.d-S03tiCTICN I t is known % h a t l a t h e s wir;hout numericai c o n t r o l c o n v e n t i o n a l l a t h e s have s t e p Y i s e d r i v e s , which ?leans t h a t t h e c u t t i n g speed can S e changed o n l y g r a d u a l l y . Before t h e r e were c u m e r i c a i c o n t r o l l e d a a c h i n e t o o l s o n l l c e n v e n t i o n a i l a t h e s were r s e d i n p r o d u c t i o n , with t 5 e exceptior.

of experimental -atheu which nade i t pos s i b l e t o c o n t i n Q o u s l y chanqe s p i x % e r e v o l u t i o n s . ;n f a c e t u r n i n g , ? i g . i, d u r i n g nachining t h e diai e t a r 0 t h e workpiece 3 changes a s t h e c u t t i n g 1s do: ne. Due t o t h e change i n the d i a n e t e r t 5 e c u t t i n g speed a l s o changes a t c o n s t a n t s ? i n d l e z e r o l u t i o n s
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Face t u r n i n g of e n c i r c l e d s u r f a c e a t v = c o n s t . It s h o u l d b e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t it i s p r a c t i c a l l y i m p o s s i b l e t o a a c h i n e t h e whole s u r f a c e a t c o n s t a n t cu.tj.l; s.;??I. tinen t h e d i a m e t e r i s v e r y small d u r i n c u t t i n g t h e number of r e v o l u t i o n s is t o o high ( a t D=8, n=uJ). T h e r e f o r e , t u r n i n g a t v= c o n s t . can be done o n l y UD t o t h e d i a m e t e r D , , Fig. 2, and from J1 t o D=O at n k n s t . Some a u t h o r s jropose D -0,25 D The a u t h o r of t h i s p a p e r _does n o t a g r e e wiih such h approach (3,=0,25 3 1. P: O example, when l a r n e r workpiece is machtned thevdi&rtete? r~ -0.25 D s h o u l d b e in accordance with She cequirementsif t h e Xunrber of r e v o l u t i o n s f o r a given l a t h e , or =or a s l a l l e r vor!p,lece t h e nuiuoer of r e v o l u t i o n s could be t o o high a t t h e diameter 3=O,25n T h e r e f o r e , a chanqe rros v = c o n s t . t o n = s o n s t . shouldV be done a t t h e d i a m e t e r 3 . a t which t h e number o f r e , Trolutions is r e a c h i n g the-zaximum allowed v a l u e for a 2.2.

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where: 5' is t h e c u t t i n g speed, C is :e diameter oE t h e h workgiece an6 n i s t h e s p i n d l e r e v o l u t i o n s . i n o r d e r t o t e e ? t k e cutti-cg speed c o n s t a n t n f a c e t u r n i n g , t h e : nusker of r e v o l u t i o n s should Sa vazisd c o n t i n u c u s l y a s t h e diameter changes. T h i s is a o s s i j l e Sy u s i n g numerical coitrolleU lathes. .! $ Today a a o u t *% l a t h e s used i n a r o d u c t i o c a r e numer i c a l c o n t r o l l e d . A s t h e r e s u l t , t S e c o n d i t i o n of prod u c t i o o have charged completely. zIowev*r, i n p r a c t i c e f a c e t u r n i n g i s done a t c o n s t a n t s p i n d l e r e v o l u t i o n s , which can be dangerous f o r new high p r o d u c t i v e c u t t i n g tools due t o .vezy low c u t t i n g sgeed. The a b j e c t i v e o,P t h i s r e s e a r c h is t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e phenoaeza ir! f a c e t u r n i n g , i t s S e n e P i t s a t c o n s t a n t c u t t i n g speed in o r d e r t o change t h e o u t d a t e d t h i n k i n g t h a t f a c e t o n i n g can S e done o n l y a t c o n s t a n t s p i n d l e revolutions. mhis i n v e s t i g e t i o n is a c o n t i n u a t i o n o,f t h e work . r e s u l t s p r e s e n t e d i n t h e p a p e r , KuljaniE. 2 1982. The ? r e s e n t g a p e r d e a l s with a conparison o f c u t t i n g time i n f a c e h r n i n g a t c o n s t a n t c u t t i n g speed and a t constan' s p i n d l e r e v o l u t i o n s . A s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n i s devoted t o t h e roughness of machined s u r f a c e o b t a i n e d by u s i n s d i f f e r e n t a a c h i n e tools, w i t h d i f f e r a n t t o o l s , and a t d i f f e r e n t c u t t i n g c o n d i t i o n s . Furthermore, t h i s paper d e a l s w i t 5 a c o n p a r i s o n o f t o o l wear, t o o l l i f e , t h e a r e a of machined s u r f a c e and t h e c h i p .form o b t a i n e d a t c a n s t a n t c u t t i n g speed and a t c o n s t a n t s p i n d l e revolutions. 2. C L I F I N G PIME I N PA% TURNING A CONSTANT CUTTING T .iFEEiJ AND AT 1 = CCNST. T.q502ETICAL APFROACS The c g t t i n y time i s s h o r t e r i n f a c e t w n i n g a t cons t a n t c u t t i n g speed t h a n a t c o n s t a n t s p i n d l e revolut i o n s . T n i s i s due t o t h e i n c r e a s e of c o n s t a n t s p i n d l e r e v c l u t i o n a t c o n s t a n t c i l t t i n g speed 8nd a t c o n s t a n t feed. 2 1 Face turninP; o f e n c i r c l e d s u r f a c e a t n = const. .. According t o (1) t h e c u t t i n g speed i s l i n e a r l y dec r e a s e d i n f a c e t u r n i n g a t c o n s t a n t number of revolut i o n s (n- c o n s t . ) , Fig.1. The c u t t i n g time i n f a c e t u r n i n g a t n = c o n s t . is

w t e r e c i s t h e saximal ncnS2r of r e v o l u t i o n s t h a t i s p s s s i b l k co S e achie-ie.4 03 a gi-<en l a t h e f o r a given F i s , 3. woriqiece, a t t h e d i a r e t e r D The t h e o r e t i c a ; a l v a n t a 3 b ' - s h z r t e r cut',ina timecan 3 e Seen i:: t h i s ?arasras:? o f f a c e t u r n i n g a t cons t a n t :,~:'.Lng szsed. I n t:?e f3;lswinl; ? a r s g a p h s t h e e-Gerlzen:al cmdi:ions and t h e f%'; z-es.illts a r ? ? y e se2ts.l. 5. SISIGy 37 3:<-=raIM3?3 The tesss were ? e r f J m e d on fuo .'iffersr.i l a t h e s small and hea-ry, w i t h n o s e r a d i x s = = G , ~ w I and r=l,2rm, arc w i t h o u t c o c l i c g and c m 1 i n p r e s p e c ; i v e i j . Su:$ing spee6 and s?indle r e * r o l t a t i m s w e r e 33 3 l e v e h . ?ee< .#as on 2 1eVrels. ! ' The 2 ~ ~ 1 3J " e x ? e r l a e n t s 2 Mas a ? p i i e d f3r t e s t s on s s a l l e r l a t h e . 1 ~ C ? ~ ~ I : < L > AA2pAain!j5 xTD fC . l~hS 'E C JI.?!228
do-k ? , a t e r i z i The z a t e r i a : use4 i n t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n was s t e ? l Ck 45 w i t h l e a n hardeness 13C.33. The diameter of t h e d i s c was D =laCzn: and t h e d i a m e t e r of a h o l e was DU= 4 0 m m , Fig.'4. 4.2. fiachine Tsols w..?. o o l s T 2he e x p e r i r e n t s r e = e ? e r f o r n e d 3n t w o d i f f e z s n t l a t h e s . The smal;er l a t h e was T 200 TNZ, and t h e hear i e r l a t h e %as Y? a30 3 5 , joCh l a n u f a c t u r e d in i r v s raiska BaSa. According t o 130 P25 c a r b i d e s i n s e r t s were with i'ol1.7wir.g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s : i a u e rombold, r a d i u s of t b e weze used. -"&,, F r = O , h : n , 4 rake angle 6 . 6 ' ; a.3. Test x s c e d u r e The e x q e r i r e n t s were ? e r f o r n e d i n i n d u s t r i a l conditi0r.s a t l i f f o r e n t c u t t i n g speeds and feeds. The too: iJas measured a f t e r a determined c u t t i n g 51wear Y3 r e , see"%q. ? and 10. S u r f a c e roughness was measured on two c l i f f e r s n t p o s i t i o n s on t h e workpiece, Fig. 4: ? , s i t i o n 1: D i 3 m m , P o s i t i o n 2: D + 1Gaa. S u r f a s e roughnessVwas measured a f t e r t h e " f i r s t ? a s s a g e on s u r t r o n i c 3P T a y l o r lobson. The t o o l wear was meas u r e d w i t h t h e a i d of R e i c n e r t f i l a r micrometer microscope. A maximum width od t h e f l a n k wear land VBaax =C,2m.n was used a s t h e t o o l l i f e c r i t e r i o n . From t h e a u t h o r ' s e x p e r i e n c e t h e a c t u a l c u t t i n g speed can m a e t i a e s d i f f e r from t h e exqectsd c u t t i n g speed up t o 10 p e r c e n t , because t h e rpm on a given l a t h e i s n o t t h e s a l e a s t h e gominal value. P o r t h i s reason measltrements of a c t u a l rgm were a e r f o r s e d .
4.1.

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t b a t t h e s u r f a c e roughness R is g r e a t e r f o r about t h r e e t i r e s when f a c e f u r n i n e was done a t c o n s t a n t s p i n d l e r e v o l u t i o n s n.130 rpm i n compariscr w i t h f a c e t u r n i n g a t c o n s t a n t c u t t i n g speed v=:GO n/min. The d i f f e r e n c e of s u r f a c e roughness d e c r e a s e s Fig. 5. a t h i g h e r c u t t i n g speed v=230 m/nin and a t g r e a t e r s p i n d l e r e v o l u t i o n s n-410 rpm. tiowever, t h e s u r f a c e roughness is s i n l l a r with t u r n i n g done a t q u i t e 3 i f f e r e n t const a n t c i t t i n q s p e e d s v=100 m/nin. and * ? = 2 3 d m i n . p o s i t i o n 2-s=0.3mm/rev. 5.2. S u r f a c e rOuahneSS All c u t t i n g c o n d i t i o n s were t h e sa3e a s c i t e d above e x c e p t f e e d which was t h r e e t i n e s g r e a t e r , s = O , j m / r e v . The s u r f a c e roughness measured on p o s i t i o n 2 o b t a i n e d a t two c o n s t a n t cu';ting speeds: v=100 m h i n and v=230 m/min, and t m c o n s t a n t s o i n d l e revoLutions: n=180 rum acd n=LlO rpw, a t f e e d s = b , 3 mm/rev., is showr! i n Fig. 6. I t c a u i d be ex?ected t h a t t h e s u r f a z e roughness is 3 z e a t e r a t s r a i l e r f e e d s-0.1 am/re-r. A t f o l l o w s 'hat t h e s u r f a c e rosghness 2 is g r e a t e r f o r approximately t r o t i r e s a t , c s n s t a n t s$ind:e r e v o l u t i o n s n-180 rpm i n c a n g a r i s o n n t h f a c e t u r n i n g a t c o n s t a n t c u t t i n g speed v=1OC a/am. A t h i z h e r c o n s t a n t c u t t i n g speed v=23C d m i n . and a s g r e a t e r c o n s t a n t s g i n d l e r e v o l u t i o n s 3-410 rpm, t h e d i f f e r e n c e of s u r f a c e roughness decreases. I n t h i s c a s e t h e s u r f a c e roughness i s s i m i l a r with t u r n i n done a t c o n s t a n t c u t t i n g speeds v.100 m/min. and v-$30 d n i n . These a r e s u r f a c e roughness d a t a measured on p o s i t i o n 2 , Big.4. I n t h e n e x t two c h a p t e r s t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d on p o s i t i o n 1 w i l l b e given. 5.3. S u r f a c e roughness Dosition 1 s01 mm/rev. ... The c u t t i n g c o n d i t i o n s and t e s t c o n d i t i o n s a r e t h e same as i n d i c a t e d i n c h a p t e r 5.1. e x c e p t t h e measurer e n t p o s i t i o n which is c l o s e t o t h e g r e a t e r d i a m e t e r of t h e workpiece, i.e. 3,-10 mm, Fig.4. The s u r f a c e roughness v a l u e s o b t a i n e d a t two c o n s t a n t c u t t i n g 5pe4 8 5 : v.100 d m i n a!d 11.230 m/ein, and two c o n s t a n t s p i n d l e r e v o l u t i o n s : n-180 rpm and n=410 rpm, a t f e e d s-0.1 mm/rev. a r e given i n Fig. 7. I t i l l u s t r a t e s t h a t t h e r e i s n o t sgoh an i n c r e a s e o f s u r f a c e roughness Sa

LllWl Fig2 Face tuning of encucled surlac~. From D 1 Dl , 0 atv-coml..andRomD~ 1oD=Oatn=cO~.

5 EXPEBIMENTAL RESULTS &VD DISCUSSION .

o o s i t i o n 2-s=C.l s d r e v . The s u r f a c e roughness was a e a s u r e d on two d i f f e r e n t p o s i t i o n s on t h e workpiece,GriiniS L. l%O : p o s i t i o n 1 and p o s i t i o n 2, Fig.4. The s u r f a c e rouqhness v a l u e s neas u r e d on p o s i t i o n 2 and 0 3 t a i n e d a t two c o n s t a n t c u t t i n g speeds: v.100 m/min and v.250 m/!nin, and two cons t a n t s p i n d l e r e v o l u t i o n s ; n = l ? O r g m and n.410 r p s , a t f e e d s d . 1 nm/rev., a r e given i n Fig. 5. Z t can 5 e seen

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where: Z a I s a r i t 3 : n e t i c a l averaye d e v i a t i o n f r o n n e a i lise 11 a d d i t i n n Co t h e e f f e c t af nose r a d i l i s 3n a m f a c e rQujhness, t i e Coo1 wear c a c a f f e c t t i e w r f a c e r o q h n e s s :ool.Csuallp, q r e a t e r t o o l 'dear cax.es s : i a i l e r n * x f a c e x*Jghr.sss. I n f a c t t 5 e rmghness was l e a s u r l d 3 : t h e s u r f a c e :iachined wi:h 1 "shar?" t o o l on 2 2G0 CNC ' :a:he, and i3 t h e second c a s e , c i a u s e 5.5.. on t h 4 631'f a c e 'lachined with "worn" too: V3 = 0 , 2 TIR on t h e h e a v i e r ;ache TB a60 C N C . The s':i?%+ss 3f t h e i a t h e s co*ild have a n additiona: e f f e c t on t he a b t a i n s d s u r f a c e roughness.

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when f a c e t u r c i n g was done a t c o n s t a n t s p i n d l e revolut i o n s n.180 rpm i n comparison witn f a c e t u r n i n g a t cons t a n t c u t t i n g speed v=lOO m / m i n , o b t a i n e d i n p o s i t i o n 2, Fig. 5. In a d d i t i o n , a s l i g h t i n c r e a s e of t h e s u r f a c e roughness R c&? b e seen when f a c e t u r n i n g was done a t c o n s t a n t sg?ndle r e v o l u t i o n s n=UlO rpin i n comparison with c o n s t a n t c u t t i n g speed v.230 s h i n . The explan&m o f t h e ahenomenon u i ; l b e d i s c u s s e d i n t h e c l a u s e 55 .. 5.4. S u r f a c e rouahness; p o s i t i o n 1 s=O,J m / r e v . The t e s t c o n d i t i o n s a r e t h e s a n e as t h o s e i n chapt e r 5.2. e x c e p t t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e s u r f a c e roughcess . measurements-position 1, Fig. 4 The s u r f a c e roughnesses o b t a i n e d a t t w o c o n s t a n t c u t t i n g speeds: v=lOO m/min and v=230 n/nin, and a t two c o n s t a n t s p i n d l e r e v o l u t i o n s : n=180 rpm and n = 4 1 0 rpm, a t f e e d s=0,3 mm/rev. a r e shown i n Fig. 8 . It can b e seen t h a t t h e r e i s a small i n c r e a s e of s u r f a c e roughness R when f a c e t u r n i n g v a s done a t c o n s t a n t s p i c d l e r e v o F u t i o n s n=180 rpm i n comparison w i t h f a c e t u r n i n g a t c o n s t a n t c u t t i n g speed v=lOO a/min. There i s no d i f f e r e n c e i n s u r f a c e roughness a t higher c u t t i n g speed ~ ~ 2 m/min and a t g r e a t e r s p i n d l e r e v o l u t i o n s 3 0 n.410 r p a . The s u r f a c e roughness r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d on a h e a v i e r l a t h e a r e given i n t h e following c h a p t e r . 5.5. S u r f a c e roughness TU a80 CNC l a t h e As i t was i n d i c a t e d i n s e c t i o n 4 t h e s u r f a c e rough n e s s tests wsre c a r r i e d o u t on a h e a v i e r l a t h e with c a r b i d e s t o o l having a g r e a t e r nose r a d i u s r - l , 2 mm, and w i t h two d i f f e r e n t c o o l a n t s , Cerl-jenko D. 1989 The s u r f a c e roughness o b t a i n e d a t c o n s t a n t c u t t i n g speed v = 1 9 m/min, s-0,l mm/rev., a = 1 m was R a 1.1 p i n p o s i t i o n 1 and p o s i t i o n 2. h'hen t h e c u t t e n g spem ed was i n c r e a s e d t o v-250 n/min t h e s u r f a c e roughness d e c r e a s e d t o I? =0,9,m i n p o s i t i o n 1 and p o s i t i o n 2. However,difPerent s u r f a c e roughnesses were o b t a i n e d a t c o n s t a n t s p i n d l e r e v o l u t i o n s a s foliows. A t c o n s t a n t 11-500 r p n , s=O,1 mm/rev., a=mm, t h e s u r f a c e roughness was i n p o s i t i o n 1 R =l,5pm and i n p o s i t i o n 2 R = 1 , 8 p . The s u r f a c e roughnegs ffieasured i n p o s i t i o n 1 w8s R = 1,4pin and i n p o s i t i o n 2 was R =1,5pm, when f a e e t u r n i n g was done a t c o n s t a n t spifldle r e v o l u t i o n s n-730

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measureaents were done when t h e t o o l was worn, i.e. -0,2 3%. when t h e t o o l l i z e c r i t e r i o n was reached 75 i n %%face There was no s i g n i f i c a n t differen:: - r o u g h n e s s when c o o l a n t I and c o o l a n t * - were a p p l i e d . The f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n i s devoted t o d i s c u s s i o n 2." s u r f a c e roughness r e s u l t s . 5.6. Disciission surface roumess ?he s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e of s u r f a c e rgughness f m

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The s t i f f c e s s of t h e l a t h e s could have an a d d i t i o n a i e f f e c t on t h e o b t a i n e d s u r f a c e roughness. The f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n i s devoted t c d i s c u s s i o n O f how c o n s t a n t c u t t i n g speed and c o n s t a n t s p i n d l e revol u t i o n s a f f e c t t o o l wear. .5.7. T o o l wear was The maxisum width of f l a n k wear land 'JB n e a s u r e d a f t e r a given c u t t i n g t i r e successP%ly. The t o o l yea'. c u r v e s a r e shown on Fig. 9 and 10. I t can b e seen on 7 i g . 9 t h a t t h e c u t t i n g e Q e s h o k e i n a l l f e S ~ S t coqstan: a spindle revolutiDns 3-lW n m d nd50 r n q n . l?ow+vw~at constan; c a t t i n g speed V=:OO m h i n t h e c u t t i n g edges d i d n o t j r e a k . T h i s is p r o b a b l y due t C a v e r y small c u t t i n c m e e d f o r m ca=bides c u t f i n g edge 1 2 5 (5.0) a t consfac? s 2 i n d l e r e v o l n t i o n s w i t h a cont i n u o u s l y d e c r e a s i n g c u t t i n g speed up t o v.23 +in (for n=lBO ram) or v = j i d m i n (for n= 250 pnn), 1.e. t u r n i n g .ip t o t h e d i a n e t e r 3 , 7Lg. 3 azd fiquatipn (1;. I t s h o u l d b e oointed. out % h a t I n :ace t u r n i s q a t conm/min s t a n t spind:e-'.evolations t h e c u f f i n g speed ~ = 1 0 0 was on13 on t h e d i a m e t e r C , Fig.1. 3owevetr t h e c u t f i n g soeed -r=lOO n / n i n was"unchanged from 'he dFameter D t o kameter D, ?ig. 3, a t c o n s t a n t c u t t i n g speed. T#ere was no c u t l i n g edge breakage a t c o n s t a c f c u t t i n g speed v=lOO m / n i n , Fig. 9. Too: wear c u r v e s are f o r h i g h e r c u t t i n g speed v=230 m/sin and f o r h i g h e r s p i n d l e r e v o l u t i o n s n=410 rpm and n=5lO rpn shown i n F i g . 10. i t can b e seen t h a t no breakage o c c u r s i n such h e a v i e r c u t t i n g c o n d i t i o n s , even i f t h e t o o l wear r a t e is g r e a t e r . These t o o l wear d a t a were o b t a i n e d on s m a l l e r l a t h e T 200 CNC. I n such c o n d i t i o n s t h e t o o l wear was g r e a t e r a t c o n s t a n t c u t t i i l g soeed: v=lOO m/min and v=230 m/niri, t h a n a t cons t a n c s p i n d l e r e v o l u t i o n s 3 ~ 1 8 0rpm, c=25O rpm, 9.290 0 rpm and n=5BO rpn, Big.9 and 1 . EIowever, t h e t o o l wear was g r e a t e r a t c o n s t a n t s p i n d l e r e v o l u t i o n s : 11-250 r ? m and 3-700 rpm than a t consta=t c u t t i n g speeds: v=150 m/min and v.250 m/min. This phenomenon w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d i n t h e f o l l o w b g c h a p t e r t o g e t h e r w i t h t o o l l i f e and s a c h i n e d s u r f a c e . 5.8. Tool l i f e and m a c h b e d s u r f a c e I t should be p o i n t e d o u t t h a t when t h e same t o o l l i f e i n f a c e t u r n i n g a t c o n s t a n t c u t t i n g speed and a t c o n s t a n t s p i n d l e r e v o l u t i o n s is o b t a i n e d , t h e machined s u r f a c e , m t i l t h e t o o l l i f e c i i t e r i o n is r e a c h e d , i s _ greater i n f a c e t u r n i n g a t c o n s t a n t c u t t i n g speed. f o r t h i s r e a s o n t h e c u t t i n g t i n e t i s s h o r t e r when f a c e t u r n i n g : done a t c o n s t a n t c u t t i n g speed i n s t e a d a t s 4. c o n s t a n t spindle r e v o l u t i o n s , a q u a t i o n s ( ) h e n when

t h e t o o l l i f e was s h o r t e r i n f a c e t u r n i n g on the-fight e r l a t h e T 200 CN'J a t s o n s c a n t c u t t i n g s p e e d s , irq.9, t h e c o r r e s g 3 s d i n g nachine:! s - i r f a c e was g r e a t e r . 5.9. Chic forr ?ran t h e s t a n d ? l i n t o f c h i p f o r a t h e f a c e t u r n i n g a t constant c ~ i t t i n g s?eed i s b e t t e r , s i n c e the c u t t i n g c o t d i t i o 2 s a r e ?ore c s n s t a n t air! t h e c h i ? fora is n o r e I;?ifore. I n f a c e t u r n i n g a t c o n s t a n t s ? i n d ? e revlolatic n s t h e cut';ing speed - r a r i e s a l l t h e ti*le, so % e r e is a g r e a t e r proSab<l?:-J t o g e t undesired CKSf a n . ?he 5.e.t c h i ? f o x as6 ';ie m s L u z i f 3 r 3 chig3 i n *>is In..*--.z a t i m x e r e o5:ainsd i n f a c e t a m i n g a t 3.msfar.S ,L
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I. The c a t t i n p tLxe is s h o r t e r 3y ap>roxizlaCe:y ?.uxiq is done a c o o s t a n t x t f i n g spe: ad ic3:eaC a t cons?;ar?% s p l n d l s i e v o l a t i m s . 2. ?here is s m a l l e r s m f a c e = o * i g b e s s r h s n f a c e f u r n i n a i 3 performed a t s o n s t a n f cu:ting speed. 3. The chi:, f w a is Bore u n i f o n a t c o n s t a n t c a t t i i g speed. p. The a a c h i a e d s u r f a c e r i t h one c u t t i n g edge is l a r g e r i n f a c s t u r n i n g a t c o n s t a n t c u t t i n g sgeed. 5.. L a t h e s w i t h g r e a t e r s 5 f f n e s s aqd a b e t t e r coo l i n g system a r e recormended f o r f a c e t u r n i n g a t consfanC z u t t i n g s?eed. 6 l a c e t u n i n g a t c o n s t a n t c u t t i n g speed should . b e used i n s t e a d 3f t u n i n g a t c o n s t a n t q i n d l o re*rol)itions. It would i e o f f u r t h e r i n t e r e s t t o i n v e s t i g a t e c h i ? control in t h i s field. 7. ilE?S3EXCZS (1) !Cul:a?iB' Z., 1982, ?ace Turning a t Constant Sutt i n g Sgead an? Constar- Xun5er o f 3 e v o l u t i o n s . Oroc.o_P 2 1 t h -: o. n 0 " S o c i e t y o f Jug. Trod. 2ng., , j u d v a , 2 , 32-(L0 (2; Xiegel -J., i?58, Sechnen an s;anegden ierkzeugnas c h i n e n , 3and 1, S p r i n g e r Verlag, 3 e r l i n ( 3 ) X u l j a n i 5 S , 1988, T e c h n i c a l Zriciclopedia Vol.l?-. . J u g o s l a v e n s k i l e k s i i i o g r a f s k i za-?od, Zagrof, (4) G r s i n i S L , 1390, 3 t ? l o r a work, Vniv. of a i j e k a , . Ri;eka (5) t e r l j e n k o 3 . , 1989, Siploria work, !Jniv.of X j e k a , Rijeica

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