 m / s , h = 3500 m , // 3600 9 // 1000 v = 200 km / h = 200 m / s = 55.6 m / s 56 m / s // 3600 a) Answer: In the absence of air resistance, the landing speed of the glider would be v f 297 m / s almost sonic instead of much smaller speed of
v = 200 km / h = 67 m / s Using conservation of energy, and taking the potential energy of the ground as the reference potential energy zero: 0 1 1 EPi + EKi = E Pf + EKf mgh + mvi2 = mv 2 v 2 = 2 gh + vi2 v f = 2 gh + vi2 / / / / f f 2 2

1250 v f = 2 9.82 3500 + Answer: v f 297 m / s 9 b) Answer: The average force of air resistance is FR 2.1 kN if it came at a constant glide of 10 to the Earth: First method: The very large difference between v f 297 m / s and v = 67 m / s is due to the dissipative force of the air resistance. If it is assumed that the glide came at a constant glide of 10 to the Earth 3500 m h h 20156 m d 20156 m h = 3500 m x sin 10 = d = ,d= sin 10 d sin 10 v f 297 m / s , d 20156 m , v 56 m / s , FR = ?
d 20156 m h = 3500 m
10

m v2 v2 1 2 1 2 f mv f mv = FR d FR = 2 2 2d 2 2 1000 (296.7 ) (55.6) Answer: FR 2.1 kN FR = = 2107 N 2.1 kN 2 20156 Second method: At the presence of air resistance, the initial mechanical energy is converted to the final kinetic energy and the work done against the air resistance: 1 1 mgh + mvi2 = mv 2 + FR d 2mgh + mvi2 mv 2 = 2 FR d f f 2 2 2 2 9.82 3500 + 1250 (55.6)2 1000 m 2 gh + vi2 v 2 9 f = 2107 N FR = FR = 2 20156 2d

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for sale. Free to use for educational purposes

Sjdalsgymnasiet

Suggested Solutions V1 Ch6FyANVC06 Test Ch 6 Work, energy and the power. NV-College; Sjdalsgymnasiet

14. A block of mass m is attached to a light spring of force constant k on a plane surface. The spring is elongated a distance A from its equilibrium and then released. a) If the block comes to rest when it reaches to its equilibrium position, calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction, k , between the block and the plane surface. 2 b) Calculate the velocity of the block when it is A from its equilibrium position. 3 c) If the surface of the block is oiled it is found that its coefficient of friction is reduced to 25% of its normal value. If now block is compressed to a distance A from equilibrium, how far will it ravel before it stops and turns back in its first period of oscillation? [2/4/]
A

Data m , k , A ; k = ? from its equilibrium and then released. kA a) Answer: The coefficient of kinetic friction is k = . 2mg The total energy of the system on this case is totally used up by the work done against the friction force: 1 k A2 = f f A = k mg A 2 kA k A = 2 k mg Answer: k = 2mg b) Answer: The block is moving at v =
2

2k 2 A at x = A from the equilibrium. 3 9m

1 1 2 kA 1 1 in the equation results in: k A2 = k A + k mg A + mv 2 Replacing k = 2 2 3 2mg 3 2 1 1 4 kA A 1 k A2 = k A2 + mg + mv 2 / / / / 2 2 9 2mg 3 2 7 4 1 4 + 3 2 2 2 k A2 = k A2 + + mv 2 = k A2 + mv = k A + mv 9 9 3 9 7 2 2k mv 2 = k A2 k A2 = k A2 v 2 = A2 9 9 9m Answer: v =

2k A 9m

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for sale. Free to use for educational purposes

Sjdalsgymnasiet

Suggested Solutions V1 Ch6FyANVC06 Test Ch 6 Work, energy and the power. NV-College; Sjdalsgymnasiet

c) Answer: If the surface of the block is oiled it, its coefficient of friction is reduced to 25% kA of its normal value, knew = 0.25k = . If the block is now compressed to a distance 8mg 3A A from equilibrium, it will travel x = = .75 A beyond the equilibrium, before it stops 4 and turns back. kA kA Data: knew = 0.25k = using k = . 8mg 2mg We may assume that the block will be stretched beyond its equilibrium point by x m . Conservation of energy requires that: kA 1 1 k A2 = k x 2 + knewmg ( A + x ) , using knew = 0.25k = 2 2 8mg kA 1 1 mg ( A + x ) k A2 = k x 2 + // 2 2 8mg // A A2 x+ A2 = 0 4 4 A 3 A2 x2 + x =0 4 4 x2 +
3A 3A =0 x= 3A x (x + A) x = 0 4 Answer: 4 4 x + A = 0 x = A 3A x= = 0.75 A 4 This is the most expected logical result. If the coefficient of the friction is reduced to 25% of its normal value, due to the fact that by the normal friction it would use up all of its original potential energy, now only 25% of the total mechanical energy is used up by the friction and the rest, i.e. 75% is left that would by sufficient to an expansion of only 75% of the original amplitude.

Second method: Conceptual solution: If the coefficient of the friction is reduced to 25% of its normal value, due to the fact that by the normal friction it would use up all of its original potential energy, now only 25% of the total mechanical energy is used up by the friction and the rest, i.e. 75% is left that would by sufficient to an expansion of only 75% of the original amplitude.

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for sale. Free to use for educational purposes

Sjdalsgymnasiet

Suggested Solutions V1 Ch6FyANVC06 Test Ch 6 Work, energy and the power. NV-College; Sjdalsgymnasiet

15. A car of mass 1200 kg may accelerate from rest to 90.0 km / h in 10.0 s . Assume that normal force on each tire is 25% of the weight of the car, and that only the two rear tires provide the acceleration force. a) Calculate the minimum coefficient of friction between the rear tires and the road. b) Calculate the average power delivered to the car by the engine. [2/4/] Suggested solutions: Data: m = 1200 kg , v0 = 90 km / h = 90 FN _ tire = 0.25mg 1000 m / s = 25 m / s , t = 10.0 s , 3600

2a = 0.51 . g v v0 F = ma 2 m / g = ma = 2 a = t [1/1] / m g g 2 F = FN = g 2 2(v v0 ) 2(25 0 ) Answer: = [1/0] = = 0.51 gt 9.82 10 Second method: The Energy Method. 2 v 2 v0 v2 v2 v2 2v m 1 1 2 = = / g x = mv 2 mv0 = = = / / 2 2 2 gx gx g v t g v t g t 2 2 mv b) Ans.: The average power delivered to the car by the engine P = = 37.5 kW 2t First method: 1 2 mv 0 W EKE 2 mv 2 mv 2 [1/1] P = F v = ma v P = = = = P= t t t 2t 2t 2 2 1200 25 mv [1/0] Answer: P = P= = 37500 W = 37.5 kW = 37.5 kW 2 10 2t Second method: [0/1] P = F v = ma v v v0 25 0 v + v0 25 + 0 [1/0] a= = = 2 .5 m / s 2 v= = = 12.5 m / s 2 2 t 10 F = ma = 1200 2.5 = 3000 N

a) Answer: Minimum coefficient of friction =

P = 3000 12.5 W = 37500 W = 37.5 kW

[0/1]

Answer: P =

mv 2 = 37.5 kW 2t

Note that the motor must be able to provide a much larger power, namely Pmax = 3000 25 W = 75000 W = 75.0 kW which is the power needed to accelerated the car to its maximum speed of v0 = 90 km / h = 25 m / s . Pmax = 75.0 kW Third method: E F x P= = = F v = 3000 12.5 W = 37500 W = 37.5 kW t t
behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for sale. Free to use for educational purposes Sjdalsgymnasiet